1
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Drumm SD, Cormican P, Owens RA, Mitchell J, Keane OM. Immunoproteomic analysis of the serum IgG response to cell wall-associated proteins of Staphylococcus aureus strains belonging to CC97 and CC151. Vet Res 2023; 54:79. [PMID: 37723537 PMCID: PMC10506246 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
CC97 and CC151 are two of the most common Staphylococcus aureus lineages associated with bovine intramammary infection. The genotype of the infecting S. aureus strain influences virulence and the progression of intramammary disease. Strains from CC97 and CC151 encode a distinct array of virulence factors. Identification of proteins elaborated in vivo will provide insights into the molecular mechanism of pathogenesis of these lineages, as well as facilitating the development of tailored treatments and pan-lineage vaccines and diagnostics. The repertoire of genes encoding cell wall-anchored (CWA) proteins was identified for S. aureus strains MOK023 (CC97) and MOK124 (CC151); MOK023 encoded more CWA proteins than MOK124. Serum collected during an in vivo challenge trial was used to investigate whether the humoral response to cell wall proteins was strain-specific. Immunoproteomic analysis demonstrated that the humoral response in MOK023-infected cows predominantly targeted high molecular weight proteins while the response in MOK124-infected cows targeted medium or low molecular weight proteins. Antigenic proteins were identified by two-dimensional serum blotting followed by mass spectometry-based identification of immunoreactive spots, with putative antigens subsequently validated. The CWA proteins ClfB, SdrE/Bbp and IsdA were identified as immunogenic regardless of the infecting strain. In addition, a number of putative strain-specific imunogens were identified. The variation in antigens produced by different strains may indicate that these strains have different strategies for exploiting the intramammary niche. Such variation should be considered when developing novel control strategies including vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna D Drumm
- Animal and Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Seed Testing Laboratory, DAFM Laboratories, Backweston, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Paul Cormican
- Animal and Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Rebecca A Owens
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Jennifer Mitchell
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Orla M Keane
- Animal and Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland.
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2
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Risser F, López-Morales J, Nash MA. Adhesive Virulence Factors of Staphylococcus aureus Resist Digestion by Coagulation Proteases Thrombin and Plasmin. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2022; 2:586-599. [PMID: 36573096 PMCID: PMC9782320 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.2c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an invasive and life-threatening pathogen that has undergone extensive coevolution with its mammalian hosts. Its molecular adaptations include elaborate mechanisms for immune escape and hijacking of the coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways. These capabilities are enacted by virulence factors including microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs) and the plasminogen-activating enzyme staphylokinase (SAK). Despite the ability of S. aureus to modulate coagulation, until now the sensitivity of S. aureus virulence factors to digestion by proteases of the coagulation system was unknown. Here, we used protein engineering, biophysical assays, and mass spectrometry to study the susceptibility of S. aureus MSCRAMMs to proteolytic digestion by human thrombin, plasmin, and plasmin/SAK complexes. We found that MSCRAMMs were highly resistant to proteolysis, and that SAK binding to plasmin enhanced this resistance. We mapped thrombin, plasmin, and plasmin/SAK cleavage sites of nine MSCRAMMs and performed biophysical, bioinformatic, and stability analysis to understand structural and sequence features common to protease-susceptible sites. Overall, our study offers comprehensive digestion patterns of S. aureus MSCRAMMs by thrombin, plasmin, and plasmin/SAK complexes and paves the way for new studies into this resistance and virulence mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Risser
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland,Department
of Biosystems Sciences and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joanan López-Morales
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland,Department
of Biosystems Sciences and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael A. Nash
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland,Department
of Biosystems Sciences and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland,E-mail:
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3
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Hemmadi V, Biswas M, Mohsin M, Bano R. Biochemical and biophysical analysis of the interaction of a recombinant form of Staphylococcus aureus enolase with plasminogen. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:1455-1473. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2022-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Pathogenic invasion of Staphylococcus aureus is critically dependent on host plasminogen activation. Materials & methods: The pathophysiological implications of the interactions between S. aureus recombinant enolase and host plasminogen were investigated. The effects of mutation and small synthetic peptide inhibitors on interactions were assessed. Results: In vitro, the S. aureus recombinant enolase exists as a catalytically active fragile octamer and a robust dimer. The dimer interacts with the host plasminogen on the S. aureus surface. Conclusion: The interaction of host plasminogen and S. aureus enolase might mediate bacterial adherence to the host, activate the plasminogen with the help of plasminogen activators and prevent α2-antiplasmin-mediated inhibition of plasmin. Incorporating mutant and synthetic peptides inhibited the interactions and their associated pathophysiological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Hemmadi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa Campus, NH17B, Zuarinagar, Goa, 403726, India
| | - Malabika Biswas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa Campus, NH17B, Zuarinagar, Goa, 403726, India
| | - Mohd Mohsin
- Department of Biosciences, Metabolic Engineering Lab, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Reshma Bano
- Department of Biosciences, Metabolic Engineering Lab, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
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4
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Microbiological and Molecular Features Associated with Persistent and Relapsing Staphylococcus aureus Prosthetic Joint Infection. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11081119. [PMID: 36009988 PMCID: PMC9405193 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11081119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Persistent and relapsing prosthetic joint infection (PJI) due to Staphylococcus aureus presents a clinical challenge. This study aimed to provide an extensive description of phenotypic and genomic changes that could be related to persistence or relapse. Methods: Initial and second S. aureus isolates from 6 cases of persistent and relapsing PJI, along with clinical isolates from 8 cases, with favorable outcome were included. All isolates were studied by phenotypic and genotypic approaches. Results: Recurrent S. aureus isolates exhibited a significant increase in adhesive capacity, invasion and persistence compared to resolved isolates. No association was found for the presence or absence of certain genes with the persistence or relapse of PJI. All sequential isolates showed identical sequence type (ST). Resistance gene loss during the infection and a great diversity of variants in different virulence genes between the pair of strains, mainly in genes encoding adhesins such as fnbA, were observed. Conclusions: S. aureus-caused relapse and persistence PJI is associated with bacterial phenotypical and genotypical adaptation. The main paths of adaptation were persistence in the intracellular compartment, and the loss of antibiotic resistance genes and variant acquisition, especially in genes encoding adhesins.
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5
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Han J, Poma A. Molecular Targets for Antibody-Based Anti-Biofilm Therapy in Infective Endocarditis. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153198. [PMID: 35956712 PMCID: PMC9370930 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a heart disease caused by the infection of heart valves, majorly caused by Staphilococcus aureus. IE is initiated by bacteria entering the blood circulation in favouring conditions (e.g., during invasive procedures). So far, the conventional antimicrobial strategies based on the usage of antibiotics remain the major intervention for treating IE. Nevertheless, the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics in IE is limited not only by the bacterial drug resistance, but also by the formation of biofilms, which resist the penetration of antibiotics into bacterial cells. To overcome these drawbacks, the development of anti-biofilm treatments that can expose bacteria and make them more susceptible to the action of antibiotics, therefore resulting in reduced antimicrobial resistance, is urgently required. A series of anti-biofilm strategies have been developed, and this review will focus in particular on the development of anti-biofilm antibodies. Based on the results previously reported in the literature, several potential anti-biofilm targets are discussed, such as bacterial adhesins, biofilm matrix and bacterial toxins, covering their antigenic properties (with the identification of potential promising epitopes), functional mechanisms, as well as the antibodies already developed against these targets and, where feasible, their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Han
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, The Rayne Building, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Alessandro Poma
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, Royal Free Hospital, UCL Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
- Correspondence:
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6
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Wang W, Baker M, Hu Y, Xu J, Yang D, Maciel-Guerra A, Xue N, Li H, Yan S, Li M, Bai Y, Dong Y, Peng Z, Ma J, Li F, Dottorini T. Whole-Genome Sequencing and Machine Learning Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus from Multiple Heterogeneous Sources in China Reveals Common Genetic Traits of Antimicrobial Resistance. mSystems 2021; 6:e0118520. [PMID: 34100643 PMCID: PMC8579812 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01185-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a worldwide leading cause of numerous diseases ranging from food-poisoning to lethal infections. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has been found capable of acquiring resistance to most antimicrobials. MRSA is ubiquitous and diverse even in terms of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, posing a challenge for treatment. Here, we present a comprehensive study of S. aureus in China, addressing epidemiology, phylogenetic reconstruction, genomic characterization, and identification of AMR profiles. The study analyzes 673 S. aureus isolates from food as well as from hospitalized and healthy individuals. The isolates have been collected over a 9-year period, between 2010 and 2018, from 27 provinces across China. By whole-genome sequencing, Bayesian divergence analysis, and supervised machine learning, we reconstructed the phylogeny of the isolates and compared them to references from other countries. We identified 72 sequence types (STs), of which, 29 were novel. We found 81 MRSA lineages by multilocus sequence type (MLST), spa, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element (SCCmec), and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) typing. In addition, novel variants of SCCmec type IV hosting extra metal and antimicrobial resistance genes, as well as a new SCCmec type, were found. New Bayesian dating of the split times of major clades showed that ST9, ST59, and ST239 in China and European countries fell in different branches, whereas this pattern was not observed for the ST398 clone. On the contrary, the clonal transmission of ST398 was more intermixed in regard to geographic origin. Finally, we identified genetic determinants of resistance to 10 antimicrobials, discriminating drug-resistant bacteria from susceptible strains in the cohort. Our results reveal the emergence of Chinese MRSA lineages enriched of AMR determinants that share similar genetic traits of antimicrobial resistance across human and food, hinting at a complex scenario of evolving transmission routes. IMPORTANCE Little information is available on the epidemiology and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus in China. The role of food is a cause of major concern: staphylococcal foodborne diseases affect thousands every year, and the presence of resistant Staphylococcus strains on raw retail meat products is well documented. We studied a large heterogeneous data set of S. aureus isolates from many provinces of China, isolated from food as well as from individuals. Our large whole-genome collection represents a unique catalogue that can be easily meta-analyzed and integrated with further studies and adds to the library of S. aureus sequences in the public domain in a currently underrepresented geographical region. The new Bayesian dating of the split times of major drug-resistant enriched clones is relevant in showing that Chinese and European methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) have evolved differently. Our machine learning approach, across a large number of antibiotics, shows novel determinants underlying resistance and reveals frequent resistant traits in specific clonal complexes, highlighting the importance of particular clonal complexes in China. Our findings substantially expand what is known of the evolution and genetic determinants of resistance in food-associated S. aureus in China and add crucial information for whole-genome sequencing (WGS)-based surveillance of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Michelle Baker
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Yue Hu
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Jin Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Dajin Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ning Xue
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Hui Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Shaofei Yan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Menghan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Bai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Yinping Dong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Zixin Peng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Jinjing Ma
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, Anhui, China
| | - Fengqin Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Tania Dottorini
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
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7
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Hemmadi V, Biswas M. An overview of moonlighting proteins in Staphylococcus aureus infection. Arch Microbiol 2020; 203:481-498. [PMID: 33048189 PMCID: PMC7551524 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for numerous instances of superficial, toxin-mediated, and invasive infections. The emergence of methicillin-resistant (MRSA), as well as vancomycin-resistant (VRSA) strains of S. aureus, poses a massive threat to human health. The tenacity of S. aureus to acquire resistance against numerous antibiotics in a very short duration makes the effort towards developing new antibiotics almost futile. S. aureus owes its destructive pathogenicity to the plethora of virulent factors it produces among which a majority of them are moonlighting proteins. Moonlighting proteins are the multifunctional proteins in which a single protein, with different oligomeric conformations, perform multiple independent functions in different cell compartments. Peculiarly, proteins involved in key ancestral functions and metabolic pathways typically exhibit moonlighting functions. Pathogens mainly employ those proteins as virulent factors which exhibit high structural conservation towards their host counterparts. Consequentially, the host immune system counteracts these invading bacterial virulent factors with minimal protective action. Additionally, many moonlighting proteins also play multiple roles in various stages of pathogenicity while augmenting the virulence of the bacterium. This has necessitated elaborative studies to be conducted on moonlighting proteins of S. aureus that can serve as drug targets. This review is a small effort towards understanding the role of various moonlighting proteins in the pathogenicity of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Hemmadi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, BITS-Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa Campus, NH17B, Zuarinagar, Goa, 403726, India
| | - Malabika Biswas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, BITS-Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa Campus, NH17B, Zuarinagar, Goa, 403726, India.
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8
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Speziale P, Pietrocola G. The Multivalent Role of Fibronectin-Binding Proteins A and B (FnBPA and FnBPB) of Staphylococcus aureus in Host Infections. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2054. [PMID: 32983039 PMCID: PMC7480013 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, one of the most important human pathogens, is the causative agent of several infectious diseases including sepsis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, endocarditis and soft tissue infections. This pathogenicity is due to a multitude of virulence factors including several cell wall-anchored proteins (CWA). CWA proteins have modular structures with distinct domains binding different ligands. The majority of S. aureus strains express two CWA fibronectin (Fn)-binding adhesins FnBPA and FnBPB (Fn-binding proteins A and B), which are encoded by closely related genes. The N-terminus of FnBPA and FnBPB comprises an A domain which binds ligands such as fibrinogen, elastin and plasminogen. The A domain of FnBPB also interacts with histones and this binding results in the neutralization of the antimicrobial activity of these molecules. The C-terminal moiety of these adhesins comprises a long, intrinsically disordered domain composed of 11/10 fibronectin-binding repeats. These repetitive motifs of FnBPs promote invasion of cells that are not usually phagocytic via a mechanism by which they interact with integrin α5β1 through a Fn mediated-bridge. The FnBPA and FnBPB A domains engage in homophilic cell-cell interactions and promote biofilm formation and enhance platelet aggregation. In this review we update the current understanding of the structure and functional properties of FnBPs and emphasize the role they may have in the staphylococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Speziale
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giampiero Pietrocola
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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9
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Smith JT, Amador S, McGonagle CJ, Needle D, Gibson R, Andam CP. Population genomics of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in companion animals in the United States. Commun Biol 2020; 3:282. [PMID: 32503984 PMCID: PMC7275049 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1009-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a commensal bacterium and a major opportunistic pathogen of dogs. The emergence of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) is also becoming a serious concern. We carried out a population genomics study of 130 clinical S. pseudintermedius isolates from dogs and cats in the New England region of the United States. Results revealed the co-circulation of phylogenetically diverse lineages that have access to a large pool of accessory genes. Many MRSP and multidrug-resistant clones have emerged through multiple independent, horizontal acquisition of resistance determinants and frequent genetic exchange that disseminate DNA to the broader population. When compared to a Texas population, we found evidence of clonal expansion of MRSP lineages that have disseminated over large distances. These findings provide unprecedented insight into the diversification of a common cutaneous colonizer of man's oldest companion animal and the widespread circulation of multiple high-risk resistant clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Smith
- University of New Hampshire, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Sharlene Amador
- University of New Hampshire, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Colin J McGonagle
- University of New Hampshire, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - David Needle
- New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Robert Gibson
- New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Cheryl P Andam
- University of New Hampshire, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
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10
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Arora S, Li X, Hillhouse A, Konganti K, Little SV, Lawhon SD, Threadgill D, Shelburne S, Hook M. Staphylococcus epidermidis MSCRAMM SesJ Is Encoded in Composite Islands. mBio 2020; 11:e02911-19. [PMID: 32071265 PMCID: PMC7029136 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02911-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a leading cause of nosocomial infections in patients with a compromised immune system and/or an implanted medical device. Seventy to 90% of S. epidermidis clinical isolates are methicillin resistant and carry the mecA gene, present in a mobile genetic element (MGE) called the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) element. Along with the presence of antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes, MGEs can also contain genes encoding secreted or cell wall-anchored virulence factors. In our earlier studies of S. epidermidis clinical isolates, we discovered S. epidermidis surface protein J (SesJ), a prototype of a recently discovered subfamily of the microbial surface component recognizing adhesive matrix molecule (MSCRAMM) group. MSCRAMMs are major virulence factors of pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria. Here, we report that the sesJ gene is always accompanied by two glycosyltransferase genes, gtfA and gtfB, and is present in two MGEs, called the arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME) and the staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) element. The presence of the sesJ gene was associated with the left-hand direct repeat DR_B or DR_E. When inserted via DR_E, the sesJ gene was encoded in the SCC element. When inserted via DR_B, the sesJ gene was accompanied by the genes for the type 1 restriction modification system and was encoded in the ACME. Additionally, the SCC element and ACME carry different isoforms of the SesJ protein. To date, the genes encoding MSCRAMMs have been seen to be located in the bacterial core genome. Here, we report the presence of an MSCRAMM in an MGE in S. epidermidis clinical isolates.IMPORTANCES. epidermidis is an opportunistic bacterium that has established itself as a successful nosocomial pathogen. The modern era of novel therapeutics and medical devices has extended the longevity of human life, but at the same time, we also witness the evolution of pathogens to adapt to newly available niches in the host. Increasing antibiotic resistance among pathogens provides an example of such pathogen adaptation. With limited opportunities to modify the core genome, most of the adaptation occurs by acquiring new genes, such as virulence factors and antibiotic resistance determinants present in MGEs. In this study, we describe that the sesJ gene, encoding a recently discovered cell wall-anchored protein in S. epidermidis, is present in both ACME and the SCC element. The presence of virulence factors in MGEs can influence the virulence potential of a specific strain. Therefore, it is critical to study the virulence factors found in MGEs in emerging pathogenic bacteria or strains to understand the mechanisms used by these bacteria to cause infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishtee Arora
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiqi Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew Hillhouse
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Kranti Konganti
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Sara V Little
- Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - David Threadgill
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Samuel Shelburne
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Magnus Hook
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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11
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Raafat D, Otto M, Reppschläger K, Iqbal J, Holtfreter S. Fighting Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms with Monoclonal Antibodies. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:303-322. [PMID: 30665698 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a notorious pathogen and one of the most frequent causes of biofilm-related infections. The treatment of S. aureus biofilms is hampered by the ability of the biofilm structure to shield bacteria from antibiotics as well as the host's immune system. Therefore, new preventive and/or therapeutic interventions, including the use of antibody-based approaches, are urgently required. In this review, we describe the mechanisms by which anti-S. aureus antibodies can help in combating biofilms, including an up-to-date overview of monoclonal antibodies currently in clinical trials. Moreover, we highlight ongoing efforts in passive vaccination against S. aureus biofilm infections, with special emphasis on promising targets, and finally indicate the direction into which future research could be heading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Raafat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt; Current affiliation: Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin Reppschläger
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jawad Iqbal
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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12
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Pietrocola G, Nobile G, Alfeo MJ, Foster TJ, Geoghegan JA, De Filippis V, Speziale P. Fibronectin-binding protein B (FnBPB) from Staphylococcus aureus protects against the antimicrobial activity of histones. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:3588-3602. [PMID: 30622139 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium that can cause both superficial and deep-seated infections. Histones released by neutrophils kill bacteria by binding to the bacterial cell surface and causing membrane damage. We postulated that cell wall-anchored proteins protect S. aureus from the bactericidal effects of histones by binding to and sequestering histones away from the cell envelope. Here, we focused on S. aureus strain LAC and by using an array of biochemical assays, including surface plasmon resonance and ELISA, discovered that fibronectin-binding protein B (FnBPB) is the main histone receptor. FnBPB bound all types of histones, but histone H3 displayed the highest affinity and bactericidal activity and was therefore investigated further. H3 bound specifically to the A domain of recombinant FnBPB with a KD of 86 nm, ∼20-fold lower than that for fibrinogen. Binding apparently occurred by the same mechanism by which FnBPB binds to fibrinogen, because FnBPB variants defective in fibrinogen binding also did not bind H3. An FnBPB-deletion mutant of S. aureus LAC bound less H3 and was more susceptible to its bactericidal activity and to neutrophil extracellular traps, whereas an FnBPB-overexpressing mutant bound more H3 and was more resistant than the WT. FnBPB bound simultaneously to H3 and plasminogen, which after activation by tissue plasminogen activator cleaved the bound histone. We conclude that FnBPB provides a dual immune-evasion function that captures histones and prevents them from reaching the bacterial membrane and simultaneously binds plasminogen, thereby promoting its conversion to plasmin to destroy the bound histone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Pietrocola
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy,
| | - Giulia Nobile
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Mariangela J Alfeo
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Timothy J Foster
- the Microbiology Department, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Joan A Geoghegan
- the Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College, Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Vincenzo De Filippis
- the Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Molecular Hematology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 36131 Padova, Italy, and
| | - Pietro Speziale
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy, .,the Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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13
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Saravanan KM, Ponnuraj K. Sequence and structural analysis of fibronectin-binding protein reveals importance of multiple intrinsic disordered tandem repeats. J Mol Recognit 2018; 32:e2768. [PMID: 30397967 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The location of certain amino acid sequences like repeats along the polypeptide chain is very important in the context of forming the overall shape of the protein molecule which in fact determines its function. In gram-positive bacteria, fibronectin-binding protein (FnBP) is one such repeat containing protein, and it is a cell wall-attached protein responsible for various acute infections in human. Several studies on sequence, structure, and function of fibronectin-binding regions of FnBPs were reported; however, no detailed study was carried out on the full-length protein sequence. In the present study, we have made a thorough sequence and structure analysis on FnBP_A of Staphylococcus aureus and explored the presence of dual ligand-binding ability of fibrinogen (fg)-binding region and its molecular recognition processes. Multiple sequence alignment and protein-protein docking analysis reveal the regions which are likely involved in dual ligand binding. Further analysis of docking of FnBP_A fg-binding region and fn N-terminal modules suggests that if the latter binds to the fg-binding region of FnBP_A, it would inhibit the subsequent binding of fg because of steric hindrance. The sequence analysis further suggests that the abundance of disorder promoting residue glutamic acid and dual personality (both order/disorder promoting) residue threonine in tandem repeats of FnBP_A and B proteins possibly would help the molecule to undergo a conformational change while binding with fn by β-zipper mechanism. The segment-based power spectral analysis was carried out which helps to understand the distribution of hydrophobic residues along the sequence particularly in intrinsic disordered tandem repeats. The results presented here will help to understand the role of internal repeats and intrinsic disorder in the molecular recognition process of a pathogenic cell surface protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konda Mani Saravanan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography & Biophysics, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Karthe Ponnuraj
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography & Biophysics, University of Madras, Chennai, India
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14
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Ajayi C, Åberg E, Askarian F, Sollid JUE, Johannessen M, Hanssen AM. Genetic variability in the sdrD gene in Staphylococcus aureus from healthy nasal carriers. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:34. [PMID: 29661152 PMCID: PMC5902956 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus cell wall anchored Serine Aspartate repeat containing protein D (SdrD) is a member of the microbial surface component recognising adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs). It is involved in the bacterial adhesion and virulence. However the extent of genetic variation in S. aureus sdrD gene within isolates from healthy carriers are not known. The aim of this study was to evaluate allelic variation of the sdrD gene among S. aureus from healthy nasal carriers. Results The sdrD A region from 48 S. aureus isolates from healthy carriers were analysed and classified into seven variants. Variations in the sdrD A region were concentrated in the N2 and N3 subdomains. Sequence analysis of the entire sdrD gene of representative isolates revealed variations in the SD repeat and the EF motifs of the B repeat. In silico structural modelling indicates that there are no differences in the SdrD structure of the 7 variants. Variable amino acid residues mapped onto the 3D structure revealed that the variations are surface located, exist within the groove between the N2-N3 subdomains and distributed mainly on the N3 subdomain. Comparison of adhesion to keratinocytes in an in vitro cell adhesion assay, using NCTC 8325–4∆sdrD strains expressing the various sdrD gene variants, indicated a significant difference between only two complements while others showed no major difference in their adhesion. Conclusions This study provides evidence of sequence variations across the different domains of SdrD from S. aureus isolated from healthy nasal carriers. Proper understanding of these variations is necessary in the study of S. aureus pathogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1179-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Ajayi
- Research group of Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Espen Åberg
- Research group of Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Fatemeh Askarian
- Research group of Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Johanna U E Sollid
- Research group of Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mona Johannessen
- Research group of Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anne-Merethe Hanssen
- Research group of Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
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15
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Human Immunoglobulin G Cannot Inhibit Fibrinogen Binding by the Genetically Diverse A Domain of Staphylococcus aureus Fibronectin-Binding Protein A. mSphere 2018; 3:mSphere00590-17. [PMID: 29564394 PMCID: PMC5853482 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00590-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibronectin-binding protein A (FnBPA) is a cell surface-associated protein of Staphylococcus aureus which mediates adherence to the host extracellular matrix and is important for bacterial virulence. Previously, substantial sequence diversity was found among strains in the fibrinogen-binding A domain of this protein, and 7 different isotypes were described. The effect of this sequence diversity on the human antibody response, in terms of both antibody production and antibody function, remains unclear. In this study, we identify five different FnBPA A domain isotypes based on the sequence results of 22 clinical S. aureus isolates, obtained from the same number of patients suffering from bacteremia. Using a bead-based Luminex technique, we measure the patients' total immunoglobulin G (IgG) against the 7 FnBPA isotypes at the onset and during the time course of bacteremia (median of 10 serum samples per patient over a median of 35 days). A significant increase in IgG against the FnBPA A domain, including the isotype carried by the infecting strain, is observed in only three out of 22 patients (14%) after the onset of bacteremia. Using a Luminex-based FnBPA-fibrinogen-binding assay, we find that preincubation of recombinant FnBPA isotypes with IgG from diverse patients does not interfere with binding to fibrinogen. This observation is confirmed using an alternative Luminex-based assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IMPORTANCE Despite the many in vitro and murine in vivo studies involving FnBPA, the actual presence of this virulence factor during human infection is less well established. Furthermore, it is currently unknown to what extent sequence variation in such a virulence factor affects the human antibody response and the ability of antibodies to interfere with FnBPA function. This study sheds new light on these issues. First, the uniform presence of a patient's IgG against FnBPA indicates the presence and importance of this virulence factor during S. aureus pathogenesis. Second, the absence of an increase in antibody production in most patients following bacteremia indicates the complexity of S. aureus-host interactions, possibly involving immune evasion or lack of expression of FnBPA during invasive infection. Finally, we provide new insights into the inability of human antibodies to interfere with FnBPA-fibrinogen binding. These observations should be taken into account during the development of novel vaccination approaches.
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16
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Arciola CR, Speziale P, Montanaro L. Perspectives on DNA Vaccines. Targeting Staphylococcal Adhesins to Prevent Implant Infections. Int J Artif Organs 2018; 32:635-41. [DOI: 10.1177/039139880903200913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccines consist of a plasmid DNA genetically engineered to produce one or more proteins able to elicit protective immune responses against virulence factors of infectious pathogens. Once introduced into the cells of the host, a DNA vaccine induces a high production of antigens by the endogenous presence of the peptide codifying gene; improves antigen processing and presentation; may be able to simultaneously co-express multiple antigenic molecules; and, lastly, switches on both humoral and cellular immune responses. In this mini-review, we underscore the advantageous characteristics of DNA vaccines compared with traditional ones and provide summaries of some of the more recent studies on them, mainly focusing the possibility of their use in targeting the staphylococcal adhesins that play a key role in the first adhesive phase of implant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Renata Arciola
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna - Italy
- Experimental Pathology Department, University of Bologna, Bologna - Italy
| | - Pietro Speziale
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia - Italy
| | - Lucio Montanaro
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna - Italy
- Experimental Pathology Department, University of Bologna, Bologna - Italy
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17
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Misra N, Wines TF, Knopp CL, McGuire MA, Tinker JK. Expression, immunogenicity and variation of iron-regulated surface protein A from bovine isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017; 364:3739792. [PMID: 28430959 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus iron-regulated surface protein A (IsdA) is a fibrinogen and fibronectin adhesin that also contributes to iron sequestration and resistance to innate immunity. IsdA is conserved in human isolates and has been investigated as a human vaccine candidate. Here we report the expression of isdA, the efficacy of anti-IsdA responses and the existence of IsdA sequence variants from bovine Staphylococcus. Clinical staphylococci were obtained from US dairy farms and assayed by PCR for the presence and expression of isdA. isdA-positive species from bovines included S. aureus, S. haemolyticus and S. chromogenes. Immunoassays on bovine milk and serum confirmed the induction and opsonophagocytic activity of anti-IsdA humoral responses. The variable region of isdA was sequenced and protein alignments predicted the presence of two main variants consistent with those from human S. aureus. Mouse antibodies against one IsdA variant reduced staphylococcal binding to fibronectin in vitro in an isotype-dependent manner. Purified IsdA variants bound distinctly to fibronectin and fibrinogen. Our findings demonstrate that variability within the C-terminus of this adhesin affects immune reactivity and binding specificity, but are consistent with the significance of IsdA in bovine disease and relevant for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Misra
- Biomolecular Ph.D. Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Tyler F Wines
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Colton L Knopp
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Mark A McGuire
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Juliette K Tinker
- Biomolecular Ph.D. Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
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18
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Rodriguez Ayala F, Bauman C, Bartolini M, Saball E, Salvarrey M, Leñini C, Cogliati S, Strauch M, Grau R. Transcriptional regulation of adhesive properties ofBacillus subtilisto extracellular matrix proteins through the fibronectin-binding protein YloA. Mol Microbiol 2017; 104:804-821. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Facundo Rodriguez Ayala
- Departamento de Microbiología, Área Microbiología Básica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET - Rosario; Rosario, Argentina
| | - Carlos Bauman
- Departamento de Microbiología, Área Microbiología Básica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET - Rosario; Rosario, Argentina
| | - Marco Bartolini
- Departamento de Microbiología, Área Microbiología Básica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET - Rosario; Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ester Saball
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Área Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Rosario, Argentina
| | - Marcela Salvarrey
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Área Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Rosario, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Leñini
- Departamento de Microbiología, Área Microbiología Básica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET - Rosario; Rosario, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Cogliati
- Departamento de Microbiología, Área Microbiología Básica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET - Rosario; Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mark Strauch
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Dental School; University of Maryland; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Roberto Grau
- Departamento de Microbiología, Área Microbiología Básica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET - Rosario; Rosario, Argentina
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19
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Murai M, Moriyama H, Hata E, Takeuchi F, Amemura-Maekawa J. Variation and association of fibronectin-binding protein genes fnbA and fnbB in Staphylococcus aureus Japanese isolates. Microbiol Immunol 2017; 60:312-25. [PMID: 26990092 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Fibronectin-binding proteins A and B (FnBPA and FnBPB) mediate adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to fibrinogen, elastin and fibronectin. FnBPA and FnBPB are encoded by two closely linked genes, fnbA and fnbB, respectively. With the exception of the N-terminal regions, the amino acid sequences of FnBPA and FnBPB are highly conserved. To investigate the genetics and evolution of fnbA and fnbB, the most variable regions, which code for the 67th amino acids of the A through B regions (A67-B) of fnbA and fnbB, were focused upon. Eighty isolates of S. aureus in Japan were sequenced and 19 and 18 types in fnbA and fnbB, respectively, identified. Although the phylogeny of fnbA and fnbB were found to be quite different, each fnbA type connected with a specific fnbB type, indicating that fnbA and fnbB mutate independently, whereas the combination of both genes after recombination is stable. Hence those fnbA-fnbB combinations were defined as FnBP sequence types (FnSTs). Representative isolates of each FnST were assigned distinct STs by multilocus sequence typing, suggesting correspondence of FnST with genome lineage. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis of the A67-B region revealed that subdomains N2, N3 and FnBR1 form a LD block in fnbA, whereas N2 and N3 form two independent LD blocks in fnbB. N2-N3 three-dimensional structural models indicated that not only the variable amino acid residues, but also well-conserved amino acid residues between FnBPA and FnBPB, are located on the surface of the protein. These results highlight a molecular process of the FnBP that has evolved by mingled mutation and recombination with retention of functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyo Murai
- Department of Health Sciences, Saitama Prefectural University,820, Sannomiya, Koshigaya-shi, Saitama 343-8540
| | - Hideaki Moriyama
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 243 Manter Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Eiji Hata
- Dairy Hygiene Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-0045
| | - Fumihiko Takeuchi
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640
| | - Junko Amemura-Maekawa
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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20
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Combining in vitro protein detection and in vivo antibody detection identifies potential vaccine targets against Staphylococcus aureus during osteomyelitis. Med Microbiol Immunol 2016; 206:11-22. [PMID: 27629411 PMCID: PMC5263195 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-016-0476-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Currently, little is known about the in vivo human immune response against Staphylococcus aureus during a biofilm-associated infection, such as osteomyelitis, and how this relates to protein production in biofilms in vitro. Therefore, we characterized IgG responses in 10 patients with chronic osteomyelitis against 50 proteins of S. aureus, analyzed the presence of these proteins in biofilms of the infecting isolates on polystyrene (PS) and human bone in vitro, and explored the relation between in vivo and in vitro data. IgG levels against 15 different proteins were significantly increased in patients compared to healthy controls. Using a novel competitive Luminex-based assay, eight of these proteins [alpha toxin, Staphylococcus aureus formyl peptide receptor-like 1 inhibitor (FlipR), glucosaminidase, iron-responsive surface determinants A and H, the putative ABC transporter SACOL0688, staphylococcal complement inhibitor (SCIN), and serine-aspartate repeat-containing protein E (SdrE)] were also detected in a majority of the infecting isolates during biofilm formation in vitro. However, 4 other proteins were detected in only a minority of isolates in vitro while, vice versa, 7 proteins were detected in multiple isolates in vitro but not associated with significantly increased IgG levels in patients. Detection of proteins was largely confirmed using a transcriptomic approach. Our data provide further insights into potential therapeutic targets, such as for vaccination, to reduce S. aureus virulence and biofilm formation. At the same time, our data suggest that either in vitro or immunological in vivo data alone should be interpreted cautiously and that combined studies are necessary to identify potential targets.
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21
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Foster TJ. The remarkably multifunctional fibronectin binding proteins of Staphylococcus aureus. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 35:1923-1931. [PMID: 27604831 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2763-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus expresses two distinct but closely related multifunctional cell wall-anchored (CWA) proteins that bind to the host glycoprotein fibronectin. The fibronectin binding proteins FnBPA and FnBPB comprise two distinct domains. The C-terminal domain comprises a tandem array of repeats that bind to the N-terminal type I modules of fibronectin by the tandem β-zipper mechanism. This causes allosteric activation of a cryptic integrin binding domain, allowing fibronectin to act as a bridge between bacterial cells and the α5β1 integrin on host cells, triggering bacterial uptake by endocytosis. Variants of FnBPA with polymorphisms in fibronectin binding repeats (FnBRs) that increase affinity for the ligand are associated with strains that infect cardiac devices and cause endocarditis, suggesting that binding affinity is particularly important in intravascular infections. The N-terminal A domains of FnBPA and FnBPB have diverged into seven antigenically distinct isoforms. Each binds fibrinogen by the 'dock, lock and latch' mechanism characteristic of clumping factor A. However, FnBPs can also bind to elastin, which is probably important in adhesion to connective tissue in vivo. In addition, they can capture plasminogen from plasma, which can be activated to plasmin by host and bacterial plasminogen activators. The bacterial cells become armed with a host protease which destroys opsonins, contributing to immune evasion and promotes spreading during skin infection. Finally, some methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains form biofilm that depends on the elaboration of FnBPs rather than polysaccharide. The A domains of the FnBPs can interact homophilically, allowing cells to bind together as the biofilm accumulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Foster
- Microbiology Department, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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22
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Two repetitive, biofilm-forming proteins from Staphylococci: from disorder to extension. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 43:861-6. [PMID: 26517895 DOI: 10.1042/bst20150088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are an important cause of medical device-related infections that are difficult to treat with antibiotics. Biofilms, in which bacteria are embedded in a bacterially-produced exopolymeric matrix, form on the surface of the implanted medical device. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the initial surface attachment and subsequent intercellular interactions as the biofilm matures is improving. Biofilm accumulation can be mediated by a partially deacetylated form of poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) but, more recently, the role of bacterial surface proteins is being recognized. Here we describe the structure and function of two S. aureus cell surface proteins, FnBPA and SasG, implicated in host interactions and biofilm accumulation. These multifunctional proteins employ intrinsic disorder for distinct molecular outcomes. In the case of FnBPA, disorder generates adhesive arrays that bind fibronectin (Fn); in the case of SasG, disorder is, counterintuitively, used to maintain a strong extended fold.
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23
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Pietrocola G, Nobile G, Gianotti V, Zapotoczna M, Foster TJ, Geoghegan JA, Speziale P. Molecular Interactions of Human Plasminogen with Fibronectin-binding Protein B (FnBPB), a Fibrinogen/Fibronectin-binding Protein from Staphylococcus aureus. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18148-62. [PMID: 27387503 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.731125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal bacterium that has the ability to cause superficial and deep-seated infections. Like several other invasive pathogens, S. aureus can capture plasminogen from the human host where it can be converted to plasmin by host plasminogen activators or by endogenously expressed staphylokinase. This study demonstrates that sortase-anchored cell wall-associated proteins are responsible for capturing the bulk of bound plasminogen. Two cell wall-associated proteins, the fibrinogen- and fibronectin-binding proteins A and B, were found to bind plasminogen, and one of them, FnBPB, was studied in detail. Plasminogen captured on the surface of S. aureus- or Lactococcus lactis-expressing FnBPB could be activated to the potent serine protease plasmin by staphylokinase and tissue plasminogen activator. Plasminogen bound to recombinant FnBPB with a KD of 0.532 μm as determined by surface plasmon resonance. Plasminogen binding did not to occur by the same mechanism through which FnBPB binds to fibrinogen. Indeed, FnBPB could bind both ligands simultaneously indicating that their binding sites do not overlap. The N3 subdomain of FnBPB contains the full plasminogen-binding site, and this includes, at least in part, two conserved patches of surface-located lysine residues that were recognized by kringle 4 of the host protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Pietrocola
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy and
| | - Giulia Nobile
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy and
| | - Valentina Gianotti
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy and
| | - Marta Zapotoczna
- the Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Timothy J Foster
- the Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Joan A Geoghegan
- the Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Pietro Speziale
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy and
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24
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Waryah CB, Gogoi-Tiwari J, Wells K, Mukkur T. An immunological assay for identification of potential biofilm-associated antigens of Staphylococcus aureus. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2016; 61:473-478. [PMID: 27106696 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-016-0459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Attachment of bacterial pathogens to the niche tissue in the host is the first step in biofilm formation leading to colonization and establishment of infection in the host. While the most common method used for determining the potential role of a bacterial antigen in biofilm formation has been demonstration of loss of this property using specific knockout mutants, it is an expensive and a laborious procedure. This study describes an alternative immunological assay for identification of attachment antigens of Staphylococcus aureus, potentially important in the development of an effective vaccine against infections caused by this pathogen. The method is based upon the concept of inhibition of attachment of S. aureus to PEGs coated with virulence antigen-specific antibodies. Antibodies used for validation of this assay were specific for ClfA, FnBPA, SdrD, PNAG and α-toxin, accredited biofilm-associated antigens of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Babra Waryah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, 6102, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, 10461, NY, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, 10461, NY, USA
| | - Jully Gogoi-Tiwari
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, 6102, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kelsi Wells
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, 6102, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Trilochan Mukkur
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, 6102, Western Australia, Australia.
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Which are important targets in development of S. aureus mastitis vaccine? Res Vet Sci 2015; 100:88-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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IgG4 subclass-specific responses to Staphylococcus aureus antigens shed new light on host-pathogen interaction. Infect Immun 2014; 83:492-501. [PMID: 25404029 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02286-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IgG4 responses are considered indicative for long-term or repeated exposure to particular antigens. Therefore, studying IgG4-specific antibody responses against Staphylococcus aureus might generate new insights into the respective host-pathogen interactions and the microbial virulence factors involved. Using a bead-based flow cytometry assay, we determined total IgG (IgGt), IgG1, and IgG4 antibody responses to 40 different S. aureus virulence factors in sera from healthy persistent nasal carriers, healthy persistent noncarriers, and patients with various staphylococcal infections from three distinct countries. IgGt responses were detected against all tested antigens. These were mostly IgG1 responses. In contrast, IgG4 antibodies were detected to alpha-toxin, chemotaxis inhibitory protein of S. aureus (CHIPS), exfoliative toxins A and B (ETA and -B), HlgB, IsdA, LukD, -E, -F, and -S, staphylococcal complement inhibitor (SCIN), staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC), staphylococcal superantigen-like proteins 1, 3, 5, and 9 (SSL1, -3, -5, and -9), and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) only. Large interpatient variability was observed, and the type of infection or geographical location did not reveal conserved patterns of response. As persistent S. aureus carriers trended toward IgG4 responses to a larger number of antigens than persistent noncarriers, we also investigated sera from patients with epidermolysis bullosa (EB), a genetic blistering disease associated with high S. aureus carriage rates. EB patients responded immunologically to significantly more antigens than noncarriers and trended toward even more responses than carriers. Altogether, we conclude that the IgG4 responses against a restricted panel of staphylococcal antigens consisting primarily of immune modulators and particular toxins indicate important roles for these virulence factors in staphylococcal pathogen-host interactions, such as chronicity of colonization and/or (subclinical) infections.
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Zuo QF, Cai CZ, Ding HL, Wu Y, Yang LY, Feng Q, Yang HJ, Wei ZB, Zeng H, Zou QM. Identification of the immunodominant regions of Staphylococcus aureus fibronectin-binding protein A. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95338. [PMID: 24736634 PMCID: PMC3988184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen responsible for a diverse spectrum of human diseases and a leading cause of nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Development of a vaccine against this pathogen is an important goal. The fibronectin binding protein A (FnBPA) of S. aureus is one of multifunctional ‘microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules' (MSCRAMMs). It is one of the most important adhesin molecules involved in the initial adhesion steps of S. aureus infection. It has been studied as potential vaccine candidates. However, FnBPA is a high-molecular-weight protein of 106 kDa and difficulties in achieving its high-level expression in vitro limit its vaccine application in S. aureus infection diseases control. Therefore, mapping the immunodominant regions of FnBPA is important for developing polyvalent subunit fusion vaccines against S. aureus infections. In the present study, we cloned and expressed the N-terminal and C-terminal of FnBPA. We evaluated the immunogenicity of the two sections of FnBPA and the protective efficacy of the two truncated fragments vaccines in a murine model of systemic S. aureus infection. The results showed recombinant truncated fragment F130-500 had a strong immunogenicity property and survival rates significantly increased in the group of mice immunized with F130-500 than the control group. We futher identified the immunodominant regions of FnBPA. The mouse antisera reactions suggest that the region covering residues 110 to 263 (F1B110-263) is highly immunogenic and is the immunodominant regions of FnBPA. Moreover, vaccination with F1B110-263 can generate partial protection against lethal challenge with two different S. aureus strains and reduced bacterial burdens against non-lethal challenge as well as that immunization with F130-500. This information will be important for further developing anti- S. aureus polyvalent subunit fusion vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Fei Zuo
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Chang-Zhi Cai
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Hong-Lei Ding
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yi Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Liu-Yang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Qiang Feng
- Department of Biological Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Hui-Jie Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zhen-Bo Wei
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Hao Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- * E-mail: (HZ); (QMZ)
| | - Quan-Ming Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- * E-mail: (HZ); (QMZ)
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Foster TJ, Geoghegan JA, Ganesh VK, Höök M. Adhesion, invasion and evasion: the many functions of the surface proteins of Staphylococcus aureus. Nat Rev Microbiol 2014; 12:49-62. [PMID: 24336184 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 930] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important opportunistic pathogen and persistently colonizes about 20% of the human population. Its surface is 'decorated' with proteins that are covalently anchored to the cell wall peptidoglycan. Structural and functional analysis has identified four distinct classes of surface proteins, of which microbial surface component recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs) are the largest class. These surface proteins have numerous functions, including adhesion to and invasion of host cells and tissues, evasion of immune responses and biofilm formation. Thus, cell wall-anchored proteins are essential virulence factors for the survival of S. aureus in the commensal state and during invasive infections, and targeting them with vaccines could combat S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Foster
- Microbiology Department, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Joan A Geoghegan
- Microbiology Department, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Vannakambadi K Ganesh
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A & M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Magnus Höök
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A & M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Hansenová Maňásková S, Bikker FJ, Veerman EC, van Belkum A, van Wamel WJ. Rapid detection and semi-quantification of IgG-accessible Staphylococcus aureus surface-associated antigens using a multiplex competitive Luminex assay. J Immunol Methods 2013; 397:18-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Zimbres FM, Tárnok A, Ulrich H, Wrenger C. Aptamers: novel molecules as diagnostic markers in bacterial and viral infections? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:731516. [PMID: 24083239 PMCID: PMC3780515 DOI: 10.1155/2013/731516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide the entire human population is at risk of infectious diseases of which a high degree is caused by pathogenic protozoans, worms, bacteria, and virus infections. Moreover the current medications against pathogenic agents are losing their efficacy due to increasing and even further spreading drug resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover novel diagnostic as well as therapeutic tools against infectious agents. In view of that, the Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX) represents a powerful technology to target selectively pathogenic factors as well as entire bacteria or viruses. SELEX uses a large combinatorial oligonucleic acid library (DNA or RNA) which is processed a by high-flux in vitro screen of iterative cycles. The selected ligands, termed aptamers, are characterized by high specificity and affinity to their target molecule, which are already exploited in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In this minireview we will discuss the current status of the SELEX technique applied on bacterial and viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia M. Zimbres
- Unit for Drug Discovery, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 1374, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Attila Tárnok
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Centre Leipzig, Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM), University of Leipzig, Strümpellstraße 39, 04289 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carsten Wrenger
- Unit for Drug Discovery, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 1374, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Kwon AS, Lim DH, Shin HJ, Park G, Reu JH, Park HJ, Kim J, Lim Y. The N3 subdomain in a domain of fibronectin-binding protein B isotype I is an independent risk determinant predictive for biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates. J Microbiol 2013; 51:499-505. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-013-3319-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Su YC, Hallström BM, Bernhard S, Singh B, Riesbeck K. Impact of sequence diversity in the Moraxella catarrhalis UspA2/UspA2H head domain on vitronectin binding and antigenic variation. Microbes Infect 2013; 15:375-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Subdomains N2N3 of fibronectin binding protein A mediate Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation and adherence to fibrinogen using distinct mechanisms. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:2675-83. [PMID: 23564165 DOI: 10.1128/jb.02128-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) forms biofilm in vitro that is dependent on the surface-located fibronectin binding proteins A and B (FnBPA, FnBPB). Here we provide new insights into the requirements for FnBP-dependent biofilm formation by MRSA. We show that expression of FnBPs is sustained at high levels throughout the growth cycle in the HA-MRSA strain BH1CC in contrast to laboratory strain SH1000, where expression could be detected only in exponential phase. We found that FnBP-mediated biofilm accumulation required Zn(2+), while the removal of Zn(2+) had no effect on the ability of FnBPA to mediate bacterial adherence to fibrinogen. We also investigated the role of FnBPA expressed on the surface of S. aureus in promoting biofilm formation and bacterial adhesion to fibrinogen. The minimum part of FnBPA required for ligand binding has so far been defined only with recombinant proteins. Here we found that the N1 subdomain was not required for biofilm formation or for FnBPA to promote bacterial adherence to fibrinogen. Residues at the C terminus of subdomain N3 required for FnBPA to bind to ligands using the "dock, lock, and latch" mechanism were necessary for FnBPA to promote bacterial adherence to fibrinogen. However, these residues were not necessary to form biofilm, allowing us to localize the region of FnBPA required for biofilm accumulation to residues 166 to 498. Thus, FnBPA mediates biofilm formation and bacterial adhesion to fibrinogen using two distinct mechanisms. Finally, we identified a hitherto-unrecognized thrombin cleavage site close to the boundary between subdomains N1 and N2 of FnBPA.
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Verkaik NJ, van Wamel WJB, van Belkum A. Immunotherapeutic approaches against Staphylococcus aureus. Immunotherapy 2011; 3:1063-73. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of life-threatening infections such as bacteremia and endocarditis. Unfortunately, many strains of this bacterial species have become resistant to certain antibiotics, including methicillin and amoxicillin. These strains are known as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Therefore, the prophylactic and therapeutic potential of antistaphylococcal vaccines is currently being explored with priority. In animal models, (passive) immunization with (antibodies directed against) certain S. aureus surface components, staphylococcal toxins and capsular polysaccharides protects against S. aureus colonization or infection. However, immunization studies performed in humans show less promising results. So far, not a single antistaphylococcal vaccine successfully passed clinical trials. This article focuses on the results that were obtained with immunotherapeutic approaches directed against S. aureus in animal and human studies. In addition, it is discussed whether effective immunization approaches against S. aureus are feasible in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Willem JB van Wamel
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, ‘s Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex van Belkum
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, ‘s Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- BioMérieux, 3 route de Port Michaud, La Balme-Les-Grottes, 38390, France
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Hoffmann C, Ohlsen K, Hauck CR. Integrin-mediated uptake of fibronectin-binding bacteria. Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 90:891-6. [PMID: 21561684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion of mammalian cells via cell adhesion molecules of the integrin family is a common theme in bacterial pathogenesis. Whereas some microorganisms directly bind to integrins, other pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus indirectly engage these receptors via fibronectin-binding proteins (FnBPs). In this review, we summarize the structure-function relationship of FnBPs and the current view of the role of these proteins during pathogenesis in vivo. A major focus will be on recent findings on the role of cholesterol- and sphingolipid-rich membrane microdomains for integrin-initiated uptake of fibronectin-binding bacteria and the surprising inhibitory function of caveolin-1 in this process. The detailed mechanistic understanding of host cell invasion by fibronectin-binding S. aureus can not only serve as a paradigm for other fibronectin-binding pathogenic bacteria, but might also reveal the physiological regulation of endocytosis of ligand-occupied integrins.
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Henderson B, Nair S, Pallas J, Williams MA. Fibronectin: a multidomain host adhesin targeted by bacterial fibronectin-binding proteins. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2011; 35:147-200. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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SpA, ClfA, and FnbA genetic variations lead to Staphaurex test-negative phenotypes in bovine mastitis Staphylococcus aureus isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 49:638-46. [PMID: 21147952 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01148-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus encodes many proteins that act as virulence factors, leading to a variety of diseases, including mastitis in cows. Among these virulence factors, SpA, ClfA, ClfB, FnbA, and FnbB are important for the ability of S. aureus to adhere to and invade host cells as well as to evade host immune responses. The interaction between these S. aureus surface proteins and human immunoglobulin G and fibrinogen that are coupled to latex particles is utilized to induce latex agglutination reactions, which are used widely in diagnostic kits for confirmation of presumptive S. aureus isolates. In this study, the Staphaurex latex agglutination test was performed on a collection of confirmed bovine mastitis S. aureus isolates. Notably, 54% (43/79 isolates) of these isolates exhibited latex agglutination-negative phenotypes (Staphaurex-negative result). To gain insights into the reasons for the high frequency of Staphaurex-negative bovine mastitis S. aureus isolates, the spa, clfA, clfB, fnbA, and fnbB genes were examined. Specific genetic changes in spa, clfA, and fnbA, as well as a loss of fnbB, which may impair SpA, ClfA, FnbA, and FnbB functions in latex agglutination reactions, were detected in Staphaurex-negative S. aureus isolates. The genetic changes included a premature stop codon in the spa gene, leading to a truncated SpA protein that is unable to participate in S. aureus cell-mediated agglutination of latex particles. In addition, clfA and fnbA genetic polymorphisms were detected that were linked to ClfA and FnbA amino acid changes that may significantly reduce fibrinogen-binding activity. The genetic variations in these S. aureus isolates might also have implications for their bovine mastitis virulence capacity.
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Genetic variation in Staphylococcus aureus surface and immune evasion genes is lineage associated: implications for vaccine design and host-pathogen interactions. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:173. [PMID: 20550675 PMCID: PMC2905362 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background S. aureus is a coloniser and pathogen of humans and mammals. Whole genome sequences of 58 strains of S. aureus in the public domain and data from multi-strain microarrays were compared to assess variation in the sequence of proteins known or putatively interacting with host. Results These included 24 surface proteins implicated in adhesion (ClfA, ClfB, Cna, Eap, Ebh, EbpS, FnBPA, FnBPB, IsaB, IsdA, IsdB, IsdH, SasB, SasC, SasD, SasF, SasG, SasH, SasK, SdrC, SdrD, SdrE, Spa and SraP) and 13 secreted proteins implicated in immune response evasion (Coa, Ecb, Efb, Emp, EsaC, EsxA, EssC, FLIPr, FLIPr like, Sbi, SCIN-B, SCIN-C, VWbp) located on the stable core genome. Many surface protein genes were missing or truncated, unlike immune evasion genes, and several distinct variants were identified. Domain variants were lineage specific. Unrelated lineages often possess the same sequence variant domains proving that horizontal transfer and recombination has contributed to their evolution. Surprisingly, sequenced strains from four animal S. aureus strains had surface and immune evasion proteins remarkably similar to those found in human strains, yet putative targets of these proteins vary substantially between different hosts. This suggests these proteins are not essential for virulence. However, the most variant protein domains were the putative functional regions and there is biological evidence that variants can be functional, arguing they do play a role. Conclusion Surface and immune evasion genes are candidates for S. aureus vaccines, and their distribution and functionality is key. Vaccines should contain cocktails of antigens representing all variants or they will not protect against naturally occurring S. aureus populations.
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Burke FM, McCormack N, Rindi S, Speziale P, Foster TJ. Fibronectin-binding protein B variation in Staphylococcus aureus. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:160. [PMID: 20515471 PMCID: PMC2894786 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibronectin binding proteins A and B (FnBPA and FnBPB) mediate adhesion of S. aureus to fibrinogen, elastin and fibronectin. We previously identified seven different isotypes of FnBPA based on divergence in the fibrinogen- and elastin-binding A domains. The variation created differences in antigenicity while ligand binding functions were retained. Here, FnBPB variation was examined in both human and bovine isolates and compared to that of FnBPA. Results Seven different fnbB allelic variants were identified. Some strains that cluster by phylogenetic analysis contain different fnbB variants, whereas more divergent strains contain the same fnbB variant. The phylogeny of fnbB alleles does not match the phylogeny of fnbA alleles. Some FnBPA and FnBPB isotypes that are specified by human S. aureus strains are also found in bovine strains. The seven fnbB allelic variants encode seven distinct isotypes of the FnBPB A domain that are 61 to 85% identical in amino acid sequence. Variant amino acid residues were mapped on a three-dimensional model of the FnBPB A domain and were predicted to be surface-exposed. They are responsible for the antigenic diversity detected with polyclonal antibody and a monoclonal antibody raised against isotype I. Ligand binding by recombinant FnBPB N23 isotypes was compared by ELISA-based solid phase assays and surface plasmon resonance. Each bound to immobilized fibrinogen, elastin and fibronectin dose-dependently and saturably with similar affinities. Binding to fibronectin was surprising because the A domains do not contain any known motifs that mediate binding to fibronectin. This raises the possibility that the A domain of FnBPB contains a novel fibronectin binding motif that binds fibronectin by a novel mechanism. Conclusions Seven different isoforms of FnBPB A domain retain ligand-binding functions but are antigenically distinct. The variation in FnBPA and FnBPB occurs in human and bovine S. aureus strains and may act as an immune evasion mechanism. All seven isotypes of FnBPB are capable of binding fibronectin though none contain any known fibronectin-binding motifs. These results have implications for the development of vaccines or immunotherapeutics that target FnBPB
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Burke
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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Speziale P, Pietrocola G, Rindi S, Provenzano M, Provenza G, Di Poto A, Visai L, Arciola CR. Structural and functional role of Staphylococcus aureus surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules of the host. Future Microbiol 2009; 4:1337-52. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.09.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a versatile and harmful human pathogen in both hospital- and community-acquired infections. S. aureus can initiate host infection by adhering to components of the extracellular matrix. Adherence is mediated by a variety of protein adhesins of the microbial surface component recognizing adhesive matrix molecule (MSCRAMM) family. In this article, we describe these MSCRAMMs in terms of structural organization and ligand-binding capacity and discuss their role as a possible target for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Speziale
- Department of Biochemistry, Viale Taramelli 3/b 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Simonetta Rindi
- Department of Biochemistry, Viale Taramelli 3/b 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Provenzano
- Department of Biochemistry, Viale Taramelli 3/b 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulio Provenza
- Department of Biochemistry, Viale Taramelli 3/b 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Livia Visai
- Department of Biochemistry, Viale Taramelli 3/b 27100 Pavia, Italy and Center for Tissue Engineering (CIT), Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Carla Renata Arciola
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy and Experimental Pathology Department, University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Cao X, Li S, Chen L, Ding H, Xu H, Huang Y, Li J, Liu N, Cao W, Zhu Y, Shen B, Shao N. Combining use of a panel of ssDNA aptamers in the detection of Staphylococcus aureus. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 37:4621-8. [PMID: 19498077 PMCID: PMC2724295 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, a panel of ssDNA aptamers specific to Staphylococcus aureus was obtained by a whole bacterium-based SELEX procedure and applied to probing S. aureus. After several rounds of selection with S. aureus as the target and Streptococcus and S. epidermidis as counter targets, the highly enriched oligonucleic acid pool was sequenced and then grouped under different families on the basis of the homology of the primary sequence and the similarity of the secondary structure. Eleven sequences from different families were selected for further characterization by confocal imaging and flow cytometry analysis. Results showed that five aptamers demonstrated high specificity and affinity to S. aureus individually. The five aptamers recognize different molecular targets by competitive experiment. Combining these five aptamers had a much better effect than the individual aptamer in the recognition of different S. aureus strains. In addition, the combined aptamers can probe single S. aureus in pyogenic fluids. Our work demonstrates that a set of aptamers specific to one bacterium can be used in combination for the identification of the bacterium instead of a single aptamer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Cao
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, 304th Clinical Division of PLA General Hospital and General Hospital of PLA Air Force, Beijing, China
| | - Shaohua Li
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, 304th Clinical Division of PLA General Hospital and General Hospital of PLA Air Force, Beijing, China
| | - Liucun Chen
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, 304th Clinical Division of PLA General Hospital and General Hospital of PLA Air Force, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Ding
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, 304th Clinical Division of PLA General Hospital and General Hospital of PLA Air Force, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, 304th Clinical Division of PLA General Hospital and General Hospital of PLA Air Force, Beijing, China
| | - Yanping Huang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, 304th Clinical Division of PLA General Hospital and General Hospital of PLA Air Force, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, 304th Clinical Division of PLA General Hospital and General Hospital of PLA Air Force, Beijing, China
| | - Nongle Liu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, 304th Clinical Division of PLA General Hospital and General Hospital of PLA Air Force, Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Cao
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, 304th Clinical Division of PLA General Hospital and General Hospital of PLA Air Force, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjun Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, 304th Clinical Division of PLA General Hospital and General Hospital of PLA Air Force, Beijing, China
| | - Beifen Shen
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, 304th Clinical Division of PLA General Hospital and General Hospital of PLA Air Force, Beijing, China
| | - Ningsheng Shao
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, 304th Clinical Division of PLA General Hospital and General Hospital of PLA Air Force, Beijing, China
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Geoghegan JA, Smith EJ, Speziale P, Foster TJ. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius expresses surface proteins that closely resemble those from Staphylococcus aureus. Vet Microbiol 2009; 138:345-52. [PMID: 19372010 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a commensal of dogs that is implicated in the pathogenesis of canine pyoderma. This study aimed to determine if S. pseudintermedius expresses surface proteins resembling those from Staphylococcus aureus and to characterise them. S. pseudintermedius strain 326 was shown to adhere strongly to purified fibrinogen, fibronectin and cytokeratin 10. It adhered to the alpha-chain of fibrinogen which, along with binding to cytokeratin 10, is the hallmark of clumping factor B of S. aureus, a surface protein that is in part responsible for colonisation of the human nares. Ligand-affinity blotting with cell-wall extracts demonstrated that S. pseudintermedius 326 expressed a cell-wall anchored fibronectin binding protein which recognised the N-terminal 29kDa fragment. The ability to bind fibronectin is an important attribute of pathogenic S. aureus and is associated with the ability of S. aureus to colonise skin of human atopic dermatitis patients. S. pseudintermedius genomic DNA was probed with labelled DNA amplified from the serine-aspartate repeat encoding region of clfA of S. aureus. This probe hybridised to a single SpeI fragment of S. pseudintermedius DNA. In the cell-wall extract of S. pseudintermedius 326, a 180kDa protein was discovered which bound to fibrinogen by ligand-affinity blotting and reacted in a Western blot with antibodies raised against the serine-aspartate repeat region of ClfA and the B-repeats of SdrD of S. aureus. It is proposed that this is an Sdr protein with B-repeats that has an A domain that binds to fibrinogen. Whether it is the same protein that binds cytokeratin 10 is not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan A Geoghegan
- Microbiology Department, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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