1
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Hoermayer L, Montesinos JC, Trozzi N, Spona L, Yoshida S, Marhava P, Caballero-Mancebo S, Benková E, Heisenberg CP, Dagdas Y, Majda M, Friml J. Mechanical forces in plant tissue matrix orient cell divisions via microtubule stabilization. Dev Cell 2024; 59:1333-1344.e4. [PMID: 38579717 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Plant morphogenesis relies exclusively on oriented cell expansion and division. Nonetheless, the mechanism(s) determining division plane orientation remain elusive. Here, we studied tissue healing after laser-assisted wounding in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana and uncovered how mechanical forces stabilize and reorient the microtubule cytoskeleton for the orientation of cell division. We identified that root tissue functions as an interconnected cell matrix, with a radial gradient of tissue extendibility causing predictable tissue deformation after wounding. This deformation causes instant redirection of expansion in the surrounding cells and reorientation of microtubule arrays, ultimately predicting cell division orientation. Microtubules are destabilized under low tension, whereas stretching of cells, either through wounding or external aspiration, immediately induces their polymerization. The higher microtubule abundance in the stretched cell parts leads to the reorientation of microtubule arrays and, ultimately, informs cell division planes. This provides a long-sought mechanism for flexible re-arrangement of cell divisions by mechanical forces for tissue reconstruction and plant architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hoermayer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Department of Plant Molecular Biology (DMBV), University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Juan Carlos Montesinos
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Nicola Trozzi
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology (DMBV), University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leonhard Spona
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Saiko Yoshida
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, Germany
| | - Petra Marhava
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Eva Benková
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Yasin Dagdas
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mateusz Majda
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology (DMBV), University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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2
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Studying Nuclear Dynamics in Response to Actin Disruption in Planta. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2604:203-214. [PMID: 36773235 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2867-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The plant nucleus and the actin cytoskeleton are intimately connected. The actin cytoskeleton is pivotal for nuclear positioning, shape, and dynamics. These properties of the nucleus are important for its functions during normal development and in response to external cues such as biotic and abiotic stresses. Moreover, we know that there is a direct physical connection between the actin cytoskeleton and the nucleus which spans the double-membraned nuclear envelope into the nuclear lamina, and this connection is called the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex. Recently a role for actin in regulating inter-nuclear organization via the control of nuclear invaginations has emerged. Therefore, a detailed understanding of nuclear shape, organization, and dynamics and the techniques used to measure and quantify these metrics will allow us to determine and further understand the contribution made by actin to these parameters. The protocols described here will allow researchers to determine the circularity index of a nucleus, quantify nuclear deformations, and determine dynamics of nuclei within plant cells.
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3
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Pain C, Tolmie F, Wojcik S, Wang P, Kriechbaumer V. intER-ACTINg: the structure and dynamics of ER and actin are interlinked. J Microsc 2022. [PMID: 35985796 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is the driver of gross ER remodelling and the movement and positioning of other membrane-bound organelles such as Golgi bodies. Rapid ER membrane remodelling is a feature of most plant cells and is important for normal cellular processes, including targeted secretion, immunity and signalling. Modifications to the actin cytoskeleton, through pharmacological agents such as Latrunculin B and phalloidin, or disruption of normal myosin function also affect ER structure and/or dynamics. Here, we investigate the impact of changes in the actin cytoskeleton on structure and dynamics on the ER as well as in return the impact of modified ER structure on the architecture of the actin cytoskeleton. By expressing actin markers that affect actin dynamics, or expressing of ER-shaping proteins that influence ER architecture, we found that the structure of ER-actin networks is closely inter-related; affecting one component is likely to have a direct effect on the other. Therefore, our results indicate that a complicated regulatory machinery and cross-talk between these two structures must exist in plants to co-ordinate the function of ER-actin network during multiple subcellular processes. In addition, when considering organelle structure and dynamics, the choice of actin marker is essential in preventing off-target organelle structure and dynamics modifications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Pain
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Frances Tolmie
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Stefan Wojcik
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Verena Kriechbaumer
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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4
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Brenya E, Pervin M, Chen ZH, Tissue DT, Johnson S, Braam J, Cazzonelli CI. Mechanical stress acclimation in plants: Linking hormones and somatic memory to thigmomorphogenesis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:989-1010. [PMID: 34984703 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A single event of mechanical stimulation is perceived by mechanoreceptors that transduce rapid transient signalling to regulate gene expression. Prolonged mechanical stress for days to weeks culminates in cellular changes that strengthen the plant architecture leading to thigmomorphogenesis. The convergence of multiple signalling pathways regulates mechanically induced tolerance to numerous biotic and abiotic stresses. Emerging evidence showed prolonged mechanical stimulation can modify the baseline level of gene expression in naive tissues, heighten gene expression, and prime disease resistance upon a subsequent pathogen encounter. The phenotypes of thigmomorphogenesis can persist throughout growth without continued stimulation, revealing somatic-stress memory. Epigenetic processes regulate TOUCH gene expression and could program transcriptional memory in differentiating cells to program thigmomorphogenesis. We discuss the early perception, gene regulatory and phytohormone pathways that facilitate thigmomorphogenesis and mechanical stress acclimation in Arabidopsis and other plant species. We provide insights regarding: (1) the regulatory mechanisms induced by single or prolonged events of mechanical stress, (2) how mechanical stress confers transcriptional memory to induce cross-acclimation to future stress, and (3) why thigmomorphogenesis might resemble an epigenetic phenomenon. Deeper knowledge of how prolonged mechanical stimulation programs somatic memory and primes defence acclimation could transform solutions to improve agricultural sustainability in stressful environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Brenya
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mahfuza Pervin
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Scott Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Janet Braam
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christopher I Cazzonelli
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
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5
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Hilleary R. Battle of the bulge: the ARP2/3 complex form(in)s an actin phalanx to thwart fungal infection. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2910-2911. [PMID: 35233629 PMCID: PMC8462804 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Hilleary
- Assistant Features Editor, The Plant Cell
- Department of Biology, Duke University, North Carolina, 27708, USA
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6
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Ghosh R, Barbacci A, Leblanc-Fournier N. Mechanostimulation: a promising alternative for sustainable agriculture practices. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2877-2888. [PMID: 33512423 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants memorize events associated with environmental fluctuations. The integration of environmental signals into molecular memory allows plants to cope with future stressors more efficiently-a phenomenon that is known as 'priming'. Primed plants are more resilient to environmental stresses than non-primed plants, as they are capable of triggering more robust and faster defence responses. Interestingly, exposure to various forms of mechanical stimuli (e.g. touch, wind, or sound vibration) enhances plants' basal defence responses and stress tolerance. Thus, mechanostimulation appears to be a potential priming method and a promising alternative to chemical-based priming for sustainable agriculture. According to the currently available method, mechanical treatment needs to be repeated over a month to alter plant growth and defence responses. Such a long treatment protocol restricts its applicability to fast-growing crops. To optimize the protocol for a broad range of crops, we need to understand the molecular mechanisms behind plant mechanoresponses, which are complex and depend on the frequency, intervals, and duration of the mechanical treatment. In this review, we synthesize the molecular underpinnings of plant mechanoperception and signal transduction to gain a mechanistic understanding of the process of mechanostimulated priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Ghosh
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Laboratoire de Physique et Physiologie intégratives de l'Arbre en environnement Fluctuant (PIAF), 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Adelin Barbacci
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nathalie Leblanc-Fournier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Laboratoire de Physique et Physiologie intégratives de l'Arbre en environnement Fluctuant (PIAF), 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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7
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Saur IML, Hückelhoven R. Recognition and defence of plant-infecting fungal pathogens. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 256:153324. [PMID: 33249386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Attempted infections of plants with fungi result in diverse outcomes ranging from symptom-less resistance to severe disease and even death of infected plants. The deleterious effect on crop yield have led to intense focus on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that explain the difference between resistance and susceptibility. This research has uncovered plant resistance or susceptibility genes that explain either dominant or recessive inheritance of plant resistance with many of them coding for receptors that recognize pathogen invasion. Approaches based on cell biology and phytochemistry have contributed to identifying factors that halt an invading fungal pathogen from further invasion into or between plant cells. Plant chemical defence compounds, antifungal proteins and structural reinforcement of cell walls appear to slow down fungal growth or even prevent fungal penetration in resistant plants. Additionally, the hypersensitive response, in which a few cells undergo a strong local immune reaction, including programmed cell death at the site of infection, stops in particular biotrophic fungi from spreading into surrounding tissue. In this review, we give a general overview of plant recognition and defence of fungal parasites tracing back to the early 20th century with a special focus on Triticeae and on the progress that was made in the last 30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M L Saur
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Ramann-Straße 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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8
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Durand-Smet P, Spelman TA, Meyerowitz EM, Jönsson H. Cytoskeletal organization in isolated plant cells under geometry control. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17399-17408. [PMID: 32641513 PMCID: PMC7382239 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003184117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton plays a key role in establishing robust cell shape. In animals, it is well established that cell shape can also influence cytoskeletal organization. Cytoskeletal proteins are well conserved between animal and plant kingdoms; nevertheless, because plant cells exhibit major structural differences to animal cells, the question arises whether the plant cytoskeleton also responds to geometrical cues. Recent numerical simulations predicted that a geometry-based rule is sufficient to explain the microtubule (MT) organization observed in cells. Due to their high flexural rigidity and persistence length of the order of a few millimeters, MTs are rigid over cellular dimensions and are thus expected to align along their long axis if constrained in specific geometries. This hypothesis remains to be tested in cellulo Here, we explore the relative contribution of geometry to the final organization of actin and MT cytoskeletons in single plant cells of Arabidopsis thaliana We show that the cytoskeleton aligns with the long axis of the cells. We find that actin organization relies on MTs but not the opposite. We develop a model of self-organizing MTs in three dimensions, which predicts the importance of MT severing, which we confirm experimentally. This work is a first step toward assessing quantitatively how cellular geometry contributes to the control of cytoskeletal organization in living plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Durand-Smet
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom
| | - Tamsin A Spelman
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom
| | - Elliot M Meyerowitz
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125;
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Henrik Jönsson
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom;
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
- Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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9
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Guan P, Terigele, Schmidt F, Riemann M, Fischer J, Thines E, Nick P. Hunting modulators of plant defence: the grapevine trunk disease fungus Eutypa lata secretes an amplifier for plant basal immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3710-3724. [PMID: 32211774 PMCID: PMC7475250 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are progressively affecting vineyard longevity and productivity worldwide. To be able to understand and combat these diseases, we need a different concept of the signals exchanged between the grapevine and fungi than the well-studied pathogen-associated molecular pattern and effector concepts. We screened extracts from fungi associated with GTDs for their association with basal defence responses in suspension cells of grapevine. By activity-guided fractionation of the two selected extracts, O-methylmellein was identified as a candidate modulator of grapevine immunity. O-Methylmellein could not induce immune responses by itself (i.e. does not act as an elicitor), but could amplify some of the defence responses triggered by the bacterial elicitor flg22, such as the induction level of defence genes and actin remodelling. These findings show that Eutypa lata, exemplarily selected as an endophytic fungus linked with GTDs, can secrete compounds that act as amplifiers of basal immunity. Thus, in addition to elicitors that can trigger basal immunity, and effectors that down-modulate antibacterial basal immunity, once it had been activated, E. lata seems to secrete a third type of chemical signal that amplifies basal immunity and may play a role in the context of consortia of mutually competing microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyin Guan
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Terigele
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Florian Schmidt
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH,, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Michael Riemann
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jochen Fischer
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH,, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Eckhard Thines
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH,, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg, Karlsruhe, Germany
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10
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Rozier F, Riglet L, Kodera C, Bayle V, Durand E, Schnabel J, Gaude T, Fobis-Loisy I. Live-cell imaging of early events following pollen perception in self-incompatible Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2513-2526. [PMID: 31943064 PMCID: PMC7210763 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Early events occurring at the surface of the female organ are critical for plant reproduction, especially in species with a dry stigma. After landing on the stigmatic papilla cells, the pollen hydrates and germinates a tube, which penetrates the cell wall and grows towards the ovules to convey the male gametes to the embryo sac. In self-incompatible species within the Brassicaceae, these processes are blocked when the stigma encounters an incompatible pollen. Based on the generation of self-incompatible Arabidopsis lines and by setting up a live imaging system, we showed that control of pollen hydration has a central role in pollen selectivity. The faster the pollen pumps water from the papilla during an initial period of 10 min, the faster it germinates. Furthermore, we found that the self-incompatibility barriers act to block the proper hydration of incompatible pollen and, when hydration is promoted by high humidity, an additional control prevents pollen tube penetration into the stigmatic wall. In papilla cells, actin bundles focalize at the contact site with the compatible pollen but not with the incompatible pollen, raising the possibility that stigmatic cells react to the mechanical pressure applied by the invading growing tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Rozier
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Lucie Riglet
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Chie Kodera
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Bayle
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Eléonore Durand
- CNRS, UMR 8198 Evo-Eco-Paleo, Université de Lille - Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Jonathan Schnabel
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Thierry Gaude
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Fobis-Loisy
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
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11
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Kesten C, Gámez-Arjona FM, Menna A, Scholl S, Dora S, Huerta AI, Huang HY, Tintor N, Kinoshita T, Rep M, Krebs M, Schumacher K, Sánchez-Rodríguez C. Pathogen-induced pH changes regulate the growth-defense balance in plants. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101822. [PMID: 31736111 PMCID: PMC6912046 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019101822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental adaptation of organisms relies on fast perception and response to external signals, which lead to developmental changes. Plant cell growth is strongly dependent on cell wall remodeling. However, little is known about cell wall‐related sensing of biotic stimuli and the downstream mechanisms that coordinate growth and defense responses. We generated genetically encoded pH sensors to determine absolute pH changes across the plasma membrane in response to biotic stress. A rapid apoplastic acidification by phosphorylation‐based proton pump activation in response to the fungus Fusarium oxysporum immediately reduced cellulose synthesis and cell growth and, furthermore, had a direct influence on the pathogenicity of the fungus. In addition, pH seems to influence cellulose structure. All these effects were dependent on the COMPANION OF CELLULOSE SYNTHASE proteins that are thus at the nexus of plant growth and defense. Hence, our discoveries show a remarkable connection between plant biomass production, immunity, and pH control, and advance our ability to investigate the plant growth‐defense balance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stefan Scholl
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Dora
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Nico Tintor
- Department of Phytopathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Martijn Rep
- Department of Phytopathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Krebs
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karin Schumacher
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Herlihy J, Ludwig NR, van den Ackerveken G, McDowell JM. Oomycetes Used in Arabidopsis Research. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2019; 17:e0188. [PMID: 33149730 PMCID: PMC7592078 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis plants in their natural environment are susceptible to infection by oomycete pathogens, in particular to downy mildew and white rust diseases. These naturally occurring infectious agents have imposed evolutionary pressures on Arabidopsis populations and are therefore highly relevant for the study of host-pathogen co-evolution. In addition, the study of oomycete diseases, including infections caused by several Phytophthora species, has led to many scientific discoveries on Arabidopsis immunity and disease. Herein, we describe the major oomycete species used for experiments on Arabidopsis, and how these pathosystems have been used to provide significant insights into mechanistic and evolutionary aspects of plant-oomycete interactions. We also highlight understudied aspects of plant-oomycete interactions, as well as translational approaches, that can be productively addressed using the reference pathosystems described in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Herlihy
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Nora R. Ludwig
- Plant–Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Guido van den Ackerveken
- Plant–Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - John M. McDowell
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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13
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Vilches Barro A, Stöckle D, Thellmann M, Ruiz-Duarte P, Bald L, Louveaux M, von Born P, Denninger P, Goh T, Fukaki H, Vermeer JEM, Maizel A. Cytoskeleton Dynamics Are Necessary for Early Events of Lateral Root Initiation in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2443-2454.e5. [PMID: 31327713 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
How plant cells re-establish differential growth to initiate organs is poorly understood. Morphogenesis of lateral roots relies on the asymmetric cell division of initially symmetric founder cells. This division is preceded by the tightly controlled asymmetric radial expansion of these cells. The cellular mechanisms that license and ensure the coordination of these events are unknown. Here, we quantitatively analyze microtubule and F-actin dynamics during lateral root initiation. Using mutants and pharmacological and tissue-specific genetic perturbations, we show that dynamic reorganization of both microtubule and F-actin networks is necessary for the asymmetric expansion of the founder cells. This cytoskeleton remodeling intertwines with auxin signaling in the pericycle and endodermis in order for founder cells to acquire a basic polarity required for initiating lateral root development. Our results reveal the conservation of cell remodeling and polarization strategies between the Arabidopsis zygote and lateral root founder cells. We propose that coordinated, auxin-driven reorganization of the cytoskeleton licenses asymmetric cell growth and divisions during embryonic and post-embryonic organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Vilches Barro
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Stöckle
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martha Thellmann
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paola Ruiz-Duarte
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lotte Bald
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marion Louveaux
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick von Born
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Denninger
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tatsuaki Goh
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan; Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Fukaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Joop E M Vermeer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Alexis Maizel
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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14
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Abstract
Mechanical signals play many roles in cell and developmental biology. Several mechanotransduction pathways have been uncovered, but the mechanisms identified so far only address the perception of stress intensity. Mechanical stresses are tensorial in nature, and thus provide dual mechanical information: stress magnitude and direction. Here we propose a parsimonious mechanism for the perception of the principal stress direction. In vitro experiments show that microtubules are stabilized under tension. Based on these results, we explore the possibility that such microtubule stabilization operates in vivo, most notably in plant cells where turgor-driven tensile stresses exceed greatly those observed in animal cells. Cellular mechanical stress is a key determinant of cell shape and function, but how the cell senses stress direction is unclear. In this Perspective the authors propose that microtubules autonomously sense stress directions in plant cells, where tensile stresses are higher than in animal cells.
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15
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Badet T, Léger O, Barascud M, Voisin D, Sadon P, Vincent R, Le Ru A, Balagué C, Roby D, Raffaele S. Expression polymorphism at the ARPC4 locus links the actin cytoskeleton with quantitative disease resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:480-496. [PMID: 30393937 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative disease resistance (QDR) is a form of plant immunity widespread in nature, and the only one active against broad host range fungal pathogens. The genetic determinants of QDR are complex and largely unknown, and are thought to rely partly on genes controlling plant morphology and development. We used genome-wide association mapping in Arabidopsis thaliana to identify ARPC4 as associated with QDR against the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Mutants impaired in ARPC4 showed enhanced susceptibility to S. sclerotiorum, defects in the structure of the actin filaments and in their responsiveness to S. sclerotiorum. Disruption of ARPC4 also alters callose deposition and the expression of defense-related genes upon S. sclerotiorum infection. Analysis of ARPC4 diversity in A. thaliana identified one haplotype (ARPC4R ) showing a c. 1 kbp insertion in ARPC4 regulatory region and associated with higher level of QDR. Accessions from the ARPC4R haplotype showed enhanced ARPC4 expression upon S. sclerotiorum challenge, indicating that polymorphisms in ARPC4 regulatory region are associated with enhanced QDR. This work identifies a novel actor of plant QDR against a fungal pathogen and provides a prime example of genetic mechanisms leading to the recruitment of cell morphology processes in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Badet
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Ophélie Léger
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Marielle Barascud
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Derry Voisin
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Pierre Sadon
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Remy Vincent
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Aurélie Le Ru
- Plateforme Imagerie, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, Fédération de Recherche 3450, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Claudine Balagué
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Dominique Roby
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sylvain Raffaele
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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16
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Mitra D, Klemm S, Kumari P, Quegwer J, Möller B, Poeschl Y, Pflug P, Stamm G, Abel S, Bürstenbinder K. Microtubule-associated protein IQ67 DOMAIN5 regulates morphogenesis of leaf pavement cells in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:529-543. [PMID: 30407556 PMCID: PMC6322583 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant microtubules form a highly dynamic intracellular network with important roles for regulating cell division, cell proliferation, and cell morphology. Their organization and dynamics are co-ordinated by various microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) that integrate environmental and developmental stimuli to fine-tune and adjust cytoskeletal arrays. IQ67 DOMAIN (IQD) proteins recently emerged as a class of plant-specific MAPs with largely unknown functions. Here, using a reverse genetics approach, we characterize Arabidopsis IQD5 in terms of its expression domains, subcellular localization, and biological functions. We show that IQD5 is expressed mostly in vegetative tissues, where it localizes to cortical microtubule arrays. Our phenotypic analysis of iqd5 loss-of-function lines reveals functions of IQD5 in pavement cell (PC) shape morphogenesis. Histochemical analysis of cell wall composition further suggests reduced rates of cellulose deposition in anticlinal cell walls, which correlate with reduced anisotropic expansion. Lastly, we demonstrate IQD5-dependent recruitment of calmodulin calcium sensors to cortical microtubule arrays and provide first evidence for important roles for calcium in regulation of PC morphogenesis. Our work identifies IQD5 as a novel player in PC shape regulation and, for the first time, links calcium signaling to developmental processes that regulate anisotropic growth in PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipannita Mitra
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sandra Klemm
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Pratibha Kumari
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jakob Quegwer
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Birgit Möller
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Yvonne Poeschl
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- iDiv, German Integrative Research Center for Biodiversity, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul Pflug
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gina Stamm
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Steffen Abel
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Katharina Bürstenbinder
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
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17
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Mitra D, Klemm S, Kumari P, Quegwer J, Möller B, Poeschl Y, Pflug P, Stamm G, Abel S, Bürstenbinder K. Microtubule-associated protein IQ67 DOMAIN5 regulates morphogenesis of leaf pavement cells in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:529-543. [PMID: 30407556 DOI: 10.1101/268466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant microtubules form a highly dynamic intracellular network with important roles for regulating cell division, cell proliferation, and cell morphology. Their organization and dynamics are co-ordinated by various microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) that integrate environmental and developmental stimuli to fine-tune and adjust cytoskeletal arrays. IQ67 DOMAIN (IQD) proteins recently emerged as a class of plant-specific MAPs with largely unknown functions. Here, using a reverse genetics approach, we characterize Arabidopsis IQD5 in terms of its expression domains, subcellular localization, and biological functions. We show that IQD5 is expressed mostly in vegetative tissues, where it localizes to cortical microtubule arrays. Our phenotypic analysis of iqd5 loss-of-function lines reveals functions of IQD5 in pavement cell (PC) shape morphogenesis. Histochemical analysis of cell wall composition further suggests reduced rates of cellulose deposition in anticlinal cell walls, which correlate with reduced anisotropic expansion. Lastly, we demonstrate IQD5-dependent recruitment of calmodulin calcium sensors to cortical microtubule arrays and provide first evidence for important roles for calcium in regulation of PC morphogenesis. Our work identifies IQD5 as a novel player in PC shape regulation and, for the first time, links calcium signaling to developmental processes that regulate anisotropic growth in PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipannita Mitra
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sandra Klemm
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Pratibha Kumari
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jakob Quegwer
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Birgit Möller
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Yvonne Poeschl
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- iDiv, German Integrative Research Center for Biodiversity, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul Pflug
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gina Stamm
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Steffen Abel
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Katharina Bürstenbinder
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
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18
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Li J, Staiger CJ. Understanding Cytoskeletal Dynamics During the Plant Immune Response. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 56:513-533. [PMID: 29975609 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant cytoskeleton is a dynamic framework of cytoplasmic filaments that rearranges as the needs of the cell change during growth and development. Incessant turnover mechanisms allow these networks to be rapidly redeployed in defense of host cytoplasm against microbial invaders. Both chemical and mechanical stimuli are recognized as danger signals to the plant, and these are perceived and transduced into cytoskeletal dynamics and architecture changes through a collection of well-recognized, previously characterized players. Recent advances in quantitative cell biology approaches, along with the powerful molecular genetics techniques associated with Arabidopsis, have uncovered two actin-binding proteins as key intermediaries in the immune response to phytopathogens and defense signaling. Certain bacterial phytopathogens have adapted to the cytoskeletal-based defense mechanism during the basal immune response and have evolved effector proteins that target actin filaments and microtubules to subvert transcriptional reprogramming, secretion of defense-related proteins, and cell wall-based defenses. In this review, we describe current knowledge about host cytoskeletal dynamics operating at the crossroads of the molecular and cellular arms race between microbes and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejie Li
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Christopher J Staiger
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
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19
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Molecular Mechanism of Plant Recognition of Extracellular ATP. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1051:233-253. [PMID: 29064066 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), a ubiquitously dispersed biomolecule, is not only a major source of biochemical energy for living cells, but also acts as a critical signaling molecule through inter-cellular communication. Recent studies have clearly shown that extracellular ATP is involved in various physiological processes in plants, including root growth, stomata movement, pollen tube development, gravitropism, and abiotic/biotic stress responses. The first plant purinergic receptor for extracellular ATP, DORN1 (the founding member of the P2K family of purinergic receptors), was identified in Arabidopsis thaliana by a forward genetic screen. DORN1 consists of an extracellular lectin domain, transmembrane domain, and serine/threonine kinase, intracellular domain. The predicted structure of the DORN1 extracellular domain revealed putative key ATP binding residues but an apparent lack of sugar binding. In this chapter, we summarize recent studies on the molecular mechanism of plant recognition of extracellular ATP with specific reference to the role of DORN1.
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20
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Carella P, Schornack S. Manipulation of Bryophyte Hosts by Pathogenic and Symbiotic Microbes. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:651-660. [PMID: 29177478 PMCID: PMC6018959 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The colonization of plant tissues by pathogenic and symbiotic microbes is associated with a strong and directed effort to reprogram host cells in order to permit, promote and sustain microbial growth. In response to colonization, hosts accommodate or sequester invading microbes by activating a set of complex regulatory programs that initiate symbioses or bolster defenses. Extensive research has elucidated a suite of molecular and physiological responses occurring in plant hosts and their microbial partners; however, this information is mostly limited to model systems representing evolutionarily young plant lineages such as angiosperms. The extent to which these processes are conserved across land plants is therefore poorly understood. In this review, we outline key aspects of host reprogramming that occur during plant-microbe interactions in early diverging land plants belonging to the bryophytes (liverworts, hornworts and mosses). We discuss how further knowledge of bryophyte-microbe interactions will advance our understanding of how plants and microbes co-operated and clashed during the conquest of land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Carella
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sebastian Schornack
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge, UK
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21
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Park E, Nedo A, Caplan JL, Dinesh-Kumar SP. Plant-microbe interactions: organelles and the cytoskeleton in action. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1012-1028. [PMID: 29250789 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1012 I. Introduction 1012 II. The endomembrane system in plant-microbe interactions 1013 III. The cytoskeleton in plant-microbe interactions 1017 IV. Organelles in plant-microbe interactions 1019 V. Inter-organellar communication in plant-microbe interactions 1022 VI. Conclusions and prospects 1023 Acknowledgements 1024 References 1024 SUMMARY: Plants have evolved a multilayered immune system with well-orchestrated defense strategies against pathogen attack. Multiple immune signaling pathways, coordinated by several subcellular compartments and interactions between these compartments, play important roles in a successful immune response. Pathogens use various strategies to either directly attack the plant's immune system or to indirectly manipulate the physiological status of the plant to inhibit an immune response. Microscopy-based approaches have allowed the direct visualization of membrane trafficking events, cytoskeleton reorganization, subcellular dynamics and inter-organellar communication during the immune response. Here, we discuss the contributions of organelles and the cytoskeleton to the plant's defense response against microbial pathogens, as well as the mechanisms used by pathogens to target these compartments to overcome the plant's defense barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsook Park
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alexander Nedo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Caplan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Savithramma P Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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22
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Branco R, Pearsall EJ, Rundle CA, White RG, Bradby JE, Hardham AR. Quantifying the plant actin cytoskeleton response to applied pressure using nanoindentation. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:1127-1137. [PMID: 27180193 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0984-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Detection of potentially pathogenic microbes through recognition by plants and animals of both physical and chemical signals associated with the pathogens is vital for host well-being. Signal perception leads to the induction of a variety of responses that augment pre-existing, constitutive defences. The plant cell wall is a highly effective preformed barrier which becomes locally reinforced at the infection site through delivery of new wall material by the actin cytoskeleton. Although mechanical stimulation can produce a reaction, there is little understanding of the nature of physical factors capable of triggering plant defence. Neither the magnitude of forces nor the contact time required has been quantified. In the study reported here, mechanical stimulation with a tungsten microneedle has been used to quantify the response of Arabidopsis plants expressing an actin-binding protein tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) to reveal the organisation of the actin cytoskeleton. Using confocal microscopy, the response time for actin reorganisation in epidermal cells of Arabidopsis hypocotyls was shown to be 116 ± 49 s. Using nanoindentation and a diamond spherical tip indenter, the magnitude of the forces capable of triggering an actin response has been quantified. We show that Arabidopsis hypocotyl cells can detect a force as small as 4 μN applied for as short a time as 21.6 s to trigger reorganisation of the actin cytoskeleton. This force is an order of magnitude less than the potential invasive force determined for a range of fungal and oomycete plant pathogens. To our knowledge, this is the first quantification of the magnitude and duration of mechanical forces capable of stimulating a structural defence response in a plant cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Branco
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Eliza-Jane Pearsall
- Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Chelsea A Rundle
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Jodie E Bradby
- Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Adrienne R Hardham
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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23
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Gavrin A, Kulikova O, Bisseling T, Fedorova EE. Interface Symbiotic Membrane Formation in Root Nodules of Medicago truncatula: the Role of Synaptotagmins MtSyt1, MtSyt2 and MtSyt3. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:201. [PMID: 28265280 PMCID: PMC5316549 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Symbiotic bacteria (rhizobia) are maintained and conditioned to fix atmospheric nitrogen in infected cells of legume root nodules. Rhizobia are confined to the asymmetrical protrusions of plasma membrane (PM): infection threads (IT), cell wall-free unwalled droplets and symbiosomes. These compartments rapidly increase in surface and volume due to the microsymbiont expansion, and remarkably, the membrane resources of the host cells are targeted to interface membrane quite precisely. We hypothesized that the change in the membrane tension around the expanding microsymbionts creates a vector for membrane traffic toward the symbiotic interface. To test this hypothesis, we selected calcium sensors from the group of synaptotagmins: MtSyt1, Medicago truncatula homolog of AtSYT1 from Arabidopsis thaliana known to be involved in membrane repair, and two other homologs expressed in root nodules: MtSyt2 and MtSyt3. Here we show that MtSyt1, MtSyt2, and MtSyt3 are expressed in the expanding cells of the meristem, zone of infection and proximal cell layers of zone of nitrogen fixation (MtSyt1, MtSyt3). All three GFP-tagged proteins delineate the interface membrane of IT and unwalled droplets and create a subcompartments of PM surrounding these structures. The localization of MtSyt1 by EM immunogold labeling has shown the signal on symbiosome membrane and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). To specify the role of synaptotagmins in interface membrane formation, we compared the localization of MtSyt1, MtSyt3 and exocyst subunit EXO70i, involved in the tethering of post-Golgi secretory vesicles and operational in tip growth. The localization of EXO70i in root nodules and arbusculated roots was strictly associated with the tips of IT and the tips of arbuscular fine branches, but the distribution of synaptotagmins on membrane subcompartments was broader and includes lateral parts of IT, the membrane of unwalled droplets as well as the symbiosomes. The double silencing of synaptotagmins caused a delay in rhizobia release and blocks symbiosome maturation confirming the functional role of synaptotagmins. IN CONCLUSION synaptotagmin-dependent membrane fusion along with tip-targeted exocytosis is operational in the formation of symbiotic interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Gavrin
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Olga Kulikova
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ton Bisseling
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Elena E. Fedorova
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
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24
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Griffing LR, Lin C, Perico C, White RR, Sparkes I. Plant ER geometry and dynamics: biophysical and cytoskeletal control during growth and biotic response. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:43-56. [PMID: 26862751 PMCID: PMC5216105 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0945-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an intricate and dynamic network of membrane tubules and cisternae. In plant cells, the ER 'web' pervades the cortex and endoplasm and is continuous with adjacent cells as it passes through plasmodesmata. It is therefore the largest membranous organelle in plant cells. It performs essential functions including protein and lipid synthesis, and its morphology and movement are linked to cellular function. An emerging trend is that organelles can no longer be seen as discrete membrane-bound compartments, since they can physically interact and 'communicate' with one another. The ER may form a connecting central role in this process. This review tackles our current understanding and quantification of ER dynamics and how these change under a variety of biotic and developmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence R Griffing
- Biology Department, Texas A&M University, 3258 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Congping Lin
- Mathematics Research Institute, Harrison Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Chiara Perico
- Biosciences, CLES, Exeter University, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Rd, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Rhiannon R White
- Biosciences, CLES, Exeter University, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Rd, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Imogen Sparkes
- Biosciences, CLES, Exeter University, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Rd, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
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25
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Qi T, Wang J, Sun Q, Day B, Guo J, Ma Q. TaARPC3, Contributes to Wheat Resistance against the Stripe Rust Fungus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1245. [PMID: 28769954 PMCID: PMC5513970 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton participates in numerous cellular processes, including less-characterized processes, such as nuclear organization, chromatin remodeling, transcription, and signal transduction. As a key regulator of actin cytoskeletal dynamics, the actin related protein 2/3 complex (Arp2/3 complex) controls multiple developmental processes in a variety of tissues and cell types. To date, the role of the Arp2/3 complex in plant disease resistance signaling is largely unknown. Herein, we identified and characterized wheat ARPC3, TaARPC3, which encodes the C3 subunit of the Arp2/3 complex. Expression of TaARPC3 in the arc18 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Δarc18 resulted in complementation of stress-induced phenotypes in S. cerevisiae, as well as restore wild-type cell shape malformations. TaARPC3 was found predominantly to be localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm when expressed transiently in wheat protoplast. TaARPC3 was significantly induced in response to avirulent race of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). Knock-down of TaARPC3 by virus-induced gene silencing resulted in a reduction of resistance against Pst through a specific reduction in actin cytoskeletal organization. Interestingly, this reduction was found to coincide with a block in reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, the hypersensitive response (HR), an increase in TaCAT1 mRNA accumulation, and the growth of Pst. Taken together, these findings suggest that TaARPC3 is a key subunit of the Arp2/3 complex which is required for wheat resistance against Pst, a process that is associated with the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Qixiong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, United States
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, United States
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- *Correspondence: Qing Ma, Jun Guo,
| | - Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- *Correspondence: Qing Ma, Jun Guo,
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26
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Akita K, Kobayashi M, Sato M, Kutsuna N, Ueda T, Toyooka K, Nagata N, Hasezawa S, Higaki T. Cell wall accumulation of fluorescent proteins derived from a trans-Golgi cisternal membrane marker and paramural bodies in interdigitated Arabidopsis leaf epidermal cells. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:367-377. [PMID: 26960821 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0955-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In most dicotyledonous plants, leaf epidermal pavement cells develop jigsaw puzzle-like shapes during cell expansion. The rapid growth and complicated cell shape of pavement cells is suggested to be achieved by targeted exocytosis that is coordinated with cytoskeletal rearrangement to provide plasma membrane and/or cell wall materials for lobe development during their morphogenesis. Therefore, visualization of membrane trafficking in leaf pavement cells should contribute an understanding of the mechanism of plant cell morphogenesis. To reveal membrane trafficking in pavement cells, we observed monomeric red fluorescent protein-tagged rat sialyl transferases, which are markers of trans-Golgi cisternal membranes, in the leaf epidermis of Arabidopsis thaliana. Quantitative fluorescence imaging techniques and immunoelectron microscopic observations revealed that accumulation of the red fluorescent protein occurred mostly in the curved regions of pavement cell borders and guard cell ends during leaf expansion. Transmission electron microscopy observations revealed that apoplastic vesicular membrane structures called paramural bodies were more frequent beneath the curved cell wall regions of interdigitated pavement cells and guard cell ends in young leaf epidermis. In addition, pharmacological studies showed that perturbations in membrane trafficking resulted in simple cell shapes. These results suggested possible heterogeneity of the curved regions of plasma membranes, implying a relationship with pavement cell morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae Akita
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan.
| | - Megumi Kobayashi
- Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Mayuko Sato
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Sciences, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Natsumaro Kutsuna
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
- Research and Development Division, LPixel Inc., Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 150-0002, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kiminori Toyooka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Sciences, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Noriko Nagata
- Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Hasezawa
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Takumi Higaki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Inada
- The Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology
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28
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Tan K, Wen C, Feng H, Chao X, Su H. Nuclear dynamics and programmed cell death in Arabidopsis root hairs. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 253:77-85. [PMID: 27968999 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we demonstrate the coupling of nuclear migration to the base of Arabidopsis root hairs with programmed cell death (PCD). Nuclear migration and positioning are fundamental processes of eukaryotic cells. To date, no evidence for a direct connection between nucleus migration and PCD has been described in the literature. Based on the findings of our previous study, we hereby further establish the regulatory role of caspase-3-like/DEVDase in root hair death and demonstrate nuclear migration to a position close to the root hair basement during PCD. In addition, continuous observation and statistical analysis have revealed that the nucleus disengages from the root hair tip and moves back to the root after the root hair grows to a certain length. Finally, pharmacological studies have shown that the meshwork of actin filaments surrounding the nucleus plays a pivotal role in nuclear movement during root hair PCD, and the basipetal movement of the nucleus is markedly inhibited by the caspase-3 inhibitor, Ac-DEVD-CHO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Chenxi Wen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Hualing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiaoting Chao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Hui Su
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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29
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Mugford ST, Barclay E, Drurey C, Findlay KC, Hogenhout SA. An Immuno-Suppressive Aphid Saliva Protein Is Delivered into the Cytosol of Plant Mesophyll Cells During Feeding. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:854-861. [PMID: 27831211 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-16-0168-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore selection of plant hosts and plant responses to insect colonization have been subjects of intense investigations. A growing body of evidence suggests that, for successful colonization to occur, (effector/virulence) proteins in insect saliva must modulate plant defense responses to the benefit of the insect. A range of insect saliva proteins that modulate plant defense responses have been identified, but there is no direct evidence that these proteins are delivered into specific plant tissues and enter plant cells. Aphids and other sap-sucking insects of the order Hemiptera use their specialized mouthparts (stylets) to probe plant mesophyll cells until they reach the phloem cells for long-term feeding. Here, we show, by immunogold-labeling of ultrathin sections of aphid feeding sites, that an immuno-suppressive aphid effector localizes in the cytoplasm of mesophyll cells near aphid stylets but not in cells further away from aphid feeding sites. In contrast, another aphid effector protein localizes in the sheaths composed of gelling saliva that surround the aphid stylets. Thus, insects deliver effectors directly into plant tissue. Moreover, different aphid effectors locate extracellularly in the sheath saliva or are introduced into the cytoplasm of plant cells. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2016 The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam T Mugford
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, U.K
| | - Elaine Barclay
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, U.K
| | - Claire Drurey
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, U.K
| | - Kim C Findlay
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, U.K
| | - Saskia A Hogenhout
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, U.K
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30
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Louveaux M, Rochette S, Beauzamy L, Boudaoud A, Hamant O. The impact of mechanical compression on cortical microtubules in Arabidopsis: a quantitative pipeline. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:328-342. [PMID: 27482848 PMCID: PMC5113706 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous mechanical perturbations on living tissues are commonly used to investigate whether cell effectors can respond to mechanical cues. However, in most of these experiments, the applied mechanical stress and/or the biological response are described only qualitatively. We developed a quantitative pipeline based on microindentation and image analysis to investigate the impact of a controlled and prolonged compression on microtubule behaviour in the Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem, using microtubule fluorescent marker lines. We found that a compressive stress, in the order of magnitude of turgor pressure, induced apparent microtubule bundling. Importantly, that response could be reversed several hours after the release of compression. Next, we tested the contribution of microtubule severing to compression-induced bundling: microtubule bundling seemed less pronounced in the katanin mutant, in which microtubule severing is dramatically reduced. Conversely, some microtubule bundles could still be observed 16 h after the release of compression in the spiral2 mutant, in which severing rate is instead increased. To quantify the impact of mechanical stress on anisotropy and orientation of microtubule arrays, we used the nematic tensor based FibrilTool ImageJ/Fiji plugin. To assess the degree of apparent bundling of the network, we developed several methods, some of which were borrowed from geostatistics. The final microtubule bundling response could notably be related to tissue growth velocity that was recorded by the indenter during compression. Because both input and output are quantified, this pipeline is an initial step towards correlating more precisely the cytoskeleton response to mechanical stress in living tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Louveaux
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des PlantesUniversité de LyonENS de LyonUCB Lyon 1CNRSINRAF‐69342LyonFrance
- Laboratoire Joliot‐CurieCNRSENS de LyonUCB Lyon 1Université de Lyon46 allée d'Italie69364Lyon Cedex 07France
| | - Sébastien Rochette
- Département Dynamiques de l'Environnement CôtierLaboratoire d’Écologie Benthique Côtière (LEBCO)IfremerCS 1007029280PlouzanéFrance
| | - Léna Beauzamy
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des PlantesUniversité de LyonENS de LyonUCB Lyon 1CNRSINRAF‐69342LyonFrance
- Laboratoire Joliot‐CurieCNRSENS de LyonUCB Lyon 1Université de Lyon46 allée d'Italie69364Lyon Cedex 07France
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des PlantesUniversité de LyonENS de LyonUCB Lyon 1CNRSINRAF‐69342LyonFrance
- Laboratoire Joliot‐CurieCNRSENS de LyonUCB Lyon 1Université de Lyon46 allée d'Italie69364Lyon Cedex 07France
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des PlantesUniversité de LyonENS de LyonUCB Lyon 1CNRSINRAF‐69342LyonFrance
- Laboratoire Joliot‐CurieCNRSENS de LyonUCB Lyon 1Université de Lyon46 allée d'Italie69364Lyon Cedex 07France
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31
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Porter K, Day B. From filaments to function: The role of the plant actin cytoskeleton in pathogen perception, signaling and immunity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 58:299-311. [PMID: 26514830 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The eukaryotic actin cytoskeleton is required for numerous cellular processes, including cell shape, development and movement, gene expression and signal transduction, and response to biotic and abiotic stress. In recent years, research in both plants and animal systems have described a function for actin as the ideal surveillance platform, linking the function and activity of primary physiological processes to the immune system. In this review, we will highlight recent advances that have defined the regulation and breadth of function of the actin cytoskeleton as a network required for defense signaling following pathogen infection. Coupled with an overview of recent work demonstrating specific targeting of the plant actin cytoskeleton by a diversity of pathogens, including bacteria, fungi and viruses, we will highlight the importance of actin as a key signaling hub in plants, one that mediates surveillance of cellular homeostasis and the activation of specific signaling responses following pathogen perception. Based on the studies highlighted herein, we propose a working model that posits changes in actin filament organization is in and of itself a highly specific signal, which induces, regulates and physically directs stimulus-specific signaling processes, most importantly, those associated with response to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Porter
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Brad Day
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
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32
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Overdijk EJR, DE Keijzer J, DE Groot D, Schoina C, Bouwmeester K, Ketelaar T, Govers F. Interaction between the moss Physcomitrella patens and Phytophthora: a novel pathosystem for live-cell imaging of subcellular defence. J Microsc 2016; 263:171-80. [PMID: 27027911 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Live-cell imaging of plant-pathogen interactions is often hampered by the tissue complexity and multicell layered nature of the host. Here, we established a novel pathosystem with the moss Physcomitrella patens as host for Phytophthora. The tip-growing protonema cells of this moss are ideal for visualizing interactions with the pathogen over time using high-resolution microscopy. We tested four Phytophthora species for their ability to infect P. patens and showed that P. sojae and P. palmivora were only rarely capable to infect P. patens. In contrast, P. infestans and P. capsici frequently and successfully penetrated moss protonemal cells, showed intracellular hyphal growth and formed sporangia. Next to these successful invasions, many penetration attempts failed. Here the pathogen was blocked by a barrier of cell wall material deposited in papilla-like structures, a defence response that is common in higher plants. Another common response is the upregulation of defence-related genes upon infection and also in moss we observed this upregulation in tissues infected with Phytophthora. For more advanced analyses of the novel pathosystem we developed a special set-up that allowed live-cell imaging of subcellular defence processes by high-resolution microscopy. With this set-up, we revealed that Phytophthora infection of moss induces repositioning of the nucleus, accumulation of cytoplasm and rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton, but not of microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elysa J R Overdijk
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen DE Keijzer
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah DE Groot
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Charikleia Schoina
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tijs Ketelaar
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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33
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Quentin M, Baurès I, Hoefle C, Caillaud MC, Allasia V, Panabières F, Abad P, Hückelhoven R, Keller H, Favery B. The Arabidopsis microtubule-associated protein MAP65-3 supports infection by filamentous biotrophic pathogens by down-regulating salicylic acid-dependent defenses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:1731-43. [PMID: 26798028 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis and the ascomycete Erysiphe cruciferarum are obligate biotrophic pathogens causing downy mildew and powdery mildew, respectively, on Arabidopsis. Upon infection, the filamentous pathogens induce the formation of intracellular bulbous structures called haustoria, which are required for the biotrophic lifestyle. We previously showed that the microtubule-associated protein AtMAP65-3 plays a critical role in organizing cytoskeleton microtubule arrays during mitosis and cytokinesis. This renders the protein essential for the development of giant cells, which are the feeding sites induced by root knot nematodes. Here, we show that AtMAP65-3 expression is also induced in leaves upon infection by the downy mildew oomycete and the powdery mildew fungus. Loss of AtMAP65-3 function in the map65-3 mutant dramatically reduced infection by both pathogens, predominantly at the stages of leaf penetration. Whole-transcriptome analysis showed an over-represented, constitutive activation of genes involved in salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis, signaling, and defense execution in map65-3, whereas jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated signaling was down-regulated. Preventing SA synthesis and accumulation in map65-3 rescued plant susceptibility to pathogens, but not the developmental phenotype caused by cytoskeleton defaults. AtMAP65-3 thus has a dual role. It positively regulates cytokinesis, thus plant growth and development, and negatively interferes with plant defense against filamentous biotrophs. Our data suggest that downy mildew and powdery mildew stimulate AtMAP65-3 expression to down-regulate SA signaling for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Quentin
- INRA, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Isabelle Baurès
- INRA, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Caroline Hoefle
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Marie-Cécile Caillaud
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Valérie Allasia
- INRA, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Franck Panabières
- INRA, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRA, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Harald Keller
- INRA, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRA, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
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34
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Fuchs R, Kopischke M, Klapprodt C, Hause G, Meyer AJ, Schwarzländer M, Fricker MD, Lipka V. Immobilized Subpopulations of Leaf Epidermal Mitochondria Mediate PENETRATION2-Dependent Pathogen Entry Control in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:130-45. [PMID: 26721862 PMCID: PMC4746686 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The atypical myrosinase PENETRATION2 (PEN2) is required for broad-spectrum invasion resistance to filamentous plant pathogens. Previous localization studies suggested PEN2-GFP association with peroxisomes. Here, we show that PEN2 is a tail-anchored protein with dual-membrane targeting to peroxisomes and mitochondria and that PEN2 has the capacity to form homo-oligomer complexes. We demonstrate pathogen-induced recruitment and immobilization of mitochondrial subpopulations at sites of attempted fungal invasion and show that mitochondrial arrest is accompanied by peripheral accumulation of GFP-tagged PEN2. PEN2 substrate production by the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP81F2 is localized to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum, which focally reorganizes close to the immobilized mitochondria. Exclusive targeting of PEN2 to the outer membrane of mitochondria complements the pen2 mutant phenotype, corroborating the functional importance of the mitochondrial PEN2 protein subpool for controlled local production of PEN2 hydrolysis products at subcellular plant-microbe interaction domains. Moreover, live-cell imaging shows that mitochondria arrested at these domains exhibit a pathogen-induced redox imbalance, which may lead to the production of intracellular signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Fuchs
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Michaela Kopischke
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Klapprodt
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Gerd Hause
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Universitätsbiozentrum, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- University of Bonn, INRES-Chemical Signalling, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Mark D Fricker
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom
| | - Volker Lipka
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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35
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Young KR, Arthus-Cartier G, Yam KK, Lavoie PO, Landry N, D'Aoust MA, Vézina LP, Couture MMJ, Ward BJ. Generation and characterization of a trackable plant-made influenza H5 virus-like particle (VLP) containing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). FASEB J 2015; 29:3817-27. [PMID: 26038124 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-270421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Medicago, Inc. has developed an efficient virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine production platform using the Nicotiana benthamiana expression system, and currently has influenza-based products targeting seasonal/pandemic hemagglutinin (HA) proteins in advanced clinical trials. We wished to generate a trackable HA-based VLP that would allow us to study both particle assembly in plants and VLP interactions within the mammalian immune system. To this end, a fusion protein was designed, composed of H5 (from influenza A/Indonesia/05/2005 [H5N1]) with enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). Expression of H5-eGFP in N. benthamiana produced brightly fluorescent ∼160 nm particles resembling H5-VLPs. H5-eGFP-VLPs elicited anti-H5 serologic responses in mice comparable to those elicited by H5-VLPs in almost all assays tested (hemagglutination inhibition/IgG(total)/IgG1/IgG2b/IgG2a:IgG1 ratio), as well as a superior anti-GFP IgG response (mean optical density = 2.52 ± 0.16 sem) to that elicited by soluble GFP (mean optical density = 0.12 ± 0.06 sem). Confocal imaging of N. benthamiana cells expressing H5-eGFP displayed large fluorescent accumulations at the cell periphery, and draining lymph nodes from mice given H5-eGFP-VLPs via footpad injection demonstrated bright fluorescence shortly after administration (10 min), providing proof of concept that the H5-eGFP-protein/VLPs could be used to monitor both VLP assembly and immune trafficking. Given these findings, this novel fluorescent reagent will be a powerful tool to gain further fundamental insight into the biology of influenza VLP vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie R Young
- *Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre and Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and Medicago, Incorporated, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Arthus-Cartier
- *Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre and Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and Medicago, Incorporated, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Karen K Yam
- *Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre and Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and Medicago, Incorporated, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre-Olivier Lavoie
- *Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre and Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and Medicago, Incorporated, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Landry
- *Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre and Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and Medicago, Incorporated, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc-André D'Aoust
- *Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre and Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and Medicago, Incorporated, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Louis-Philippe Vézina
- *Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre and Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and Medicago, Incorporated, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Manon M-J Couture
- *Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre and Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and Medicago, Incorporated, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Brian J Ward
- *Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre and Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and Medicago, Incorporated, Québec, Québec, Canada
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36
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Zhang HM, Talbot MJ, McCurdy DW, Patrick JW, Offler CE. Calcium-dependent depletion zones in the cortical microtubule array coincide with sites of, but do not regulate, wall ingrowth papillae deposition in epidermal transfer cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6021-33. [PMID: 26136268 PMCID: PMC4566988 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Trans-differentiation to a transfer-cell morphology is characterized by the localized deposition of wall ingrowth papillae that protrude into the cytosol. Whether the cortical microtubule array directs wall ingrowth papillae formation was investigated using a Vicia faba cotyledon culture system in which their adaxial epidermal cells were spontaneously induced to trans-differentiate to transfer cells. During deposition of wall ingrowth papillae, the aligned cortical microtubule arrays in precursor epidermal cells were reorganized into a randomized array characterized by circular depletion zones. Concurrence of the temporal appearance, spatial pattern, and size of depletion zones and wall ingrowth papillae was consistent with each papilla occupying a depletion zone. Surprisingly, microtubules appeared not to regulate construction of wall ingrowth papillae, as neither depolymerization nor stabilization of cortical microtubules changed their deposition pattern or morphology. Moreover, the size and spatial pattern of depletion zones was unaltered when the formation of wall ingrowth papillae was blocked by inhibiting cellulose biosynthesis. In contrast, the depletion zones were absent when the cytosolic calcium plumes, responsible for directing wall ingrowth papillae formation, were blocked or dissipated. Thus, we conclude that the depletion zones within the cortical microtubule array result from localized depolymerization of microtubules initiated by elevated cytosolic Ca(2+) levels at loci where wall ingrowth papillae are deposited. The physiological significance of the depletion zones as a mechanism to accommodate the construction of wall ingrowth papillae without compromising maintenance of the plasma membrane-microtubule inter-relationship is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-ming Zhang
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Mark J Talbot
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia CSIRO Agriculture, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - David W McCurdy
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - John W Patrick
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Christina E Offler
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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Abstract
Plant cells in tissues experience mechanical stress not only as a result of high turgor, but also through interaction with their neighbors. Cells can expand at different rates and in different directions from neighbors with which they share a cell wall. This in connection with specific tissue shapes and properties of the cell wall material can lead to intricate stress patterns throughout the tissue. Two cellular responses to mechanical stress are a microtubule cytoskeletal response that directs new wall synthesis so as to resist stress, and a hormone transporter response that regulates transport of the hormone auxin, a regulator of cell expansion. Shape changes in plant tissues affect the pattern of stresses in the tissues, and at the same time, via the cellular stress responses, the pattern of stresses controls cell growth, which in turn changes tissue shape, and stress pattern. This feedback loop controls plant morphogenesis, and explains several previously mysterious aspects of plant growth.
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38
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Wang P, Hussey PJ. Interactions between plant endomembrane systems and the actin cytoskeleton. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:422. [PMID: 26106403 PMCID: PMC4460326 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking, organelle movement, and morphogenesis in plant cells are mainly controlled by the actin cytoskeleton. Not all proteins that regulate the cytoskeleton and membrane dynamics in animal systems have functional homologs in plants, especially for those proteins that form the bridge between the cytoskeleton and membrane; the membrane-actin adaptors. Their nature and function is only just beginning to be elucidated and this field has been greatly enhanced by the recent identification of the NETWORKED (NET) proteins, which act as membrane-actin adaptors. In this review, we will summarize the role of the actin cytoskeleton and its regulatory proteins in their interaction with endomembrane compartments and where they potentially act as platforms for cell signaling and the coordination of other subcellular events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick J. Hussey
- *Correspondence: Patrick J. Hussey, School of Biological and Biomedical Science, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK,
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39
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Limpens E, van Zeijl A, Geurts R. Lipochitooligosaccharides modulate plant host immunity to enable endosymbioses. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 53:311-34. [PMID: 26047562 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing rhizobium bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi use lipochitooligosaccharide (LCO) signals to communicate with potential host plants. Upon a compatible match, an intimate relation is established during which the microsymbiont is allowed to enter root (-derived) cells. Plants perceive microbial LCO molecules by specific LysM-domain-containing receptor-like kinases. These do not only activate a common symbiosis signaling pathway that is shared in both symbioses but also modulate innate immune responses. Recent studies revealed that symbiotic LCO receptors are closely related to chitin innate immune receptors, and some of these receptors even function in symbiosis as well as immunity. This raises questions about how plants manage to translate structurally very similar microbial signals into different outputs. Here, we describe the current view on chitin and LCO perception in innate immunity and endosymbiosis and question how LCOs might modulate the immune system. Furthermore, we discuss what it takes to become an endosymbiont.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Limpens
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen University, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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40
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McLachlan DH, Kopischke M, Robatzek S. Gate control: guard cell regulation by microbial stress. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:1049-1063. [PMID: 25040778 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial plants rely on stomata, small pores in the leaf surface, for photosynthetic gas exchange and transpiration of water. The stomata, formed by a pair of guard cells, dynamically increase and decrease their volume to control the pore size in response to environmental cues. Stresses can trigger similar or opposing movements: for example, drought induces closure of stomata, whereas many pathogens exploit stomata and cause them to open to facilitate entry into plant tissues. The latter is an active process as stomatal closure is part of the plant's immune response. Stomatal research has contributed much to clarify the signalling pathways of abiotic stress, but guard cell signalling in response to microbes is a relatively new area of research. In this article, we discuss present knowledge of stomatal regulation in response to microbes and highlight common points of convergence, and differences, compared to stomatal regulation by abiotic stresses. We also expand on the mechanisms by which pathogens manipulate these processes to promote disease, for example by delivering effectors to inhibit closure or trigger opening of stomata. The study of pathogen effectors in stomatal manipulation will aid our understanding of guard cell signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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41
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Park JI, Ahmed NU, Jung HJ, Arasan SKT, Chung MY, Cho YG, Watanabe M, Nou IS. Identification and characterization of LIM gene family in Brassica rapa. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:641. [PMID: 25086651 PMCID: PMC4246497 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND LIM (Lin-11, Isl-1 and Mec-3 domains) genes have been reported to trigger the formation of actin bundles, a major higher-order cytoskeletal assembly, in higher plants; however, the stress resistance related functions of these genes are still not well known. In this study, we collected 22 LIM genes designated as Brassica rapa LIM (BrLIM) from the Brassica database, analyzed the sequences, compared them with LIM genes of other plants and analyzed their expression after applying biotic and abiotic stresses in Chinese cabbage. RESULTS Upon sequence analysis these genes were confirmed as LIM genes and found to have a high degree of homology with LIM genes of other species. These genes showed distinct clusters when compared to other recognized LIM proteins upon phylogenetic analysis. Additionally, organ specific expression of these genes was observed in Chinese cabbage plants, with BrPLIM2a, b, c, BrDAR1, BrPLIM2e, f and g only being expressed in flower buds. Furthermore, the expression of these genes (except for BrDAR1 and BrPLIM2e) was high in the early flowering stages. The remaining genes were expressed in almost all organs tested. All BrDAR genes showed higher expression in flower buds compared to other organs. These organ specific expressions were clearly correlated with the phylogenetic grouping. In addition, BrWLIM2c and BrDAR4 responded to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans infection, while commonly two BrDARs and eight BrLIMs responded to cold, ABA and pH (pH5, pH7 and pH9) stress treatments in Chinese cabbage plants. CONCLUSION Taken together, the results of this study indicate that BrLIM and BrDAR genes may be involved in resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses in Brassica.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ill-Sup Nou
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-950, Republic of Korea.
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42
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Perrine-Walker FM, Kouchi H, Ridge RW. Endoplasmic reticulum-targeted GFP reveals ER remodeling in Mesorhizobium-treated Lotus japonicus root hairs during root hair curling and infection thread formation. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:817-826. [PMID: 24337802 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0584-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the model legume Lotus japonicus was visualized using green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused with the KDEL sequence to investigate the changes in the root hair cortical ER in the presence or absence of Mesorhizobium loti using live fluorescence imaging. Uninoculated root hairs displayed dynamic forms of ER, ranging from a highly condensed form to an open reticulum. In the presence of M. loti, a highly dynamic condensed form of the ER linked with the nucleus was found in deformed, curled, and infected root hairs, similar to that in uninoculated and inoculated growing zone I and II root hairs. An open reticulum was primarily found in mature inoculated zone III root hairs, similar to that found in inactive deformed/curled root hairs and infected root hairs with aborted infection threads. Co-imaging of GFP-labeled ER with light transmission demonstrated a correlation between the mobility of the ER and other organelles and the directionality of the cytoplasmic streaming in root hairs in the early stages of infection thread formation and growth. ER remodeling in root hair cells is discussed in terms of possible biological significance during root hair growth, deformation/curling, and infection in the Mesorhizobium-L. japonicus symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Perrine-Walker
- Department of Life Science, Division of Natural Sciences, International Christian University, Mitaka, 181-8585, Tokyo, Japan,
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43
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Matoušková J, Janda M, Fišer R, Sašek V, Kocourková D, Burketová L, Dušková J, Martinec J, Valentová O. Changes in actin dynamics are involved in salicylic acid signaling pathway. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 223:36-44. [PMID: 24767113 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Changes in actin cytoskeleton dynamics are one of the crucial players in many physiological as well as non-physiological processes in plant cells. Positioning of actin filament arrays is necessary for successful establishment of primary lines of defense toward pathogen attack, depolymerization leads very often to the enhanced susceptibility to the invading pathogen. On the other hand it was also shown that the disruption of actin cytoskeleton leads to the induction of defense response leading to the expression of PATHOGENESIS RELATED proteins (PR). In this study we show that pharmacological actin depolymerization leads to the specific induction of genes in salicylic acid pathway but not that involved in jasmonic acid signaling. Life imaging of leafs of Arabidopsis thaliana with GFP-tagged fimbrin (GFP-fABD2) treated with 1 mM salicylic acid revealed rapid disruption of actin filaments resembling the pattern viewed after treatment with 200 nM latrunculin B. The effect of salicylic acid on actin filament fragmentation was prevented by exogenous addition of phosphatidic acid, which binds to the capping protein and thus promotes actin polymerization. The quantitative evaluation of actin filament dynamics is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindřiška Matoušková
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Janda
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radovan Fišer
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Albertov 2038/6, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Sašek
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Kocourková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Burketová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřina Dušková
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Martinec
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Valentová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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44
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Griffing LR, Gao HT, Sparkes I. ER network dynamics are differentially controlled by myosins XI-K, XI-C, XI-E, XI-I, XI-1, and XI-2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:218. [PMID: 24904614 PMCID: PMC4033215 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of higher plants is a complex network of tubules and cisternae. Some of the tubules and cisternae are relatively persistent, while others are dynamically moving and remodeling through growth and shrinkage, cycles of tubule elongation and retraction, and cisternal expansion and diminution. Previous work showed that transient expression in tobacco leaves of the motor-less, truncated tail of myosin XI-K increases the relative area of both persistent cisternae and tubules in the ER. Likewise, transient expression of XI-K tail diminishes the movement of organelles such as Golgi and peroxisomes. To examine whether other class XI myosins are involved in the remodeling and movement of the ER, other myosin XIs implicated in organelle movement, XI-1 (MYA1),XI-2 (MYA2), XI-C, XI-E, XI-I, and one not, XI-A, were expressed as motor-less tail constructs and their effect on ER persistent structures determined. Here, we indicate a differential effect on ER dynamics whereby certain class XI myosins may have more influence over controlling cisternalization rather than tubulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hongbo T. Gao
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Exeter UniversityExeter, UK
| | - Imogen Sparkes
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Exeter UniversityExeter, UK
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45
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Griffis AHN, Groves NR, Zhou X, Meier I. Nuclei in motion: movement and positioning of plant nuclei in development, signaling, symbiosis, and disease. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:129. [PMID: 24772115 PMCID: PMC3982112 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
While textbook figures imply nuclei as resting spheres at the center of idealized cells, this picture fits few real situations. Plant nuclei come in many shapes and sizes, and can be actively transported within the cell. In several contexts, this nuclear movement is tightly coupled to a developmental program, the response to an abiotic signal, or a cellular reprogramming during either mutualistic or parasitic plant-microbe interactions. While many such phenomena have been observed and carefully described, the underlying molecular mechanism and the functional significance of the nuclear movement are typically unknown. Here, we survey recent as well as older literature to provide a concise starting point for applying contemporary molecular, genetic and biochemical approaches to this fascinating, yet poorly understood phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H. N. Griffis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | - Norman R. Groves
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | - Iris Meier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
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46
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Hu M, Pei BL, Zhang LF, Li YZ. Histone H2B monoubiquitination is involved in regulating the dynamics of microtubules during the defense response to Verticillium dahliae toxins in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:1857-65. [PMID: 24567190 PMCID: PMC3982748 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.234567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Histone H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub) is being recognized as a regulatory mechanism that controls a range of cellular processes in plants, but the molecular mechanisms of H2Bub that are involved in responses to biotic stress are largely unknown. In this study, we used wild-type and H2Bub loss-of-function mutations of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to elucidate which of its mechanisms are involved in the regulation of the plant's defense response to Verticillium dahliae (Vd) toxins. We demonstrate that the depolymerization of the cortical microtubules (MTs) was different in the wild type and the mutants in the response to Vd toxins. The loss-of-function alleles of HISTONE MONOUBIQUITINATION1 and HISTONE MONOUBIQUITINATION2 mutations present a weaker depolymerization of the MTs, and protein tyrosine phosphorylation plays a critical role in the regulation of the dynamics of MTs. Moreover, H2Bub is a positive regulator of the gene expression of protein tyrosine phosphatases. These findings provide direct evidence for H2Bub as an important modification with regulatory roles in the defense against Vd toxins and demonstrate that H2Bub is involved in modulating the dynamics of MTs, likely through the protein tyrosine phosphatase-mediated signaling pathway.
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47
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Inada N, Ueda T. Membrane trafficking pathways and their roles in plant-microbe interactions. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:672-86. [PMID: 24616268 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking functions in the delivery of proteins that are newly synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to their final destinations, such as the plasma membrane (PM) and the vacuole, and in the internalization of extracellular components or PM-associated proteins for recycling or degradative regulation. These trafficking pathways play pivotal roles in the rapid responses to environmental stimuli such as challenges by microorganisms. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of plant membrane trafficking and its roles in plant-microbe interactions. Although there is little information regarding the mechanism of pathogenic modulation of plant membrane trafficking thus far, recent research has identified many membrane trafficking factors as possible targets of microbial modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Inada
- The Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma-shi, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
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48
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Janda M, Matoušková J, Burketová L, Valentová O. Interconnection between actin cytoskeleton and plant defense signaling. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e976486. [PMID: 25482795 PMCID: PMC4622444 DOI: 10.4161/15592324.2014.976486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Actin cytoskeleton is the fundamental structural component of eukaryotic cells. It has a role in numerous elementary cellular processes such as reproduction, development and also in response to abiotic and biotic stimuli. Remarkably, the role of actin cytoskeleton in plant response to pathogens is getting to be under magnifying glass. Based on microscopic studies, most of the data showed, that actin plays an important role in formation of physiological barrier in the site of infection. Actin dynamics is involved in the transport of antimicrobial compounds and cell wall fortifying components (e.g. callose) to the site of infection. Also the role in PTI (pathogen triggered immunity) and ETI (effector triggered immunity) was recently indicated. On the other hand much less is known about the transcriptome reprogramming upon changes in actin dynamics. Our recently published results showed that drugs inhibiting actin polymerization (latrunculin B, cytochalasin E) cause the induction of genes which are involved in salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway. In this addendum we would like to highlight in more details current state of knowledge concerning the involvement of actin dynamics in plant defense signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Janda
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology; Institute of Chemical Technology Prague; Prague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology; Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřiška Matoušková
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology; Institute of Chemical Technology Prague; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Burketová
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology; Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Valentová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology; Institute of Chemical Technology Prague; Prague, Czech Republic
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49
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Foissner I, Wasteneys GO. Characean internodal cells as a model system for the study of cell organization. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 311:307-64. [PMID: 24952921 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800179-0.00006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Giant internodal cells of characean green algae have been widely used for studying cellular physiology. This review emphasizes their significance for understanding cytoarchitecture and cytoplasmic reorganization. The cytoarchitecture of internodal cells undergoes pronounced, cytoskeleton-dependent changes during development and in response to environmental cues. Under bright light, internodes develop alternating bands of acid and alkaline pH at their surface that correlate with the differential size and abundance of cortical organelles and, in the genus Chara, with the size and distribution of convoluted plasma membrane domains known as charasomes. Wounding induces responses ranging from chloroplast detachment to deposition of wound walls. These properties and the possibility for mechanical manipulation make the internodal cell ideal for exploring plasma membrane domains, organelle interactions, vesicle trafficking, and local cell wall deposition. The significance of this model system will further increase with the application of molecular biological methods in combination with metabolomics and proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Foissner
- Division of Plant Physiology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
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50
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Tanaka K, Choi J, Cao Y, Stacey G. Extracellular ATP acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) signal in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:446. [PMID: 25232361 PMCID: PMC4153020 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants have evolved effective mechanisms to protect themselves from environmental stresses. Damaged (i.e., wounded) plants recognize a variety of endogenous molecules as danger signals, referred to as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). ATP is among the molecules that are released by cell damage, and recent evidence suggests that ATP can serve as a DAMP. Although little studied in plants, extracellular ATP is well known for its signaling roles in animals, including acting as a DAMP during the inflammatory response and wound healing. If ATP acts outside the cell, then it is reasonable to expect that it is recognized by a plasma membrane-localized receptor. Recently, DORN1, a lectin receptor kinase, was shown to recognize extracellular ATP in Arabidopsis. DORN1 is the founding member of a new purinoceptor subfamily, P2K (P2 receptor kinase), which is plant-specific. P2K1 (DORN1) is required for ATP-induced cellular responses (e.g., cytosolic Ca(2+) elevation, MAPK phosphorylation, and gene expression). Genetic analysis of loss-of-function mutants and overexpression lines showed that P2K1 participates in the plant wound response, consistent with the role of ATP as a DAMP. In this review, we summarize past research on the roles and mechanisms of extracellular ATP signaling in plants, and discuss the direction of future research on extracellular ATP as a DAMP signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwamu Tanaka
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State UniversityPullman, WA, USA
- *Correspondence: Kiwamu Tanaka, Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. BOX 646430, Pullman, WA 99164, USA e-mail:
| | - Jeongmin Choi
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Yangrong Cao
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
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