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Li Q, Yin Z, Tan W, Sun X, Cao H, Wang D. The resistance of the jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) to the devastating insect pest Apolygus lucorum (Hemiptera, Insecta) involves the jasmonic acid signaling pathway. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 196:105597. [PMID: 37945226 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Apolygus lucorum (Hemiptera, Insecta), cosmopolitan true bug, is a major pest of the Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba). To propose control measures of A. lucorum, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of resistance in two varieties of jujube (wild jujube and winter jujube) with different sensitivities to this pest. We monitored changes of two species of jujube in the transcriptome, jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) content, and the expression of genes involved in signaling pathways. The preference of A. lucorum for jujube with exogenous SA and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) were also examined. The results showed that wild jujube leaves infested by A. lucorum showed stronger resistance and non-selectivity to A. lucorum than winter jujube. By comparing data from the A. lucorum infested plants with the control, A total of 438 and 796 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in winter and wild jujube leaves, respectively. GO analysis revealed that biological process termed "plant-pathogen interactions", "plant hormone transduction" and "phenylpropanoid biosynthesis". Most of DEGs enriched in JA pathways were upregulated, while most DEGs of SA pathways were downregulated. A. lucorum increased the JA content but decreased the SA content in jujube. Consistently, the JA and SA contents in winter jujube were lower than those in wild jujube leaves. The key genes ZjFAD3, ZjLOX, ZjAOS, ZjAOC3 and ZjAOC4 involved in JA synthesis of jujube leaves were significantly up-regulated after A. lucorum infestation, especially the expression and up-regulation ratio of ZjFAD3, ZjLOX and ZjAOS in wild jujube were significantly higher than those in winter jujube. MeJA-treated jujube showed an obvious repellent effect on A. lucorum. Based on these findings, we conclude that A. lucorum infestation of jujube induced the JA pathway and suppressed the SA pathway. In jujube leaves the ZjFAD3, ZjLOX and ZjAOS played important roles in increasing of JA content in jujube leaves. Thus, JA played an important role in repelling and resisting against A. lucorum in jujube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingliang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China
| | - Zujun Yin
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Wei Tan
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China.
| | - Xia Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China
| | - Hui Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China
| | - Deya Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China
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Meza-Canales ID, Trujillo-Pahua V, Vargas-Ponce O, Ramírez-Romero R, Montero-Vargas JM, Ordaz-Ortiz JJ, Winkler R, Délano-Frier JP, Sánchez-Hernández CV. Systemic whitefly-induced metabolic responses in newly developed distal leaves of husk tomato plants (Physalis philadelphica) impairs whiteflies development. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:368-380. [PMID: 36165215 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic reconfiguration in plants is a hallmark response to insect herbivory that occurs in the attack site and systemically in undamaged tissues. Metabolomic systemic responses can occur rapidly while the herbivore is still present and may persist in newly developed tissue to counterattack future herbivore attacks. This study analyzed the metabolic profile of local and newly developed distal (systemic) leaves of husk tomato (Physalis philadelphica) plants after whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum infestation. In addition, the effect of these metabolomic adjustments on whitefly oviposition and development was evaluated. RESULTS Our results indicate that T. vaporariorum infestation induced significant changes in husk tomato metabolic profiles, not only locally in infested leaves, but also systemically in distal leaves that developed after infestation. The distinctive metabolic profile produced in newly developed leaves affected whitefly nymphal development but did not affect female oviposition, suggesting that changes driven by whitefly herbivory persist in the young leaves that developed after the infestation event to avoid future herbivore attacks. CONCLUSIONS This report contributes to further understanding the plant responses to sucking insects by describing the metabolic reconfiguration in newly developed, undamaged systemic leaf tissues of husk tomato plants after whitefly infestation. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván David Meza-Canales
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica, Instituto Transdisciplinar de Investigación y Servicios, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Verónica Trujillo-Pahua
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Ofelia Vargas-Ponce
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Ramírez-Romero
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Josaphat Miguel Montero-Vargas
- Unidad de Biotecnología e Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - José J Ordaz-Ortiz
- Unidad de Biotecnología e Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Robert Winkler
- Unidad de Biotecnología e Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - John Paul Délano-Frier
- Unidad de Biotecnología e Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Mexico
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Bashir NH, Chen H, Munir S, Wang W, Chen H, Sima YK, An J. Unraveling the Role of Lac Insects in Providing Natural Industrial Products. INSECTS 2022; 13:1117. [PMID: 36555027 PMCID: PMC9784800 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the current era, products made from organic materials enjoy a privileged position because of their inherent safety. The eco-friendly properties of natural lac resins have increased their demand in many industries. It is secreted by sucking insects (Hemiptera, Kerriidae) and comprises three major components, viz., resin, dye, and wax. Lac insects are generally bivoltine in nature and are distributed in tropical and sub-tropical regions with complex multi-trophic habitats. Because of their sedentary habits, lac insects are more vulnerable to predators, parasitoids, squirrels, and rats, leading to a more than 50% reduction in production yield. To increase lac production, advanced-level molecular research is required to figure out the mechanism behind lac synthesis and secretion to improve lac yield and quality. The present review highlights metamorphosis, sexual dimorphism, multi-trophic habitat, host plants, and natural enemies of lac insects, lac composition, and applications, emphasizing the role of microbes, potential lac genes, and lac synthesis mechanisms in enhancing lac quality and production. The information provided here might be useful for lac researchers and for stakeholders aiming to make their products more eco-friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawaz Haider Bashir
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China
| | - Huanhuan Chen
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China
- Key Laboratory of Insect-Pollinator Biology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shahzad Munir
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Hang Chen
- Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Yong-Kang Sima
- Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland Science, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jiandong An
- Key Laboratory of Insect-Pollinator Biology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Zhang X, Zhu X, Zhang Y, Wu Z, Fan S, Zhang L. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Key Defense Genes and Mechanisms in Mulberry (Morus alba) Leaves against Silkworms (Bombyx mori). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113519. [PMID: 36362309 PMCID: PMC9656888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
As a consequence of long-term coevolution and natural selection, the leaves of mulberry (Morus alba) trees have become the best food source for silkworms (Bombyx mori). Nevertheless, the molecular and genomic basis of defense response remains largely unexplored. In the present study, we assessed changes in the transcriptome changes of mulberry in response to silkworm larval feeding at 0, 3, and 6 h. A total of 4709 (up = 2971, down = 1738) and 3009 (up = 1868, down = 1141) unigenes were identified after 3 and 6 h of silkworm infestation, respectively. MapMan enrichment analysis results show structural traits such as leaf surface wax, cell wall thickness and lignification form the first physical barrier to feeding by the silkworms. Cluster analysis revealed six unique temporal patterns of transcriptome changes. We predicted that mulberry promoted rapid changes in signaling and other regulatory processes to deal with mechanical damage, photosynthesis impairment, and other injury caused by herbivores within 3–6 h. LRR-RK coding genes (THE1, FER) was predicted participated in perception of cell wall perturbation in mulberry responding to silkworm feeding. Ca2+ signal sensors (CMLs), ROS (OST1, SOS3), RBOHD/F, CDPKs, and ABA were part of the regulatory network after silkworm feeding. Jasmonic acid (JA) signal transduction was predicted to act in silkworm feeding response, 10 JA signaling genes (such as OPR3, JAR1, and JAZ1) and 21 JA synthesis genes (such as LOX2, AOS, and ACX1) were upregulated after silkworm feeding for 3 h. Besides, genes of “alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism” and “phenylpropanoid biosynthesis” were activated in 3 h to reprogram secondary metabolism. Collectively, these findings provided valuable insights into silkworm herbivory-induced regulatory and metabolic processes in mulberry, which might help improve the coevolution of silkworm and mulberry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shoujin Fan
- Correspondence: (S.F.); (L.Z.); Tel.: +86-531-86180718 (L.Z.)
| | - Luoyan Zhang
- Correspondence: (S.F.); (L.Z.); Tel.: +86-531-86180718 (L.Z.)
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Kumari A, Goyal M, Mittal A, Kumar R. Defensive capabilities of contrasting sorghum genotypes against Atherigona soccata (Rondani) infestation. PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:809-822. [PMID: 34553239 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants are equipped with a wide range of defensive mechanisms such as morphophysiological, biochemical, molecular, and hormonal signaling for protecting against insect-pest infestation. The infestation of a devastating pest shoot fly [Atherigona soccata (Rodani)] at seedling stage causes huge loss of sorghum crop productivity. In morphophysiological screening ICSV700, ICSV705, and IS18551 have been categorized as resistant, PSC-4 moderately resistant, SL-44 and SWARNA as susceptible. The present study focused on the role of defensive gene expression and its products viz: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenyl alanine ammonia lyase (PAL), responsive enzymes, and metabolites restoring redox status in sorghum plants against shoot fly infestation. In both leaf and stem tissue of sorghum genotypes, shoot fly infestation induced SOD, APX, DHAR, GR, PAL, and PPO activities while CAT activity was significantly declined at 15 and 21 days after emergence (DAE). IS18551 with resistant behavior showed upregulation of SOD, GR, APX, and DHAR along with accumulation of ascorbate, glutathione enhancing redox status of the plant during shoot fly infestation at later stage of infestation. While SWARNA with susceptible response exhibited enhanced activity of phenylpropanoid pathway enzymes PAL and PPO which in turn increased the levels of secondary metabolites like o-dihydroxyphenol and other phenols deterring the insect to attack the plant. The qRT-PCR data predicted that stress-responsive genes were initially unregulated in SWARNA; however, at 21 DAE, multifold higher expression of SOD, CAT, APX, and PPO (24.8-, 37.2-, 21.7-, and 17.9-fold respectively) in 1S18551 indicates the resistance behavior of this genotype against insect infestation owing to sustainable development capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India.
| | - Meenakshi Goyal
- Department of Plant Breeding, and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Amandeep Mittal
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
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Aslam MQ, Naqvi RZ, Zaidi SSEA, Asif M, Akhter KP, Scheffler BE, Scheffler JA, Liu SS, Amin I, Mansoor S. Analysis of a tetraploid cotton line Mac7 transcriptome reveals mechanisms underlying resistance against the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Gene 2022; 820:146200. [PMID: 35131368 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Whitefly inflicts both direct and indirect losses to cotton crop. Whitefly resistant cotton germplasm is a high priority and considered among the best possible solutions to mitigate this issue. In this study, we evaluated cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) resistant cotton line Mac7 under whitefly stress. Furthermore, we utilized the already available transcriptome data of Mac7 concerning whitefly stress to elucidate associated mechanisms and identify functionally important genes in cotton. In transcriptomic data analysis, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found involved in complex relay pathways, activated on whitefly exposure. The response implicates signalling through resistance genes (R-genes), MAPK, ROS, VQs or RLKs, transcription factors, which leads to the activation of defence responses including, Ca2+messengers, phytohormonal cross-talk, gossypol, flavonoids, PhasiRNA and susceptibility genes (S-genes). The qRT-PCR assay of 10 functionally important genes also showed their involvement in differential responses at 24 and 48 h post whitefly infestation. Briefly, our study helps in understanding the resistant nature of Mac7 under whitefly stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Qasim Aslam
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rubab Zahra Naqvi
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Asif
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Brian E Scheffler
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), 141 Experimental Station Road, Stoneville, MS, United States
| | - Jodi A Scheffler
- Crop Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), 141 Experimental Station Road, Stoneville, MS, United States
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Imran Amin
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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7
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Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Responses in Cotton Plant to Apolygus lucorum Infestation. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13040391. [PMID: 35447833 PMCID: PMC9025427 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
With the wide-scale adoption of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton, Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) has become the most serious pest and has caused extensive yield loss in cotton production. However, little is known about the defense responses of cotton at the seedling stage to A. lucorum feeding. In this study, to elucidate the cotton defense mechanism, cotton leaves were damaged by A. lucorum for 0, 4, 12 and 24 h. The transcriptomic results showed that A. lucorum feeding elicits a rapid and strong defense response in gene expression during the whole infestation process in cotton plants. Further analysis revealed that at each assessment time, more differentially expressed genes were up-regulated than down-regulated. The integrated analysis of transcriptomic and metabolic data showed that most of the genes involved in jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis were initially up-regulated, and this trend continued during an infestation. Meanwhile, the content levels of JA and its intermediate products were also significantly increased throughout the whole infestation process. The similar trend was displayed in condensed tannins biosynthesis. This research proved that, after plants are damaged by A. lucorum, the JA pathway mediates the defense mechanisms in cotton plants by promoting the accumulation of condensed tannins as a defense mechanism against A. lucorum. These results will help us to discover unknown defensive genes and improve the integrated pest management of A. lucorum.
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Yan T, Xu W, Lin J, Duan L, Gao P, Zhang C, Lv X. Combining Multi-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) With Visualization Method for Detection of Aphis gossypii Glover Infection in Cotton Leaves Using Hyperspectral Imaging. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:604510. [PMID: 33659014 PMCID: PMC7917247 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.604510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cotton is a significant economic crop. It is vulnerable to aphids (Aphis gossypii Glovers) during the growth period. Rapid and early detection has become an important means to deal with aphids in cotton. In this study, the visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR) hyperspectral imaging system (376-1044 nm) and machine learning methods were used to identify aphid infection in cotton leaves. Both tall and short cotton plants (Lumianyan 24) were inoculated with aphids, and the corresponding plants without aphids were used as control. The hyperspectral images (HSIs) were acquired five times at an interval of 5 days. The healthy and infected leaves were used to establish the datasets, with each leaf as a sample. The spectra and RGB images of each cotton leaf were extracted from the hyperspectral images for one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) analysis. The hyperspectral images of each leaf were used for three-dimensional (3D) analysis. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) were used for identification and compared with conventional machine learning methods. For the extracted spectra, 1D CNN had a fine classification performance, and the classification accuracy could reach 98%. For RGB images, 2D CNN had a better classification performance. For HSIs, 3D CNN performed moderately and performed better than 2D CNN. On the whole, CNN performed relatively better than conventional machine learning methods. In the process of 1D, 2D, and 3D CNN visualization, the important wavelength ranges were analyzed in 1D and 3D CNN visualization, and the importance of wavelength ranges and spatial regions were analyzed in 2D and 3D CNN visualization. The overall results in this study illustrated the feasibility of using hyperspectral imaging combined with multi-dimensional CNN to detect aphid infection in cotton leaves, providing a new alternative for pest infection detection in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianying Yan
- College of Information Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi, China
| | - Jiao Lin
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Long Duan
- College of Information Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Pan Gao
- College of Information Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Chu Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
- School of Information Engineering, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Xin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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Florencio-Ortiz V, Sellés-Marchart S, Casas JL. Proteome changes in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) leaves induced by the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:12. [PMID: 33407137 PMCID: PMC7788789 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02749-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aphid attack induces defense responses in plants activating several signaling cascades that led to the production of toxic, repellent or antinutritive compounds and the consequent reorganization of the plant primary metabolism. Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) leaf proteomic response against Myzus persicae (Sulzer) has been investigated and analyzed by LC-MS/MS coupled with bioinformatics tools. RESULTS Infestation with an initially low density (20 aphids/plant) of aphids restricted to a single leaf taking advantage of clip cages resulted in 6 differentially expressed proteins relative to control leaves (3 proteins at 2 days post-infestation and 3 proteins at 4 days post-infestation). Conversely, when plants were infested with a high density of infestation (200 aphids/plant) 140 proteins resulted differentially expressed relative to control leaves (97 proteins at 2 days post-infestation, 112 proteins at 4 days post-infestation and 105 proteins at 7 days post-infestation). The majority of proteins altered by aphid attack were involved in photosynthesis and photorespiration, oxidative stress, translation, protein folding and degradation and amino acid metabolism. Other proteins identified were involved in lipid, carbohydrate and hormone metabolism, transcription, transport, energy production and cell organization. However proteins directly involved in defense were scarce and were mostly downregulated in response to aphids. CONCLUSIONS The unexpectedly very low number of regulated proteins found in the experiment with a low aphid density suggests an active mitigation of plant defensive response by aphids or alternatively an aphid strategy to remain undetected by the plant. Under a high density of aphids, pepper leaf proteome however changed significantly revealing nearly all routes of plant primary metabolism being altered. Photosynthesis was so far the process with the highest number of proteins being regulated by the presence of aphids. In general, at short times of infestation (2 days) most of the altered proteins were upregulated. However, at longer times of infestation (7 days) the protein downregulation prevailed. Proteins involved in plant defense and in hormone signaling were scarce and mostly downregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Florencio-Ortiz
- Unidad Asociada CSIC-UA IPAB. Instituto Universitario de Investigación CIBIO (Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad), University of Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, E-03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Susana Sellés-Marchart
- Genomics and Proteomics Unit, Servicios Técnicos de Investigación, University of Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, E-03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - José L Casas
- Unidad Asociada CSIC-UA IPAB. Instituto Universitario de Investigación CIBIO (Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad), University of Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, E-03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
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Duhlian L, Koramutla MK, Subramanian S, Chamola R, Bhattacharya R. Comparative transcriptomics revealed differential regulation of defense related genes in Brassica juncea leading to successful and unsuccessful infestation by aphid species. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10583. [PMID: 32601289 PMCID: PMC7324606 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66217-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Productivity of Indian mustard (B. juncea), a major oil yielding crop in rapeseed-mustard group is heavily inflicted by mustard aphid, L. erysimi. Mustard aphid, a specialist aphid species on rapeseed-mustard crops, rapidly multiplies and colonizes the plants leading to successful infestation. In contrary, legume specific cowpea aphid, A. craccivora when released on B. juncea plants fails to build up population and thus remains unsuccessful in infestation. In the present study, differential host response of B. juncea to the two aphid species, one being successful insect-pest and the other being unsuccessful on it has been studied based on transcriptome analysis. Differential feeding efficiency of the two aphid species on mustard plants was evident from the amount of secreted honeydews. Leaf-transcriptomes of healthy and infested plants, treated with the two aphid species, were generated by RNA sequencing on Illumina platform and de novo assembly of the quality reads. A comparative assessment of the differentially expressed genes due to treatments revealed a large extent of overlaps as well as distinctness with respect to the set of genes and their direction of regulation. With respect to host-genes related to transcription factors, oxidative homeostasis, defense hormones and secondary metabolites, L. erysimi led to either suppression or limited activation of the transcript levels compared to A. craccivora. Further, a comprehensive view of the DEGs suggested more potential of successful insect-pests towards transcriptional reprogramming of the host. qRT-PCR based validation of randomly selected up- and down-regulated transcripts authenticated the transcriptome data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianthanzauva Duhlian
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Murali Krishna Koramutla
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - S Subramanian
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Rohit Chamola
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Ramcharan Bhattacharya
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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Dixit G, Srivastava A, Rai KM, Dubey RS, Srivastava R, Verma PC. Distinct defensive activity of phenolics and phenylpropanoid pathway genes in different cotton varieties toward chewing pests. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1747689. [PMID: 32290756 PMCID: PMC7238874 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1747689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the maximum level of inherent defense against harmful insects in natural variation among wild lineages of crop plants may result in high yield tolerant varieties and reducing use of chemical insecticides. However, knowledge of natural cotton genotypes with high insect-resistance is still indistinguishable at the biochemical or molecular level. In the present study, different cultivated Gossypium hirsutum varieties were evaluated for their inherent insect-tolerance against two major cottons chewing pests. The insect bio-assay identified two tolerant and one susceptible cotton varieties. The study demonstrates difference in phenolic acids, proanthocyanidin and tannin accumulation in tolerant and susceptible varieties. The post-infestation of chewing pests increases transcript level of the phenylpropanoid pathway genes were detected in tolerant varieties as compared to the susceptible varieties. Altogether, chewing pest-tolerance level in cotton varieties is the cumulative effect of enhanced phenylpropanoid pathway genes expression and secondary metabolite leading to defense responses to conventional host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Dixit
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Alka Srivastava
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Krishan Mohan Rai
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Rakesh Srivastava
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - Praveen Chandra Verma
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
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12
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Zhang L, Lu G, Huang X, Guo H, Su X, Han L, Zhang Y, Qi Z, Xiao Y, Cheng H. Overexpression of the caryophyllene synthase gene GhTPS1 in cotton negatively affects multiple pests while attracting parasitoids. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:1722-1730. [PMID: 31762173 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUD Volatile terpenes can act as ecological signals to affect insect behavior. It has been proposed that the manipulation of terpenes in plants can help to control herbivore pests. In order to investigate the potential pest management function of (E)-β-caryophyllene in cotton plants, the (E)-β-caryophyllene synthase gene (GhTPS1) was inserted into Gossypium hirsutum variety R15 to generate overexpression lines. RESULTS Four GhTPS1-transgenic lines were generated, and GhTPS1 expression in transgenic L18 and L46 lines was 3-5-fold higher than in R15 plants. The transgenic L18 and L46 lines also emitted significantly more (E)-β-caryophyllene than R15. In laboratory bioassays, L18 and L46 plants reduced pests Apolygus lucorum, Aphis gossypii and Helicoverpa armigera, and attracted parasitoids Peristenus spretus and Aphidius gifuensis, but not Microplitis mediator. In open-field trials, L18 and L46 plants reduced A. lucorum, Adelphocoris suturalis and H. armigera, but had no significant effects on predators. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that L18 and L46 plants reduce several major hemipteran and lepidopteran cotton pests, whereas, two parasitoids P. spretus and A. gifuensis, were attracted by L18 and L46 plants. This study shows that overexpressing GhTPS1 in cotton may help to improve pest management in cotton fields. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Guoqing Lu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinzheng Huang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiming Guo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Su
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lida Han
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Qi
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yutao Xiao
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongmei Cheng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Hou X, Qiao T, Zhao Y, Liu D. Dissipation and safety evaluation of afidopyropen and its metabolite residues in supervised cotton field. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 180:227-233. [PMID: 31100589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The novel insecticidal mechanism of afidopyropen can be substituted for traditional pesticides to control sap-sucking pests in cotton field. The data of residue amounts of afidopyropen and its metabolite M440I007 in cotton matrix and the environment soil are important to evaluate the safe use of the target compound and establish maximum residue limit (MRL). In this work, the dissipation and residue of afidopyropen and its metabolite M440I007 in cotton and field soils were investigated. The analytical methods of the target compound in cotton plants, cottonseed, crude cottonseed oil, cottonseed oil and soil were developed and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), which satisfied the rules of pesticide residue determination. The dissipation half-lives of afidopyropen in cotton plants and soil ranged from 1 to 3 days and 4-13 days, respectively. After 14 days from the last application, the residues of afidopyropen were below 0.01 mg/kg in cottonseed and were <0.005-0.0099 mg/kg in soil, and the residues of M440I007 were below 0.02 mg/kg in cottonseed and below 0.01 mg/kg in soil. The total national estimated daily intake (NEDI) of afidopyropen was 1.41 mg and the risk quotient (RQ) was 28.0%. The results showed that the risk of application of afidopyropen with the recommended dosage was acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiai Hou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Qiao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanling Zhao
- Yunnan Vocational and Technical College of Agriculture, Kunming, Yunnan, 650212, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Pan Y, Zhao SW, Tang XL, Wang S, Wang X, Zhang XX, Zhou JJ, Xi JH. Transcriptome analysis of maize reveals potential key genes involved in the response to belowground herbivore Holotrichia parallela larvae feeding. Genome 2019; 63:1-12. [PMID: 31533014 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2019-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The larvae of Holotrichia parallela, a destructive belowground herbivore, causes tremendous damages to maize plants. However, little is known if there are any defense mechanisms in maize roots to defend themselves against this herbivore. In the current research, we carried out RNA-sequencing to investigate the changes in gene transcription level in maize roots after H. parallela larvae infestation. A total of 644 up-regulated genes and 474 down-regulated genes was found. In addition, Gene ontology (GO) annotation analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were performed. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) indicated that peroxidase genes may be the hub genes that regulate maize defenses to H. parallela larvae attack. We also found 105 transcription factors, 44 hormone-related genes, and 62 secondary metabolism-related genes within differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Furthermore, the expression profiles of 12 DEGs from the transcriptome analysis were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR experiments. This transcriptome analysis provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of the underground defense in maize roots to H. parallela larvae attack and will help to select target genes of maize for defense against belowground herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pan
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China.,College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Wen Zhao
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China.,College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Long Tang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China.,College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China
| | - Shang Wang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China.,College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Wang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China.,College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China.,College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Jiang Zhou
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China.,College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Hui Xi
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China.,College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China
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15
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Development of expressed sequenced tags (EST) to identify some pathogen resistance genes expressed in Gossypium arboreum. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Koramutla MK, Ram C, Bhatt D, Annamalai M, Bhattacharya R. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of sucrose synthase genes in allotetraploid Brassica juncea. Gene 2019; 707:126-135. [PMID: 31026572 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sucrose plays pivotal role in energy metabolism and regulating gene expression of several physiological processes in higher plants. Here, fourteen sucrose synthase (SUS) genes have been identified in the allotetraploid genome of Indian mustard, Brassica juncea. The identified SUS genes in B. juncea (BjSUS) were derived from the two-progenitor species, B. rapa and B. nigra. Intron-exon analysis indicated loss or gain of 1-3 introns in diversification of SUS gene family. Phylogenetic analysis revealed discrete evolutionary paths for the BjSUS genes, originating from three ancestor groups, SUS I, SUS II and SUS III. Gene expression study revealed significant variability in expression of the BjSUS paralogs across the different tissues. BjSUS genes showed transcriptional activation in response to defense hormones and a late response to wounding. Tissue and temporal specificity of expression revealed importance of specific SUS paralogs at different developmental stages and under different stress conditions. The study highlighted differential involvement of SUS paralogs in sucrose metabolism across the tissues and stress-responses, in a major oilseed crop B. juncea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Krishna Koramutla
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Chet Ram
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Deepa Bhatt
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Muthuganeshan Annamalai
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Ramcharan Bhattacharya
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi 110012, India.
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17
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Naqvi RZ, Zaidi SSEA, Mukhtar MS, Amin I, Mishra B, Strickler S, Mueller LA, Asif M, Mansoor S. Transcriptomic analysis of cultivated cotton Gossypium hirsutum provides insights into host responses upon whitefly-mediated transmission of cotton leaf curl disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210011. [PMID: 30730891 PMCID: PMC6366760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton is a commercial and economically important crop that generates billions of dollars in annual revenue worldwide. However, cotton yield is affected by a sap-sucking insect Bemisia tabaci (whitefly), and whitefly-borne cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD). The causative agent of devastating CLCuD is led by the viruses belonging to the genus Begomovirus (family Geminiviridae), collectively called cotton leaf curl viruses. Unfortunately, the extensively cultivated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) species are highly susceptible and vulnerable to CLCuD. Yet, the concomitant influence of whitefly and CLCuD on the susceptible G. hirsutum transcriptome has not been interpreted. In the present study we have employed an RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq) transcriptomics approach to explore the differential gene expression in susceptible G. hirsutum variety upon infection with viruliferous whiteflies. Comparative RNA-Seq of control and CLCuD infected plants was done using Illumina HiSeq 2500. This study yielded 468 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Among them, we identified 220 up and 248 downregulated DEGs involved in disease responses and pathogen defense. We selected ten genes for downstream RT-qPCR analyses on two cultivars, Karishma and MNH 786 that are susceptible to CLCuD. We observed a similar expression pattern of these genes in both susceptible cultivars that was also consistent with our transcriptome data further implying a wider application of our global transcription study on host susceptibility to CLCuD. We next performed weighted gene co-expression network analysis that revealed six modules. This analysis also identified highly co-expressed genes as well as 55 hub genes that co-express with ≥ 50 genes. Intriguingly, most of these hub genes are shown to be downregulated and enriched in cellular processes. Under-expression of such highly co-expressed genes suggests their roles in favoring the virus and enhancing plant susceptibility to CLCuD. We also discuss the potential mechanisms governing the establishment of disease susceptibility. Overall, our study provides a comprehensive differential gene expression analysis of G. hirsutum under whitefly-mediated CLCuD infection. This vital study will advance the understanding of simultaneous effect of whitefly and virus on their host and aid in identifying important G. hirsutum genes which intricate in its susceptibility to CLCuD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubab Zahra Naqvi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Syed Shan-e-Ali Zaidi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - M. Shahid Mukhtar
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Imran Amin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Bharat Mishra
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Susan Strickler
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Lukas A. Mueller
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Muhammad Asif
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
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18
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Åhman I, Kim SY, Zhu LH. Plant Genes Benefitting Aphids-Potential for Exploitation in Resistance Breeding. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1452. [PMID: 31798609 PMCID: PMC6874142 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are phloem sap-feeding insects common as pests in various crops. Here we review 62 omics studies of aphid/plant interactions to search for indications of how aphids may manipulate the plants to make them more suitable as hosts, i.e. more susceptible. Our aim is to try to reveal host plant susceptibility (S) genes, knowledge which can be exploited for making a plant more resistant to its pest by using new plant breeding techniques to knock out or down such S genes. S genes may be of two types, those that are involved in reducing functional plant defense and those involved in further increasing plant factors that are positive to the aphid, such as facilitated access to food or improved nutritional quality. Approximately 40% of the omics studies we have reviewed indicate how aphids may modify their host to their advantage. To exploit knowledge obtained so far, we suggest knocking out/down candidate aphid S genes using CRISPR/Cas9 or RNAi techniques in crops to evaluate if this will be sufficient to keep the aphid pest at economically viable levels without severe pleiotropic effects. As a complement, we also propose functional studies of recessively inherited resistance previously discovered in some aphid-crop combinations, to potentially identify new types of S genes that later could be knocked out or down also in other crops to improve their resistance to aphids.
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19
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Kiani M, Szczepaniec A. Effects of sugarcane aphid herbivory on transcriptional responses of resistant and susceptible sorghum. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:774. [PMID: 30367619 PMCID: PMC6204049 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugarcane aphid (Melanaphis sacchari) outbreaks in sorghum that were first reported in 2013 are now the most significant threat to this crop in all major sorghum production areas in the U.S. The outcomes of interactions between sugarcane aphid and sorghum and thus the severity of the outbreaks depend on sorghum genotype and potentially also on the phenology of sorghum. Mechanisms underlying these interactions are not known, however. Thus, the goal of this research was to characterize transcriptional changes in a commercially available resistant and a susceptible genotype of sorghum at 2- and 6-wk post-emergence exposed to M. sacchari herbivory. The effects of sorghum age and genotype on the daily change in aphid densities were also evaluated in separate greenhouse experiments. RESULTS A higher number of diffentially expressed genes (DEGs) was recovered from the 2-wk plants exposed to aphid herbivory compared to the 6-wk plants across genotypes. Further, gene ontology and pathway analysis indicated a suite of transcriptional changes in the resistant genotype that were weak or absent in the susceptible sorghum. Specifically, the aphid-resistant genotype exposed to M. sacchari up-regulated several genes involved in defense, which was particularly evident in the 2-wk plants that showed the most robust transcriptional responses. These transcriptional changes in the younger resistant sorghum were characterized by induction of hormone-signaling pathways, pathways coding for secondary metabolites, glutathion metabolism, and plant-pathogen interaction. Furthermore, the 2-wk resistant plants appeared to compensate for the effects of oxidative stress induced by sugarcane aphid herbivory with elevated expression of genes involved in detoxification. These transcriptional responses were reflected in the aphid population growth, which was significantly faster in the susceptible and older sorghum than in the resistant and younger plants. CONCLUSION This experiment provided the first insights into molecular mechanisms underlying lower population growth of M. sacchari on the resistant sorghum genotype. Further, it appears that the younger resistant sorghum was able to mount a robust defense response following aphid herbivory, which was much weaker in the older sorghum. Several pathways and specific genes provide specific clues into the mechanisms underlying host plant resistance to this invasive insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Kiani
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, 6500 Amarillo Blvd. W, Amarillo, TX 79106 USA
| | - Adrianna Szczepaniec
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, 6500 Amarillo Blvd. W, Amarillo, TX 79106 USA
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20
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Eisenring M, Glauser G, Meissle M, Romeis J. Differential Impact of Herbivores from Three Feeding Guilds on Systemic Secondary Metabolite Induction, Phytohormone Levels and Plant-Mediated Herbivore Interactions. J Chem Ecol 2018; 44:1178-1189. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-1015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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21
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Rauwane ME, Odeny DA, Millar I, Rey C, Rees J. The early transcriptome response of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) to mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) feeding. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202541. [PMID: 30133510 PMCID: PMC6105004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, is a leading pest of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), damaging this crop globally. Although the biological control of this mealybug using natural predators has been established, resistance breeding remains an important means of control. Understanding plant responses to insect herbivory, by determining and identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs), is a vital step towards the understanding of molecular mechanisms of defence responses in plants and the development of resistant cultivars by gene editing. Morphological and molecular analysis confirmed the mealybug identity as Phenacoccus manihoti (Matile-Ferrero). The transcriptome response of the green mite resistant cassava genotype AR23.1 was compared to P40/1 with no known resistance at 24 and 72 hours of mealybug infestation compared to non-infested mock. A total of 301 and 206 genes were differentially expressed at 24 and 72 of mealybug infestation for AR23.1 and P40/1 genotypes respectively, using a log2 fold change and P-value ≤ 0.05. Gene ontology functional classification revealed an enrichment of genes in the secondary metabolic process category in AR23.1 in comparison with P40/1, while genes in the regulation of molecular function, cellular component biogenesis and electron carrier categories were more significantly enriched in P40/1 than in AR23.1. Biological pathway analysis, based on KEGG, revealed a significant enrichment of plant-pathogen interaction and plant hormonal signal transduction pathways for a cohort of up-regulated and down-regulated DEGs in both genotypes. Defence-related genes such as 2-oxogluterate, gibberellin oxidase and terpene synthase proteins were only induced in genotype AR23.1 and not in P40/1, and subsequently validated by RT-qPCR. The study revealed a difference in response to mealybug infestation in the two genotypes studied, with AR23.1 showing a higher number of differentially expressed transcripts post mealybug infestation at 24 and 72 hours. Candidate defence-related genes that were overexpressed in the AR23.1 genotype post mealybug infestation will be useful in future functional studies towards the control of mealybugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molemi E. Rauwane
- Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Ian Millar
- Biosystematics Division, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Queenswood, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Chrissie Rey
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jasper Rees
- Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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22
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Ghorbani A, Izadpanah K, Dietzgen RG. Changes in maize transcriptome in response to maize Iranian mosaic virus infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194592. [PMID: 29634778 PMCID: PMC5892904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maize Iranian mosaic virus (MIMV, genus Nucleorhabdovirus, family Rhabdoviridae) causes an economically important disease in maize and other gramineous crops in Iran. MIMV negative-sense RNA genome sequence of 12,426 nucleotides has recently been completed. Maize Genetics and Genomics database shows that 39,498 coding genes and 4,976 non-coding genes of maize have been determined, but still some transcripts could not be annotated. The molecular host cell responses of maize to MIMV infection including differential gene expression have so far not been elucidated. Methodology/Principal findings Complementary DNA libraries were prepared from total RNA of MIMV-infected and mock-inoculated maize leaves and sequenced using Illumina HiSeq 2500. Cleaned raw transcript reads from MIMV-infected maize were mapped to reads from uninfected maize and to a maize reference genome. Differentially expressed transcripts were characterized by gene ontology and biochemical pathway analyses. Transcriptome data for selected genes were validated by real-time quantitative PCR. Conclusion/Significance Approximately 42 million clean reads for each treatment were obtained. In MIMV-infected maize compared to uninfected plants, 1689 transcripts were up-regulated and 213 transcripts were down-regulated. In response to MIMV infection, several pathways were activated in maize including immune receptor signaling, metabolic pathways, RNA silencing, hormone-mediated pathways, protein degradation, protein kinase and ATP binding activity, and fatty acid metabolism. Also, several transcripts including those encoding hydrophobic protein RCI2B, adenosylmethionine decarboxylase NAC transcription factor and nucleic acid binding, leucine-rich repeat, heat shock protein, 26S proteasome, oxidoreductases and endonuclease activity protein were up-regulated. These data will contribute to the identification of genes and pathways involved in plant-virus interactions that may serve as future targets for improved disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abozar Ghorbani
- Plant Virology Research Center, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Ralf G. Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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23
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Joseph JT, Poolakkalody NJ, Shah JM. Plant reference genes for development and stress response studies. J Biosci 2018; 43:173-187. [PMID: 29485125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many reference genes are used by different laboratories for gene expression analyses to indicate the relative amount of input RNA/DNA in the experiment. These reference genes are supposed to show least variation among the treatments and with the control sets in a given experiment. However, expression of reference genes varies significantly from one set of experiment to the other. Thus, selection of reference genes depends on the experimental conditions. Sometimes the average expression of two or three reference genes is taken as standard. This review consolidated the details of about 120 genes attempted for normalization during comparative expression analysis in 16 different plants. Plant species included in this review are Arabidopsis thaliana, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana and N. tabacum), soybean (Glycine max), rice (Oryza sativa), blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), wheat (Triticum aestivum), potato (Solanum tuberosum), sugar cane (Saccharum sp.), carrot (Daucus carota), coffee (Coffea arabica), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) and grape (Vitis vinifera). The list includes model and cultivated crop plants from both monocot and dicot classes. We have categorized plant-wise the reference genes that have been used for expression analyses in any or all of the four different conditions such as biotic stress, abiotic stress, developmental stages and various organs and tissues, reported till date. This review serves as a guide during the reference gene hunt for gene expression analysis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyous T Joseph
- Department of Plant Science, Central University of Kerala, Padannakkad, Kasaragod 671 314, India
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Dubey NK, Mishra DK, Idris A, Nigam D, Singh PK, Sawant SV. Whitefly and aphid inducible promoters of Arabidopsis thaliana L. J Genet 2018; 97:109-119. [PMID: 29666330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lack of regulated expression and tissue specificity are the major drawbacks of plant and virus-derived constitutive promoters. A precise tissue or site-specific expression, facilitate regulated expression of proteins at the targeted time and site. Publically available microarray data on whitefly and aphid infested Arabidopsis thaliana L. was used to identify whitefly and aphid-inducible genes. The qRT-PCR further validated the inducible behaviour of these genes under artificial infestation. Promoter sequences of genes were retrieved from the Arabidopsis Information Resources database with their corresponding 5'UTR and cloned from the A. thaliana genome. Promoter reporter transcriptional fusions were developed with the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gusA gene in a binary expression vector to validate the inducible behaviour of these promoters in eight independent transgenic Nicotiana tabaccum lines. Histochemical analysis of the reporter gene in T2 transgenic tobacco lines confirmed promoter driven expression at the sites of aphid and whitefly infestation. The qRT-PCR and GUS expression analysis of transgenic lines revealed that abscisic acid largely influenced the expression of both aphid and whitefly inducible promoters. Further, whitefly-specific promoter respond to salicylic acid and jasmonic acid (JA), whereas aphid-specific promoters to JA and 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid. The response of promoters to phytohormones correlated to the presence of corresponding conserved cis-regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar Dubey
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226 001, India.
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Dubey NK, Mishra DK, Idris A, Nigam D, Singh PK, Sawant SV. Whitefly and aphid inducible promoters of Arabidopsis thaliana L. J Genet 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-018-0887-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Naqvi RZ, Zaidi SSEA, Akhtar KP, Strickler S, Woldemariam M, Mishra B, Mukhtar MS, Scheffler BE, Scheffler JA, Jander G, Mueller LA, Asif M, Mansoor S. Transcriptomics reveals multiple resistance mechanisms against cotton leaf curl disease in a naturally immune cotton species, Gossypium arboreum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15880. [PMID: 29162860 PMCID: PMC5698292 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15963-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD), caused by cotton leaf curl viruses (CLCuVs), is among the most devastating diseases in cotton. While the widely cultivated cotton species Gossypium hirsutum is generally susceptible, the diploid species G. arboreum is a natural source for resistance against CLCuD. However, the influence of CLCuD on the G. arboreum transcriptome and the interaction of CLCuD with G. arboreum remains to be elucidated. Here we have used an RNA-Seq based study to analyze differential gene expression in G. arboreum under CLCuD infestation. G. arboreum plants were infested by graft inoculation using a CLCuD infected scion of G. hirsutum. CLCuD infested asymptomatic and symptomatic plants were analyzed with RNA-seq using an Illumina HiSeq. 2500. Data analysis revealed 1062 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in G. arboreum. We selected 17 genes for qPCR to validate RNA-Seq data. We identified several genes involved in disease resistance and pathogen defense. Furthermore, a weighted gene co-expression network was constructed from the RNA-Seq dataset that indicated 50 hub genes, most of which are involved in transport processes and might have a role in the defense response of G. arboreum against CLCuD. This fundamental study will improve the understanding of virus-host interaction and identification of important genes involved in G. arboreum tolerance against CLCuD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubab Zahra Naqvi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Syed Shan-E-Ali Zaidi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- AgroBioChem Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Khalid Pervaiz Akhtar
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture & Biology (NIAB), Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Susan Strickler
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Melkamu Woldemariam
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Bharat Mishra
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - M Shahid Mukhtar
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Brian E Scheffler
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Unit (USDA-ARS), Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - Jodi A Scheffler
- Crop Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lukas A Mueller
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Muhammad Asif
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
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Rahman MU, Khan AQ, Rahmat Z, Iqbal MA, Zafar Y. Genetics and Genomics of Cotton Leaf Curl Disease, Its Viral Causal Agents and Whitefly Vector: A Way Forward to Sustain Cotton Fiber Security. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1157. [PMID: 28725230 PMCID: PMC5495822 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) after its first epidemic in 1912 in Nigeria, has spread to different cotton growing countries including United States, Pakistan, India, and China. The disease is of viral origin-transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, which is difficult to control because of the prevalence of multiple virulent viral strains or related species. The problem is further complicated as the CLCuD causing virus complex has a higher recombination rate. The availability of alternate host crops like tomato, okra, etc., and practicing mixed type farming system have further exaggerated the situation by adding synergy to the evolution of new viral strains and vectors. Efforts to control this disease using host plant resistance remained successful using two gene based-resistance that was broken by the evolution of new resistance breaking strain called Burewala virus. Development of transgenic cotton using both pathogen and non-pathogenic derived approaches are in progress. In future, screening for new forms of host resistance, use of DNA markers for the rapid incorporation of resistance into adapted cultivars overlaid with transgenics and using genome editing by CRISPR/Cas system would be instrumental in adding multiple layers of defense to control the disease-thus cotton fiber production will be sustained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehboob-ur- Rahman
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Q. Khan
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zainab Rahmat
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad A. Iqbal
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Yusuf Zafar
- Pakistan Agricultural Research CouncilIslamabad, Pakistan
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Ram C, Koramutla MK, Bhattacharya R. Identification and comprehensive evaluation of reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis of host gene-expression in Brassica juncea-aphid interaction using microarray data. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 116:57-67. [PMID: 28527971 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Brassica juncea is a chief oil yielding crop in many parts of the world including India. With advancement of molecular techniques, RT-qPCR based study of gene-expression has become an integral part of experimentations in crop breeding. In RT-qPCR, use of appropriate reference gene(s) is pivotal. The virtue of the reference genes, being constant in expression throughout the experimental treatments, needs to be validated case by case. Appropriate reference gene(s) for normalization of gene-expression data in B. juncea during the biotic stress of aphid infestation is not known. In the present investigation, 11 reference genes identified from microarray database of Arabidopsis-aphid interaction at a cut off FDR ≤0.1, along with two known reference genes of B. juncea, were analyzed for their expression stability upon aphid infestation. These included 6 frequently used and 5 newly identified reference genes. Ranking orders of the reference genes in terms of expression stability were calculated using advanced statistical approaches such as geNorm, NormFinder, delta Ct and BestKeeper. The analysis suggested CAC, TUA and DUF179 as the most suitable reference genes. Further, normalization of the gene-expression data of STP4 and PR1 by the most and the least stable reference gene, respectively has demonstrated importance and applicability of the recommended reference genes in aphid infested samples of B. juncea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chet Ram
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Murali Krishna Koramutla
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Ramcharan Bhattacharya
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi 110012, India.
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Liu Q, Wang X, Tzin V, Romeis J, Peng Y, Li Y. Combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses to understand the dynamic responses of rice plants to attack by the rice stem borer Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:259. [PMID: 27923345 PMCID: PMC5142284 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0946-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice (Oryza sativa L.), which is a staple food for more than half of the world's population, is frequently attacked by herbivorous insects, including the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis. C. suppressalis substantially reduces rice yields in temperate regions of Asia, but little is known about how rice plants defend themselves against this herbivore at molecular and biochemical level. RESULTS In the current study, we combined next-generation RNA sequencing and metabolomics techniques to investigate the changes in gene expression and in metabolic processes in rice plants that had been continuously fed by C. suppressalis larvae for different durations (0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h). Furthermore, the data were validated using quantitative real-time PCR. There were 4,729 genes and 151 metabolites differently regulated when rice plants were damaged by C. suppressalis larvae. Further analyses showed that defense-related phytohormones, transcript factors, shikimate-mediated and terpenoid-related secondary metabolism were activated, whereas the growth-related counterparts were suppressed by C. suppressalis feeding. The activated defense was fueled by catabolism of energy storage compounds such as monosaccharides, which meanwhile resulted in the increased levels of metabolites that were involved in rice plant defense response. Comparable analyses showed a correspondence between transcript patterns and metabolite profiles. CONCLUSION The current findings greatly enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of induced defense response in rice plants against C. suppressalis infestation at molecular and biochemical levels, and will provide clues for development of insect-resistant rice varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Vered Tzin
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer, Israel
| | - Jörg Romeis
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Agroscope, Biosafety Research Group, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yufa Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunhe Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Li J, Zhu L, Hull JJ, Liang S, Daniell H, Jin S, Zhang X. Transcriptome analysis reveals a comprehensive insect resistance response mechanism in cotton to infestation by the phloem feeding insect Bemisia tabaci (whitefly). PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:1956-75. [PMID: 26923339 PMCID: PMC5042180 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) causes tremendous damage to cotton production worldwide. However, very limited information is available about how plants perceive and defend themselves from this destructive pest. In this study, the transcriptomic differences between two cotton cultivars that exhibit either strong resistance (HR) or sensitivity (ZS) to whitefly were compared at different time points (0, 12, 24 and 48 h after infection) using RNA-Seq. Approximately one billion paired-end reads were obtained by Illumina sequencing technology. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analysis indicated that the cotton transcriptional response to whitefly infestation involves genes encoding protein kinases, transcription factors, metabolite synthesis, and phytohormone signalling. Furthermore, a weighted gene co-expression network constructed from RNA-Seq datasets showed that WRKY40 and copper transport protein are hub genes that may regulate cotton defenses to whitefly infestation. Silencing GhMPK3 by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) resulted in suppression of the MPK-WRKY-JA and ET pathways and lead to enhanced whitefly susceptibility, suggesting that the candidate insect resistant genes identified in this RNA-Seq analysis are credible and offer significant utility. Taken together, this study provides comprehensive insights into the cotton defense system to whitefly infestation and has identified several candidate genes for control of phloem-feeding pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lizhen Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - J Joe Hull
- USDA-ARS, Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | - Sijia Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Henry Daniell
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shuangxia Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Kumar S, Kanakachari M, Gurusamy D, Kumar K, Narayanasamy P, Kethireddy Venkata P, Solanke A, Gamanagatti S, Hiremath V, Katageri IS, Leelavathi S, Kumar PA, Reddy VS. Genome-wide transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of bollworm-infested developing cotton bolls revealed the genes and pathways involved in the insect pest defence mechanism. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:1438-55. [PMID: 26799171 PMCID: PMC5066800 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, is a major insect pest that feeds on cotton bolls causing extensive damage leading to crop and productivity loss. In spite of such a major impact, cotton plant response to bollworm infection is yet to be witnessed. In this context, we have studied the genome-wide response of cotton bolls infested with bollworm using transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. Further, we have validated this data using semi-quantitative real-time PCR. Comparative analyses have revealed that 39% of the transcriptome and 35% of the proteome were differentially regulated during bollworm infestation. Around 36% of significantly regulated transcripts and 45% of differentially expressed proteins were found to be involved in signalling followed by redox regulation. Further analysis showed that defence-related stress hormones and their lipid precursors, transcription factors, signalling molecules, etc. were stimulated, whereas the growth-related counterparts were suppressed during bollworm infestation. Around 26% of the significantly up-regulated proteins were defence molecules, while >50% of the significantly down-regulated were related to photosynthesis and growth. Interestingly, the biosynthesis genes for synergistically regulated jasmonate, ethylene and suppressors of the antagonistic factor salicylate were found to be up-regulated, suggesting a choice among stress-responsive phytohormone regulation. Manual curation of the enzymes and TFs highlighted the components of retrograde signalling pathways. Our data suggest that a selective regulatory mechanism directs the reallocation of metabolic resources favouring defence over growth under bollworm infestation and these insights could be exploited to develop bollworm-resistant cotton varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Kumar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Mogilicherla Kanakachari
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - Dhandapani Gurusamy
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - Krishan Kumar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Prabhakaran Narayanasamy
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | | | - Amolkumar Solanke
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | - Sadhu Leelavathi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Polumetla Ananda Kumar
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - Vanga Siva Reddy
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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Kloth KJ, Wiegers GL, Busscher-Lange J, van Haarst JC, Kruijer W, Bouwmeester HJ, Dicke M, Jongsma MA. AtWRKY22 promotes susceptibility to aphids and modulates salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signalling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3383-96. [PMID: 27107291 PMCID: PMC4892728 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Aphids induce many transcriptional perturbations in their host plants, but the signalling cascades responsible and the effects on plant resistance are largely unknown. Through a genome-wide association (GWA) mapping study in Arabidopsis thaliana, we identified WRKY22 as a candidate gene associated with feeding behaviour of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae The transcription factor WRKY22 is known to be involved in pathogen-triggered immunity, and WRKY22 gene expression has been shown to be induced by aphids. Assessment of aphid population development and feeding behaviour on knockout mutants and overexpression lines showed that WRKY22 increases susceptibility to M. persicae via a mesophyll-located mechanism. mRNA sequencing analysis of aphid-infested wrky22 knockout plants revealed the up-regulation of genes involved in salicylic acid (SA) signalling and down-regulation of genes involved in plant growth and cell-wall loosening. In addition, mechanostimulation of knockout plants by clip cages up-regulated jasmonic acid (JA)-responsive genes, resulting in substantial negative JA-SA crosstalk. Based on this and previous studies, WRKY22 is considered to modulate the interplay between the SA and JA pathways in response to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stimuli. Its induction by aphids and its role in suppressing SA and JA signalling make WRKY22 a potential target for aphids to manipulate host plant defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Kloth
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands Plant Research International, Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrie L Wiegers
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands Plant Research International, Business Unit Biointeractions & Plant Health, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Busscher-Lange
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands Plant Research International, Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C van Haarst
- Plant Research International, Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Kruijer
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harro J Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten A Jongsma
- Plant Research International, Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Transcriptome Analysis of Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud.) in Response to Ramie Moth (Cocytodes coerulea Guenée) Infestation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3702789. [PMID: 27034936 PMCID: PMC4789370 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3702789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The ramie moth Cocytodes coerulea Guenée (RM) is an economically important pest that seriously impairs the yield of ramie, an important natural fiber crop. The molecular mechanisms that underlie the ramie-pest interactions are unclear up to date. Therefore, a transcriptome profiling analysis would aid in understanding the ramie defense mechanisms against RM. In this study, we first constructed two cDNA libraries derived from RM-challenged (CH) and unchallenged (CK) ramie leaves. The subsequent sequencing of the CH and CK libraries yielded 40.2 and 62.8 million reads, respectively. Furthermore, de novo assembling of these reads generated 26,759 and 29,988 unigenes, respectively. An integrated assembly of data from these two libraries resulted in 46,533 unigenes, with an average length of 845 bp per unigene. Among these genes, 24,327 (52.28%) were functionally annotated by predicted protein function. A comparative analysis of the CK and CH transcriptome profiles revealed 1,980 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 750 were upregulated and 1,230 were downregulated. A quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of 13 random selected genes confirmed the gene expression patterns that were determined by Illumina sequencing. Among the DEGs, the expression patterns of transcription factors, protease inhibitors, and antioxidant enzymes were studied. Overall, these results provide useful insights into the defense mechanism of ramie against RM.
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Hillwig MS, Chiozza M, Casteel CL, Lau ST, Hohenstein J, Hernández E, Jander G, MacIntosh GC. Abscisic acid deficiency increases defence responses against Myzus persicae in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:225-35. [PMID: 25943308 PMCID: PMC6638517 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Comparison of Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) gene expression induced by Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) feeding, aphid saliva infiltration and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment showed a significant positive correlation. In particular, ABA-regulated genes are over-represented among genes that are induced by M. persicae saliva infiltration into Arabidopsis leaves. This suggests that the induction of ABA-related gene expression could be an important component of the Arabidopsis-aphid interaction. Consistent with this hypothesis, M. persicae populations induced ABA production in wild-type plants. Furthermore, aphid populations were smaller on Arabidopsis aba1-1 mutants, which cannot synthesize ABA, and showed a significant preference for wild-type plants compared with the mutant. Total free amino acids, which play an important role in aphid nutrition, were not altered in the aba1-1 mutant line, but the levels of isoleucine (Ile) and tryptophan (Trp) were differentially affected by aphids in wild-type and mutant plants. Recently, indole glucosinolates have been shown to promote aphid resistance in Arabidopsis. In this study, 4-methoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate was more abundant in the aba1-1 mutant than in wild-type Arabidopsis, suggesting that the induction of ABA signals that decrease the accumulation of defence compounds may be beneficial for aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Hillwig
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Mariana Chiozza
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Clare L Casteel
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Siau Ting Lau
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Jessica Hohenstein
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Enrique Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Gustavo C MacIntosh
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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Showmaker KC, Bednářová A, Gresham C, Hsu CY, Peterson DG, Krishnan N. Insight into the Salivary Gland Transcriptome of Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147197. [PMID: 26789269 PMCID: PMC4720363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tarnished plant bug (TPB), Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) is a polyphagous, phytophagous insect that has emerged as a major pest of cotton, alfalfa, fruits, and vegetable crops in the eastern United States and Canada. Using its piercing-sucking mouthparts, TPB employs a “lacerate and flush” feeding strategy in which saliva injected into plant tissue degrades cell wall components and lyses cells whose contents are subsequently imbibed by the TPB. It is known that a major component of TPB saliva is the polygalacturonase enzymes that degrade the pectin in the cell walls. However, not much is known about the other components of the saliva of this important pest. In this study, we explored the salivary gland transcriptome of TPB using Illumina sequencing. After in silico conversion of RNA sequences into corresponding polypeptides, 25,767 putative proteins were discovered. Of these, 19,540 (78.83%) showed significant similarity to known proteins in the either the NCBI nr or Uniprot databases. Gene ontology (GO) terms were assigned to 7,512 proteins, and 791 proteins in the sialotranscriptome of TPB were found to collectively map to 107 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database pathways. A total of 3,653 Pfam domains were identified in 10,421 sialotranscriptome predicted proteins resulting in 12,814 Pfam annotations; some proteins had more than one Pfam domain. Functional annotation revealed a number of salivary gland proteins that potentially facilitate degradation of host plant tissues and mitigation of the host plant defense response. These transcripts/proteins and their potential roles in TPB establishment are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt C. Showmaker
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, United States of America
| | - Andrea Bednářová
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, United States of America
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budĕjovice, Czech Republic
| | - Cathy Gresham
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, United States of America
| | - Chuan-Yu Hsu
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, United States of America
| | - Daniel G. Peterson
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, United States of America
- Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, United States of America
| | - Natraj Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hill MG, Wurms KV, Davy MW, Gould E, Allan A, Mauchline NA, Luo Z, Ah Chee A, Stannard K, Storey RD, Rikkerink EH. Transcriptome Analysis of Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) Bark in Response to Armoured Scale Insect (Hemiberlesia lataniae) Feeding. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141664. [PMID: 26571404 PMCID: PMC4646472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The kiwifruit cultivar Actinidia chinensis 'Hort16A' is resistant to the polyphagous armoured scale insect pest Hemiberlesia lataniae (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). A cDNA microarray consisting of 17,512 unigenes selected from over 132,000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) was used to measure the transcriptomic profile of the A. chinensis 'Hort16A' canes in response to a controlled infestation of H. lataniae. After 2 days, 272 transcripts were differentially expressed. After 7 days, 5,284 (30%) transcripts were differentially expressed. The transcripts were grouped into 22 major functional categories using MapMan software. After 7 days, transcripts associated with photosynthesis (photosystem II) were significantly down-regulated, while those associated with secondary metabolism were significantly up-regulated. A total of 643 transcripts associated with response to stress were differentially expressed. This included biotic stress-related transcripts orthologous with pathogenesis related proteins, the phenylpropanoid pathway, NBS-LRR (R) genes, and receptor-like kinase-leucine rich repeat signalling proteins. While transcriptional studies are not conclusive in their own right, results were suggestive of a defence response involving both ETI and PTI, with predominance of the SA signalling pathway. Exogenous application of an SA-mimic decreased H. lataniae growth on A. chinensis 'Hort16A' plants in two laboratory experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Garry Hill
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), 412 No1 Rd RD2, Te Puke, New Zealand
| | - Kirstin V. Wurms
- Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 3230, Waikato Mail Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Marcus W. Davy
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), 412 No1 Rd RD2, Te Puke, New Zealand
| | - Elaine Gould
- Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 3230, Waikato Mail Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Allan
- Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicola A. Mauchline
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), 412 No1 Rd RD2, Te Puke, New Zealand
| | - Zhiwei Luo
- Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Annette Ah Chee
- Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 3230, Waikato Mail Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Kate Stannard
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), 412 No1 Rd RD2, Te Puke, New Zealand
| | - Roy D. Storey
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), 412 No1 Rd RD2, Te Puke, New Zealand
| | - Erik H. Rikkerink
- Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
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Huang XZ, Chen JY, Xiao HJ, Xiao YT, Wu J, Wu JX, Zhou JJ, Zhang YJ, Guo YY. Dynamic transcriptome analysis and volatile profiling of Gossypium hirsutum in response to the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11867. [PMID: 26148847 PMCID: PMC4493570 DOI: 10.1038/srep11867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to insect herbivory, plants emit elevated levels of volatile organic compounds for direct and indirect resistance. However, little is known about the molecular and genomic basis of defense response that insect herbivory trigger in cotton plants and how defense mechanisms are orchestrated in the context of other biological processes. Here we monitored the transcriptome changes and volatile characteristics of cotton plants in response to cotton bollworm (CBW; Helicoverpa armigera) larvae infestation. Analysis of samples revealed that 1,969 transcripts were differentially expressed (log2|Ratio| ≥ 2; q ≤ 0.05) after CBW infestation. Cluster analysis identified several distinct temporal patterns of transcriptome changes. Among CBW-induced genes, those associated with indirect defense and jasmonic acid pathway were clearly over-represented, indicating that these genes play important roles in CBW-induced defenses. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses revealed that CBW infestation could induce cotton plants to release volatile compounds comprised lipoxygenase-derived green leaf volatiles and a number of terpenoid volatiles. Responding to CBW larvae infestation, cotton plants undergo drastic reprogramming of the transcriptome and the volatile profile. The present results increase our knowledge about insect herbivory-induced metabolic and biochemical processes in plants, which may help improve future studies on genes governing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Zheng Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie-Yin Chen
- Institute of Agro-food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hai-Jun Xiao
- Institute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yu-Tao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Juan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun-Xiang Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jing-Jiang Zhou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Yong-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu-Yuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Robischon M. Do cytokinins function as two-way signals between plants and animals? Cytokinins may not only mediate defence reactions via secondary compounds, but may directly interfere with developmental signals in insects. Bioessays 2015; 37:356-63. [PMID: 25652659 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins are plant hormones that have, among many other functions, senescence-modulatory effects in plant tissue. This is evident not only from biochemical data, but is vividly illustrated in the "green island" phenotype in plant leaves caused by cytokinins released for example by leaf mining insects or microbial pathogens. It is beyond doubt that, in addition to their roles in plants, cytokinins also provoke physiological and developmental effects in animals. It is hypothesized that the recently much discussed modification of plant metabolism by insects and associated microbes via cytokinin signals has a counterpart in direct cytokinin signalling that interferes with the animals' hormonal systems and impacts their population dynamics.
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Barah P, Bones AM. Multidimensional approaches for studying plant defence against insects: from ecology to omics and synthetic biology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:479-93. [PMID: 25538257 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The biggest challenge for modern biology is to integrate multidisciplinary approaches towards understanding the organizational and functional complexity of biological systems at different hierarchies, starting from the subcellular molecular mechanisms (microscopic) to the functional interactions of ecological communities (macroscopic). The plant-insect interaction is a good model for this purpose with the availability of an enormous amount of information at the molecular and the ecosystem levels. Changing global climatic conditions are abruptly resetting plant-insect interactions. Integration of discretely located heterogeneous information from the ecosystem to genes and pathways will be an advantage to understand the complexity of plant-insect interactions. This review will present the recent developments in omics-based high-throughput experimental approaches, with particular emphasis on studying plant defence responses against insect attack. The review highlights the importance of using integrative systems approaches to study plant-insect interactions from the macroscopic to the microscopic level. We analyse the current efforts in generating, integrating and modelling multiomics data to understand plant-insect interaction at a systems level. As a future prospect, we highlight the growing interest in utilizing the synthetic biology platform for engineering insect-resistant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Barah
- Cell Molecular Biology and Genomics Group, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Atle M Bones
- Cell Molecular Biology and Genomics Group, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Wang F, Ning D, Chen Y, Dang C, Han NS, Liu Y, Ye GY. Comparing Gene Expression Profiles Between Bt and non-Bt Rice in Response to Brown Planthopper Infestation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1181. [PMID: 26734057 PMCID: PMC4689863 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Bt proteins are the most widely used insecticidal proteins in transgenic crops for improving insect resistance. We previously observed longer nymphal developmental duration and lower fecundity in brown planthopper (BPH) fed on Bt rice line KMD2, although Bt insecticidal protein Cry1Ab could rarely concentrate in this non-target rice pest. In the present study, we performed microarray analysis in an effort to detect Bt-independent variation, which might render Bt rice more defensive and/or less nutritious to BPH. We detected 3834 and 3273 differentially expressed probe-sets in response to BPH infestation in non-Bt parent Xiushui 11 and Bt rice KMD2, respectively, only 439 of which showed significant differences in expression between rice lines. Our analysis revealed a shift from growth to defense responses in response to BPH infestation, which was also detected in many other studies of plants suffering biotic and abiotic stresses. Chlorophyll biosynthesis and basic metabolism pathways were inhibited in response to infestation. IAA and GA levels decreased as a result of the repression of biosynthesis-related genes or the induction of inactivation-related genes. In accordance with these observations, a number of IAA-, GA-, BR-signaling genes were downregulated in response to BPH. Thus, the growth of rice plants under BPH attack was reduced and defense related hormone signaling like JA, SA and ET were activated. In addition, growth-related hormone signaling pathways, such as GA, BR, and auxin signaling pathways, as well as ABA, were also found to be involved in BPH-induced defense. On the other side, 51 probe-sets (represented 50 genes) that most likely contribute to the impact of Bt rice on BPH were identified, including three early nodulin genes, four lipid metabolic genes, 14 stress response genes, three TF genes and genes with other functions. Two transcription factor genes, bHLH and MYB, together with lipid transfer protein genes LTPL65 and early nodulin gene ENOD93, are the most likely candidates for improving herbivore resistance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Duo Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou, China
| | - Cong Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Nai-Shun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Yu'e Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Gong-Yin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Gong-Yin Ye
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Artico S, Ribeiro-Alves M, Oliveira-Neto OB, de Macedo LLP, Silveira S, Grossi-de-Sa MF, Martinelli AP, Alves-Ferreira M. Transcriptome analysis of Gossypium hirsutum flower buds infested by cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) larvae. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:854. [PMID: 25280771 PMCID: PMC4234063 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cotton is a major fibre crop grown worldwide that suffers extensive damage from chewing insects, including the cotton boll weevil larvae (Anthonomus grandis). Transcriptome analysis was performed to understand the molecular interactions between Gossypium hirsutum L. and cotton boll weevil larvae. The Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform was used to sequence the transcriptome of cotton flower buds infested with boll weevil larvae. Results The analysis generated a total of 327,489,418 sequence reads that were aligned to the G. hirsutum reference transcriptome. The total number of expressed genes was over 21,697 per sample with an average length of 1,063 bp. The DEGseq analysis identified 443 differentially expressed genes (DEG) in cotton flower buds infected with boll weevil larvae. Among them, 402 (90.7%) were up-regulated, 41 (9.3%) were down-regulated and 432 (97.5%) were identified as orthologues of A. thaliana genes using Blastx. Mapman analysis of DEG indicated that many genes were involved in the biotic stress response spanning a range of functions, from a gene encoding a receptor-like kinase to genes involved in triggering defensive responses such as MAPK, transcription factors (WRKY and ERF) and signalling by ethylene (ET) and jasmonic acid (JA) hormones. Furthermore, the spatial expression pattern of 32 of the genes responsive to boll weevil larvae feeding was determined by “in situ” qPCR analysis from RNA isolated from two flower structures, the stamen and the carpel, by laser microdissection (LMD). Conclusion A large number of cotton transcripts were significantly altered upon infestation by larvae. Among the changes in gene expression, we highlighted the transcription of receptors/sensors that recognise chitin or insect oral secretions; the altered regulation of transcripts encoding enzymes related to kinase cascades, transcription factors, Ca2+ influxes, and reactive oxygen species; and the modulation of transcripts encoding enzymes from phytohormone signalling pathways. These data will aid in the selection of target genes to genetically engineer cotton to control the cotton boll weevil. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-854) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcio Alves-Ferreira
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ Av, Prof, Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, s/n - Prédio do CCS Instituto de Biologia, 2° andar - sala 93, 219410-970 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Thakur N, Upadhyay SK, Verma PC, Chandrashekar K, Tuli R, Singh PK. Enhanced whitefly resistance in transgenic tobacco plants expressing double stranded RNA of v-ATPase A gene. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87235. [PMID: 24595215 PMCID: PMC3940430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of double strand RNA (dsRNA) designed against important insect genes in transgenic plants have been shown to give protection against pests through RNA interference (RNAi), thus opening the way for a new generation of insect-resistant crops. We have earlier compared the efficacy of dsRNAs/siRNAs, against a number of target genes, for interference in growth of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) upon oral feeding. The v-ATPase subunit A (v-ATPaseA) coding gene was identified as a crucial target. We now report the effectiveness of transgenic tobacco plants expressing siRNA to silence v-ATPaseA gene expression for the control of whitefly infestation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Transgenic tobacco lines were developed for the expression of long dsRNA precursor to make siRNA and knock down the v-ATPaseA mRNA in whitefly. Molecular analysis and insecticidal properties of the transgenic plants established the formation of siRNA targeting the whitefly v-ATPaseA, in the leaves. The transcript level of v-ATPaseA in whiteflies was reduced up to 62% after feeding on the transgenic plants. Heavy infestation of whiteflies on the control plants caused significant loss of sugar content which led to the drooping of leaves. The transgenic plants did not show drooping effect. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Host plant derived pest resistance was achieved against whiteflies by genetic transformation of tobacco which generated siRNA against the whitefly v-ATPaseA gene. Transgenic tobacco lines expressing dsRNA of v-ATPaseA, delivered sufficient siRNA to whiteflies feeding on them, mounting a significant silencing response, leading to their mortality. The transcript level of the target gene was reduced in whiteflies feeding on transgenic plants. The strategy can be taken up for genetic engineering of plants to control whiteflies in field crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Thakur
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, NewDelhi, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Upadhyay
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Praveen C. Verma
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, NewDelhi, India
| | - Krishnappa Chandrashekar
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Indian Agricultural Research Institute-Regional Station, Agricultural College Estate, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rakesh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Pradhyumna K. Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, NewDelhi, India
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