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Lamichhane B, Mawad AMM, Saleh M, Kelley WG, Harrington PJ, Lovestad CW, Amezcua J, Sarhan MM, El Zowalaty ME, Ramadan H, Morgan M, Helmy YA. Salmonellosis: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Innovative Approaches to Mitigate the Antimicrobial Resistant Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:76. [PMID: 38247636 PMCID: PMC10812683 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen and a leading cause of gastroenteritis in humans and animals. Salmonella is highly pathogenic and encompasses more than 2600 characterized serovars. The transmission of Salmonella to humans occurs through the farm-to-fork continuum and is commonly linked to the consumption of animal-derived food products. Among these sources, poultry and poultry products are primary contributors, followed by beef, pork, fish, and non-animal-derived food such as fruits and vegetables. While antibiotics constitute the primary treatment for salmonellosis, the emergence of antibiotic resistance and the rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella strains have highlighted the urgency of developing antibiotic alternatives. Effective infection management necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the pathogen's epidemiology and transmission dynamics. Therefore, this comprehensive review focuses on the epidemiology, sources of infection, risk factors, transmission dynamics, and the host range of Salmonella serotypes. This review also investigates the disease characteristics observed in both humans and animals, antibiotic resistance, pathogenesis, and potential strategies for treatment and control of salmonellosis, emphasizing the most recent antibiotic-alternative approaches for infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibek Lamichhane
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Asmaa M. M. Mawad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Saleh
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - William G. Kelley
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Patrick J. Harrington
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Cayenne W. Lovestad
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Jessica Amezcua
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Mohamed M. Sarhan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University (KSIU), Ras Sudr 8744304, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E. El Zowalaty
- Veterinary Medicine and Food Security Research Group, Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women’s Campus, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hazem Ramadan
- Hygiene and Zoonoses Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Melissa Morgan
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Yosra A. Helmy
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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Szewczyk A, Andres-Mach M, Zagaja M, Kaczmarczyk-Ziemba A, Maj M, Szala-Rycaj J. The Effect of a Diet Enriched with Jerusalem artichoke, Inulin, and Fluoxetine on Cognitive Functions, Neurogenesis, and the Composition of the Intestinal Microbiota in Mice. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:2561-2579. [PMID: 36975538 PMCID: PMC10047150 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45030168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the effect of long-term administration of natural prebiotics: Jerusalem artichoke (topinambur, TPB) and inulin (INU) as well as one of the most popular antidepressants, fluoxetine (FLU), on the proliferation of neural stem cells, learning and memory functions, and the composition of the intestinal microbiota in mice. Cognitive functions were assessed using the Morris Water Maze (MWM)Test. Cells were counted using a confocal microscope and ImageJ software. We performed 16S rRNA sequencing to assess changes in the gut microbiome of the mice. The obtained results showed that the 10-week supplementation with TPB (250 mg/kg) and INU (66 mg/kg) stimulates the growth of probiotic bacteria, does not affect the learning and memory process, and does not disturb the proliferation of neural stem cells in the tested animals. Based on this data, we can assume that both TPB and INU seem to be safe for the proper course of neurogenesis. However, 2-week administration of FLU confirmed an inhibitory impact on Lactobacillus growth and negatively affected behavioral function and neurogenesis in healthy animals. The above studies suggest that the natural prebiotics TPB and INU, as natural supplements, may have the potential to enrich the diversity of intestinal microbiota, which may be beneficial for the BGM axis, cognitive functions, and neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Szewczyk
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marta Andres-Mach
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mirosław Zagaja
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kaczmarczyk-Ziemba
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics and Biosystematics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maciej Maj
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Szala-Rycaj
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
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Rastall RA, Diez-Municio M, Forssten SD, Hamaker B, Meynier A, Moreno FJ, Respondek F, Stah B, Venema K, Wiese M. Structure and function of non-digestible carbohydrates in the gut microbiome. Benef Microbes 2022; 13:95-168. [PMID: 35729770 DOI: 10.3920/bm2021.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Together with proteins and fats, carbohydrates are one of the macronutrients in the human diet. Digestible carbohydrates, such as starch, starch-based products, sucrose, lactose, glucose and some sugar alcohols and unusual (and fairly rare) α-linked glucans, directly provide us with energy while other carbohydrates including high molecular weight polysaccharides, mainly from plant cell walls, provide us with dietary fibre. Carbohydrates which are efficiently digested in the small intestine are not available in appreciable quantities to act as substrates for gut bacteria. Some oligo- and polysaccharides, many of which are also dietary fibres, are resistant to digestion in the small intestines and enter the colon where they provide substrates for the complex bacterial ecosystem that resides there. This review will focus on these non-digestible carbohydrates (NDC) and examine their impact on the gut microbiota and their physiological impact. Of particular focus will be the potential of non-digestible carbohydrates to act as prebiotics, but the review will also evaluate direct effects of NDC on human cells and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Rastall
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, P.O. Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - M Diez-Municio
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - S D Forssten
- IFF Health & Biosciences, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - B Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2009, USA
| | - A Meynier
- Nutrition Research, Mondelez France R&D SAS, 6 rue René Razel, 91400 Saclay, France
| | - F Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - F Respondek
- Tereos, Zoning Industriel Portuaire, 67390 Marckolsheim, France
| | - B Stah
- Human Milk Research & Analytical Science, Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - K Venema
- Centre for Healthy Eating & Food Innovation (HEFI), Maastricht University - campus Venlo, St. Jansweg 20, 5928 RC Venlo, the Netherlands
| | - M Wiese
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE, Zeist, the Netherlands
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Troha K, Ayres JS. Cooperative defenses during enteropathogenic infection. Curr Opin Microbiol 2022; 65:123-130. [PMID: 34847524 PMCID: PMC8818259 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
During their co-evolution with pathogens, hosts acquired defensive health strategies that allow them to maintain their health or promote recovery when challenged with infections. The cooperative defense system is a largely unexplored branch of these evolved defense strategies. Cooperative defenses limit physiological damage and promote health without having a negative impact on a pathogen's ability to survive and replicate within the host. Here, we review recent discoveries in the new field of cooperative defenses using the model pathogens Citrobacter rodentium and Salmonella enterica. We discuss not only host-encoded but also pathogen-encoded mechanisms of cooperative defenses. Cooperative defenses remain an untapped resource in clinical medicine. With a global pandemic exacerbated by a lack of vaccine access and a worldwide rise in antibiotic resistance, the study of cooperative defenses offers an opportunity to safeguard health in the face of pathogenic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Troha
- Molecular and Systems Physiology Lab, Gene Expression Lab, Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Janelle S. Ayres
- Molecular and Systems Physiology Lab, Gene Expression Lab, Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Correspondence:
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Dietary Modulation Alters Susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium with or without a Gut Microbiota. mSystems 2021; 6:e0071721. [PMID: 34726493 PMCID: PMC8562491 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00717-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Food safety has considerably improved worldwide, yet infections with foodborne human enteric pathogens, such as Listeria spp. and Salmonella spp., still cause numerous hospitalizations and fatalities. Since dietary alterations, including fiber deficiency, might impact the colonization resistance mediated by the gut microbiome, studying the diet-microbiome-pathogen axis holds promise in further understanding the pathogenesis mechanisms. Using a gnotobiotic mouse model containing a 14-member synthetic human gut microbiota (14SM), we have previously shown that dietary fiber deprivation promotes proliferation of mucin-degrading bacteria, leading to a microbiome-mediated erosion of the colonic mucus barrier, which results in an increased susceptibility toward the rodent enteric pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. Here, we sought to understand how a low-fiber diet affects susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium by using our 14SM gnotobiotic mouse model in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mouse backgrounds, respectively. Intriguingly, and in contrast to our results with C. rodentium, we observed that depriving mice of dietary fiber protected them from infections with both pathogens, compared to mice fed a standard chow. The microbiome delayed the overall pathogenicity compared to the onset of disease observed in germfree control mice. Nevertheless, we observed the same effect of diet on germfree mice, suggesting that the susceptibility is directly driven by the diet itself even in the absence of the gut microbiome. Our study points out an important observation, namely, that dietary fiber plays a crucial role in either the host's susceptibility, the virulence of these pathogens, or both. It would be judicious to design and interpret future studies on this basis. IMPORTANCE The human enteric pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium are employed as classical models in rodent hosts to understand the pathogenesis mechanisms of foodborne pathogens. Research in the past decade has stressed the importance of the gut microbial composition in modulating susceptibility to these pathogens. The results of our study-using gnotobiotic mice and germfree control animals-additionally suggest that the dietary fiber components can dominate the impact of enteropathogenic virulence over the pathogenicity-modulating properties of the gut microbiome. The significance of our research is that there is a need to carefully choose a certain chow when performing the enteropathogen-associated mouse experiments and to cautiously match the rodent diets when trying to replicate experiments across different laboratories. Finally, our data underscore the importance of using germfree control animals to study these pathogens, as our findings would have been prone to misinterpretation in the absence of these controls.
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Pang J, Wang S, Wang Z, Wu Y, Zhang X, Pi Y, Han D, Zhang S, Wang J. Xylo-oligosaccharide alleviates Salmonella induced inflammation by stimulating Bifidobacterium animalis and inhibiting Salmonella colonization. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21977. [PMID: 34613640 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100919rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS), which is considered as a potential prebiotic, exhibits multiple beneficial effects on modulation of gut microbiota, strength of intestinal barrier, and inhibition of intestinal inflammation. The objective of this study is to investigate whether XOS protects against Salmonella infection by modulating gut microbiota, enhancing the intestinal barrier, and resisting colonization. C57BL/6 male mice received water supplementation with 5% XOS for 14 days before Salmonella Typhimurium infection. The results showed that XOS suppressed the Salmonella-induced inflammation, but had limited effects on tight junction molecules and mRNA expression of mucus proteins, except for claudin-1 in the colon. Data of 16S rDNA sequencing indicated that XOS modulated gut microbiota composition by significantly stimulating Bifidobacterium animalis (B. animalis), and reducing Salmonella counts. Therefore, the potential protective effects of B. animalis against Salmonella challenge were investigated as well. Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis BB-12 (BB12), which could markedly increase in XOS, was selected to treat mice. Similarly, Salmonella-induced inflammatory reactions were alleviated by BB12 but tight junction molecules and mucin proteins in the colonic tissues were not affected. Administration of BB12 remarkably decreased the copies of Salmonella in cecal digesta post Salmonella infection. Additionally, the decrease concentrations of cecal propionate and total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in Salmonella-infected mice were reversed by BB12 treatment, and propionate performed a strong inhibitory effect on Salmonella growth in vitro. Besides that, BB12 could directly restrict Salmonella proliferation in vitro. Moreover, BB12 reduced the adhesion ability of Salmonella on the Caco-2 cells model. Our results suggest that XOS could be considered as a candidate of functional food to protect against Salmonella infection by stimulating Bifidobacterium, which then resists Salmonella colonization by maintaining the intestinal SCFAs levels and suppressing adhesibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaman Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shilan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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A high-protein diet containing inulin/oligofructose supports body weight gain associated with lower energy expenditure and carbohydrate oxidation, and alters faecal microbiota in C57BL/6 mice. J Nutr Sci 2021; 10:e50. [PMID: 34290864 PMCID: PMC8278163 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2021.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prebiotic supplements and high-protein (HP) diets reduce body weight and modulate intestinal microbiota. Our aim was to elucidate the combined effect of an inulin/oligofructose (FOS) and HP diet on body weight gain, energy metabolism and faecal microbiota. Forty male C57BL/6NCrl mice were fed a control (C) diet for 2 weeks and allocated to a C or HP (40 % protein) diet including no or 10 % inulin/FOS (C + I and HP + I) for 4 weeks. Inulin/FOS was added in place of starch and cellulose. Body weight, food intake, faecal energy and nitrogen were determined. Indirect calorimetry and faecal microbiota analysis were performed after 3 weeks on diets. Body weight gain of HP-fed mice was 36 % lower than HP + I- and C-fed mice (P < 0⋅05). Diet digestibility and food conversion efficiency were higher in HP + I- than HP-fed mice (P < 0⋅01), while food intake was comparable between groups. Total energy expenditure (heat production) was 25 % lower in HP + I- than in C-, HP- and C + I-fed mice (P < 0⋅001). Carbohydrate oxidation tended to be 24 % higher in HP- than in HP + I-fed mice (P < 0⋅05). Faecal nitrogen excretion was 31-45 % lower in C-, C + I- and HP + I- than in HP-fed mice (P < 0⋅05). Faecal Bacteroides-Prevotella DNA was 2⋅3-fold higher in C + I- and HP + I- relative to C-fed mice (P < 0⋅05), but Clostridium leptum DNA abundances was 79 % lower in HP + I- than in HP-fed mice (P < 0⋅05). We suggest that the higher conversion efficiency of dietary energy of HP + I but not C + I-fed mice is caused by higher digestibility and lower heat production, resulting in increased body mass.
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Source of gut microbiota determines oat β-glucan degradation and short chain fatty acid-producing pathway. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Rodrigues LA, Wellington MO, González-Vega JC, Htoo JK, Van Kessel AG, Columbus DA. Functional amino acid supplementation, regardless of dietary protein content, improves growth performance and immune status of weaned pigs challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6126666. [PMID: 33529342 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High dietary protein may increase susceptibility of weaned pigs to enteric pathogens. Dietary supplementation with functional amino acids (FAA) may improve growth performance of pigs during disease challenge. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interactive effects of dietary protein content and FAA supplementation above requirements for growth on performance and immune response of weaned pigs challenged with Salmonella. Sixty-four mixed-sex weanling pigs (13.9 ± 0.82 kg) were randomly assigned to dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with low (LP) or high protein (HP) content and basal (AA-) or FAA profile (AA+; Thr, Met, and Trp at 120% of requirements) as factors. After a 7-d adaptation period, pigs were inoculated with either a sterile saline solution (CT) or saline solution containing Salmonella Typhimurium (ST; 3.3 × 109 CFU/mL). Growth performance, body temperature, fecal score, acute-phase proteins, oxidant/antioxidant balance, ST shedding score in feces and intestinal colonization, fecal and digesta myeloperoxidase (MPO), and plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) were measured pre- and postinoculation. There were no dietary effects on any measures pre-inoculation or post-CT inoculation (P > 0.05). Inoculation with ST increased body temperature and fecal score (P < 0.05), serum haptoglobin, plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), PUN, and fecal MPO, and decreased serum albumin and plasma reduced glutathione (GSH):oxidized glutathione (GSSG) compared with CT pigs (P < 0.05). ST-inoculation reduced average daily gain (ADG) and feed intake (ADFI) vs. CT pigs (P < 0.05) but was increased by AA+ vs. AA- in ST pigs (P < 0.05). Serum albumin and GSH:GSSG were increased while haptoglobin and SOD were decreased in ST-inoculated pigs fed AA+ vs. AA- (P < 0.05). PUN was higher in HP vs. LP-fed pigs postinoculation (P < 0.05). Fecal ST score was increased in ST-inoculated pigs on days 1 and 2 postinoculation and declined by day 6 (P < 0.05) in all pigs while the overall score was reduced in AA+ vs. AA- pigs (P < 0.05). Cecal digesta ST score was higher in HP vs. LP-fed pigs and were lower in AA+ compared with AA- fed pigs in the colon (P < 0.05). Fecal and digesta MPO were reduced in ST pigs fed AA+ vs. AA- (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate a positive effect of FAA supplementation, with minimal effects of dietary protein, on performance and immune status in weaned pigs challenged with Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Rodrigues
- Prairie Swine Centre, Inc., Saskatoon, Canada.,Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Michael O Wellington
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | - John K Htoo
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Rodenbacher Chaussee, Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | - Andrew G Van Kessel
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Daniel A Columbus
- Prairie Swine Centre, Inc., Saskatoon, Canada.,Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Ajamian M, Rosella G, Newnham ED, Biesiekierski JR, Muir JG, Gibson PR. Effect of Gluten Ingestion and FODMAP Restriction on Intestinal Epithelial Integrity in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Self‐Reported Non‐Coeliac Gluten Sensitivity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 65:e1901275. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201901275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ajamian
- Department of Gastroenterology Monash University and Alfred Health Melbourne Victoria 3004 Australia
| | - Gennaro Rosella
- Department of Gastroenterology Monash University and Alfred Health Melbourne Victoria 3004 Australia
| | - Evan D. Newnham
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Eastern Health Victoria 3128 Australia
| | | | - Jane G. Muir
- Department of Gastroenterology Monash University and Alfred Health Melbourne Victoria 3004 Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Eastern Health Victoria 3128 Australia
| | - Peter R. Gibson
- Department of Gastroenterology Monash University and Alfred Health Melbourne Victoria 3004 Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Eastern Health Victoria 3128 Australia
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Gibson PR, Halmos EP, Muir JG. Review article: FODMAPS, prebiotics and gut health-the FODMAP hypothesis revisited. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2020; 52:233-246. [PMID: 32562590 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Restriction of dietary FODMAP intake can alleviate symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Because many FODMAPs have prebiotic actions, there is concern that their dietary restriction leads to dysbiosis with health consequences, and their intake is being encouraged by addition to foods and via supplements. AIMS To examine the hazards and benefits of high and low FODMAP intake. METHODS Current literature was reviewed and alternative hypotheses formulated. RESULTS Low FODMAP intake reduces abundance of faecal Bifidobacteria without known adverse outcomes and has no effect on diversity, but the reduction in bacterial density may potentially be beneficial to gut health. Supplementary prebiotics can markedly elevate the intake of FODMAPs over levels consumed in the background diet. While this increases the abundance of Bifidobacteria, it adversely affects gut health in animal studies by inducing colonic mucosal barrier dysfunction, mucosal inflammation and visceral hypersensitivity. Rapid colonic fermentation is central to the identified mechanisms that include injury from high luminal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids and low pH, and inflammatory effects of increased endotoxin load and glycation of macromolecules. Whether these observations translate into humans requires further study. Opposing hypotheses are presented whereby excessive intake of FODMAPs might have health benefits via prebiotic effects, but might also be injurious and contribute to the apparent increase in functional intestinal disorders. CONCLUSIONS Reduced FODMAP intake has few deleterious effects on gut microbiota. Consequences (both positive and negative) of excessive carbohydrate fermentation in the human intestines from elevated FODMAP intake require more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Gibson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Monash University and Alfred Health, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Emma P Halmos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Monash University and Alfred Health, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Jane G Muir
- Department of Gastroenterology, Monash University and Alfred Health, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Mazkour S, Shekarforoush SS, Basiri S, Nazifi S, Yektaseresht A, Honarmand M. Effects of two probiotic spores of Bacillus species on hematological, biochemical, and inflammatory parameters in Salmonella Typhimurium infected rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8035. [PMID: 32415253 PMCID: PMC7229222 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64559-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infections have become a major health concern in recent decades. This pathogen has evolved to become resistant to antibiotics, which has caused problems in its treatment. As such, finding a novel preventive method is important in the treatment and management of this infection. In recent years, uses of probiotics, especially spore-former genera such as Bacillus spp. has become increasingly popular. In this study spores of two probiotic bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus coagulans were fed to rats for three weeks through their daily water intake after which Salmonella Typhimurium was gavaged to the rats. On days 1, 3, 5 and 7 after gavaging, the number of Salmonella was counted in liver, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, feces and content of ileum and cecum. Hematological and biochemical parameters, inflammatory mediators, total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde were also measured. The results showed that B. subtilis and B. coagulans caused delation in infiltration of Salmonella into the lymph nodes, spleen and liver, reduction of the inflammatory mediators, and decreases in oxidative stress, hematological and biochemical changes. The overall count of Salmonella in the above mentioned parameters has also decreased and a faster return to normal base were also witnessed. The results showed that the use of B. subtilis and B. coagulans can potentially help boost the body’s immune system, to combat the effects of exposure to the Salmonella pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaye Mazkour
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Shahram Shekarforoush
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Sara Basiri
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Nazifi
- Department of Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azadeh Yektaseresht
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Honarmand
- Department of Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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13
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Lee JM, Jang WJ, Lee EW, Kong IS. β-glucooligosaccharides derived from barley β-glucan promote growth of lactic acid bacteria and enhance nisin Z secretion by Lactococcus lactis. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Wilkowska A, Nowak A, Antczak-Chrobot A, Motyl I, Czyżowska A, Paliwoda A. Structurally Different Pectic Oligosaccharides Produced from Apple Pomace and Their Biological Activity In Vitro. Foods 2019; 8:foods8090365. [PMID: 31454989 PMCID: PMC6769907 DOI: 10.3390/foods8090365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study set out to identify the composition and the biological activity of pectin-derived oligosaccharides (POS) generated from mild acid or enzymatic hydrolysis of apple pomace (AP). The effect of the polymerization of the structural units of POS contained in the AP hydrolysate on the growth and metabolism of microbiota from the human gastrointestinal tract and the adhesion of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) or pathogens to human gut epithelial cells was investigated in vitro. Mild acid hydrolysis followed by pectinolysis with Rohapect MaPlusT yielded the highest concentration of POS. In contrast, pure enzymatic processing of the AP performed with a mixed preparation of cellulase and Rohapect MaPlusT resulted in 1.8-fold lower overall POS. The concentration of higher-order oligosaccharides (degree of polymerization (DP) 7–10), however, was 1.7-fold higher. The increased ratio of higher-order oligosaccharides caused an increase in the bifidogenic effect, as well as affecting the amount and nature of short-chain fatty acid produced. Inhibition of Enterobacteriaceae was also observed. The strongest stimulation of LAB adhesion to the human epithelial cells occurred in the presence of the preparation containing the highest concentration of higher-order oligosaccharides. The fecal bacteria and pathogens showed much weaker adhesion to intestinal cells in the presence of all the tested AP hydrolysates. Both of the tested POS preparations, containing structurally different oligosaccharides (DPs 2–10 with different ratios of higher-order oligosaccharides), have the potential to be used as prebiotics for humans and animals. They stimulate bowel colonization with lactic acid bacteria and inhibit the development of infections caused by pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wilkowska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Łódź University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Adriana Nowak
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Łódź University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Aneta Antczak-Chrobot
- Institute of Technology and Analysis of Food, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Łódź University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Ilona Motyl
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Łódź University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Agata Czyżowska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Łódź University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Anna Paliwoda
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Łódź University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
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15
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Pathogen Colonization Resistance in the Gut and Its Manipulation for Improved Health. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1300-1310. [PMID: 31100210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mammals have coevolved with a large community of symbiotic, commensal, and some potentially pathogenic microbes. The trillions of bacteria and hundreds of species in our guts form a relatively stable community that resists invasion by outsiders, including pathogens. This powerful protective force is referred to as colonization resistance. We discuss the variety of proposed or demonstrated mechanisms that can mediate colonization resistance and some potential ways to manipulate them for improved human health. Instances in which certain bacterial pathogens can overcome colonization resistance are also discussed.
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16
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Sørensen DB, Metzdorff SB, Jensen LK, Andersen KH, Teilmann AC, Jensen HE, Frøkiaer H. Time-dependent Pathologic and Inflammatory Consequences of Various Blood Sampling Techniques in Mice. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019; 58:362-372. [PMID: 30947767 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-18-000064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We compared 6 frequently used mouse blood-sampling methods (lateral tail incision; tail-tip amputation; sublingual, submandibular, and saphenous vein puncture; and retrobulbar sinus puncture during isoflurane anesthesia) with regard to induction of local and systemic inflammation, stomach contents, weight changes, and corticosterone levels at 6 h to 12 d after sampling. Local inflammation was assessed through histopathology and assessment of the expression of inflammation and tissue damage-related genes (S1008/9A, Cxcl2, Il1b, Nlrp3, Il6, and Il33) in sampled tissue. Systemic inflammation was assessed through quantification of plasma haptoglobin levels, measurement of blood Il1b expression, and evaluation of histopathologic changes in lung, kidney, liver, and spleen. Apart from slight, transient increases in plasma haptoglobin levels after lateral tail incision, retrobulbar sinus puncture, and saphenous vein puncture, no other signs of systemic inflammation were found. Mice subjected to retrobulbar sinus puncture, sublingual puncture, or isoflurane anesthesia only showed the highest plasma corticosterone concentrations. Retrobulbar sinus puncture had the largest effect on body weight loss. Retrobulbar sinus puncture, sublingual puncture, and submandibular puncture only showed minor and in, most cases, fastresolving inflammation. By contrast, blood sampling by lateral tail incision, tail-tip amputation, or saphenous vein puncture caused tissue damage and inflammation locally at the sampling site, which resolved more slowly compared with head-region sampling techniques, according to results from pathologic and gene expression assessments. Expression of S1008/9A, Cxcl2, Il1b, and Nlrp3 increased 10- to 1000-fold and did not return to baseline until day 6 after sampling or later and did not resolve after tail-tip amputation within the 12-d observation period. Increased expression of genes involved in inflammation and tissue repair correlated with histopathologic changes and may thus represent a quantitative supplement to histopathology. In conclusion, none of the tested methods for obtaining blood samples from mice is superior, according to simultaneous immunologic, histopathologic, and animal welfare-related parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorte B Sørensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section of experimental animal models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;,
| | - Stine B Metzdorff
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section of experimental animal models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise K Jensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section of experimental animal models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kamilla H Andersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section of experimental animal models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne C Teilmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik E Jensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section of experimental animal models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Frøkiaer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section of experimental animal models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Genda T, Kondo T, Hino S, Sugiura S, Nishimura N, Morita T. The Impact of Fructo-Oligosaccharides on Gut Permeability and Inflammatory Responses in the Cecal Mucosa Quite Differs between Rats Fed Semi-Purified and Non-Purified Diets. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2019; 64:357-366. [PMID: 30381626 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.64.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) on gut-barrier function are still controversial in human and animal studies. Diet conditions would be a major factor for the controversy in animal studies. We fed rats a semi-purified (SP) or a non-purified diet (NP) with or without FOS (60 g/kg diet) for 9 (experiment 1) or 10 d (experiment 2). We assessed microbial fermentation, gut permeability, and inflammatory responses in the cecum (experiment 1), and mucus layer in the cecum, intestinal transit time and microbiota composition (experiment 2). FOS supplementation induced a very acidic fermentation due to the accumulation of lactate and succinate in SP, while short-chain fatty acids were major products in NP. Gut permeability estimated by urinary chromium-EDTA excretion, bacterial translocation into mesenteric lymph nodes, myeloperoxidase activity, and expressions of the inflammatory cytokine genes in the cecal mucosa were greater in SP+FOS than in SP, but these alterations were not observed between NP and NP+FOS (experiment 1). FOS supplementation destroyed the mucus layer on the epithelial surface in SP, but not in NP. Intestinal transit time was 3-fold longer in SP+FOS than in SP, but this was not the case between NP and NP+FOS. Lower species richness of cecal microbiota was manifest solely in SP+FOS (experiment 2). These factors suggest that impact of FOS on gut permeability and inflammatory responses in the cecal mucosa quite differs between SP and NP. Increased gut permeability in SP+FOS could be evoked by the disruption of the mucus layer due to stasis of the very acidic luminal contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Genda
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University
| | - Shingo Hino
- College of Agriculture, Academic Institute, Shizuoka University
| | - Shunsaku Sugiura
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University
| | | | - Tatsuya Morita
- College of Agriculture, Academic Institute, Shizuoka University
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18
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Kittana H, Quintero-Villegas MI, Bindels LB, Gomes-Neto JC, Schmaltz RJ, Segura Munoz RR, Cody LA, Moxley RA, Hostetter J, Hutkins RW, Ramer-Tait AE. Galactooligosaccharide supplementation provides protection against Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis without limiting pathogen burden. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 164:154-162. [PMID: 29256851 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Many enteric pathogens, including Salmonella and enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, express adhesins that recognize and bind to carbohydrate moieties expressed on epithelial cells. An attractive strategy for inhibiting bacterial adherence employs molecules that mimic these epithelial binding sites. Prebiotic oligosaccharides are non-digestible, fermentable fibres capable of modulating the gut microbiota. Moreover, they may act as molecular decoys that competitively inhibit adherence of pathogens to host cells. In particular, galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and other prebiotic fibres have been shown to inhibit pathogen adherence to epithelial cells in vitro. In the present study, we determined the ability of prophylactic GOS administration to reduce enteric pathogen adherence both in vitro and in vivo as well as protect against intestinal inflammation. GOS supplementation significantly reduced the adherence of the epithelial-adherent murine bacterial pathogen Citrobacter rodentium in a dose-dependent manner to the surface of epithelial cells in vitro. A 1- to 2-log reduction in bacterial adherence was observed at the lowest and highest doses tested, respectively. However, mouse studies revealed that treatment with GOS neither reduced the adherence of C. rodentium to the distal colon nor decreased its dissemination to systemic organs. Despite the absence of adherence inhibition, colonic disease scores for GOS-treated, C. rodentium-infected mice were significantly lower than those of untreated C. rodentium-infected animals (P=0.028). Together, these data suggest that GOS has a direct protective effect in ameliorating disease severity following C. rodentium infection through an anti-adherence-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Kittana
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Laure B Bindels
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - João Carlos Gomes-Neto
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Robert J Schmaltz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Rafael R Segura Munoz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Liz A Cody
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Rodney A Moxley
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Jesse Hostetter
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Robert W Hutkins
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Amanda E Ramer-Tait
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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19
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Genda T, Sasaki Y, Kondo T, Hino S, Nishimura N, Tsukahara T, Sonoyama K, Morita T. Fructo-oligosaccharide-Induced Transient Increases in Cecal Immunoglobulin A Concentrations in Rats Are Associated with Mucosal Inflammation in Response to Increased Gut Permeability. J Nutr 2017; 147:1900-1908. [PMID: 28835391 DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.253955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The mechanism underlying transient increases in immunoglobulin (Ig) A concentrations in the cecal contents of rats fed fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) is unclear.Objective: This study was designed to test whether increased IgA concentrations represent one aspect of the inflammatory response to increased permeability induced by FOS in the cecum.Methods: Seven-week-old male Wistar rats were fed a fiber-free semipurified diet (FFP) with or without supplemental FOS (60 g/kg diet) for 9 or 58 d [experiment (expt.) 1], 7 d (expt. 2), or 7 or 56 d (expt. 3). In addition to measuring IgA concentrations in cecal content, we assessed gut permeability, inflammatory responses (expt. 1), the number of IgA plasma cells in the cecal lamina propria, polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) expression in the cecal mucosa (expt. 2), and the condition of the cecal mucus layer (expt. 3).Results: The cecal IgA concentration in the FOS-fed rats was 15-fold higher than that of the rats fed FFP for 9 d (P < 0.05). Gut permeability estimated by urinary chromium-EDTA excretion, bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes, myeloperoxidase activity, and expression of inflammatory cytokine genes in the cecal mucosa was greater in the FOS-fed rats than in the rats fed FFP for 9 d. These effects were not observed in the rats fed FOS for 58 d (expt. 1). Accompanying the higher cecal IgA concentration, pIgR protein and the number of IgA plasma cells in the cecal mucosa were higher in the FOS-fed rats than in the rats fed FFP for 7 d (expt. 2). Destruction of the mucus layer on the epithelial surface, as evidenced by Alcian blue staining in the cecal sections, was evident in the rats fed FOS for 7 d, but the mucus layer appeared normal in the rats fed FOS for 56 d (expt. 3).Conclusions: These findings suggest that transient increases in cecal IgA concentrations induced by FOS in rats are associated with mucosal inflammation in response to increased gut permeability; these are presumably evoked by disruption of the cecal mucus barrier. The observed responses could contribute to the maturation of the gut immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuta Sasaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and
| | | | - Shingo Hino
- College of Agriculture, Academic Institute, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Naomichi Nishimura
- College of Agriculture, Academic Institute, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Kei Sonoyama
- Division of Fundamental AgriScience, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Morita
- College of Agriculture, Academic Institute, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan;
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20
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Tran THT, Everaert N, Bindelle J. Review on the effects of potential prebiotics on controlling intestinal enteropathogens Salmonella and Escherichia coli in pig production. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 102:17-32. [PMID: 28028851 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serotypes (Salmonella sp.) are the second cause of bacterial foodborne zoonoses in humans after campylobacteriosis. Pork is the third most important cause for outbreak-associated salmonellosis, and colibacillosis is the most important disease in piglets and swine. Attachment to host cells, translocation of effector proteins into host cells, invasion and replication in tissues are the vital virulence steps of these pathogens that help them to thrive in the intestinal environment and invade tissues. Feed contamination is an important source for Salmonella infection in pig production. Many on-farm feeding strategies intervene to avoid the introduction of pathogens onto the farm by contaminated feeds or to reduce infection pressure when pathogens are present. Among the latter, prebiotics could be effective at protecting against these enteric bacterial pathogens. Nowadays, a wide range of molecules can potentially serve as prebiotics. Here, we summarize the prevalence of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli in pigs, understanding of the mechanisms by which pathogens can cause disease, the feed related to pathogen contamination in pigs and detail the mechanisms on which prebiotics are likely to act in order to fulfil their protective action against these pathogens in pig production. Many different mechanisms involve the inhibition of Salmonella and E. coli by prebiotics such as coating the host surface, modulation of intestinal ecology, downregulating the expression of adhesin factors or virulence genes, reinforcing the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H T Tran
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium.,AgricultureIsLife, TERRA, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - N Everaert
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium.,AgricultureIsLife, TERRA, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - J Bindelle
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium.,AgricultureIsLife, TERRA, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
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21
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Tran THT, Boudry C, Everaert N, Bindelle J. Prebiotic potential of novel carbohydrates in an in vitro co-inoculation fermentation model of the bacteria isolated from pig intestine and Salmonella. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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22
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Florowska A, Krygier K, Florowski T, Dłużewska E. Prebiotics as functional food ingredients preventing diet-related diseases. Food Funct 2016; 7:2147-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01459j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the potential of prebiotic-containing foods in the prevention or postponement of certain diet-related diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases with hypercholesterolemia, osteoporosis, diabetes, gastrointestinal infections and gut inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Florowska
- Department of Food Technology
- Faculty of Food Sciences
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW
- 02-787 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - K. Krygier
- Department of Food Technology
- Faculty of Food Sciences
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW
- 02-787 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - T. Florowski
- Department of Food Technology
- Faculty of Food Sciences
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW
- 02-787 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - E. Dłużewska
- Department of Food Technology
- Faculty of Food Sciences
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW
- 02-787 Warsaw
- Poland
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23
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Musilova S, Rada V, Vlkova E, Bunesova V. Beneficial effects of human milk oligosaccharides on gut microbiota. Benef Microbes 2015; 5:273-83. [PMID: 24913838 DOI: 10.3920/bm2013.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human milk is the gold standard for nourishment of early infants because it contains a number of bioactive components, such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). The high concentration and structural diversity of HMOs are unique to humans. HMOs are a group of complex and diverse glycans that are resistant to gastrointestinal digestion and reach the infant colon as the first prebiotics. N-acetyl-glucosamine containing oligosaccharides were first identified 50 years ago as the 'bifidus factor', a selective growth substrate for intestinal bifidobacteria, thus providing a conceptual basis for HMO-specific bifidogenic activity. Bifidobacterial species are the main utilisers of HMOs in the gastrointestinal tract and represent the dominant microbiota of breast-fed infants, and they may play an important role in maintaining the general health of newborn children. Oligosaccharides are also known to directly interact with the surface of pathogenic bacteria, and various oligosaccharides in milk are believed to inhibit the binding of pathogens and toxins to host cell receptors. Furthermore, HMOs are thought to contribute to the development of infant intestine and brain. Oligosaccharides currently added to infant formula are structurally different from the oligosaccharides naturally occurring in human milk and, therefore, they are unlikely to mimic some of the structure-specific effects. In this review, we describe how HMOs can modulate gut microbiota. This article summarises information up to date about the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and HMOs, and other possible indirect effects of HMOs on intestinal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Musilova
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - V Rada
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - E Vlkova
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - V Bunesova
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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24
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Kuda T, Kosaka M, Hirano S, Kawahara M, Sato M, Kaneshima T, Nishizawa M, Takahashi H, Kimura B. Effect of sodium-alginate and laminaran on Salmonella Typhimurium infection in human enterocyte-like HT-29-Luc cells and BALB/c mice. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 125:113-9. [PMID: 25857966 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Brown algal polysaccharides such as alginate, polymers of uronic acids, and laminaran, beta-1,3 and 1,6-glucan, can be fermented by human intestinal microbiota. To evaluate the effects of these polysaccharides on infections caused by food poisoning pathogens, we investigated the adhesion and invasion of pathogens (Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes and Vibrio parahaemolyticus) in human enterocyte-like HT-29-Luc cells and in infections caused in BALB/c mice. Both sodium Na-alginate and laminaran (0.1% each) inhibited the adhesion of the pathogens to HT-29-Luc cells by approximately 70-90%. The invasion of S. Typhimurium was also inhibited by approximately 70 and 80% by Na-alginate and laminaran, respectively. We observed that incubation with Na-alginate for 18 h increased the transepithelial electrical resistance of HT-29-Luc monolayer cells. Four days after inoculation with 7 log CFU/mouse of S. Typhimurium, the faecal pathogen count in mice that were not fed polysaccharides (control mice) was about 6.5 log CFU/g while the count in mice that were fed Na-alginate had decreased to 5.0 log CFU/g. The liver pathogen count, which was 4.1 log CFU/g in the control mice, was also decreased in mice that were fed Na-alginate. In contrast, the mice that were fed laminaran exhibited a more severe infection than that exhibited by control mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kuda
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato City, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
| | - Misa Kosaka
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato City, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Shino Hirano
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato City, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Miho Kawahara
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato City, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sato
- Kaigen Pharma Co. Ltd., 1-25-18, Okusawa, Otaru 047-0013, Japan
| | - Tai Kaneshima
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Japan
| | - Makoto Nishizawa
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Japan
| | - Hajime Takahashi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato City, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Bon Kimura
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato City, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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25
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Mao B, Li D, Zhao J, Liu X, Gu Z, Chen YQ, Zhang H, Chen W. Metagenomic insights into the effects of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) on the composition of fecal microbiota in mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:856-63. [PMID: 25598242 DOI: 10.1021/jf505156h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) are usually regarded as a type of prebiotic, favorably stimulating the growth of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. However, they are not the specific substrates for these target species, and other bacteria, such as Streptococcus, Escherichia, and Clostridium, have been shown to be able to utilize FOS. Previous studies have mainly investigated only a few bacteria groups, and few reports analyzed the global effects of FOS on intestinal microbial communities. In this study the effects of FOS on gut bacteria in mice were investigated through a 16S rRNA metagenomic analysis. In the FOS-low group, the abundance of Actinobacteria significantly increased and that of Bacteroidetes decreased after FOS diet (5%) for 3 weeks. In the FOS-high group, Enterococcus was promoted and levels of Bifidobacterium and Olsenella both notably increased after FOS diet (25%) and the microbiota tended to revert to initial structure 2 weeks after FOS treatment ceased. The most striking observation was that Olsenella became a dominant genus comparable with Bifidobacterium after FOS treatment, and one strain of Olsenella, isolated from mice feces, was confirmed, for the first time, to be capable of using FOS. The results indicated that metagenomic analysis was helpful to reveal the FOS effects on the global composition of gut communities and new target for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyong Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
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Zacarías M, Reinheimer J, Forzani L, Grangette C, Vinderola G. Mortality and translocation assay to study the protective capacity of Bifidobacterium lactis INL1 against Salmonella Typhimurium infection in mice. Benef Microbes 2014; 5:427-36. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2013.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mouse has been largely used for the study of the protective capacity of probiotics against intestinal infections caused by Salmonella. In this work we aimed at comparing the mortality and translocation assay for the study of the protective capacity of the human breast milk-derived strain Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis INL1 on a model of gut infection by Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium. Different doses of S. Typhimurium FUNED and B. animalis subsp. lactis INL 1 were administered to Balb/c mice in a mortality or a translocation assay. The survival of the control group in the mortality assay resulted to be variable along experiments, and then we preferred to use a translocation assay where the preventive administration of 109 cfu of bifidobacteria/mouse for 10 consecutive days significantly reduced the number of infected animals and the levels of translocation to liver and spleen, with enhanced secretory immunoglobulin A and interleukin 10 production in the small and large intestine, respectively. Ten days of B. animalis subsp. lactis strain INL1 administration to mice significantly reduced both the incidence and the severity of Salmonella infection in a mouse model of translocation. This work provided the first evidence that a translocation assay, compared to a mortality assay, could be more useful to study the protective capacity of probiotics against Salmonella infection, as more information can be obtained from mice and less suffering is conferred to animals due to the fact that the mortality assay is shorter than the latter. These facts are in line with the guidelines of animal research recently established by the National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement & Reduction of Animals in Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.F. Zacarías
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (INLAIN, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829, Santa Fe (3000), Argentina
| | - J. Reinheimer
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (INLAIN, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829, Santa Fe (3000), Argentina
| | - L. Forzani
- Departamento de Matemática, Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral and Instituto de Matemática Aplicada del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe (3000), Argentina
| | - C. Grangette
- Lactic Acid Bacteria and Mucosal Immunity, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, INSERM U1019 - CNRS UMR 8204, Lille, France
| | - G. Vinderola
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (INLAIN, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829, Santa Fe (3000), Argentina
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Johnson-Henry KC, Pinnell LJ, Waskow AM, Irrazabal T, Martin A, Hausner M, Sherman PM. Short-chain fructo-oligosaccharide and inulin modulate inflammatory responses and microbial communities in Caco2-bbe cells and in a mouse model of intestinal injury. J Nutr 2014; 144:1725-33. [PMID: 25143376 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.195081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have focused on the ability of prebiotics to prevent pathogen-induced cellular changes or alter the composition of the intestinal microbiota in complimentary relevant cell and animal models of inflammatory bowel disease. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine if pretreatment with inulin and a short-chain fructo-oligosaccharide (sc-FOS) prevents enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 infection in Caco2-bbe epithelial cells and what effect 10% wt:v sc-FOS or inulin has on C57BL/6 mice under sham conditions or pretreatment with prebiotics before Citrobacter rodentium infection (10(8) colony-forming units). METHODS Actin rearrangement and tight junction protein (zona occludin-1) were examined with immunofluorescence. Barrier function was assessed by a fluorescent probe and by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TER). Alterations in cytokine gene expression and microbiome were assessed with quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were measured by GC. RESULTS sc-FOS added to monolayers altered actin polymerization without affecting TER or permeability to a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) probe, whereas inulin increased TER (P < 0.005) and altered actin arrangement without affecting FITC permeability. Neither prebiotic attenuated EHEC-induced decreases in barrier function. Prebiotics increased interleukin 10 (Il10) and transforming growth factor-β (Tgfβ) cytokine responses alone (P < 0.05) or with EHEC O157:H7 infection (P < 0.05) in vitro. Increases in tumor necrosis factor-α (Tnfα) (P < 0.05) and decreases in chemokine CXC motif ligand 8 (Cxcl8) (P < 0.05) expression were observed with prebiotic treatment prior to EHEC infection. No differences were noted in barrier function or cytokine responses in the absence or presence of C. rodentium in vivo. Alterations in microbiome were evident at 6 d and 10 d postinfection in treatment groups, but a change in C. rodentium load was not observed. Inulin and sc-FOS (P < 0.05) increased fecal SCFAs in the absence of infection. CONCLUSION This study provides new insights as to how prebiotics act in complementary in vitro and in vivo models of intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lee J Pinnell
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alexandra M Waskow
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada; and
| | | | - Alberto Martin
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Martina Hausner
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada; and
| | - Philip M Sherman
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada;
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Christensen EG, Licht TR, Leser TD, Bahl MI. Dietary xylo-oligosaccharide stimulates intestinal bifidobacteria and lactobacilli but has limited effect on intestinal integrity in rats. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:660. [PMID: 25238818 PMCID: PMC4179812 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Consumption of prebiotics may modulate gut microbiota, subsequently affecting the bacterial composition, metabolite profile, and human health. Previous studies indicate that also changes in intestinal integrity may occur. In order to explore this further we have investigated the effect of the putative prebiotic xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) on the gut microbiota and intestinal integrity in male Wistar rats. As changes in intestinal integrity may be related to the expected bifidogenic effect of XOS, we additionally addressed effects of supplementation with a commensal Bifidobacterium pseudolongum (BIF) isolated from the same breed of laboratory rats. Results Changes in faecal and caecal bacterial composition determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and quantitative PCR for selected bacterial groups revealed that the overall bacterial composition did not differ markedly between the control (CON), XOS, and BIF groups, when correcting for multiple comparisons. However as hypothesised, the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium spp. was increased in XOS-fed rats as compared to CON in faecal samples after the intervention. Also Lactobacillus spp. was increased in both the XOS and BIF groups in caecum content compared to CON. Intestinal permeability determined in vivo by FITC-dextran permeability and in vitro using extracted caecum water in trans-epithelial resistance (TER) assay showed no effect on intestinal integrity in either the XOS or the BIF groups. However, the expression of occludin, which is part of the tight junction complex, was increased in the XOS group compared to the CON group. Conclusions Supplementation with XOS or a commensal Bifidobacterium pseudolongum had very limited effects on intestinal integrity in rats as only significant change in expression of a single tight junction protein gene was found for the XOS group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Martin Iain Bahl
- Division of Food Microbiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, Søborg DK-2860, Denmark.
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Correia DM, Dias LG, Veloso ACA, Dias T, Rocha I, Rodrigues LR, Peres AM. Dietary Sugars Analysis: Quantification of Fructooligossacharides during Fermentation by HPLC-RI Method. Front Nutr 2014; 1:11. [PMID: 25988114 PMCID: PMC4428370 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2014.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, a simple chromatographic method is proposed and in-house validated for the quantification of total and individual fructooligossacharides (e.g., 1-kestose, nystose, and 1(F)-fructofuranosylnystose). It was shown that a high-performance liquid chromatography with refractive index detector could be used to monitor the dynamic of fructooligossacharides production via sucrose fermentation using Aspergillus aculeatus. This analytical technique may be easily implemented at laboratorial or industrial scale for fructooligossacharides mass-production monitoring allowing also controlling the main substrate (sucrose) and the secondary by-products (glucose and fructose). The proposed chromatographic method had a satisfactory intra- and inter-day variability (in general, with a relative standard deviation lower than 5%), high sensitivity for each sugar (usually, with a relative error lower than 5%), and low detection (lower than 0.06 ± 0.04 g/L) and quantification (lower than 0.2 ± 0.1 g/L) limits. The correct quantification of fructooligossacharides in fermentative media may allow a more precise nutritional formulation of new functional foods, since it is reported that different fructooligossacharides exhibit different biological activities and effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M Correia
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Luís G Dias
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança , Bragança , Portugal
| | - Ana C A Veloso
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho , Braga , Portugal ; Departamento de Engenharia Química e Biológica (DEQB), Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Coimbra, Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Teresa Dias
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança , Bragança , Portugal
| | - Isabel Rocha
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Lígia R Rodrigues
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - António M Peres
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE) - Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança , Bragança , Portugal
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Kim SP, Park SO, Lee SJ, Nam SH, Friedman M. A Polysaccharide isolated from the liquid culture of Lentinus edodes (Shiitake) mushroom mycelia containing black rice bran protects mice against salmonellosis through upregulation of the Th1 immune reaction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2384-91. [PMID: 24593132 DOI: 10.1021/jf405223q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the antibacterial effect of a bioprocessed polysaccharide (BPP) isolated from Lentinus edodes liquid mycelial culture supplemented with black rice bran against murine salmonellosis. BPP was not bactericidal in vitro, it did, however, stimulate uptake of the bacteria into RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells, as indicated by increased colony-forming unit (CFU) counts of the contents of the lysed macrophages incubated with Salmonella Typhimurium for 30 and 60 min. Two hours postinfection, the bacterial counts drastically increased in the macrophages, but 4 and 8 h postinfection BPP extract-treated cells showed lower bacterial counts than the vehicle (saline phosphate pH 7.4 buffer, PBS)-treated control. BPP elicited altered morphology and markedly elevated inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) mRNA and protein expression in the infected macrophage cells. BPP also activated leukocytes in S. Typhimurium-infected mice, as determined by spleen lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-γ levels in mice sera. ELISA analysis on cytokine production by Th1 and Th2 immune cells from splenocytes of infected mice showed significant increases in the levels of the following Th1 cytokines: IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-12. Histology assays of the livers of mice infected with a sublethal dose (1 × 10(4) CFU) of S. Typhimurium showed that BPP, administered daily through an intraperitoneal (ip) or oral route, protected against necrosis of the liver, a biomarker of in vivo salmonellosis. The lifespan of mice similarly infected with a lethal dose of S. Typhimurium (1 × 10(5) CFU) was significantly extended by ip injection or oral administration of the BPP without side effects. These results suggest that the activity of BPP against bacterial infection in mice occurs mainly through the activation of macrophage-mediated immune response resulting from augmented Th1 immunity. The significance of the results for microbial food safety and human health and further research needs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Phil Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Ajou University , Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
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Christensen EG, Licht TR, Kristensen M, Bahl MI. Bifidogenic effect of whole-grain wheat during a 12-week energy-restricted dietary intervention in postmenopausal women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013; 67:1316-21. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Shang XJ. Effect of treatment with compound Lactobacillus acidophilus on complements and T lymphocyte subsets in patients with compensated liver cirrhosis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:2446-2450. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i24.2446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the effect of early oral compound Lactobacillus acidophilus on complements and T lymphocyte subsets in patients with compensated liver cirrhosis.
METHODS: Sixty-six patients with compensated liver cirrhosis were randomly divided into either a control group or a treatment group. The control group received conventional symptomatic treatment, while the treatment group was treated with compound Lactobacillus acidophilus (1.0 g, three times per day) for 12 wk on the basis of conventional symptomatic treatment. The changes in serum complements and T lymphocyte subsets between before and after treatment were observed and compared between the two groups of patients.
RESULTS: After treatment, the levels of complements C3 and C4 (0.97 g/L ± 0.16 g/L vs 0.85 g/L ± 0.24 g/L, 0.22 g/L ± 0.05 g/L vs 0.15 g/L ± 0.07 g/L, both P < 0.05) and the percentages of CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocyte subsets (37.9% ± 6.5% vs 33.8% ± 8.6%, 1.6% ± 0.5% vs 1.3% ± 0.7%, both P < 0.05) were significantly increased in the treatment group.
CONCLUSION: Oral compound Lactobacillus acidophilus can regulate intestinal flora imbalance and modulate immunity in patients with compensated liver cirrhosis.
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Epithelial entry rather than the ensuing systemic immune response determines the pathogenicity of two Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains in a mouse model. Microbes Infect 2013; 15:911-9. [PMID: 23978790 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Most studies of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection focus only on the pathogenicity of one strain. We investigated whether differences in pathogenicity of two wild-type S. Typhimurium strains; DT120 and SL1344, were related to gut invasion or the resulting immune response. Oral administration of a ten-fold lower number of SL1344 (10(6) CFU) as compared to DT120 (10(7) CFU) resulted in higher bacterial counts in liver and lymph nodes, and led to massive neutrophil infiltration of the spleen, while DT120 administration did not. In contrast, administration of the same dose (10(3) CFU) of the two strains intravenously resulted in the same levels of bacteria and neutrophils in spleen and bone marrow. Oral administration of SL1344 led to an increase in neutrophil apoptosis in both spleen and the bone marrow and four out of five mice died before Day 8, while in DT120 mice, no increase in neutrophil apoptosis was observed and all mice survived until Day 8. This study reveals that two wild-type S. Typhimurium strains, despite evoking highly comparable immune responses upon intravenous injection, exhibit diverse pathogenicity in mice and thus suggests that differences in their invasiveness and survival during gut passage determines the success of the ensuing immune response.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Due to its scale and its important role in maintaining health, the gut microbiota can be considered as a 'new organ' inside the human body. Many complex carbohydrates are degraded and fermented by the human gut microbiota in the large intestine to both yield basic energy salvage and impact gut health through produced metabolites. RECENT FINDINGS This review will focus on the gut microbes and microbial mechanisms responsible for polysaccharides degradation and fermentation in the large intestine. Gut microbes and bacterial metabolites impact the host at many levels, including modulation of inflammation, and glucose and lipid metabolisms. SUMMARY A complex relationship occurs in the intestine between the human gut microbiota, diet and the host. Research on carbohydrates and gut microbiota composition and functionality is fast developing and will open opportunities for prevention and treatment of obesity, diabetes and other related metabolic disorders through manipulation of the gut ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Chassard
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Delgado GTC, Thomé R, Gabriel DL, Tamashiro WMSC, Pastore GM. Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius)-derived fructooligosaccharides improves the immune parameters in the mouse. Nutr Res 2012. [PMID: 23176799 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Owing to its high contents of fructooligosaccharides (FOSs), the yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) root is used in traditional Andean medicine as a substitute for cane sugar in diabetes and for obesity prevention. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that regular consumption of yacon works to improve the immune system. BALB/c mice were fed with the AIN-93 diet supplemented with 5% commercial FOS or either 3% or 5% yacon FOS for 30 consecutive days. Animals in the control group were fed with nonsupplemented ration. Food intake; weight gain; serum levels of IgA, IgM, and IgG; levels of fecal IgA, production of nitric oxide by peritoneal macrophages, frequencies of T and B lymphocytes in the spleen and peripheral blood, T-cell proliferation, and cytokine production were evaluated in all groups. No significant differences were observed in food intake and weight gain when the experimental and control groups were compared. Also, serum levels of IgA, IgM, and IgG; nitric oxide production in peritoneal macrophages; frequencies of T and B lymphocytes in the spleen and peripheral blood; T-cell proliferation; and production of interleukin (IL)-4, interferon-γ, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor α did not differ in the different groups. The intake of FOS, however, led to a significant reduction of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β in macrophage cultures and elevation of the levels of fecal IgA. Together, these results indicate that the daily consumption of yacon does not exert negative effects on the immune system, helps to preserve an anti-inflammatory state in phagocytic cells, and improves mucosal immunity, possibly preventing the risks associated with autoimmune and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grethel T Choque Delgado
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Andersen JM, Barrangou R, Hachem MA, Lahtinen SJ, Goh YJ, Svensson B, Klaenhammer TR. Transcriptional analysis of prebiotic uptake and catabolism by Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44409. [PMID: 23028535 PMCID: PMC3446993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract can be positively modulated by dietary supplementation of probiotic bacteria in combination with prebiotic carbohydrates. Here differential transcriptomics and functional genomics were used to identify genes in Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM involved in the uptake and catabolism of 11 potential prebiotic compounds consisting of α- and β- linked galactosides and glucosides. These oligosaccharides induced genes encoding phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase systems (PTS), galactoside pentose hexuronide (GPH) permease, and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. PTS systems were upregulated primarily by di- and tri-saccharides such as cellobiose, isomaltose, isomaltulose, panose and gentiobiose, while ABC transporters were upregulated by raffinose, Polydextrose, and stachyose. A single GPH transporter was induced by lactitol and galactooligosaccharides (GOS). The various transporters were associated with a number of glycoside hydrolases from families 1, 2, 4, 13, 32, 36, 42, and 65, involved in the catabolism of various α- and β-linked glucosides and galactosides. Further subfamily specialization was also observed for different PTS-associated GH1 6-phospho-β-glucosidases implicated in the catabolism of gentiobiose and cellobiose. These findings highlight the broad oligosaccharide metabolic repertoire of L. acidophilus NCFM and establish a platform for selection and screening of both probiotic bacteria and prebiotic compounds that may positively influence the gastrointestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Mark Andersen
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rodolphe Barrangou
- DuPont Nutrition and Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Maher Abou Hachem
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Yong-Jun Goh
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Birte Svensson
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Todd R. Klaenhammer
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Prebiotic-non-digestible oligosaccharides preference of probiotic bifidobacteria and antimicrobial activity against Clostridium difficile. Anaerobe 2012; 18:489-97. [PMID: 22940065 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bifidobacterium breve 46, Bifidobacterium lactis 8:8 and Bifidobacterium longum 6:18 and three reference strains B. breve CCUG 24611, B. lactis JCM 10602, and Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum JCM 1200 were examined for acid and bile tolerance, prebiotic utilization and antimicrobial activity against four Clostridium difficile (CD) strains including the hypervirulent strain, PCR ribotype NAP1/027. B. lactis 8:8 and B. lactis JCM 10602 exhibited a high tolerance in MRSC broth with pH 2.5 for 30 min. B. breve 46 and B. lactis 8:8 remained 100% viable in MRSC broth with 5% porcine bile after 4 h. All six strains showed a high prebiotic degrading ability (prebiotic score) with galactooligosaccharides (GOS), isomaltooligosaccharides (IMOS) and lactulose as carbon sources and moderate degradation of fructooligosaccharides (FOS). Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) was metabolized to a greater extent by B. lactis 8:8, B. lactis JCM 10602, B. pseudocatenulatum JCM 1200 and B. longum 6:18 (prebiotic score >50%). All strains exhibited extracellular antimicrobial activity (AMA) against four CD strains including the CD NAP1/027. AMA of B. breve 46, B. lactis 8:8 and B. lactis JCM 10602 strains was mainly ascribed to a combined action of organic acids and heat stable, protease sensitive antimicrobial peptides when cells were grown in MRSC broth with glucose and by acids when grown with five different prebiotic-non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs). None of C. difficile strains degraded five prebiotic-NDOs. Whole cells of B. breve 46 and B. lactis 8:8 and their supernatants inhibited the growth and toxin production of the CD NAP1/027 strain.
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Foye OT, Huang IF, Chiou CC, Walker WA, Shi HN. Early administration of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus and/or prebiotic inulin attenuates pathogen-mediated intestinal inflammation and Smad 7 cell signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 65:467-80. [PMID: 22524476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.00978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Immaturity of gut-associated immunity may contribute to pediatric mortality associated with enteric infections. A murine model to parallel infantile enteric disease was used to determine the effects of probiotic, Lactobacillus acidophilus (La), prebiotic, inulin, or both (synbiotic, syn) on pathogen-induced inflammatory responses, NF-κB, and Smad 7 signaling. Newborn mice were inoculated bi-weekly for 4 weeks with La, inulin, or syn and challenged with Citrobacter rodentium (Cr) at 5 weeks. Mouse intestinal epithelial cells (CMT93) were exposed to Cr to determine temporal alterations in NF-Kappa B and Smad 7 levels. Mice with pretreatment of La, inulin, and syn show reduced intestinal inflammation following Cr infection compared with controls, which is associated with significantly reduced bacterial colonization in La, inulin, and syn animals. Our results further show that host defense against Cr infection correlated with enhanced colonic IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β expression and inhibition of NF-κB in syn-treated mice, whereas mice pretreated with syn, La, or inulin had attenuation of Cr-induced Smad 7 expression. There was a temporal Smad 7 and NF-κB intracellular accumulation post-Cr infection and post-tumor necrosis factor stimulation in CMT93 cells. These results, therefore, suggest that probiotic, La, prebiotic inulin, or synbiotic may promote host-protective immunity and attenuate Cr-induced intestinal inflammation through mechanisms affecting NF-κB and Smad 7 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondulla T Foye
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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39
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Prebiotics in foods. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2012; 23:187-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Souza T, Zacarías M, Silva A, Binetti A, Reinheimer J, Nicoli J, Vinderola G. Cell viability and immunostimulating and protective capacities of Bifidobacterium longum 51A are differentially affected by technological variables in fermented milks. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 112:1184-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ferreira RBR, Gill N, Willing BP, Antunes LCM, Russell SL, Croxen MA, Finlay BB. The intestinal microbiota plays a role in Salmonella-induced colitis independent of pathogen colonization. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20338. [PMID: 21633507 PMCID: PMC3102097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is composed of hundreds of species of bacteria, fungi
and protozoa and is critical for numerous biological processes, such as nutrient
acquisition, vitamin production, and colonization resistance against bacterial
pathogens. We studied the role of the intestinal microbiota on host resistance
to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium-induced colitis.
Using multiple antibiotic treatments in 129S1/SvImJ mice, we showed that
disruption of the intestinal microbiota alters host susceptibility to infection.
Although all antibiotic treatments caused similar increases in pathogen
colonization, the development of enterocolitis was seen only when streptomycin
or vancomycin was used; no significant pathology was observed with the use of
metronidazole. Interestingly, metronidazole-treated and infected C57BL/6 mice
developed severe pathology. We hypothesized that the intestinal microbiota
confers resistance to infectious colitis without affecting the ability of
S. Typhimurium to colonize the intestine. Indeed, different
antibiotic treatments caused distinct shifts in the intestinal microbiota prior
to infection. Through fluorescence in situ hybridization,
terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, and real-time PCR, we showed
that there is a strong correlation between the intestinal microbiota composition
before infection and susceptibility to Salmonella-induced
colitis. Members of the Bacteroidetes phylum were present at significantly
higher levels in mice resistant to colitis. Further analysis revealed that
Porphyromonadaceae levels were also increased in these mice. Conversely, there
was a positive correlation between the abundance of
Lactobacillus sp. and predisposition to colitis. Our data
suggests that different members of the microbiota might be associated with
S. Typhimurium colonization and colitis. Dissecting the
mechanisms involved in resistance to infection and inflammation will be critical
for the development of therapeutic and preventative measures against enteric
pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana B. R. Ferreira
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of
British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Navkiran Gill
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of
British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Benjamin P. Willing
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of
British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - L. Caetano M. Antunes
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of
British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shannon L. Russell
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of
British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Matthew A. Croxen
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of
British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - B. Brett Finlay
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of
British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Van den Abbeele P, Van de Wiele T, Verstraete W, Possemiers S. The host selects mucosal and luminal associations of coevolved gut microorganisms: a novel concept. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2011; 35:681-704. [PMID: 21361997 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Along the human gastrointestinal tract, microorganisms are confronted with multiple barriers. Besides selective physical conditions, the epithelium is regularly replaced and covered with a protective mucus layer trapping immune molecules. Recent insights into host defense strategies show that the host selects the intestinal microbiota, particularly the mucosa-associated microbial community. In this context, humans coevolved with thousands of intestinal microbial species that have adapted to provide host benefits, while avoiding pathogenic behavior that might destabilize their host interaction. While mucosal microorganisms would be crucial for immunological priming, luminal microorganisms would be important for nutrient digestion. Further, we propose that the intestinal microorganisms also coevolved with each other, leading to coherently organized, resilient microbial associations. During disturbances, functionally redundant members become more abundant and are crucial for preserving community functionality. The outside of the mucus layer, where host defense molecules are more diluted, could serve as an environment where microorganisms are protected from disturbances in the lumen and from where they can recolonize the lumen after perturbations. This might explain the remarkable temporal stability of microbial communities. Finally, commensals that become renegade or a decreased exposure to essential coevolved microorganisms may cause particular health problems such as inflammatory bowel diseases, obesity or allergies.
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Enteric pathogen exploitation of the microbiota-generated nutrient environment of the gut. Curr Opin Microbiol 2011; 14:92-8. [PMID: 21215681 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2010.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Residing within the intestine is a large community of commensal organisms collectively termed the microbiota. This community generates a complex nutrient environment by breaking down indigestible food products into metabolites that are used by both the host and the microbiota. Both the invading intestinal pathogen and the microbiota compete for these metabolites, which can shape both the composition of the flora, as well as susceptibility to infection. After infection is established, pathogen mediated inflammation alters the composition of the microbiota, which further shifts the makeup of metabolites in the gastrointestinal tract. A greater understanding of the interplay between the microbiota, the metabolites they generate, and susceptibility to enteric disease will enable the discovery of novel therapies against infectious disease.
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Zihler A, Gagnon M, Chassard C, Hegland A, Stevens MJA, Braegger CP, Lacroix C. Unexpected consequences of administering bacteriocinogenic probiotic strains for Salmonella populations, revealed by an in vitro colonic model of the child gut. Microbiology (Reading) 2010; 156:3342-3353. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.042036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
New biological strategies for the treatment of Salmonella infection are needed in response to the increase in antibiotic-resistant strains. Escherichia coli L1000 and Bifidobacterium thermophilum RBL67 were previously shown to produce antimicrobial proteinaceous compounds (microcin B17 and thermophilicin B67, respectively) active in vitro against a panel of Salmonella strains recently isolated from clinical cases in Switzerland. In this study, two three-stage intestinal continuous fermentation models of Salmonella colonization inoculated with immobilized faeces of a two-year-old child were implemented to study the effects of the two bacteriocinogenic strains compared with a bacteriocin-negative mutant of strain L1000 on Salmonella growth, as well as gut microbiota composition and metabolic activity. Immobilized E. coli L1000 added to the proximal colon reactor showed a low colonization, and developed preferentially in the distal colon reactor independent of the presence of genetic determinants for microcin B17 production. Surprisingly, E. coli L1000 addition strongly stimulated Salmonella growth in all three reactors. In contrast, B. thermophilum RBL67 added in a second phase stabilized at high levels in all reactors, but could not inhibit Salmonella already present at a high level (>107 c.f.u. ml−1) when the probiotic was added. Inulin added at the end of fermentation induced a strong bifidogenic effect in all three colon reactors and a significant increase of Salmonella counts in the distal colon reactor. Our data show that under the simulated child colonic conditions, the microcin B17 production phenotype does not correlate with inhibition of Salmonella but leads to a better colonization of E. coli L1000 in the distal colon reactor. We conclude that in vitro models with complex and complete gut microbiota are required to accurately assess the potential and efficacy of probiotics with respect to Salmonella colonization in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annina Zihler
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mélanie Gagnon
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Chassard
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anita Hegland
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marc J. A. Stevens
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian P. Braegger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Lacroix
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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In vitro screening of probiotic lactic acid bacteria and prebiotic glucooligosaccharides to select effective synbiotics. Anaerobe 2010; 16:493-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Shen J, Zhang B, Wei H, Che C, Ding D, Hua X, Bucheli P, Wang L, Li Y, Pang X, Zhao L. Assessment of the modulating effects of fructo-oligosaccharides on fecal microbiota using human flora-associated piglets. Arch Microbiol 2010; 192:959-68. [PMID: 20844866 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-010-0628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 08/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We first used human flora-associated (HFA) piglets, a significantly improved model for research on human gut microbiota, to study the effects of short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scFOS) on the gut bacterial populations. Ten neonatal HFA piglets were assigned to receive basal diets alone or supplemented with scFOS (0.5 g/kg body weight/day) from 1 to 37 days after birth (DAB). The impact of scFOS on the fecal bacterial populations of the piglets before (12 DAB), during (17 DAB), and after (25 and 37 DAB) weaning were monitored by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and real-time quantitative PCR. The Bifidobacterium genus was stimulated consistently, except during weaning, confirming the bifidogenic property of scFOS. At 12 DAB, the Clostridium leptum subgroup was decreased and two unknown Bacteroides-related species were increased; at 25 DAB, the C. leptum subgroup and Subdoligranulum variabile-like species were elevated, whereas one unknown Faecalibacterium-related species was suppressed; and at 37 DAB, the Bacteroides genus was decreased. The results showed that effects of scFOS on non-bifidobacteria varied at different developmental stages of the animals, warranting further investigation into the host-development-related effects of prebiotics on the gut microbiota and the host physiology using the HFA piglets as a model for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shen
- Bioinformatics Center, Key Lab of Molecular Systems Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, 200031, Shanghai, China
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Petersen A, Bergström A, Andersen J, Hansen M, Lahtinen S, Wilcks A, Licht T. Analysis of the intestinal microbiota of oligosaccharide fed mice exhibiting reduced resistance to Salmonella infection. Benef Microbes 2010; 1:271-81. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2010.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Certain indigestible carbohydrates, known as prebiotics, are claimed to be beneficial for gut health through a selective stimulation of certain gut microbes including bifidobacteria. However, stimulation of such microbes does not necessarily imply a preventive effect against pathogen infection. We recently demonstrated a reduced resistance to Salmonella infection in mice fed diets containing fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) or xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS). In the present study, faecal and caecal samples from the same mice were analysed in order to study microbial changes potentially explaining the observed effects on the pathogenesis of Salmonella. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis revealed that the microbiota in faecal samples from mice fed FOS or XOS were different from faecal samples collected before the feeding trial as well as from faecal profiles generated from control animals. This difference was not seen for caecal profiles. Further analysis of faecal samples by real-time PCR demonstrated a significant increase in the Bacteroidetes phylum, the Bacteroides fragilis group and in Bifidobacterium spp. in mice fed FOS or XOS. The observed bifidogenic effect was more pronounced for XOS than for FOS. The Firmicutes phylum and the Clostridium coccoides group were reduced by both FOS and XOS. Surprisingly, no significant differences were detected between faecal samples collected before and after pathogen challenge in any of the groups. Furthermore, no effect of diets on caecal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids was recorded. In conclusion, diets supplemented with FOS or XOS induced a number of microbial changes in the faecal microbiota of mice. The observed effects of XOS were qualitatively similar to those of FOS, but the most prominent bifidogenic effect was seen for XOS. An increased level of bifidobacteria is thus not in itself preventive against Salmonella infection, since the same XOS or FOS-fed mice were previously reported to be more severely affected by Salmonella than control animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Petersen
- National Food Institute, Division of Microbiology and Risk Assessment, Technical University of Denmark, Moerkhoej Bygade 19, 2860 Soeborg, Denmark
| | - A. Bergström
- National Food Institute, Division of Microbiology and Risk Assessment, Technical University of Denmark, Moerkhoej Bygade 19, 2860 Soeborg, Denmark
| | - J. Andersen
- National Food Institute, Division of Microbiology and Risk Assessment, Technical University of Denmark, Moerkhoej Bygade 19, 2860 Soeborg, Denmark
| | - M. Hansen
- National Food Institute, Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Technical University of Denmark, Moerkhoej Bygade 19, 2860 Soeborg, Denmark
| | - S. Lahtinen
- Danisco Health & Nutrition, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - A. Wilcks
- National Food Institute, Division of Microbiology and Risk Assessment, Technical University of Denmark, Moerkhoej Bygade 19, 2860 Soeborg, Denmark
| | - T. Licht
- National Food Institute, Division of Microbiology and Risk Assessment, Technical University of Denmark, Moerkhoej Bygade 19, 2860 Soeborg, Denmark
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Searle LEJ, Cooley WA, Jones G, Nunez A, Crudgington B, Weyer U, Dugdale AH, Tzortzis G, Collins JW, Woodward MJ, La Ragione RM. Purified galactooligosaccharide, derived from a mixture produced by the enzymic activity of Bifidobacterium bifidum, reduces Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium adhesion and invasion in vitro and in vivo. J Med Microbiol 2010; 59:1428-1439. [PMID: 20798214 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.022780-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prebiotic Bimuno(®) is a mixture containing galactooligosaccharides (GOSs), produced by the galactosyltransferase activity of Bifidobacterium bifidum NCIMB 41171 using lactose as the substrate. Previous in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrating the efficacy of Bimuno(®) in reducing Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) colonization did not ascertain whether or not the protective effects could be attributed to the prebiotic component GOS. Here we wished to test the hypothesis that GOS, derived from Bimuno(®), may confer the direct anti-invasive and protective effects of Bimuno(®). In this study the efficacy of Bimuno(®), a basal solution of Bimuno(®) without GOS [which contained glucose, galactose, lactose, maltodextrin and gum arabic in the same relative proportions (w/w) as they are found in Bimuno(®)] and purified GOS to reduce S. Typhimurium adhesion and invasion was assessed using a series of in vitro and in vivo models. The novel use of three dimensionally cultured HT-29-16E cells to study prebiotics in vitro demonstrated that the presence of ∼ 5 mg Bimuno(®) ml(-1) or ∼ 2.5 mg GOS ml(-1) significantly reduced the invasion of S. Typhimurium (SL1344nal(r)) (P<0.0001). Furthermore, ∼ 2.5 mg GOS ml(-1) significantly reduced the adherence of S. Typhimurium (SL1344nal(r)) (P<0.0001). It was demonstrated that cells produced using this system formed multi-layered aggregates of cells that displayed excellent formation of brush borders and tight junctions. In the murine ligated ileal gut loops, the presence of Bimuno(®) or GOS prevented the adherence or invasion of S. Typhimurium to enterocytes, and thus reduced its associated pathology. This protection appeared to correlate with significant reductions in the neutral and acidic mucins detected in goblet cells, possibly as a consequence of stimulating the cells to secrete the mucin into the lumen. In all assays, Bimuno(®) without GOS conferred no such protection, indicating that the basal solution confers no protective effects against S. Typhimurium. Collectively, the studies presented here clearly indicate that the protective effects conferred by Bimuno(®) can be attributed to GOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E J Searle
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - William A Cooley
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Gareth Jones
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Alejandro Nunez
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Bentley Crudgington
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ute Weyer
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Alexandra H Dugdale
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
| | - George Tzortzis
- Clasado Ltd, 5 Canon Harnett Court, Wolverton Mill, Milton Keynes MK12 5NF, UK
| | - James W Collins
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Flowers Building, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Martin J Woodward
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Roberto M La Ragione
- Microbial Sciences Division, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.,Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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50
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Dietary calcium decreases but short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides increase colonic permeability in rats. Br J Nutr 2010; 104:1780-6. [PMID: 20691137 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510002990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An increased intestinal permeability is associated with several diseases. Nutrition can influence gut permeability. Previously, we showed that dietary Ca decreases whereas dietary short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scFOS) increase intestinal permeability in rats. However, it is unknown how and where in the gastrointestinal tract Ca and scFOS exert their effects. Rats were fed a Western low-Ca control diet, or a similar diet supplemented with either Ca or scFOS. Lactulose plus mannitol and Cr-EDTA were added to the diets to quantify small and total gastrointestinal permeability, respectively. Additionally, colonic tissue was mounted in Ussing chambers and exposed to faecal water of these rats. Dietary Ca immediately decreased urinary Cr-EDTA excretion by 24 % in Ca-fed rats compared with control rats. Dietary scFOS increased total Cr-EDTA permeability gradually with time, likely reflecting relatively slow gut microbiota adaptations, which finally resulted in a 30 % increase. The lactulose:mannitol ratio was 15 % higher for Ca-fed rats and 16 % lower for scFOS-fed rats compared with control rats. However, no dietary effect was present on individual urinary lactulose and mannitol excretion. The faecal waters did not influence colonic permeability in Ussing chambers. In conclusion, despite effects on the lactulose:mannitol ratio, individual lactulose values did not alter, indicating that diet did not influence small-intestinal permeability. Therefore, both nutrients affect permeability only in the colon: Ca decreases, while scFOS increase colonic permeability. As faecal water did not influence permeability in Ussing chambers, probably modulation of mucins and/or microbiota is important for the in vivo effects of dietary Ca and scFOS.
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