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Wang Y, Yi K, Chen B, Zhang B, Jidong G. Elucidating the susceptibility to breast cancer: an in-depth proteomic and transcriptomic investigation into novel potential plasma protein biomarkers. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 10:1340917. [PMID: 38304232 PMCID: PMC10833003 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1340917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to identify plasma proteins that are associated with and causative of breast cancer through Proteome and Transcriptome-wide association studies combining Mendelian Randomization. Methods: Utilizing high-throughput datasets, we designed a two-phase analytical framework aimed at identifying novel plasma proteins that are both associated with and causative of breast cancer. Initially, we conducted Proteome/Transcriptome-wide association studies (P/TWAS) to identify plasma proteins with significant associations. Subsequently, Mendelian Randomization was employed to ascertain the causation. The validity and robustness of our findings were further reinforced through external validation and various sensitivity analyses, including Bayesian colocalization, Steiger filtering, heterogeneity and pleiotropy. Additionally, we performed functional enrichment analysis of the identified proteins to better understand their roles in breast cancer and to assess their potential as druggable targets. Results: We identified 5 plasma proteins demonstrating strong associations and causative links with breast cancer. Specifically, PEX14 (OR = 1.201, p = 0.016) and CTSF (OR = 1.114, p < 0.001) both displayed positive and causal association with breast cancer. In contrast, SNUPN (OR = 0.905, p < 0.001), CSK (OR = 0.962, p = 0.038), and PARK7 (OR = 0.954, p < 0.001) were negatively associated with the disease. For the ER-positive subtype, 3 plasma proteins were identified, with CSK and CTSF exhibiting consistent trends, while GDI2 (OR = 0.920, p < 0.001) was distinct to this subtype. In ER-negative subtype, PEX14 (OR = 1.645, p < 0.001) stood out as the sole protein, even showing a stronger causal effect compared to breast cancer. These associations were robustly supported by colocalization and sensitivity analyses. Conclusion: Integrating multiple data dimensions, our study successfully pinpointed plasma proteins significantly associated with and causative of breast cancer, offering valuable insights for future research and potential new biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Yi
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Baoyue Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Puren Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bailin Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Gao Jidong
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
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2
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Xie Q, Yao T, Sun X, Liu X, Wang X. Whole genome identification of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) cathepsin genes: Provides insights into its regulation on biotic and abiotic stresses response. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 266:106783. [PMID: 38064891 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024]
Abstract
Cathepsins are major lysosomal enzymes involved in essential physiological processes, including protein degradation, tissue differentiation, and innate or adaptive responses. Several kinds of cathepsins have been reported in teleost fishes, but no characterization have been performed for the inflammatory response of cathepsin family in olive flounder until now. In our current study, a total of 17 cathepsins in olive flounder were systematically identified and characterized. Phylogenetic analysis clearly indicated that the cathepsin genes was highly conserved. Analysis of structure and motifs exhibited high sequence similarity of cathepsin genes in olive flounder. Expression profiles of cathepsin genes in different tissues and developmental stages showed that cathepsins were temporally and spatially specific. RNA-seq analysis of bacteria and temperature stresses revealed that members of cathepsin were involved in inflammatory responses. Collectively, our findings would provide a further reference for understanding the molecular mechanisms of cathepsins in olive flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology (Ningbo University), Ministry of Education, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingyan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology (Ningbo University), Ministry of Education, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuanyang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology (Ningbo University), Ministry of Education, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiumei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Xubo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology (Ningbo University), Ministry of Education, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China; National Engineering Research Laboratory of marine biotechnology and Engineering, Ningbo University; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
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3
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Liu X, Ni G, Zhang P, Li H, Li J, Cavallazzi Sebold B, Wu X, Chen G, Yuan S, Wang T. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing and deep tissue proteomics reveal distinct tumour microenvironment in stage-I and II cervical cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:28. [PMID: 36683048 PMCID: PMC9869594 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02598-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer (CC) is the 3rd most common cancer in women and the 4th leading cause of deaths in gynaecological malignancies, yet the exact progression of CC is inconclusive, mainly due to the high complexity of the changing tumour microenvironment (TME) at different stages of tumorigenesis. Importantly, a detailed comparative single-nucleus transcriptomic analysis of tumour microenvironment (TME) of CC patients at different stages is lacking. METHODS In this study, a total of 42,928 and 29,200 nuclei isolated from the tumour tissues of stage-I and II CC patients and subjected to single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) analysis. The cell heterogeneity and functions were comparatively investigated using bioinformatic tools. In addition, label-free quantitative mass spectrometry based proteomic analysis was carried out. The proteome profiles of stage-I and II CC patients were compared, and an integrative analysis with the snRNA-seq was performed. RESULTS Compared with the stage-I CC (CCI) patients, the immune response relevant signalling pathways were largely suppressed in various immune cells of the stage-II CC (CCII) patients, yet the signalling associated with cell and tissue development was enriched, as well as metabolism for energy production suggested by the upregulation of genes associated with mitochondria. This was consistent with the quantitative proteomic analysis that showed the dominance of proteins promoting cell growth and intercellular matrix development in the TME of CCII group. The interferon-α and γ responses appeared the most activated pathways in many cell populations of the CCI patients. Several collagens, such as COL12A1, COL5A1, COL4A1 and COL4A2, were found significantly upregulated in the CCII group, suggesting their roles in diagnosing CC progression. A novel transcript AC244205.1 was detected as the most upregulated gene in CCII patients, and its possible mechanistic role in CC may be investigated further. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides important resources for decoding the progression of CC and set the foundation for developing novel approaches for diagnosing CC and tackling the immunosuppressive TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital/School of Clinical Medicineof, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoying Ni
- Cancer Research Institute, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital/School of Clinical Medicineof, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore BC, QLD, 4558, Australia
| | - Pingping Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Hejie Li
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore BC, QLD, 4558, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore BC, QLD, 4558, Australia
| | - Junjie Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital/School of Clinical Medicineof, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Xiaolian Wu
- Cancer Research Institute, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoqiang Chen
- Cancer Research Institute, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Songhua Yuan
- Department of Gynaecology, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Tianfang Wang
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore BC, QLD, 4558, Australia.
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4
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Takaya K, Asou T, Kishi K. Cathepsin F is a potential marker for senescent human skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes associated with skin aging. GeroScience 2022; 45:427-437. [PMID: 36057013 PMCID: PMC9886782 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00648-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is characterized by cell cycle arrest and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and can be triggered by a variety of stimuli, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage, oxidative stress, and telomere exhaustion. Cellular senescence is associated with skin aging, and identification of specific markers of senescent cells is essential for development of targeted therapies. Cathepsin F (CTSF) has been implicated in dermatitis and various cancers and participates in cell immortalization through its association with Bcl family proteins. It is a candidate therapeutic target to specifically label and eliminate human skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes immortalized by aging and achieve skin rejuvenation. In this study, we investigated whether CTSF is associated with senescence in human fibroblasts and keratinocytes. In senescence models, created using replicative aging, ionizing radiation exposure, and the anticancer drug doxorubicin, various senescence markers were observed, such as senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity, increased SASP gene expression, and decreased uptake of the proliferation marker BrdU. Furthermore, CTSF expression was elevated at the gene and protein levels. In addition, CTSF-positive cells were abundant in aged human epidermis and in some parts of the dermis. In the population of senescent cells with arrested division, the number of CTSF-positive cells was significantly higher than that in the proliferating cell population. These results suggest that CTSF is a candidate for therapeutic modalities targeting aging fibroblasts and keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Takaya
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Toru Asou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan
| | - Kazuo Kishi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan
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5
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Guan Y, Yang X, Zhao R, Li B, Yang Z, Gao M, Cao X, Jiang C. Characteristics of cathepsin members and expression responses to poly I:C challenge in Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:484-493. [PMID: 35985629 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsins are major lysosomal enzymes that participate in necessary physiological processes, including protein degradation, tissue differentiation, and innate or adaptive immune responses. According to their proteolytic activity, vertebrate cathepsins are classified as cysteine proteases (cathepsins B, C, F, H, K, L, O, S, V, W, and X or Z), aspartic proteases (cathepsin D and E), and serine proteases (cathepsin A and G). Several cathepsins were reported in teleosts, however, no cathepsin gene has been identified from Pacific cod so far. In the present study, a total of 13 cathepsin genes were identified for Pacific cod. The evolutionary path of each cathepsin gene was demonstrated via analysis of phylogenetic trees, multiple alignments, conserved domains, motif compositions, and tertiary structures. Tissue distribution analysis showed that all cathepsin genes were ubiquitously expressed in eight healthy tissues but they exhibited diverse levels of expression. Several cathepsin genes were found to be highly expressed in the kidney, spleen, head kidney and liver, whereas low or modest levels were detected in the gills, skin, intestines, and heart. Temporal-specific expression of cathepsins in early developmental stages of Pacific cod were also conducted. CTSK, S, F, and Z were highly expressed at 1 dph and 5 dph and decreased later, while CTSL, L1, and L.1 transcript levels gradually increased in a time-dependent manner. Additionally, the expression profiles of cathepsin genes in Pacific cod were evaluated in the spleen and liver after poly I:C challenge. The results indicated that all cathepsin genes were significantly upregulated upon poly I:C stimulation, suggesting that they play key roles in antiviral immune responses in Pacific cod. Our findings establish a foundation for future exploration of the molecular mechanisms of cathepsins in modulating antiviral immunity in Pacific cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yude Guan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300000, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ruihu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Boyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Minghong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xinyu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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6
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Escalona RM, Kannourakis G, Findlay JK, Ahmed N. Expression of TIMPs and MMPs in Ovarian Tumors, Ascites, Ascites-Derived Cells, and Cancer Cell Lines: Characteristic Modulatory Response Before and After Chemotherapy Treatment. Front Oncol 2022; 11:796588. [PMID: 35047406 PMCID: PMC8762252 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.796588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs) and their associated metalloproteinase (MMPs) are essential regulators of tissue homeostasis and are essential for cancer progression. This study analyzed the expression of TIMP-1,-2,-3 and the associated MMPs (MMP-2,-9,-11,-14) in different Stages, Grades and World Health Organization (WHO) classifications of serous ovarian tumors, ascites, ascites-derived cells from chemo-naïve (CN) and relapsed (CR) patients, and in ovarian cancer cell lines. The status of TIMPs and associated MMPs in response to chemotherapy treatment was assessed in cancer cell lines; TCGA data was interrogated to gauge TIMPs and associated MMPs as prognostic and platinum-response indicators. Methods The levels of TIMP-1, -2 and -3 were assessed by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA expression of TIMPs and MMPs was quantified by real time PCR (qRT-PCR). The chemosensitivity (IC50 values) to Cisplatin or Paclitaxel in cell lines was evaluated by MTT assay. The levels of TIMPs in ascites and cell lysates were analyzed by an ELISA assay. Results The expression of TIMP-2 was significantly upregulated in Type 2 compared to Type 1 tumors and normal/benign ovarian tissues. TIMP-3 expression was significantly enhanced in Stage III, Grade 3 and Type 2 tumors compared to normal/benign ovarian tissues. The mRNA expression of MMP-9,-11 and -14 was significantly upregulated in Stage IV compared to normal/benign ovarian tissues. The expression of TIMP-1 was highest, followed by TIMP-2 and then TIMP-3 in CN ascites. At the cellular level, TIMP-2 mRNA expression was significantly higher in CN compared to CR epithelial cells in patients. The expression of TIMP-1 and -2, MMPs and cancer stem cells (CSCs) were upregulated in response to chemotherapy treatments in cancer cell lines. Interrogation of the TCGA dataset suggests shifts in platinum responses in patients consistent with genetic alterations in TIMP-2, -3 and MMP-2, -11 genes in tumors; and decreased overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with altered MMP-14 genes. Conclusions TIMPs and related MMPs are differentially expressed in serous ovarian tumors, ascites, ascites-derived cells and ovarian cancer cell lines. Chemotherapy treatment modulates expression of TIMPs and MMPs in association with increased expression of genes related to cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Escalona
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - George Kannourakis
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC, Australia.,School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - Jock K Findlay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nuzhat Ahmed
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
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7
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Overexpression of the nucleoporin Nup88 stimulates migration and invasion of HeLa cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2021; 156:409-421. [PMID: 34331103 PMCID: PMC8604841 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-021-02020-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Elevated expression of the nucleoporin Nup88, a constituent of the nuclear pore complex, is seen in various types of malignant tumors, but whether this overexpression contributes to the malignant phenotype has yet to be determined. Here, we investigated the effect of the overexpression of Nup88 on the migration and invasion of cervical cancer HeLa cells. The overexpression of Nup88 promoted a slight but significant increase in both migration and invasion, whereas knockdown of Nup88 by RNA interference suppressed these phenotypes. The observed phenotypes in Nup88-overexpressing HeLa cells were not due to the progression of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or activation of NF-κB, which are known to be important for cell migration and invasion. Instead, we identified an upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) at both the gene and protein levels in Nup88-overexpressing HeLa cells. Upregulation of MMP-12 protein by the overexpression of Nup88 was also observed in one other cervical cancer cell line and two prostate cancer cell lines but not 293 cells. Treatment with a selective inhibitor against MMP-12 enzymatic activity significantly suppressed the invasive ability of HeLa cells induced by Nup88 overexpression. Taken together, our results suggest that overexpression of Nup88 can stimulate malignant phenotypes including invasive ability, which is promoted by MMP-12 expression.
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8
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The paradoxical role of matrix metalloproteinase-11 in cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111899. [PMID: 34346316 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The microenvironment surrounding the tumor affects biological processes, such as cell proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and invasion. Therefore, the ability to change these environments is an important attribute for tumor cells to obtain specific functions necessary for growth and metastasis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-dependent proteolytic metalloenzymes that facilitate protease-dependent tumor progression by degrading extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, releasing cytokines, growth factors, and other cell surface molecules. As one of the most widely studied MMPs, MMP-11 is an important protease that is expressed in cancer cells, stromal cells, and the adjacent microenvironment. MMP-11 has a dual effect on tumors. On one hand, MMP-11 promotes tumor development by inhibiting apoptosis and promoting the migration and invasion of cancer cells in the early stage. On the other hand, in animal models, MMP-11 has a protective effect on tumor growth and metastasis at an advanced stage. Based on current findings regarding the importance of MMP-11 in altering the tumor microenvironment, there is a need to further understand how stromal cells and the ECM regulate tumor progression, which may result in the re-examination of MMPs as drug targets for cancer and other diseases. In this review, we summarize the dual role of MMP-11 in cancer and its potential clinical significance.
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9
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Zhang Z, Yue P, Lu T, Wang Y, Wei Y, Wei X. Role of lysosomes in physiological activities, diseases, and therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:79. [PMID: 33990205 PMCID: PMC8120021 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Long known as digestive organelles, lysosomes have now emerged as multifaceted centers responsible for degradation, nutrient sensing, and immunity. Growing evidence also implicates role of lysosome-related mechanisms in pathologic process. In this review, we discuss physiological function of lysosomes and, more importantly, how the homeostasis of lysosomes is disrupted in several diseases, including atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune disorders, pancreatitis, lysosomal storage disorders, and malignant tumors. In atherosclerosis and Gaucher disease, dysfunction of lysosomes changes cytokine secretion from macrophages, partially through inflammasome activation. In neurodegenerative diseases, defect autophagy facilitates accumulation of toxic protein and dysfunctional organelles leading to neuron death. Lysosomal dysfunction has been demonstrated in pathology of pancreatitis. Abnormal autophagy activation or inhibition has been revealed in autoimmune disorders. In tumor microenvironment, malignant phenotypes, including tumorigenesis, growth regulation, invasion, drug resistance, and radiotherapy resistance, of tumor cells and behaviors of tumor-associated macrophages, fibroblasts, dendritic cells, and T cells are also mediated by lysosomes. Based on these findings, a series of therapeutic methods targeting lysosomal proteins and processes have been developed from bench to bedside. In a word, present researches corroborate lysosomes to be pivotal organelles for understanding pathology of atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune disorders, pancreatitis, and lysosomal storage disorders, and malignant tumors and developing novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Zhang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Yue
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianqi Lu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
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10
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Lin CL, Ying TH, Yang SF, Chiou HL, Chen YS, Kao SH, Hsieh YH. MTA2 silencing attenuates the metastatic potential of cervical cancer cells by inhibiting AP1-mediated MMP12 expression via the ASK1/MEK3/p38/YB1 axis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:451. [PMID: 33958583 PMCID: PMC8102478 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03729-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis-associated protein 2 (MTA2) is a transcription factor that is highly associated with matrix metalloproteinase 12 (MMP12). Thus, we hypothesized that MTA2 may regulate MMP12 expression and is involved in cervical cancer metastasis. Results showed that MTA2 and MMP12 were highly expressed in cervical cancer cells, and MTA2 knockdown reduced MMP12 expression and inhibited the metastasis of cervical cancer cells in xenograft mice. MMP12 knockdown did not influence the viability of cervical cancer cells but clearly inhibited cell migration and invasion both in vitro and in vivo. MMP12 was highly expressed in cervical tumor tissues and correlated with the poor survival rate of patients with cervical cancer. Further investigations revealed that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 (MEK3), and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) were involved in MMP12 downregulation in response to MTA2 knockdown. Results also demonstrated that p38-mediated Y-box binding protein1 (YB1) phosphorylation disrupted the binding of AP1 (c-Fos/c-Jun) to the MMP12 promoter, thereby inhibiting MMP12 expression and the metastatic potential of cervical cancer cells. Collectively, targeting both MTA2 and MMP12 may be a promising strategy for the treatment of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Liang Lin
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ho Ying
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Chiou
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Syuan Chen
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Hsuan Kao
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Hsien Hsieh
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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11
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies have reported an inverse correlation between cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, and increasing evidence shows that similar genes and pathways are dysregulated in both diseases but in a contrasting manner. Given the genetic convergence of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), a family of rare neurodegenerative disorders commonly known as Batten disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases, we sought to explore the relationship between cancer and the NCLs. In this review, we survey data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and available literature on the roles of NCL genes in different oncogenic processes to reveal links between all the NCL genes and cancer-related processes. We also discuss the potential contributions of NCL genes to cancer immunology. Based on our findings, we propose that further research on the relationship between cancer and the NCLs may help shed light on the roles of NCL genes in both diseases and possibly guide therapy development.
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12
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De Pasquale V, Moles A, Pavone LM. Cathepsins in the Pathophysiology of Mucopolysaccharidoses: New Perspectives for Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040979. [PMID: 32326609 PMCID: PMC7227001 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins (CTSs) are ubiquitously expressed proteases normally found in the endolysosomal compartment where they mediate protein degradation and turnover. However, CTSs are also found in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and extracellular matrix where they actively participate in cell signaling, protein processing, and trafficking through the plasma and nuclear membranes and between intracellular organelles. Dysregulation in CTS expression and/or activity disrupts cellular homeostasis, thus contributing to many human diseases, including inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, obesity, cancer, kidney dysfunction, and others. This review aimed to highlight the involvement of CTSs in inherited lysosomal storage disorders, with a primary focus to the emerging evidence on the role of CTSs in the pathophysiology of Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs). These latter diseases are characterized by severe neurological, skeletal and cardiovascular phenotypes, and no effective cure exists to date. The advance in the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying the activity of CTSs in MPSs may open a new challenge for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for the cure of such intractable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria De Pasquale
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Anna Moles
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish Research Council, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Luigi Michele Pavone
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-7463043
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13
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Xu X, Yang K, Zhang F, Liu W, Wang Y, Yu C, Wang J, Zhang K, Zhang C, Nenadic G, Tao D, Zhou X, Shang H, Chen J. Identification of herbal categories active in pain disorder subtypes by machine learning help reveal novel molecular mechanisms of algesia. Pharmacol Res 2020; 156:104797. [PMID: 32278044 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain is highly prevalent and poorly controlled, of which the accurate underlying mechanisms need be further elucidated. Herbal drugs have been widely used for controlling various pain disorders. The systematic integration of pain herbal data resources might be promising to help investigate the molecular mechanisms of pain phenotypes. Here, we integrated large-scale bibliographic literatures and well-established data sources to obtain high-quality pain relevant herbal data (i.e. 426 pain related herbs with their targets). We used machine learning method to identify three distinct herb categories with their specific indications of symptoms, targets and enriched pathways, which were characterized by the efficacy of treatment to the chronic cough related neuropathic pain, the reproduction and autoimmune related pain, and the cancer pain, respectively. We further detected the novel pathophysiological mechanisms of the pain subtypes by network medicine approach to evaluate the interactions between herb targets and the pain disease modules. This work increased the understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of pain subtypes that herbal drugs are participating and with the ultimate aim of developing novel personalized drugs for pain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China; Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02131, USA
| | - Kuo Yang
- School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, TCM-X Centre/Bioinformatics Division, BNRIST/Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 10084, China
| | - Feilong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yinyan Wang
- School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Changying Yu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Junyao Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Keke Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, DaLian, Liaoning, 116024, China
| | - Goran Nenadic
- Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Dacheng Tao
- School of Information Technologies, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, 2008, Australia
| | - Xuezhong Zhou
- School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Hongcai Shang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
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14
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Papasavvas E, Kossenkov AV, Azzoni L, Zetola NM, Mackiewicz A, Ross BN, Fair M, Vadrevu S, Ramogola-Masire D, Sanne I, Firnhaber C, Montaner LJ. Gene expression profiling informs HPV cervical histopathology but not recurrence/relapse after LEEP in ART-suppressed HIV+HPV+ women. Carcinogenesis 2019; 40:225-233. [PMID: 30364933 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of factors associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) cervical histopathology or recurrence/relapse following loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) would allow for better management of the disease. We investigated whether gene signatures could (i) associate with HPV cervical histopathology and (ii) identify women with post-LEEP disease recurrence/relapse. Gene array analysis was performed on paraffin-embedded cervical tissue-isolated RNA from two cross-sectional cohorts of antiretroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed HIV+HPV+ coinfected women: (i) 55 women in South Africa recruited into three groups: high risk (HR) (-) (n = 16) and HR (+) (n = 15) HPV without cervical histopathology and HR (+) HPV with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 1/2/3 (n = 24), (ii) 28 women in Botswana with CIN2/3 treated with LEEP 12-month prior to recruitment and presenting with (n = 13) and without (n = 15) lesion recurrence/relapse (tissue was analyzed at first LEEP). Three distinct gene expression signatures identified were able to segregate: (i) HR+ HPV and CIN1/2/3, (ii) HR HPV-free and cervical histopathology-free and (iii) HR+ HPV and cervical histopathology-free. Immune activation and neoplasia-associated genes (n = 272 genes; e.g. IL-1A, IL-8, TCAM1, POU4F1, MCM2, SMC1B, CXCL6, MMP12) were a feature of cancer precursor dysplasia within HR HPV infection. No difference in LEEP tissue gene expression was detected between women with or without recurrence/relapse. In conclusion, distinctive gene signatures were associated with presence of cervical histopathology in tissues from ART-suppressed HIV+/HPV+ coinfected women. Lack of detection of LEEP tissue gene signature able to segregate subsequent post-LEEP disease recurrence/relapse indicates additional factors independent of local gene expression as determinants of recurrence/relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Papasavvas
- The Wistar Institute, HIV-1 Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew V Kossenkov
- The Wistar Institute, HIV-1 Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Livio Azzoni
- The Wistar Institute, HIV-1 Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicola M Zetola
- The Botswana-UPenn Partnership, Department of Radiation Oncology, Gaborone, Botswana.,The University of Pennsylvania, Department of Radiation Oncology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Agnieszka Mackiewicz
- The Wistar Institute, HIV-1 Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian N Ross
- The Wistar Institute, HIV-1 Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew Fair
- The Wistar Institute, HIV-1 Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Surya Vadrevu
- The Wistar Institute, HIV-1 Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Ian Sanne
- Clinical HIV Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Cynthia Firnhaber
- Clinical HIV Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Right To Care, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Luis J Montaner
- The Wistar Institute, HIV-1 Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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15
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Shanmugapriya, Othman N, Sasidharan S. Prediction of genes and protein-protein interaction networking for miR-221-5p using bioinformatics analysis. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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16
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Kori M, Gov E, Arga KY. Novel Genomic Biomarker Candidates for Cervical Cancer As Identified by Differential Co-Expression Network Analysis. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2019; 23:261-273. [PMID: 31038390 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2019.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the second most common malignancy and the third reason for mortality among women in developing countries. Although infection by the oncogenic human papilloma viruses is a major cause, genomic contributors are still largely unknown. Network analyses, compared with candidate gene studies, offer greater promise to map the interactions among genomic loci contributing to cervical cancer risk. We report here a differential co-expression network analysis in five gene expression datasets (GSE7803, GSE9750, GSE39001, GSE52903, and GSE63514, from the Gene Expression Omnibus) in patients with cervical cancer and healthy controls. Kaplan-Meier Survival and principle component analyses were employed to evaluate prognostic and diagnostic performances of biomarker candidates, respectively. As a result, seven distinct co-expressed gene modules were identified. Among these, five modules (with sizes of 9-45 genes) presented high prognostic and diagnostic capabilities with hazard ratios of 2.28-11.3, and diagnostic odds ratios of 85.2-548.8. Moreover, these modules were associated with several key biological processes such as cell cycle regulation, keratinization, neutrophil degranulation, and the phospholipase D signaling pathway. In addition, transcription factors ETS1 and GATA2 were noted as common regulatory elements. These genomic biomarker candidates identified by differential co-expression network analysis offer new prospects for translational cancer research, not to mention personalized medicine to forecast cervical cancer susceptibility and prognosis. Looking into the future, we also suggest that the search for a molecular basis of common complex diseases should be complemented by differential co-expression analyses to obtain a systems-level understanding of disease phenotype variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medi Kori
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Gov
- 2 Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Adana Alparslan Türkeş Science and Technology University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Kazım Yalçın Arga
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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17
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Gao Y, Yu M, Ma M, Zhuang Y, Qiu X, Zhao Q, Dai J, Cai H, Yan X. SPOCK1 contributes to the third-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors resistance in lung cancer. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:12566-12573. [PMID: 30825234 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Explanation of the mechanism of resistance to third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) and the development of a novel strategy for drug resistance are imperative in third-generation EGFR-TKIs-resistant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). SPOCK1 was found to be abnormally expressed in various tumors including lung cancer, however, there was no study focused on the role of SPOCK1 in third-generation EGFR-TKIs resistant lung cancer cells. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the roles of SPOCK1 in NSCLC with third-generation EGFR-TKIs resistance. We showed that SPOCK1 was upregulated in the osimertinib-resistant lung cancer cells and knockdown of SPOCK1 inhibits osimertinib-resistant cells growth and overcomes resistance. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the SPOCK1 was higher in clinical NSCLC specimens compared with the normal lung tissues, and the higher expression of SPOCK1 correlated with poor prognosis. In addition, the overexpression of SPOCK1 in NSCLC tissues was positively correlated with MMP11 and TGFβ1. CONCLUSION Our study suggested that SPOCK1 could be an independent prognostic factor in NSCLC and would be a candidate for target therapy in osimertinib-resistant lung tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Miao Ma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Zhuang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohua Qiu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinghong Dai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Hourong Cai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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18
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Ng SC, Wang PH, Lee YC, Lee CY, Yang SF, Shen HP, Hsiao YH. Impact of matrix metalloproteinase-11 gene polymorphisms on development and clinicopathologcial variables of uterine cervical cancer in Taiwanese women. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:774-782. [PMID: 31337950 PMCID: PMC6643117 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.33195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to examine whether there were associations among matrix metalloproteinase-11 (MMP-11) gene polymorphisms, development and clinicopathological characteristics of uterine cervical cancer as well as patient survival or not. Five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the MMP-11 gene rs738791, rs738792, rs2267029, rs28382575, and rs131451 from one hundred and thirty patients with invasive cancer, 99 patients with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) of uterine and 335 normal controls were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Our results revealed that genotypic frequencies of CT/TT in MMP-11 SNP rs738791, with CC as a reference, tended to exhibit significantly different distributions (p=0.044, AOR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.41-0.99) between patients with cervical invasive cancer and normal control women when controlling age. After multiple significance adjustment, the tendency becomes insignificant (Holm's adjusted p 0.176). Although CT/TT genotype of MMP-11 gene rs738791 tended to increase the risk of developing stage II disease at least (p=0.035; OR: 2.16, 95% CI: 1.05-4.44) and deep stromal invasion more than 10 mm (p=0.043; OR: 2.08, 95% CI: 1.02-4.26) with CC as a reference in patients with uterine cervical cancer. They became insignificant after multiple significance adjustment and the Holm's adjusted p values would become as 0.245 and 0.258, respectively. However, lymph node metastasis exhibited significant worse recurrence-free survival (p=0.033; HR: 2.83, 95% CI: 1.09-7.35), and overall survival (p=0.001; HR: 4.80, 95% CI: 1.82-12.62) compared to those without pelvic lymph node metastasis. In conclusion, it indicates no impact of the MMP-11 SNPs on uterine cervical cancer in Taiwanese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Cheen Ng
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hui Wang
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Chun Lee
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Radiation Oncology Department, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yuan Lee
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi Campus, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Pin Shen
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Hsiao
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
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19
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Kang SD, Chatterjee S, Alam S, Salzberg AC, Milici J, van der Burg SH, Meyers C. Effect of Productive Human Papillomavirus 16 Infection on Global Gene Expression in Cervical Epithelium. J Virol 2018; 92:e01261-18. [PMID: 30045992 PMCID: PMC6158420 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01261-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the world's most common sexually transmitted infection and is responsible for most cases of cervical cancer. Previous studies of global gene expression changes induced by HPV infection have focused on the cancerous stages of infection, and therefore, not much is known about global gene expression changes at early preneoplastic stages of infection. We show for the first time the global gene expression changes during early-stage HPV16 infection in cervical tissue using 3-dimensional organotypic raft cultures, which produce high levels of progeny virions. cDNA microarray analysis showed that a total of 594 genes were upregulated and 651 genes were downregulated at least 1.5-fold with HPV16 infection. Gene ontology analysis showed that biological processes including cell cycle progression and DNA metabolism were upregulated, while skin development, immune response, and cell death were downregulated with HPV16 infection in cervical keratinocytes. Individual genes were selected for validation at the transcriptional and translational levels, including UBC, which was central to the protein association network of immune response genes, and top downregulated genes RPTN, SERPINB4, KRT23, and KLK8 In particular, KLK8 and SERPINB4 were shown to be upregulated in cancer, which contrasts with the gene regulation during the productive replication stage. Organotypic raft cultures, which allow full progression of the HPV life cycle, allowed us to identify novel gene modulations and potential therapeutic targets of early-stage HPV infection in cervical tissue. Additionally, our results suggest that early-stage productive infection and cancerous stages of infection are distinct disease states expressing different host transcriptomes.IMPORTANCE Persistent HPV infection is responsible for most cases of cervical cancer. The transition from precancerous to cancerous stages of HPV infection is marked by a significant reduction in virus production. Most global gene expression studies of HPV infection have focused on the cancerous stages. Therefore, little is known about global gene expression changes at precancerous stages. For the first time, we measured global gene expression changes at the precancerous stages of HPV16 infection in human cervical tissue producing high levels of virus. We identified a group of genes that are typically overexpressed in cancerous stages to be significantly downregulated at the precancerous stage. Moreover, we identified significantly modulated genes that have not yet been studied in the context of HPV infection. Studying the role of these genes in HPV infection will help us understand what drives the transition from precancerous to cancerous stages and may lead to the development of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa Do Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sreejata Chatterjee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Samina Alam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anna C Salzberg
- Bioinformatics Core, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Janice Milici
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Craig Meyers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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20
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Herbster S, Paladino A, de Freitas S, Boccardo E. Alterations in the expression and activity of extracellular matrix components in HPV-associated infections and diseases. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e551s. [PMID: 30208169 PMCID: PMC6113921 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e551s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with human papillomaviruses is associated with a series of benign and malignant hyperproliferative diseases that impose a heavy burden on human populations. A subgroup of mucosal human papillomavirus types are associated with the majority of cervical cancers and a relevant fraction of vulvar, vaginal, anal, penile and head and neck carcinomas. Human papillomaviruses mediate cell transformation by the expression of two pleiotropic oncoproteins that alter major cellular regulatory pathways. However, these viruses are not complete carcinogens, and further alterations within the infected cells and in their microenvironment are necessary for tumor establishment and progression. Alterations in components of the extracellular matrix for instance, matrix metalloproteinases and some of their regulators such as tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, have been consistently reported in human papillomaviruses-associated diseases. Matrix metalloproteinases function by remodeling the extracellular matrix and alterations in their expression levels and/or activity are associated with pathological processes and clinical variables including local tumor invasion, metastasis, tumor relapse and overall patient prognosis and survival. In this review we present a summarized discussion on the current data concerning the impact of human papillomavirus infection on the activity and expression of extracellular matrix components. We further comment on the possibility of targeting extracellular matrix molecules in experimental treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suellen Herbster
- Laboratory of Oncovirology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andressa Paladino
- Laboratory of Oncovirology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sumara de Freitas
- Laboratory of Oncovirology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Enrique Boccardo
- Laboratory of Oncovirology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Zhu L, Zheng X, Du Y, Xing Y, Xu K, Cui L. Matrix metalloproteinase-7 may serve as a novel biomarker for cervical cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:4207-4220. [PMID: 30050312 PMCID: PMC6055895 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s160998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The biological and clinical significance of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) in cervical cancer remains unknown. Here, we investigated the function of MMP-7 in cervical cancer cells and evaluated its clinical significance in both tissues and serum from cervical cancer patients. Methods First, we analyzed the expression of MMP-7 in cervical cancer using Oncomine microarray data and examined its expression in cervical tissues by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Second, we utilized gene silencing to explore the role of MMP-7 in cells. Finally, we examined the MMP-7 levels in patients with cervical cancer and normal serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Moreover, we further investigated the relationship between MMP-7 expression and pathological features. Results The mRNA and protein MMP-7 levels were higher in cervical cancer tissues than in healthy controls. Silencing of MMP-7 significantly decreased cervical cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. The serum MMP-7 levels were significantly higher in cervical cancer patients than in healthy subjects (P<0.01). Further, higher MMP-7 expression was associated with increased lymph metastasis (P=0.021), pathological grade (P=0.039, P=0.047), and clinical stage (P=0.049, P=0.046). Conclusion MMP-7 appears to act as an oncogene in cervical cancer cells and is involved in cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. MMP-7 expression was significantly higher in the tissue and serum of cervical cancer patients compared to healthy individuals and was correlated with increased pathalogical grade, clinical stage, and lymph metastasis. Therefore, our data provide novel evidence that MMP-7 may be a clinically relevant biomarker for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyan Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xiaojiao Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yongming Du
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yan Xing
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China,
| | - Kejun Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China,
| | - Lining Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China,
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22
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Cysteine cathepsins as a prospective target for anticancer therapies-current progress and prospects. Biochimie 2018; 151:85-106. [PMID: 29870804 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins (CTS), being involved in both physiological and pathological processes, play an important role in the human body. During the last 30 years, it has been shown that CTS are highly upregulated in a wide variety of cancer types although they have received a little attention as a potential therapeutic target as compared to serine or metalloproteinases. Studies on the increasing problem of neoplastic progression have revealed that secretion of cell-surface- and intracellular cysteine proteases is aberrant in tumor cells and has an impact on their growth, invasion, and metastasis by taking part in tumor angiogenesis, in apoptosis, and in events of inflammatory and immune responses. Considering the role of CTS in carcinogenesis, inhibition of these enzymes becomes an attractive strategy for cancer therapy. The downregulation of natural CTS inhibitors (CTSsis), such as cystatins, observed in various types of cancer, supports this claim. The intention of this review is to highlight the relationship of CTS with cancer and to present illustrations that explain how some of their inhibitors affect processes related to neoplastic progression.
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23
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Daniel A, Prakasarao A, Ganesan S. Near-infrared Raman spectroscopy for estimating biochemical changes associated with different pathological conditions of cervix. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 190:409-416. [PMID: 28954253 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The molecular level changes associated with oncogenesis precede the morphological changes in cells and tissues. Hence molecular level diagnosis would promote early diagnosis of the disease. Raman spectroscopy is capable of providing specific spectral signature of various biomolecules present in the cells and tissues under various pathological conditions. The aim of this work is to develop a non-linear multi-class statistical methodology for discrimination of normal, neoplastic and malignant cells/tissues. The tissues were classified as normal, pre-malignant and malignant by employing Principal Component Analysis followed by Artificial Neural Network (PC-ANN). The overall accuracy achieved was 99%. Further, to get an insight into the quantitative biochemical composition of the normal, neoplastic and malignant tissues, a linear combination of the major biochemicals by non-negative least squares technique was fit to the measured Raman spectra of the tissues. This technique confirms the changes in the major biomolecules such as lipids, nucleic acids, actin, glycogen and collagen associated with the different pathological conditions. To study the efficacy of this technique in comparison with histopathology, we have utilized Principal Component followed by Linear Discriminant Analysis (PC-LDA) to discriminate the well differentiated, moderately differentiated and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma with an accuracy of 94.0%. And the results demonstrated that Raman spectroscopy has the potential to complement the good old technique of histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amuthachelvi Daniel
- Department of Medical Physics, Anna University, Sardar Patel Road, Chennai 600025, India.
| | - Aruna Prakasarao
- Department of Medical Physics, Anna University, Sardar Patel Road, Chennai 600025, India
| | - Singaravelu Ganesan
- Department of Medical Physics, Anna University, Sardar Patel Road, Chennai 600025, India
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24
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Cocchiaro P, De Pasquale V, Della Morte R, Tafuri S, Avallone L, Pizard A, Moles A, Pavone LM. The Multifaceted Role of the Lysosomal Protease Cathepsins in Kidney Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:114. [PMID: 29312937 PMCID: PMC5742100 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney disease is worldwide the 12th leading cause of death affecting 8–16% of the entire population. Kidney disease encompasses acute (short-lasting episode) and chronic (developing over years) pathologies both leading to renal failure. Since specific treatments for acute or chronic kidney disease are limited, more than 2 million people a year require dialysis or kidney transplantation. Several recent evidences identified lysosomal proteases cathepsins as key players in kidney pathophysiology. Cathepsins, originally found in the lysosomes, exert important functions also in the cytosol and nucleus of cells as well as in the extracellular space, thus participating in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. Based on their catalytic active site residue, the 15 human cathepsins identified up to now are classified in three different families: serine (cathepsins A and G), aspartate (cathepsins D and E), or cysteine (cathepsins B, C, F, H, K, L, O, S, V, X, and W) proteases. Specifically in the kidney, cathepsins B, D, L and S have been shown to regulate extracellular matrix homeostasis, autophagy, apoptosis, glomerular permeability, endothelial function, and inflammation. Dysregulation of their expression/activity has been associated to the onset and progression of kidney disease. This review summarizes most of the recent findings that highlight the critical role of cathepsins in kidney disease development and progression. A better understanding of the signaling pathways governed by cathepsins in kidney physiopathology may yield novel selective biomarkers or therapeutic targets for developing specific treatments against kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Cocchiaro
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Faculty of Medicine, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, "Défaillance Cardiaque Aigüe et Chronique", Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.,Institut Lorrain du Coeur et des Vaisseaux, Center for Clinical Investigation 1433, Nancy, France.,CHRU de Nancy, Hôpitaux de Brabois, Nancy, France
| | - Valeria De Pasquale
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rossella Della Morte
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Tafuri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Avallone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Anne Pizard
- Faculty of Medicine, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, "Défaillance Cardiaque Aigüe et Chronique", Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.,Institut Lorrain du Coeur et des Vaisseaux, Center for Clinical Investigation 1433, Nancy, France.,CHRU de Nancy, Hôpitaux de Brabois, Nancy, France
| | - Anna Moles
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Luigi Michele Pavone
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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25
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Integrated analysis of chromosome copy number variation and gene expression in cervical carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:108912-108922. [PMID: 29312578 PMCID: PMC5752491 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was conducted to explore chromosomal copy number variations (CNV) and transcript expression and to examine pathways in cervical pathogenesis using genome-wide high resolution microarrays. Methods Genome-wide chromosomal CNVs were investigated in 6 cervical cancer cell lines by Human Genome CGH Microarray Kit (4x44K). Gene expression profiles in cervical cancer cell lines, primary cervical carcinoma and normal cervical epithelium tissues were also studied using the Whole Human Genome Microarray Kit (4x44K). Results Fifty common chromosomal CNVs were identified in the cervical cancer cell lines. Correlation analysis revealed that gene up-regulation or down-regulation is significantly correlated with genomic amplification (P=0.009) or deletion (P=0.006) events. Expression profiles were identified through cluster analysis. Gene annotation analysis pinpointed cell cycle pathways was significantly (P=1.15E-08) affected in cervical cancer. Common CNVs were associated with cervical cancer. Conclusion Chromosomal CNVs may contribute to their transcript expression in cervical cancer.
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26
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Virtanen E, Yakob M, Tervahartiala T, Söder PÖ, Andersson LC, Sorsa T, Meurman JH, Söder B. Salivary MMP-13 gender differences in periodontitis: A cross-sectional study from Sweden. Clin Exp Dent Res 2017; 3:165-170. [PMID: 29744196 PMCID: PMC5839226 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated serum and saliva concentrations of matrix metalloproteinases, MMP-8, MMP-9, and MMP-13, and their tissue inhibitor TIMP-1, in a group of patients with and without periodontitis from Sweden. The hypothesis was that these biomarkers are higher in the periodontitis patients. Ninety patients participated in this cross-sectional study. Fifty-one patients had periodontitis whereas 39 were periodontally healthy. Saliva and serum samples were analyzed with immunofluorometric, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot. Results were statistically analyzed with independent t test, Mann-Whitney U test, Bonferroni corrections, and regression analyses. MMP-13 was not detected in serum, but in saliva, higher values were found among the periodontally healthy compared with periodontitis subjects (0.32 ± 0.26 vs. 0.21 ± 0.23 ng/ml, p < .05). Female gender and clinical attachment loss were the explanatory factors for higher salivary MMP-13 values with odds ratio 3.08 (95% confidence interval [1.17, 8.11]) and 3.57 (95% confidence interval [1.08, 11.82]), respectively. No statistically significant differences between groups were found in serum and saliva values of MMP-8, MMP-9, and TIMP-1. Contrary to our hypothesis, no statistically significant differences between patients with and without periodontitis were seen in MMP-8, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 values. However, higher MMP-13 concentrations in saliva were associated with female gender and higher clinical attachment loss. Metabolism of MMP-13 may thus have some gender implications in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Virtanen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Finland
| | - Maha Yakob
- Department of Dental Medicine Karolinska Institutet Sweden
| | - Taina Tervahartiala
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Finland
| | | | - Leif C Andersson
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Timo Sorsa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Finland
- Department of Dental Medicine Karolinska Institutet Sweden
| | - Jukka H Meurman
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Finland
| | - Birgitta Söder
- Department of Dental Medicine Karolinska Institutet Sweden
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27
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Jia X, Chen J, Sun S, Yang W, Yang S, Shah P, Hoti N, Veltri B, Zhang H. Detection of aggressive prostate cancer associated glycoproteins in urine using glycoproteomics and mass spectrometry. Proteomics 2017; 16:2989-2996. [PMID: 27749016 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Clinical management of prostate cancer remains a significant challenge due to the lack of available tests for guiding treatment decisions. The blood prostate-specific antigen test has facilitated early detection and intervention of prostate cancer. However, blood prostate-specific antigen levels are less effective in distinguishing aggressive from indolent prostate cancers and other benign prostatic diseases. Thus, the development of novel approaches specific for prostate cancer that can differentiate aggressive from indolent disease remains an urgent medical need. In the current study, we evaluated urine specimens from prostate cancer patients using LC-MS/MS, with the aim of identifying effective urinary prostate cancer biomarkers. Glycoproteins from urine samples of prostate cancer patients with different Gleason scores were characterized via solid phase extraction of N-linked glycosite-containing peptides and LC-MS/MS. A total of 2923 unique glycosite-containing peptides were identified. Glycoproteomic comparison on urine and tissues from aggressive and non-aggressive prostate cancers as well as sera from prostate cancer patients revealed that the majority of AG prostate cancer associated glycoproteins were more readily detected in patient's urine than serum samples. Our data collectively indicate that urine provides a potential source for biomarker testing in patients with AG prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwang Jia
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shisheng Sun
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Weiming Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shuang Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Punit Shah
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Naseruddin Hoti
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bob Veltri
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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28
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Ji C, Zhao Y, Kou YW, Shao H, Guo L, Bao CH, Jiang BC, Chen XY, Dai JW, Tong YX, Yang R, Sun W, Wang Q. Cathepsin F Knockdown Induces Proliferation and Inhibits Apoptosis in Gastric Cancer Cells. Oncol Res 2017; 26:83-93. [PMID: 28474574 PMCID: PMC7844561 DOI: 10.3727/096504017x14928634401204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers in the world. The cathepsin F (CTSF) gene has recently been found to participate in the progression of several types of cancer. However, the clinical characteristics and function of CTSF in GC as well as its molecular mechanisms are not clear. Six GC cell lines and 44 paired adjacent noncancerous and GC tissue samples were used to assess CTSF expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). We used lentivirus-mediated small hairpin RNA (Lenti-shRNA) against CTSF to knock down the expression of CTSF in GC cells. Western blot and qPCR were used to analyze the mRNA and related protein expression. The biological phenotypes of gastric cells were examined by cell proliferation and apoptosis assays. Microarray-based mRNA expression profile screening was also performed to evaluate the potential molecular pathways in which CTSF may be involved. The CTSF mRNA level was associated with tumor differentiation, depth of tumor invasion, and lymph node metastasis. Downregulation of CTSF expression efficiently inhibited apoptosis and promoted the proliferation of GC cells. Moreover, a total of 1,117 upregulated mRNAs and 1,143 downregulated mRNAs were identified as differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Further analysis identified the involvement of these mRNAs in cancer-related pathways and various other biological processes. Nine DEGs in cancer-related pathways and three downstream genes in the apoptosis pathway were validated by Western blot, which was mainly in agreement with the microarray data. To our knowledge, this is the first report investigating the effect of CTSF on the growth and apoptosis in GC cells and its clinical significance. The CTSF gene may function as a tumor suppressor in GC and may be a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Ji
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Nutrition Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Nutrition Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - You-Wei Kou
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Nutrition Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Hua Shao
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Nutrition Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Nutrition Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Chen-Hui Bao
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Nutrition Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Ben-Chun Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Nutrition Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Ying Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Nutrition Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Wei Dai
- Department of Pancreatic and Thyroidal Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Xin Tong
- Medical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Ren Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Nutrition Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Nutrition Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Nutrition Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
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29
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Lv FZ, Wang JL, Wu Y, Chen HF, Shen XY. Knockdown of MMP12 inhibits the growth and invasion of lung adenocarcinoma cells. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2017; 28:77-84. [PMID: 25816409 DOI: 10.1177/0394632015572557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP12) is involved in many pathological processes including cancer. The expression and function of MMP12 in lung adenocarcinoma (LAC) remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the correlation of MMP12 expression with LAC patients and clarify its role in growth and invasion of LAC cells. The expression of MMP12 in human LAC was examined by immunohistochemical assay using a tissue microarray procedure. A loss-of-function experiment was used for observing the effects of lentiviral vector-mediated MMP12 shRNA (shMMP12) on cell growth and invasion in LAC cell lines (A549), indicated by MTT and Transwell assays. We found that the expression of MMP12 protein was significantly increased in LAC tissues compared with that in adjacent non-cancerous tissues (ANCT) (57.69% vs. 32.69%, P = 0.019), and was closely correlated with the pathological stage and lymph node metastasis of LAC patients (P = 0.01; P = 0.003). Knockdown of MMP12 inhibited proliferation and invasion of LAC cells followed by the downregulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In conclusion, our findings show that high expression of MMP12 is correlated with the pathological stage and tumor metastasis of LAC patients, and knockdown of MMP12 suppresses the development of LAC cells, suggesting that MMP12 may be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of LAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- F-Z Lv
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - J-L Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Y Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - H-F Chen
- Department of Respiration medicine, The Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - X-Y Shen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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30
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Lee JR, Park SJ, Kim YH, Choe SH, Cho HM, Lee SR, Kim SU, Kim JS, Sim BW, Song BS, Jeong KJ, Lee Y, Jin YB, Kang P, Huh JW, Chang KT. Alu-Derived Alternative Splicing Events Specific to Macaca Lineages in CTSF Gene. Mol Cells 2017; 40:100-108. [PMID: 28196413 PMCID: PMC5339500 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.2204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin F, which is encoded by CTSF, is a cysteine proteinase ubiquitously expressed in several tissues. In a previous study, novel transcripts of the CTSF gene were identified in the crab-eating monkey deriving from the integration of an Alu element-AluYRa1. The occurrence of AluYRa1-derived alternative transcripts and the mechanism of exonization events in the CTSF gene of human, rhesus monkey, and crab-eating monkey were investigated using PCR and reverse transcription PCR on the genomic DNA and cDNA isolated from several tissues. Results demonstrated that AluYRa1 was only integrated into the genome of Macaca species and this lineage-specific integration led to exonization events by producing a conserved 3' splice site. Six transcript variants (V1-V6) were generated by alternative splicing (AS) events, including intron retention and alternative 5' splice sites in the 5' and 3' flanking regions of CTSF_AluYRa1. Among them, V3-V5 transcripts were ubiquitously expressed in all tissues of rhesus monkey and crab-eating monkey, whereas AluYRa1-exonized V1 was dominantly expressed in the testis of the crab-eating monkey, and V2 was only expressed in the testis of the two monkeys. These five transcript variants also had different amino acid sequences in the C-terminal region of CTSF, as compared to reference sequences. Thus, species-specific Alu-derived exonization by lineage-specific integration of Alu elements and AS events seems to have played an important role during primate evolution by producing transcript variants and gene diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja-Rang Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116,
Korea
| | - Sang-Je Park
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116,
Korea
| | - Young-Hyun Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116,
Korea
- University of Science & Technology (UST), National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116,
Korea
| | - Se-Hee Choe
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116,
Korea
- University of Science & Technology (UST), National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116,
Korea
| | - Hyeon-Mu Cho
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116,
Korea
- University of Science & Technology (UST), National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116,
Korea
| | - Sang-Rae Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116,
Korea
- University of Science & Technology (UST), National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116,
Korea
| | - Sun-Uk Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116,
Korea
- University of Science & Technology (UST), National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116,
Korea
| | - Ji-Su Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116,
Korea
- University of Science & Technology (UST), National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116,
Korea
| | - Bo-Woong Sim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116,
Korea
| | - Bong-Seok Song
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116,
Korea
| | - Kang-Jin Jeong
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116,
Korea
| | - Youngjeon Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116,
Korea
| | - Yeung Bae Jin
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116,
Korea
| | - Philyong Kang
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116,
Korea
| | - Jae-Won Huh
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116,
Korea
- University of Science & Technology (UST), National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116,
Korea
| | - Kyu-Tae Chang
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116,
Korea
- University of Science & Technology (UST), National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116,
Korea
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31
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Pang L, Wang DW, Zhang N, Xu DH, Meng XW. Elevated serum levels of MMP-11 correlate with poor prognosis in colon cancer patients. Cancer Biomark 2017; 16:599-607. [PMID: 27002762 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinase 11 (MMP11) has been shown to play a key role in human tumor progression and indicates poor clinical outcome in cancer patients. OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to evaluate the relationship between serum levels of MMP-11 and prognosis in colon cancer patients. METHODS Serum levels of MMP-11 were determined in 92 colon cancer patients and 92 healthy individuals using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Associations between serum MMP-11 levels and clinicopathological characteristics of the patients and their outcomes were investigated. Survival analyses were performed to measure the 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). RESULTS Serum MMP-11 levels were substantially higher in colon cancer patients than in healthy controls. Moreover, serum MMP-11 levels were significantly higher in patients with advanced T status, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and a higher TNM stage. Elevated serum levels of MMP-11 were identified as an independent prognostic factor for 5-year mortality and adverse events associated with colon cancer. Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified the serum MMP-11 level as an independent predictor of OS and DFS. CONCLUSION Our study established that high serum levels of MMP-11 are associated with poor clinical outcome and may serve as a prognostic biomarker in colon cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Pang
- Department of Emergency, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Da-Wei Wang
- Department of Emergency, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Emergency, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Da-Hai Xu
- Department of Emergency, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiang-Wei Meng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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32
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Yonemori M, Seki N, Yoshino H, Matsushita R, Miyamoto K, Nakagawa M, Enokida H. Dual tumor-suppressors miR-139-5p and miR-139-3p targeting matrix metalloprotease 11 in bladder cancer. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:1233-42. [PMID: 27355528 PMCID: PMC5021030 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent study of the microRNA (miRNA) expression signature of bladder cancer (BC) by deep‐sequencing revealed that two miRNA, microRNA‐139‐5p/microRNA‐139‐3p were significantly downregulated in BC tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the functional roles of these miRNA and their modulation of cancer networks in BC cells. Functional assays of BC cells were performed using transfection of mature miRNA or small interfering RNA (siRNA). Genome‐wide gene expression analysis, in silico analysis and dual‐luciferase reporter assays were applied to identify miRNA targets. The associations between the expression of miRNA and its targets and overall survival were estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method. Gain‐of‐function studies showed that miR‐139‐5p and miR‐139‐3p significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion by BC cells. The matrix metalloprotease 11 gene (MMP11) was identified as a direct target of miR‐139‐5p and miR‐139‐3p. Kaplan–Meier survival curves showed that higher expression of MMP11 predicted shorter survival of BC patients (P = 0.029). Downregulated miR‐139‐5p or miR‐139‐3p enhanced BC cell migration and invasion in BC cells. MMP11 was directly regulated by these miRNA and might be a good prognostic marker for survival of BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Yonemori
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Naohiko Seki
- Department of Functional Genomics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yoshino
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Matsushita
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Miyamoto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hideki Enokida
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
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Histone deacetylase inhibitor abexinostat affects chromatin organization and gene transcription in normal B cells and in mantle cell lymphoma. Gene 2016; 580:134-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Zhang X, Huang S, Guo J, Zhou L, You L, Zhang T, Zhao Y. Insights into the distinct roles of MMP-11 in tumor biology and future therapeutics (Review). Int J Oncol 2016; 48:1783-93. [PMID: 26892540 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological processes of cancer cells such as tumorigenesis, proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis and invasion are greatly influenced by the surrounding microenvironment. The ability of solid malignant tumors to alter the microenvironment represents an important characteristic through which tumor cells are able to acquire specific functions necessary for their malignant biological behaviors. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases with the capacity of remodeling extracellular matrix (ECM) by degrading almost all ECM proteins, which plays essential roles during the invasion and metastasis process of solid malignant tumors, including allowing tumor cells to modify the ECM components and release cytokines, ultimately facilitating protease-dependent tumor progression. MMP-11, also named stromelysin-3, is a member of the stromelysin subgroup belonging to MMPs superfamily, which has been detected in cancer cells, stromal cells and adjacent microenvironment. Differently, MMP-11 exerts a dual effect on tumors. On the one hand MMP-11 promotes cancer development by inhibiting apoptosis as well as enhancing migration and invasion of cancer cells, on the other hand MMP-11 plays a negative role against cancer development via suppressing metastasis in animal models. Overexpression of MMP-11 was discovered in sera of cancer patients compared with normal control group as well as in multiple tumor tissue specimens, such as gastric cancer, breast cancer, and pancreatic cancer. At present, some evidence supports that MMP-11 may work as a significant tumor biomarker for early detection of cancer, tumor staging, prognostic analysis, monitoring recurrence during follow-up and also a potential target for immunotherapy against cancer. In view of the importance of MMP-11 in modifying tumor microenvironment and potent antitumoral effects on solid tumors, there is an urgent need for a deeper understanding of how MMP-11 modulates tumor progression, and exploring its potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Junchao Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Lei You
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Taiping Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Yupei Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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Yang L, Wang J, Li J, Zhang H, Guo S, Yan M, Zhu Z, Lan B, Ding Y, Xu M, Li W, Gu X, Qi C, Zhu H, Shao Z, Liu B, Tao SC. Identification of Serum Biomarkers for Gastric Cancer Diagnosis Using a Human Proteome Microarray. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 15:614-23. [PMID: 26598640 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.051250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to globally discover serum biomarkers for diagnosis of gastric cancer (GC). GC serum autoantibodies were discovered and validated using serum samples from independent patient cohorts encompassing 1,401 participants divided into three groups, i.e. healthy, GC patients, and GC-related disease group. To discover biomarkers for GC, the human proteome microarray was first applied to screen specific autoantibodies in a total of 87 serum samples from GC patients and healthy controls. Potential biomarkers were identified via a statistical analysis protocol. Targeted protein microarrays with only the potential biomarkers were constructed and used to validate the candidate biomarkers using 914 samples. To provide further validation, the abundance of autoantibodies specific to the biomarker candidates was analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the serum biomarkers. Finally, the efficacy of prognosis efficacy of the final four biomarkers was evaluated by analyzing the clinical records. The final panel of biomarkers consisting of COPS2, CTSF, NT5E, and TERF1 provides high diagnostic power, with 95% sensitivity and 92% specificity to differentiate GC patients from healthy individuals. Prognosis analysis showed that the panel could also serve as independent predictors of the overall GC patient survival. The panel of four serum biomarkers (COPS2, CTSF, NT5E, and TERF1) could serve as a noninvasive diagnostic index for GC, and the combination of them could potentially be used as a predictor of the overall GC survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yang
- From the Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Department of Integrative Oncology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jingfang Wang
- From the Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jianfang Li
- From the Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hainan Zhang
- From the Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shujuan Guo
- From the Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Min Yan
- From the Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhenggang Zhu
- From the Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Bin Lan
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Youcheng Ding
- Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Tongren Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Wei Li
- Shanghai Putuo Center Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaonian Gu
- Shanghai Pudong Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, China 200135
| | - Chong Qi
- Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Heng Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Zhifeng Shao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Bingya Liu
- From the Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China;
| | - Sheng-Ce Tao
- From the Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China;
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Expression of CD147 and matrix metalloproteinase-11 in colorectal cancer and their relationship to clinicopathological features. J Transl Med 2015; 13:337. [PMID: 26507719 PMCID: PMC4624598 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate the expression of CD147 and MMP-11 in human colorectal cancer (CRC) and to evaluate their clinical significance. Methods Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate CD147 and MMP-11 mRNA level in 56 pairs of fresh CRC samples matched with adjacent normal mucosa. The protein expression of CD147 and MMP-11 in CRC specimens and corresponding normal colorectal mucosa were evaluated by immunohistochemistry on CRC tissue microarrays. Expression and co-localization of these two proteins in human colorectal cancer tissue were also evaluated by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Furthermore, their correlations with clinicopathological factors and overall survival after surgery were evaluated. Results Both CD147 and MMP-11 were demonstrated to be over-expressed at mRNA level (P < 0.001, both) and protein level (P < 0.001, both) in CRC tissue than paired normal mucosa. Spearman rank test showed a positive correlation between these two proteins (P = 0.025). Immunofluorescence double staining confirmed the co-localization of CD147 and MMP-11 in paraffin-embedded tissues of CRC patients. Expression of CD147 and MMP-11 were both correlated with CRC lymph node metastasis (P = 0.021 and P = 0.031, respectively), distant metastasis (P < 0.001 and P = 0.013, respectively) and TNM stage (P = 0.006 and P = 0.049, respectively). Univariate survival analysis showed that both CD147 and MMP11 expression was significantly associated with shorter survival time (P = 0.001 and P = 0.009, respectively). Additionally, in multivariate analysis, both CD147 and MMP-11 were proved to be independent prognostic factors (P = 0.009, 0.028, respectively). Conclusions These results indicated that both CD147 and MMP-11 may be involved in the progression of colorectal cancer, and they are potential prognostic factors and might become new therapeutic targets for CRC patients.
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Pencovich N, Hantisteanu S, Hallak M, Fainaru O. Gonadotropin stimulation in mice leads to ovarian accumulation of immature myeloid cells and altered expression of proangiogenic genes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2014; 179:75-82. [PMID: 24965984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is associated with increased angiogenesis and vascular leakage. Immature myeloid cells (IMCs) and dendritic cells have been shown to be actively involved in angiogenesis in several disease models in mice and humans. Nevertheless, little is known about the role of these cells in the ovary. As such, this study sought to determine whether alterations in these ovarian myeloid cell populations are associated with gonadotropin stimulation in a mouse model. STUDY DESIGN Four-week-old pre-pubertal C57Bl/6 female mice were allocated into three groups: high-dose stimulation (n=4; pregnant mare serum gonadotropins (PMSG) 20U for 2 days), low-dose stimulation (n=5; PMSG 5U for 1 day) and sham-treated controls (n=4). Human chorionic gonadotropin 5U was injected on Day 3, and the mice were killed on Day 5. Ovaries were analysed by flow cytometry, confocal microscopy and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Gonadotropin stimulation increased the proportion of CD11b(+)Gr1(+) IMCs among the ovarian myeloid cells: 22.6±8.1% (high dose), 7.2±1.6% (low dose) and 4.1±0.3% (control) (p=0.02). Conversely, gonadotropin stimulation decreased the proportion of ovarian CD11c(+)MHCII(+) dendritic cells: 15.1±1.9% (high dose), 20.7±4.8% (low dose) and 27.3±8.2% (control) (p=0.02). IMCs, unlike dendritic cells, were localized adjacent to PECAM1(+) endothelial cells. Finally, gonadotropin stimulation was associated with increased expression of S100A8, S100A9, Vcan and Dmbt1, and decreased expression of MMP12. CONCLUSIONS Gonadotropin stimulation is associated with proangiogenic myeloid cell alterations, reflected by a dose-dependent increase in ovarian IMCs and a parallel decrease in dendritic cells. Recruited IMCs localize strategically at sites of angiogenesis. These changes are associated with differential expression of key proangiogenic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pencovich
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hillel Yaffe Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Hadera, Israel; Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Surgery, Tel Aviv Souraski Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - S Hantisteanu
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hillel Yaffe Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Hadera, Israel; Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - M Hallak
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hillel Yaffe Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Hadera, Israel
| | - O Fainaru
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hillel Yaffe Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Hadera, Israel; Department of Surgery, Tel Aviv Souraski Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; IVF Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hillel Yaffe Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Hadera, Israel.
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Oliveras-Ferraros C, Vazquez-Martin A, Cuyàs E, Corominas-Faja B, Rodríguez-Gallego E, Fernández-Arroyo S, Martin-Castillo B, Joven J, Menendez JA. Acquired resistance to metformin in breast cancer cells triggers transcriptome reprogramming toward a degradome-related metastatic stem-like profile. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:1132-44. [PMID: 24553122 DOI: 10.4161/cc.27982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic interventions based on metabolic inhibitor-based therapies are expected to be less prone to acquired resistance. However, there has not been any study assessing the possibility that the targeting of the tumor cell metabolism may result in unforeseeable resistance. We recently established a pre-clinical model of estrogen-dependent MCF-7 breast cancer cells that were chronically adapted to grow (> 10 months) in the presence of graded, millimolar concentrations of the anti-diabetic biguanide metformin, an AMPK agonist/mTOR inhibitor that has been evaluated in multiple in vitro and in vivo cancer studies and is now being tested in clinical trials. To assess what impact the phenomenon of resistance might have on the metformin-like "dirty" drugs that are able to simultaneously hit several metabolic pathways, we employed the ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) software to functionally interpret the data from Agilent whole-human genome arrays in the context of biological processes, networks, and pathways. Our findings establish, for the first time, that a "global" targeting of metabolic reprogramming using metformin certainly imposes a great selective pressure for the emergence of new breast cancer cellular states. Intriguingly, acquired resistance to metformin appears to trigger a transcriptome reprogramming toward a metastatic stem-like profile, as many genes encoding the components of the degradome (KLK11, CTSF, FREM1, BACE-2, CASP, TMPRSS4, MMP16, HTRA1), cancer cell migration and invasion factors (TP63, WISP2, GAS3, DKK1, BCAR3, PABPC1, MUC1, SPARCL1, SEMA3B, SEMA6A), stem cell markers (DCLK1, FAK), and key pro-metastatic lipases (MAGL and Cpla2) were included in the signature. Because this convergent activation of pathways underlying tumor microenvironment interactions occurred in low-proliferative cancer cells exhibiting a notable downregulation of the G 2/M DNA damage checkpoint regulators that maintain genome stability (CCNB1, CCNB2, CDC20, CDC25C, AURKA, AURKB, BUB1, CENP-A, CENP-M) and pro-autophagic features (i.e., TRAIL upregulation and BCL-2 downregulation), it appears that the unique mechanism of acquired resistance to metformin has opposing roles in growth and metastatic dissemination. While refractoriness to metformin limits breast cancer cell growth, likely due to aberrant mitotic/cytokinetic machinery and accelerated autophagy, it notably increases the potential of metastatic dissemination by amplifying the number of pro-migratory and stemness inputs via the activation of a significant number of proteases and EMT regulators. Future studies should elucidate whether our findings using supra-physiological concentrations of metformin mechanistically mimic the ultimate processes that could paradoxically occur in a polyploid, senescent-autophagic scenario triggered by the chronic metabolic stresses that occur during cancer development and after treatment with cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Oliveras-Ferraros
- Metabolism & Cancer Group; Translational Research Laboratory; Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona (ICO-Girona); Girona, Spain; Molecular Oncology; Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI); Girona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Vazquez-Martin
- Metabolism & Cancer Group; Translational Research Laboratory; Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona (ICO-Girona); Girona, Spain; Molecular Oncology; Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI); Girona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Cuyàs
- Metabolism & Cancer Group; Translational Research Laboratory; Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona (ICO-Girona); Girona, Spain; Molecular Oncology; Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI); Girona, Spain
| | - Bruna Corominas-Faja
- Metabolism & Cancer Group; Translational Research Laboratory; Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona (ICO-Girona); Girona, Spain; Molecular Oncology; Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI); Girona, Spain
| | - Esther Rodríguez-Gallego
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan and Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus, Spain
| | - Salvador Fernández-Arroyo
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan and Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus, Spain
| | - Begoña Martin-Castillo
- Molecular Oncology; Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI); Girona, Spain; Unit of Clinical Research; Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona (ICO-Girona); Girona, Spain
| | - Jorge Joven
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan and Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus, Spain
| | - Javier A Menendez
- Metabolism & Cancer Group; Translational Research Laboratory; Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona (ICO-Girona); Girona, Spain; Molecular Oncology; Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI); Girona, Spain
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Malinowski DP. Multiple biomarkers in molecular oncology. I. Molecular diagnostics applications in cervical cancer detection. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 7:117-31. [PMID: 17331061 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.7.2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The screening for cervical carcinoma and its malignant precursors (cervical neoplasia) currently employs morphology-based detection methods (Papanicolaou [Pap] smear) in addition to the detection of high-risk human papillomavirus. The combination of the Pap smear with human papillomavirus testing has achieved significant improvements in sensitivity for the detection of cervical disease. Diagnosis of cervical neoplasia is dependent upon histology assessment of cervical biopsy specimens. Attempts to improve the specificity of cervical disease screening have focused on the investigation of molecular biomarkers for adjunctive use in combination with the Pap smear. Active research into the genomic and proteomic alterations that occur during human papillomavirus-induced neoplastic transformation have begun to characterize some of the basic mechanisms inherent to the disease process of cervical cancer development. This research continues to demonstrate the complexity of multiple genomic and proteomic alterations that accumulate during the tumorigenesis process. Despite this diversity, basic patterns of uncontrolled signal transduction, cell cycle deregulation, activation of DNA replication and altered extracellular matrix interactions are beginning to emerge as common features inherent to cervical cancer development. Some of these gene or protein expression alterations have been investigated as potential biomarkers for screening and diagnostics applications. The contribution of multiple gene alterations in the development of cervical cancer suggests that the application of multiple biomarker panels has the potential to develop clinically useful molecular diagnostics. In this review, the application of biomarkers for the improvement of sensitivity and specificity of the detection of cervical neoplasia within cytology specimens will be discussed.
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Saghizadeh M, Epifantseva I, Hemmati DM, Ghiam CA, Brunken WJ, Ljubimov AV. Enhanced wound healing, kinase and stem cell marker expression in diabetic organ-cultured human corneas upon MMP-10 and cathepsin F gene silencing. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:8172-80. [PMID: 24255036 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetic corneas overexpress proteinases including matrix metalloproteinase-10 (M10) and cathepsin F (CF). Our purpose was to assess if silencing M10 and CF in organ-cultured diabetic corneas using recombinant adenovirus (rAV)-driven small hairpin RNA (rAV-sh) would normalize slow wound healing, and diabetic and stem cell marker expression. METHODS Sixteen pairs of organ-cultured autopsy human diabetic corneas (four per group) were treated with rAV-sh. Proteinase genes were silenced either separately, together, or both, in combination (Combo) with rAV-driven c-met gene overexpression. Fellow control corneas received rAV-EGFP. Quantitative RT-PCR confirmed small hairpin RNA (shRNA) silencing effect. Ten days after transfection, 5-mm epithelial wounds were made with n-heptanol and healing time recorded. Diabetic, signaling, and putative stem cell markers were studied by immunofluorescence of corneal cryostat sections. RESULTS Proteinase silencing reduced epithelial wound healing time versus rAV-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) control (23% for rAV-shM10, 31% for rAV-shCF, and 36% for rAV-shM10 + rAV-shCF). Combo treatment was even more efficient (55% reduction). Staining patterns of diabetic markers (α₃β₁ integrin and nidogen-1), and of activated epidermal growth factor receptor and its signaling target activated Akt were normalized upon rAV-sh treatment. Combo treatment also restored normal staining for activated p38. All treatments, especially the combined ones, increased diabetes-altered staining for putative limbal stem cell markers, ΔNp63α, ABCG2, keratins 15 and 17, and laminin γ3 chain. CONCLUSIONS Small hairpin RNA silencing of proteinases overexpressed in diabetic corneas enhanced corneal epithelial and stem cell marker staining and accelerated wound healing. Combined therapy with c-met overexpression was even more efficient. Specific corneal gene therapy has a potential for treating diabetic keratopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnoosh Saghizadeh
- Eye Program, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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Kou YB, Zhang SY, Zhao BL, Ding R, Liu H, Li S. Knockdown of MMP11 inhibits proliferation and invasion of gastric cancer cells. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2013; 26:361-70. [PMID: 23755751 DOI: 10.1177/039463201302600209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 11 (MMP11 or stromelysin-3) has recently been reported to play a crucial role in the development and progression of multiple malignancies. The aim of this study was to investigate the function of MMP11 expression in human gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC). Using immunohistochemistry assay, we studied the expression level of MMP11 in GAC and adjacent non-cancerous tissues (ANCT). The association between MMP11 expression and tumor size and pathological grade, as well as metastatic potential was analyzed. Through small hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated MMP11 knockdown in SGC-7901 GAC cells, we observed the changes of the biological behaviors of GAC cells. Our results indicated that the rate of positive expression of MMP11 was higher in GAC tissues than in ANCT (55.0 vs 30.0 percent, P=0.025). MMP11 expression had no association with the factors of age or gender of the GAC patients, or the size, pathological staging and lymph node metastases of the tumors (each P greater than 0.05). Furthermore, MMP11 knockdown inhibited the proliferative activities and invasive potential of SGC-7901 GAC cells with decreased expression of IGF-1, PCNA and VEGF. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that MMP11 expression was increased in GAC tissues, but did not correlate with the clinicopathologic features. Knockdown of MMP11 expression could inhibit the proliferation and invasion of GAC cells probably through down-regulation of the IGF-1 signaling pathway, suggesting that MMP11 might be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-B Kou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Baoshan Branch Hospital, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Kaewprag J, Umnajvijit W, Ngamkham J, Ponglikitmongkol M. HPV16 oncoproteins promote cervical cancer invasiveness by upregulating specific matrix metalloproteinases. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71611. [PMID: 23967226 PMCID: PMC3742460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) for degradation of extracellular matrix is a vital step in cancer metastasis. We investigated the effects of HPV16 oncoproteins (16E6, 16E6*I and 16E7), either individually or combined, on the transcription of 7 MMPs implicated in cervical cancer invasiveness. The levels of 7 MMPs reported to be increased in cervical cancer were determined in C33A stably expressing different HPV16 oncoproteins using quantitative RT-PCR and compared with invasion ability of cell lines using in vitro invasion and wound healing assays. Overexpression of MMP-2 and MT1-MMP was detected in HPV16E6E7 expressing cells which correlated with increased cell invasion. Combination of HPV oncoproteins always showed greater effects than its individual form. Inhibition of cell invasion using a specific MMP-2 inhibitor, OA-Hy, and anti-MT1-MMP antibody confirmed that invasion in these cells was dependent on both MMP-2 and MT1-MMP expression. Depletion of HPV16E6E7 by shRNA-mediated knock-down experiments resulted in decreased MMP-2 and MT1-MMP expression levels as well as reduced invasion ability which strongly suggested specific effects of HPV oncoproteins on both MMPs and on cell invasion. Immunohistochemistry study in invasive cervical cancers confirmed the enhanced in vivo expression of these two MMPs in HPV16-infected cells. In addition, possible sites required by HPV16E6E7 on the MMP-2 and MT1-MMP promoters were investigated and PEA3 (at -552/-540 for MMP-2, -303 for MT1-MMP) and Sp1 (at -91 for MMP-2, -102 for MT1-MMP) binding sites were shown to be essential for mediating their transactivation activity. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that HPV16E6 and E7 oncoproteins cooperate in promoting cervical cancer invasiveness by specifically upregulating MMP-2 and MT1-MMP transcription in a similar manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jittranan Kaewprag
- Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wareerat Umnajvijit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Segura-Cabrera A, García-Pérez CA, Guo X, Rodríguez-Pérez MA. A viral-human interactome based on structural motif-domain interactions captures the human infectome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71526. [PMID: 23951184 PMCID: PMC3738538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein interactions between a pathogen and its host are fundamental in the establishment of the pathogen and underline the infection mechanism. In the present work, we developed a single predictive model for building a host-viral interactome based on the identification of structural descriptors from motif-domain interactions of protein complexes deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The structural descriptors were used for searching, in a database of protein sequences of human and five clinically important viruses; therefore, viral and human proteins sharing a descriptor were predicted as interacting proteins. The analysis of the host-viral interactome allowed to identify a set of new interactions that further explain molecular mechanism associated with viral infections and showed that it was able to capture human proteins already associated to viral infections (human infectome) and non-infectious diseases (human diseasome). The analysis of human proteins targeted by viral proteins in the context of a human interactome showed that their neighbors are enriched in proteins reported with differential expression under infection and disease conditions. It is expected that the findings of this work will contribute to the development of systems biology for infectious diseases, and help guide the rational identification and prioritization of novel drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Segura-Cabrera
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, México.
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López-Romero R, Garrido-Guerrero E, Rangel-López A, Manuel-Apolinar L, Piña-Sánchez P, Lazos-Ochoa M, Mantilla-Morales A, Bandala C, Salcedo M. The cervical malignant cells display a down regulation of ER-α but retain the ER-β expression. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2013; 6:1594-1602. [PMID: 23923078 PMCID: PMC3726975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The human cervix is a tissue target of sex steroid hormones as estradiol (E2) which exerts its action through of the estrogen receptors alpha and beta (ER-α and ER-β). In this study we investigated the expression of ER-α and ER-β in human invasive cervical carcinomas using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR analyses and compared with that observed in the corresponding normal tissue. The results show nuclear expression of ER-α mainly in the first third of normal cervical epithelium, however, decreased or absent expression were present in invasive cervical carcinoma, indicating that expression of ER-α is lost in cervical cancer. Nevertheless, by RT-PCR we were able to demonstrate mRNA expression of ER-α in invasive cervical tissues. These results suggest that loss of ER-α could be due to a mechanism of post-transcriptional and/or post-translational regulation of its gene during the progression to invasive carcinoma. On the other hand, ER-β was expressed in normal cervix with an expression pattern similar to ER-α. In addition to its nuclear localization, cytoplasmic immunoreaction of ER-β was present in the epithelium of invasive cervical carcinomas, suggesting an association between cytoplasmic ER-β expression and invasive phenotype in the cervical tumors. In summary, the results show that the cervical malignant cells tend to loss the ER-α but maintain the ER-β actively expressed. Loss of expression of ER-α in neoplastic tissue suggests that the estrogenic effects could be conducted through the ER-β in human neoplastic cervical tissue. More detailed studies are needed to confirm this suggestion and to determine the role of ER-β in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo López-Romero
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro SocialMéxico D.F.
| | | | - Angélica Rangel-López
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Nefrológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro SocialMexico D.F.
| | - Leticia Manuel-Apolinar
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endócrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro SocialMexico D.F.
| | - Patricia Piña-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro SocialMéxico D.F.
| | | | - Alejandra Mantilla-Morales
- Departamento de Patología, Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro SocialMexico D.F.
| | - Cindy Bandala
- Unidad de Apoyo a la Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Secretaría de SaludMexico D.F.
| | - Mauricio Salcedo
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro SocialMéxico D.F.
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Unique expression patterns associated with preferential recruitment of immature myeloid cells into angiogenic versus dormant tumors. Genes Immun 2013; 14:90-8. [PMID: 23303247 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2012.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer progression from microscopic dormant tumors into disseminated disease involves tumor angiogenesis, and is commonly referred to as the 'angiogenic switch'. CD11b(+)Gr1(+) immature myeloid cells (IMCs) were reported to promote angiogenesis and tumor progression. Here, we studied a model of tumor dormancy, in which Lewis Lung Carcinoma tumor cells were inoculated intra-abdominally into C57Bl/6J mice. Dormancy versus expansive growth was determined by the site of tumor implantation (lower vs upper abdomen). Global gene expression of IMCs was evaluated in different stages of recruitment, starting in the bone marrow, followed by the peripheral blood and finally in the vascular versus dormant tumors. We first demonstrated a ∼3 fold enrichment of IMCs within vascular tumors as compared with dormant tumors, correlating with tumor-infiltrating CD31(+) endothelial cells. Although their migration from the PB into dormant tumors led to differential expression of a relatively small number of genes, recruitment of IMCs into the upper tumors was associated with a profound transcriptional response. Importantly, a large set of proangiogenic genes were significantly upregulated in IMCs derived from vascular tumors compared with those derived from dormant tumors. We therefore, suggest that proangiogenic versus nonangiogenic transcriptional patterns is associated with the ability of IMCs to promote tumor angiogenesis.
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Ibarra Sierra E, Díaz Chávez J, Cortés-Malagón EM, Uribe-Figueroa L, Hidalgo-Miranda A, Lambert PF, Gariglio P. Differential gene expression between skin and cervix induced by the E7 oncoprotein in a transgenic mouse model. Virology 2012; 433:337-45. [PMID: 22980503 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
HPV16 E7 oncoprotein expression in K14E7 transgenic mice induces cervical cancer after 6 months of treatment with the co-carcinogen 17β-estradiol. In untreated mice, E7 also induces skin tumors late in life albeit at low penetrance. These findings indicate that E7 alters cellular functions in cervix and skin so as to predispose these organs to tumorigenesis. Using microarrays, we determined the global genes expression profile in cervical and skin tissue of young adult K14E7 transgenic mice without estrogen treatment. In these tissues, the E7 oncoprotein altered the transcriptional pattern of genes involved in several biological processes including signal transduction, transport, metabolic process, cell adhesion, apoptosis, cell differentiation, immune response and inflammatory response. Among the E7-dysregulated genes were ones not previously known to be involved in cervical neoplasia including DMBT1, GLI1 and 17βHSD2 in cervix, as well as MMP2, 12, 14, 19 and 27 in skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ibarra Sierra
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, México DF, Mexico
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Valdivia A, Peralta R, Matute-González M, García Cebada JM, Casasola I, Jiménez-Medrano C, Aguado-Pérez R, Villegas V, González-Bonilla C, Manuel-Apolinar L, Ibáñez M, Salcedo M. Co-expression of metalloproteinases 11 and 12 in cervical scrapes cells from cervical precursor lesions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2011; 4:674-682. [PMID: 22076168 PMCID: PMC3209608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The metalloproteinases (MMP) 11 and 12 have been shown to be expressed in cervical cancer (CC). In order to extend our previous results, these MMPs were evaluated in cervical precursor lesions. One hundred seventeen cervical scrapes: thirty-six normal, thirty-six low grade squamous lesions (LSIL), thirty-six high grade (HSIL), nine CC; and, also ninety-nine paraffin-embedded cervical lesions: fifteen normal cervices, thirty eight LSIL, sixteen HSIL, and five CC were collected. The samples were analyzed for relative expression by real time RT-PCR or immunohistochemistry assay. We were able to identify a relative increased expression of MMP11 in 75% and 78% from LSIL and HSIL samples, respectively. While MMP12 expression was 64% and 75% in LSIL and HSIL, respectively. Positive samples for MMP11 expression were also positive for MMP12 expression and also increased according to illness progression. In the tissues, MMP11 or MMP12 expression was observed in the cytoplasm of the neoplastic cells, while in the normal epithelium was absent. The reaction was always stronger for MMP12 than MMP11. MMP11 expression was present in 77% and 66% of LSIL and HSIL, while MMP12 expression was 73% and 68%. There was a relationship between MMP11 or MMP12 expression and HPV infection. Our data are showing a relationship between diagnostic of precursor lesions and the MMP11 and 12 expressions, suggesting that their expression could be an early event in the neoplastic lesions of the cervix and could have clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Valdivia
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, UIMEO, Hospital de OncologíaCMN-SXXI. IMSS
| | - Raúl Peralta
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, UIMEO, Hospital de OncologíaCMN-SXXI. IMSS
| | | | | | - Ivonne Casasola
- Departamento de PatologíaHospital de Gineco-obstetricia No. 3, CMN La Raza, IMSS
| | | | | | - Vanessa Villegas
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, UIMEO, Hospital de OncologíaCMN-SXXI. IMSS
| | | | | | - Miguel Ibáñez
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de BioquímicaENCB-IPN
| | - Mauricio Salcedo
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, UIMEO, Hospital de OncologíaCMN-SXXI. IMSS
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Yan D, Dai H, Liu JW. Serum levels of MMP-11 correlate with clinical outcome in Chinese patients with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:151. [PMID: 21513571 PMCID: PMC3094327 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 11 (MMP-11) and responses to front-line chemotherapy and prognosis in advanced unresectable gastric adenocarcinoma. Methods Clinical data concerning 86 patients with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma (stages III c to IV), treated in Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital from 2005 to 2009, were reviewed retrospectively. Adenocarcinoma was confirmed by pathology and patients received 5-fluorouracil-based front-line combination chemotherapy with third generation chemotherapeutic agents including paclitaxel, docetaxel and oxaliplatin. The regimen was repeated every two to three weeks, and the first evaluation was carried out after three cycles. The median cycle of chemotherapy was 6 (ranging from three to twelve cycles). Serum MMP-11 protein from the 86 patients was examined using enzyme-linked-immunosorbent-assay (ELISA) prior to chemotherapy and after three cycles of chemotherapy. Serum samples from healthy individuals were used as controls. Results The response rate (RR, complete response plus partial response) to chemotherapy in the 86 patients was 44.2% (38/86). The median TTP (time to progression) and overall survival (OS) in patients who responded to chemotherapy were 6.0 and 10.0 months, respectively. The response rate to chemotherapy in patients with high levels of serum MMP-11 (42.9%; 9/21) was similar to that in patients with low levels (44.6%; 29/65) (P = 0.935). Patients with low serum levels of MMP-11 had a higher median survival time and 1-year survival rate than those with high levels (11 months vs. 8 months, 50.2% vs. 21.7%, P = 0.017), although the TTP was comparable in all patients, irrespective of serum MMP-11 level (P = 0.178). Serum MMP-11 levels were correlated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.006). Cox multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that the serum level of MMP-11 was an independent prognostic factor for patients presenting with advanced gastric carcinoma. Conclusions Serum levels of MMP-11 in Chinese patients with advanced gastric carcinoma were not associated with the response to front-line chemotherapy, but could play an important role in lymph node metastasis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yan
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, China.
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Yan D, Dai H, Liu JW. Serum levels of MMP-11 correlate with clinical outcome in Chinese patients with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma. BMC Cancer 2011. [PMID: 21513571 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 11 (MMP-11) and responses to front-line chemotherapy and prognosis in advanced unresectable gastric adenocarcinoma. METHODS Clinical data concerning 86 patients with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma (stages III c to IV), treated in Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital from 2005 to 2009, were reviewed retrospectively. Adenocarcinoma was confirmed by pathology and patients received 5-fluorouracil-based front-line combination chemotherapy with third generation chemotherapeutic agents including paclitaxel, docetaxel and oxaliplatin. The regimen was repeated every two to three weeks, and the first evaluation was carried out after three cycles. The median cycle of chemotherapy was 6 (ranging from three to twelve cycles). Serum MMP-11 protein from the 86 patients was examined using enzyme-linked-immunosorbent-assay (ELISA) prior to chemotherapy and after three cycles of chemotherapy. Serum samples from healthy individuals were used as controls. RESULTS The response rate (RR, complete response plus partial response) to chemotherapy in the 86 patients was 44.2% (38/86). The median TTP (time to progression) and overall survival (OS) in patients who responded to chemotherapy were 6.0 and 10.0 months, respectively. The response rate to chemotherapy in patients with high levels of serum MMP-11 (42.9%; 9/21) was similar to that in patients with low levels (44.6%; 29/65) (P = 0.935). Patients with low serum levels of MMP-11 had a higher median survival time and 1-year survival rate than those with high levels (11 months vs. 8 months, 50.2% vs. 21.7%, P = 0.017), although the TTP was comparable in all patients, irrespective of serum MMP-11 level (P = 0.178). Serum MMP-11 levels were correlated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.006). Cox multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that the serum level of MMP-11 was an independent prognostic factor for patients presenting with advanced gastric carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Serum levels of MMP-11 in Chinese patients with advanced gastric carcinoma were not associated with the response to front-line chemotherapy, but could play an important role in lymph node metastasis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yan
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, China.
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Yan L, Lin B, Gao L, Gao S, Liu C, Wang C, Wang Y, Zhang S, Iwamori M. Lewis (y) antigen overexpression increases the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and invasion of human ovarian cancer cells. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:4441-52. [PMID: 21151448 PMCID: PMC3000092 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11114441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lewis (y) antigen is a difucosylated oligosaccharide present on the plasma membrane, and its overexpression is frequently found in human cancers and has been shown to be associated with poor prognosis. Our previous studies have shown that Lewis (y) antigen plays a positive role in the process of invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer cells. However, the mechanisms by which Lewis (y) antigen enhances the invasion and tumor metastasis are still unknown. In this study, we established a stable cell line constitutively expressing Lewis (y) antigen (RMG-1-hFUT) by transfecting the cDNA encoding part of the human α1,2-fucosyltransferase (α1,2-FUT) gene into the ovarian cancer cell line RMG-1, and investigated whether Lewis (y) antigen regulates the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1) and TIMP-2. We found that RMG-1-hFUT cells exhibited higher invasive capacities than their control cells. In addition, expression of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 was down-regulated and expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was up-regulated. Anti-Lewis (y) antigen antibody treatment significantly reversed the expression of TIMP-1, TIMP-2, MMP-2 and MMP-9. Taken together, we provide the first evidence that down-regulation of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 and up-regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 represents one of the mechanisms by which Lewis (y) antigen promotes cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China; E-Mails: (L.Y.); (L.G.); (S.G.); (C.L.); (S.Z.)
| | - Bei Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China; E-Mails: (L.Y.); (L.G.); (S.G.); (C.L.); (S.Z.)
| | - Lili Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China; E-Mails: (L.Y.); (L.G.); (S.G.); (C.L.); (S.Z.)
| | - Song Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China; E-Mails: (L.Y.); (L.G.); (S.G.); (C.L.); (S.Z.)
| | - Chuan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China; E-Mails: (L.Y.); (L.G.); (S.G.); (C.L.); (S.Z.)
| | - Changzhi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, China; E-Mails: (C.W.); (Y.W)
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, China; E-Mails: (C.W.); (Y.W)
| | - Shulan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China; E-Mails: (L.Y.); (L.G.); (S.G.); (C.L.); (S.Z.)
| | - Masao Iwamori
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan; E-Mail:
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