1
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Liu Y, Niu M, Luo Y, Pan M, Hong S. DNA damage response and inflammatory response: Two traffic lights for HPVs on the road to transformation. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29815. [PMID: 39073137 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are non-enveloped double-stranded DNA viruses. When HPV infection persists, infected tissues can develop many HPV-related diseases such as cervical cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. To establish their persistent infection, HPVs have evolved mechanisms to manipulate the host cellular processes such as DNA damage response (DDR), which includes homologous recombination, nonhomologous end joining, and microhomology-mediated end joining. Additionally, HPVs utilize host inflammatory processes to facilitate their life cycles. Here, we bridge the concepts of DDR and inflammatory response, and discuss how HPV proteins orchestrate a sophisticated manipulation of DDR and inflammation to promote their viral replication, ultimately fostering the progression of infected cells towards oncogenic transformation to malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengda Niu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Pan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiyuan Hong
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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2
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Xia C, Wang T, Hahm B. Triggering Degradation of Host Cellular Proteins for Robust Propagation of Influenza Viruses. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4677. [PMID: 38731896 PMCID: PMC11083682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Following infection, influenza viruses strive to establish a new host cellular environment optimized for efficient viral replication and propagation. Influenza viruses use or hijack numerous host factors and machinery not only to fulfill their own replication process but also to constantly evade the host's antiviral and immune response. For this purpose, influenza viruses appear to have formulated diverse strategies to manipulate the host proteins or signaling pathways. One of the most effective tactics is to specifically induce the degradation of the cellular proteins that are detrimental to the virus life cycle. Here, we summarize the cellular factors that are deemed to have been purposefully degraded by influenza virus infection. The focus is laid on the mechanisms for the protein ubiquitination and degradation in association with facilitated viral amplification. The fate of influenza viral infection of hosts is heavily reliant on the outcomes of the interplay between the virus and the host antiviral immunity. Understanding the processes of how influenza viruses instigate the protein destruction pathways could provide a foundation for the development of advanced therapeutics to target host proteins and conquer influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Xia
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China;
| | - Bumsuk Hahm
- Departments of Surgery & Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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3
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Jain M, Yadav D, Jarouliya U, Chavda V, Yadav AK, Chaurasia B, Song M. Epidemiology, Molecular Pathogenesis, Immuno-Pathogenesis, Immune Escape Mechanisms and Vaccine Evaluation for HPV-Associated Carcinogenesis. Pathogens 2023; 12:1380. [PMID: 38133265 PMCID: PMC10745624 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is implicated in over 90% of cervical cancer cases, with factors like regional variability, HPV genotype, the population studied, HPV vaccination status, and anatomical sample collection location influencing the prevalence and pathology of HPV-induced cancer. HPV-16 and -18 are mainly responsible for the progression of several cancers, including cervix, anus, vagina, penis, vulva, and oropharynx. The oncogenic ability of HPV is not only sufficient for the progression of malignancy, but also for other tumor-generating steps required for the production of invasive cancer, such as coinfection with other viruses, lifestyle factors such as high parity, smoking, tobacco chewing, use of contraceptives for a long time, and immune responses such as stimulation of chronic stromal inflammation and immune deviation in the tumor microenvironment. Viral evasion from immunosurveillance also supports viral persistence, and virus-like particle-based prophylactic vaccines have been licensed, which are effective against high-risk HPV types. In addition, vaccination awareness programs and preventive strategies could help reduce the rate and incidence of HPV infection. In this review, we emphasize HPV infection and its role in cancer progression, molecular and immunopathogenesis, host immune response, immune evasion by HPV, vaccination, and preventive schemes battling HPV infection and HPV-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Jain
- Department of Microbiology, Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Gajra Raja Medical College, Gwalior 474009, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Dhananjay Yadav
- Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Urmila Jarouliya
- SOS in Biochemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011 Madhya Pradesh, India;
| | - Vishal Chavda
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Arun Kumar Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College and Hospital, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot 151203, Punjab, India;
| | - Bipin Chaurasia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Clinic, Birgunj 44300, Nepal;
| | - Minseok Song
- Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
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4
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Carlsen L, Zhang S, Tian X, De La Cruz A, George A, Arnoff TE, El-Deiry WS. The role of p53 in anti-tumor immunity and response to immunotherapy. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1148389. [PMID: 37602328 PMCID: PMC10434531 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1148389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
p53 is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes involved in tumor suppression. p53 mutations mediate tumorigenesis and occur in approximately 50% of human cancers. p53 regulates hundreds of target genes that induce various cell fates including apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and DNA damage repair. p53 also plays an important role in anti-tumor immunity by regulating TRAIL, DR5, TLRs, Fas, PKR, ULBP1/2, and CCL2; T-cell inhibitory ligand PD-L1; pro-inflammatory cytokines; immune cell activation state; and antigen presentation. Genetic alteration of p53 can contribute to immune evasion by influencing immune cell recruitment to the tumor, cytokine secretion in the TME, and inflammatory signaling pathways. In some contexts, p53 mutations increase neoantigen load which improves response to immune checkpoint inhibition. Therapeutic restoration of mutated p53 can restore anti-cancer immune cell infiltration and ameliorate pro-tumor signaling to induce tumor regression. Indeed, there is clinical evidence to suggest that restoring p53 can induce an anti-cancer immune response in immunologically cold tumors. Clinical trials investigating the combination of p53-restoring compounds or p53-based vaccines with immunotherapy have demonstrated anti-tumor immune activation and tumor regression with heterogeneity across cancer type. In this Review, we discuss the impact of wild-type and mutant p53 on the anti-tumor immune response, outline clinical progress as far as activating p53 to induce an immune response across a variety of cancer types, and highlight open questions limiting effective clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Carlsen
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Shengliang Zhang
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Xiaobing Tian
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Arielle De La Cruz
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Andrew George
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Taylor E. Arnoff
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Wafik S. El-Deiry
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Lifespan Health System and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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5
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Gardella B, Pasquali MF, Dominoni M. Human Papillomavirus Cervical Infection: Many Ways to a Single Destination. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010022. [PMID: 36679866 PMCID: PMC9863302 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection represents the most diffuse sexually transmitted disease of the lower genital tract, with an estimated risk of infection in the general population of 80% over the course of the lifetime [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gardella
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marianna Francesca Pasquali
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Mattia Dominoni
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0382503722
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6
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Dai R, Tao R, Li X, Shang T, Zhao S, Ren Q. Expression profiling of mRNA and functional network analyses of genes regulated by human papilloma virus E6 and E7 proteins in HaCaT cells. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:979087. [PMID: 36188003 PMCID: PMC9515614 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.979087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) oncogenes E6 and E7 are essential for HPV-related cancer development. Here, we developed a cell line model using lentiviruses for transfection of the HPV16 oncogenes E6 and E7 and investigated the differences in mRNA expression during cell adhesion and chemokine secretion. Subsequently, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis was performed to explore the differences in mRNA expression. Compared to levels in the control group, 2,905 differentially expressed mRNAs (1,261 downregulated and 1,644 upregulated) were identified in the HaCaT-HPV16E6E7 cell line. To predict the functions of these differentially expressed genes (DEGs) the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases were used. Protein–protein interactions were established, and the hub gene was identified based on this network. Real-time quantitative-PCR (RT-qPCR) was conducted to confirm the levels of 14 hub genes, which were consistent with the RNA-seq data. According to this, we found that these DEGs participate in the extracellular matrix (ECM), cell adhesion, immune control, and cancer-related signaling pathways. Currently, an increasing number of clinicians depend on E6/E7mRNA results to make a comprehensive judgment of cervical precancerous lesions. In this study, 14 hub genes closely related to the expression of cell adhesion ability and chemokines were analyzed in HPV16E6E7-stably expressing cell lines, which will open up new research ideas for targeting E6E7 in the treatment of HPV-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjinming Dai
- The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Laboratory of Clinical Applied Anatomy, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiu Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Shang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shixian Zhao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingling Ren
- The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Qingling Ren,
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7
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Ntuli L, Mtshali A, Mzobe G, Liebenberg LJP, Ngcapu S. Role of Immunity and Vaginal Microbiome in Clearance and Persistence of Human Papillomavirus Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:927131. [PMID: 35873158 PMCID: PMC9301195 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.927131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer disproportionately affects women of reproductive age, with 80% of cases occurring in low- and middle-income countries. Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes has been described as the most common non-systemic biological risk factor for the development of cervical cancer. The mucosal immune system plays a significant role in controlling HPV infection by acting as the first line of host defense at the mucosal surface. However, the virus can evade host immunity using various mechanisms, including inhibition of the antiviral immune response necessary for HPV clearance. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and the vaginal microbiome coordinate cell-mediated immune responses and play a pivotal role in modulating immunity. Recently, diverse vaginal microbiome (associated with bacterial vaginosis) and genital inflammation have emerged as potential drivers of high-risk HPV positivity and disease severity in women. The potential role of these risk factors on HPV recurrence and persistence remains unclear. This article reviews the role of cellular or cytokine response and vaginal microbiome dysbiosis in the clearance, persistence, and recurrence of HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lungelo Ntuli
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Andile Mtshali
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Gugulethu Mzobe
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Lenine JP Liebenberg
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Sinaye Ngcapu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Sinaye Ngcapu,
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8
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Shiri Aghbash P, Shirvaliloo M, Khalo Abass Kasho A, Alinezhad F, Nauwynck H, Bannazadeh Baghi H. Cluster of differentiation frequency on antigen presenting-cells: The next step to cervical cancer prognosis? Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108896. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Ojha PS, Maste MM, Tubachi S, Patil VS. Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer: an insight highlighting pathogenesis and targeting strategies. Virusdisease 2022; 33:132-154. [DOI: 10.1007/s13337-022-00768-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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10
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Loss of RNA binding protein HuD facilitates the production of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:329. [PMID: 35411051 PMCID: PMC9001635 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04792-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
HuD, an RNA binding protein, plays a role in the regulation of gene expression in certain types of cells, including neuronal cells and pancreatic β-cells, via RNA metabolism. Its aberrant expression is associated with the pathogenesis of several human diseases. To explore HuD-mediated gene regulation, stable cells expressing short hairpin RNA against HuD were established using mouse neuroblastoma Neuro2a (N2a) cells, which displayed enhanced phenotypic characteristics of cellular senescence. Two approaches, RNA immunoprecipitation (RNA IP)-NanoString profiling and cytokine array, were used to subsequently identify a subset of putative HuD targets that act as senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), including C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL20, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL2), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Here, we further demonstrated that HuD regulates the expression of CCL2, a SASP candidate upregulated in cells following HuD knockdown, by binding to the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of Ccl2 mRNA. Downregulation of HuD increased the level of CCL2 in N2a cells and the brain tissues of HuD knockout (KO) mice. Exposure to γ-irradiation induced cellular senescence in N2a cells and HuD knockdown facilitated stress-induced cellular senescence. Our results reveal that HuD acts as a novel regulator of CCL2 expression, and its aberrant expression may contribute to cellular senescence by regulating SASP production.
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11
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Zayats R, Murooka TT, McKinnon LR. HPV and the Risk of HIV Acquisition in Women. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:814948. [PMID: 35223546 PMCID: PMC8867608 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.814948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk of HIV acquisition is low on a per-contact basis but increased by transmission co-factors such as other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a prevalent STI that most individuals will acquire HPV in their lifetime. Current HPV vaccines can prevent newly acquired infections, but are largely ineffective against established HPV, complicating worldwide eradication efforts. In addition to being the causative agent of cervical cancer, accumulating evidence suggests that HPV infection and/or accompanying cervical inflammation increase the risk of HIV infection in men and women. The fact that immunological features observed during HPV infection overlap with cellular and molecular pathways known to enhance HIV susceptibility underscore the potential interplay between these two viral infections that fuel their mutual spread. Here we review current insights into how HPV infection and the generation of anti-HPV immunity contribute to higher HIV transmission rates, and the impact of HPV on mucosal inflammation, immune cell trafficking, and epithelial barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romaniya Zayats
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Thomas T. Murooka
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Thomas T. Murooka, ; Lyle R. McKinnon,
| | - Lyle R. McKinnon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Thomas T. Murooka, ; Lyle R. McKinnon,
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12
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Jin J, Lin J, Xu A, Lou J, Qian C, Li X, Wang Y, Yu W, Tao H. CCL2: An Important Mediator Between Tumor Cells and Host Cells in Tumor Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2021; 11:722916. [PMID: 34386431 PMCID: PMC8354025 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.722916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) formation is a major cause of immunosuppression. The TME consists of a considerable number of macrophages and stromal cells that have been identified in multiple tumor types. CCL2 is the strongest chemoattractant involved in macrophage recruitment and a powerful initiator of inflammation. Evidence indicates that CCL2 can attract other host cells in the TME and direct their differentiation in cooperation with other cytokines. Overall, CCL2 has an unfavorable effect on prognosis in tumor patients because of the accumulation of immunosuppressive cell subtypes. However, there is also evidence demonstrating that CCL2 enhances the anti-tumor capability of specific cell types such as inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils. The inflammation state of the tumor seems to have a bi-lateral role in tumor progression. Here, we review works focusing on the interactions between cancer cells and host cells, and on the biological role of CCL2 in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakang Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinti Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ankai Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianan Lou
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiumao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yitian Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huimin Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Lees A, Sessler T, McDade S. Dying to Survive-The p53 Paradox. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3257. [PMID: 34209840 PMCID: PMC8268032 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 tumour suppressor is best known for its canonical role as "guardian of the genome", activating cell cycle arrest and DNA repair in response to DNA damage which, if irreparable or sustained, triggers activation of cell death. However, despite an enormous amount of work identifying the breadth of the gene regulatory networks activated directly and indirectly in response to p53 activation, how p53 activation results in different cell fates in response to different stress signals in homeostasis and in response to p53 activating anti-cancer treatments remains relatively poorly understood. This is likely due to the complex interaction between cell death mechanisms in which p53 has been activated, their neighbouring stressed or unstressed cells and the local stromal and immune microenvironment in which they reside. In this review, we evaluate our understanding of the burgeoning number of cell death pathways affected by p53 activation and how these may paradoxically suppress cell death to ensure tissue integrity and organismal survival. We also discuss how these functions may be advantageous to tumours that maintain wild-type p53, the understanding of which may provide novel opportunity to enhance treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lees
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK;
| | | | - Simon McDade
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK;
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14
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Kudela E, Liskova A, Samec M, Koklesova L, Holubekova V, Rokos T, Kozubik E, Pribulova T, Zhai K, Busselberg D, Kubatka P, Biringer K. The interplay between the vaginal microbiome and innate immunity in the focus of predictive, preventive, and personalized medical approach to combat HPV-induced cervical cancer. EPMA J 2021; 12:199-220. [PMID: 34194585 PMCID: PMC8192654 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-021-00244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
HPVs representing the most common sexually transmitted disease are a group of carcinogenic viruses with different oncogenic potential. The immune system and the vaginal microbiome represent the modifiable and important risk factors in HPV-induced carcinogenesis. HPV infection significantly increases vaginal microbiome diversity, leading to gradual increases in the abundance of anaerobic bacteria and consequently the severity of cervical dysplasia. Delineation of the exact composition of the vaginal microbiome and immune environment before HPV acquisition, during persistent/progressive infections and after clearance, provides insights into the complex mechanisms of cervical carcinogenesis. It gives hints regarding the prediction of malignant potential. Relative high HPV prevalence in the general population is a challenge for modern and personalized diagnostics and therapeutic guidelines. Identifying the dominant microbial biomarkers of high-grade and low-grade dysplasia could help us to triage the patients with marked chances of lesion regression or progression. Any unnecessary surgical treatment of cervical dysplasia could negatively affect obstetrical outcomes and sexual life. Therefore, understanding the effect and role of microbiome-based therapies is a breaking point in the conservative management of HPV-associated precanceroses. The detailed evaluation of HPV capabilities to evade immune mechanisms from various biofluids (vaginal swabs, cervicovaginal lavage/secretions, or blood) could promote the identification of new immunological targets for novel individualized diagnostics and therapy. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of local immune and microbial environment and associated risk factors constitutes the critical background for preventive, predictive, and personalized medicine that is essential for improving state-of-the-art medical care in patients with cervical precanceroses and cervical cancer. The review article focuses on the influence and potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications of the local innate immune system and the microbial markers in HPV-related cancers in the context of 3P medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Kudela
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Kollarova 2, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Alena Liskova
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Kollarova 2, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Marek Samec
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Kollarova 2, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Koklesova
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Kollarova 2, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Holubekova
- Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Centre Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Tomas Rokos
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Kollarova 2, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Erik Kozubik
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Kollarova 2, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Terezia Pribulova
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Kollarova 2, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Kevin Zhai
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, 24144 Doha, Qatar
| | - Dietrich Busselberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, 24144 Doha, Qatar
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
- European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine, EPMA, 1160 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kamil Biringer
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Kollarova 2, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
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15
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Crosstalk between alveolar macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells/fibroblasts contributes to the pulmonary toxicity of gefitinib. Toxicol Lett 2020; 338:1-9. [PMID: 33248157 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Gefitinib is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor indicated for the first-line treatment of patients with metastatic or advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose tumors have specific EGFR mutations. Pulmonary toxicity is one of the fatal adverse effects of gefitinib and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here we demonstrated that alveolar macrophages contributed to gefitinib-induced pulmonary toxicity through promoting alveolar epithelial cells to undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and inducing activation and antiapoptotic effect in fibroblasts. Further, we found that alveolar macrophage-secreted MCP-1 worked as a key factor in the pathologic changes of these two cell types. Gefitinib increased Mcp-1 transcription level via the nuclear import of the transcription factor STAT3. In conclusion, our data uncovered the underlying mechanisms of macrophage-promoted pulmonary toxicity in the presence of gefitinib. MCP-1 antibody or inhibition of STAT3 activation may represent novel therapeutic strategies for preventing gefitinib-induced pulmonary toxicity.
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16
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Agupitan AD, Neeson P, Williams S, Howitt J, Haupt S, Haupt Y. P53: A Guardian of Immunity Becomes Its Saboteur through Mutation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3452. [PMID: 32414156 PMCID: PMC7278985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Awareness of the importance of immunity in controlling cancer development triggered research into the impact of its key oncogenic drivers on the immune response, as well as their value as targets for immunotherapy. At the heart of tumour suppression is p53, which was discovered in the context of viral infection and now emerges as a significant player in normal and cancer immunity. Wild-type p53 (wt p53) plays fundamental roles in cancer immunity and inflammation. Mutations in p53 not only cripple wt p53 immune functions but also sinisterly subvert the immune function through its neomorphic gain-of-functions (GOFs). The prevalence of mutant p53 across different types of human cancers, which are associated with inflammatory and immune dysfunction, further implicates mutant p53 in modulating cancer immunity, thereby promoting tumorigenesis, metastasis and invasion. In this review, we discuss several mutant p53 immune GOFs in the context of the established roles of wt p53 in regulating and responding to tumour-associated inflammation, and regulating innate and adaptive immunity. We discuss the capacity of mutant p53 to alter the tumour milieu to support immune dysfunction, modulate toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling pathways to disrupt innate immunity and subvert cell-mediated immunity in favour of immune privilege and survival. Furthermore, we expose the potential and challenges associated with mutant p53 as a cancer immunotherapy target and underscore existing therapies that may benefit from inquiry into cancer p53 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjelle Decasa Agupitan
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia; (A.D.A.); (S.H.)
| | - Paul Neeson
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia;
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott Williams
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Jason Howitt
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne 3122, Victoria, Australia;
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sue Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia; (A.D.A.); (S.H.)
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Ygal Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia; (A.D.A.); (S.H.)
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia;
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Victoria, Australia
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17
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The Host-Microbe Interplay in Human Papillomavirus-Induced Carcinogenesis. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7070199. [PMID: 31337018 PMCID: PMC6680694 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7070199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Every year nearly half a million new cases of cervix cancer are diagnosed worldwide, making this malignancy the fourth commonest cancer in women. In 2018, more than 270,000 women died of cervix cancer globally with 85% of them being from developing countries. The majority of these cancers are caused by the infection with carcinogenic strains of human papillomavirus (HPV), which is also causally implicated in the development of other malignancies, including cancer of the anus, penis cancer and head and neck cancer. HPV is by far the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide, however, most infected people do not develop cancer and do not even have a persistent infection. The development of highly effective HPV vaccines against most common high-risk HPV strains is a great medical achievement of the 21st century that could prevent up to 90% of cervix cancers. In this article, we review the current understanding of the balanced virus-host interaction that can lead to either virus elimination or the establishment of persistent infection and ultimately malignant transformation. We also highlight the influence of certain factors inherent to the host, including the immune status, genetic variants and the coexistence of other microbe infections and microbiome composition in the dynamic of HPV infection induced carcinogenesis.
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18
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Gupta S, Kumar P, Kaur H, Sharma N, Gupta S, Saluja D, Bharti AC, Das B. Constitutive activation and overexpression of NF-κB/c-Rel in conjunction with p50 contribute to aggressive tongue tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 9:33011-33029. [PMID: 30250646 PMCID: PMC6152474 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is a most aggressive head and neck cancer often associated with a poor survival rate. Yet, it always shows better prognosis in presence of HPV16 infection. NF-κB plays a pivotal role in carcinogenesis and chemo-radio resistance of cancer but its role in tongue cancer is not yet explored. In this study, a total of hundred tongue tissue biopsies comprising precancer, cancer and adjacent normal controls including two tongue cancer cell lines (HPV+/−ve) were employed to examine expression and transactivation of NF-κB proteins, their silencing by siRNA and invasion assays to understand their contributions in tongue carcinogenesis. An exclusive prevalence (28%) of HR-HPV type 16 was observed mainly in well differentiated tumors (78.5%). Increased DNA binding activity and differential expression of NF-κB proteins was observed with p50 and c-Rel being the two major DNA binding partners forming the functional NF-κB complex that increased as a function of severity of lesions in both HPV+/−ve tumors but selective participation of p65 in HPV16+ve TSCCs induced well differentiation of tumors resulting in better prognosis. siRNA treatment against c-Rel or Fra-2 led to upregulation of p27 but strong inhibition of c-Rel, c-Jun, c-myc, HPVE6/E7 and Fra-2 which is exclusively overexpressed in HPV−ve aggressive tumors. In conclusion, selective participation of c-Rel with p50 that in cross-talk with AP-1/Fra-2 induced poor differentiation and aggressive tumorigenesis mainly in HPV−ve smokers while HPV infection induced expression of p65 and p27 leading to well differentiation and better prognosis preferably in non-smoking TSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Gupta
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Lab, Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida-201313, India.,Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Prabhat Kumar
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Lab, Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida-201313, India.,Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Harsimrut Kaur
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Nishi Sharma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, Delhi-110010, India
| | - Sunita Gupta
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, Delhi-110010, India
| | - Daman Saluja
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Alok C Bharti
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Bhudev Das
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Lab, Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida-201313, India.,Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
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19
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Ignacio RMC, Lee ES, Wilson AJ, Beeghly-Fadiel A, Whalen MM, Son DS. Chemokine Network and Overall Survival in TP53 Wild-Type and Mutant Ovarian Cancer. Immune Netw 2018; 18:e29. [PMID: 30181917 PMCID: PMC6117514 DOI: 10.4110/in.2018.18.e29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) has the highest mortality rate among gynecological malignancies. Because chemokine network is involved in OC progression, we evaluated associations between chemokine expression and survival in tumor suppressor protein p53 (TP53) wild-type (TP53WT) and mutant (TP53m) OC datasets. TP53 was highly mutated in OC compared to other cancer types. Among OC subtypes, CXCL14 was predominantly expressed in clear cell OC, and CCL15 and CCL20 in mucinous OC. TP53WT endometrioid OC highly expressed CXCL14 compared to TP53m, showing better progression-free survival but no difference in overall survival (OS). TP53m serous OC highly expressed CCL8, CCL20, CXCL10 and CXCL11 compared to TP53WT. CXCL12 and CCL21 were associated with poor OS in TP53WT serous OC. CXCR2 was associated with poor OS in TP53m serous OC, while CXCL9, CCL5, CXCR4, CXCL11, and CXCL13 were associated with better OS. Taken together, specific chemokine signatures may differentially influence OS in TP53WT and TP53m OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Mistica C Ignacio
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Eun-Sook Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32301, USA
| | - Andrew J Wilson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Alicia Beeghly-Fadiel
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Margaret M Whalen
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
| | - Deok-Soo Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
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20
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Karthikeyan S, Lantvit DD, Chae DH, Burdette JE. Cadherin-6 type 2, K-cadherin (CDH6) is regulated by mutant p53 in the fallopian tube but is not expressed in the ovarian surface. Oncotarget 2018; 7:69871-69882. [PMID: 27563818 PMCID: PMC5342521 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy and may arise in either the fallopian tube epithelium (FTE) or ovarian surface epithelium (OSE). A mutation in p53 is reported in 96% of HGSOC, most frequently at R273 and R248. The goal of this study was to identify specific gene targets in the FTE that are altered by mutant p53, but not in the OSE. Gene analysis revealed that both R273 and R248 mutant p53 reduces CDH6 expression in the oviduct, but CDH6 was not detected in murine OSE cells. p53R273H induced SLUG and FOXM1 while p53R248W did not induce SLUG and only modestly increased FOXM1, which correlated with less migration as compared to p53R273H. An oviduct specific PAX8Cre/+/p53R270H/+ mouse model was created and confirmed that in vivo mutant p53 repressed CDH6 but was not sufficient to stabilize p53 expression alone. Overexpression of mutant p53 in the p53 null OVCAR5 cells decreased CDH6 levels indicating this was a gain-of-function. SLUG knockdown in murine oviductal cells with p53R273H restored CDH6 repression and a ChIP analysis revealed direct binding of mutant p53 on the CDH6 promoter. NSC59984, a small molecule that degrades mutant p53R273H, rescued CDH6 expression. In summary, CDH6 is expressed in the oviduct, but not the ovary, and is repressed by mutant p53. CDH6 expression with further validations may aide in establishing markers that inform upon the cell of origin of high grade serous tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subbulakshmi Karthikeyan
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA 60607
| | - Daniel D Lantvit
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA 60607
| | - Dam Hee Chae
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA 60607
| | - Joanna E Burdette
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA 60607
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21
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Takahashi E, Indalao IL, Sawabuchi T, Mizuno K, Sakai S, Kimoto T, Kim H, Kido H. Clarithromycin suppresses induction of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 and improves pathological changes in the lungs and heart of mice infected with influenza A virus. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 56:6-13. [PMID: 29406285 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The influenza A virus (IAV)-cytokine-trypsin/matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) cycle is one of the important mechanisms of multiple organ failure in severe influenza. Clarithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, has immune modulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. We analyzed the effects of clarithromycin on the induction of chemokines, cytokines, MMP-9, trypsin, vascular hyper-permeability and inflammatory aggravation in mice with IAV infection. IAV/Puerto Rico/8/34(H1N1) infection increased the levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and cytokines in serum, and MMP-9 and trypsin in serum and/or the lungs and heart. Clarithromycin significantly suppressed the induction of serum MCP-1 and MMP-9 and vascular hyperpermeability in these organs in the early phase of infection, but did not suppress the induction of trypsin, IL-6 or IFN-γ. Histopathological examination showed that clarithromycin tended to reduce inflammatory cell accumulation in the lungs and heart. These results suggest that clarithromycin suppresses infection-related inflammation and reduces vascular hyperpermeability by suppressing the induction of MCP-1 and MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuhisa Takahashi
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Irene L Indalao
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Takako Sawabuchi
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Keiko Mizuno
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Satoko Sakai
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimoto
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hyejin Kim
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kido
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
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22
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McLeod JJA, Caslin HL, Spence AJ, Kolawole EM, Qayum AA, Paranjape A, Taruselli M, Haque TT, Kiwanuka KN, Elford HL, Ryan JJ. Didox (3,4-dihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid) suppresses IgE-mediated mast cell activation through attenuation of NFκB and AP-1 transcription. Cell Immunol 2017; 322:41-48. [PMID: 28964543 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mast cell activation via the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) elicits production of inflammatory mediators central to allergic disease. As a synthetic antioxidant and a potent ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) inhibitor, Didox (3,4-dihyroxybenzohydroxamic acid) has been tested in clinical trials for cancer and is an attractive therapeutic for inflammatory disease. We found that Didox treatment of mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) reduced IgE-stimulated degranulation and cytokine production, including IL-6, IL-13, TNF and MIP-1a (CCL3). These effects were consistent using BMMC of different genetic backgrounds and peritoneal mast cells. While the RNR inhibitor hydroxyurea had little or no effect on IgE-mediated function, high concentrations of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine mimicked Didox-mediated suppression. Furthermore, Didox increased expression of the antioxidant genes superoxide dismutase and catalase, and suppressed DCFH-DA fluorescence, indicating reduced reactive oxygen species production. Didox effects were not due to changes in FcεRI expression or cell viability, suggesting it inhibits signaling required for inflammatory cytokine production. In support of this, we found that Didox reduced FcεRI-mediated AP-1 and NFκB transcriptional activity. Finally, Didox suppressed mast cell-dependent, IgE-mediated passive systemic anaphylaxis in vivo. These data demonstrate the potential use for Didox asa means of antagonizing mast cell responses in allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather L Caslin
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, United States
| | - Andrew J Spence
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, United States
| | - Elizabeth M Kolawole
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, United States
| | - Amina Abdul Qayum
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, United States
| | - Anuya Paranjape
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, United States
| | - Marcela Taruselli
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, United States
| | - Tamara T Haque
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, United States
| | - Kasalina N Kiwanuka
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, United States
| | - Howard L Elford
- Molecules for Health, Inc, Richmond, VA 23219, United States
| | - John J Ryan
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, United States.
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23
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The role of interleukin 10 in human papilloma virus infection and progression to cervical carcinoma. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 34:1-13. [PMID: 28365229 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although Human Papillomavirus (HPV) exerts a vital influence on cervical carcinogenesis, other factors influence the development of a squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) that may or not progress to cervical cancer. Among several cytokines, Interleukin 10 (IL-10) stands out as an important anti-inflammatory factor, leading to immune system evasion through an immunosuppressive state. In the cervical microenvironment, during different stages of HPV infection, IL-10 production can be induced and maintained by different cell sources, including infected keratinocytes, some subsets of dendritic cells (DC), tumor associated macrophages (TAM), T regulatory cells (Treg) and tumor cells. Further, a wide range of effects can be exerted by IL-10 on different cell populations, such as inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine production, DCs differentiation, antigen presenting function and T-helper 1 (Th1) polarization. IL-10 is one of several cytokines involved in cancer development and sustenance, although its role in cancer is still controversial and poorly understood. However, cervical IL-10 levels tend to increase in parallel to SIL development and are even higher within cervical tumors. Accumulating data have shown that after HPV infection, IL-10 levels are enhanced as a result of HPV E2, E6 and E7 proteins action over IL-10 gene transcription, while IL-10 stimulates HPV E6 and E7 expression. Therefore, this interplay between HPV and IL-10 creates a vicious cycle that could favor an immunosuppressive microenvironment in the cervix, facilitating the progression of a simple HPV infection to SIL or cervical cancer.
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24
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Shultz RB, Zhong Y. Minocycline targets multiple secondary injury mechanisms in traumatic spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:702-713. [PMID: 28616020 PMCID: PMC5461601 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.206633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Minocycline hydrochloride (MH), a semi-synthetic tetracycline derivative, is a clinically available antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits potent neuroprotective activities. It has been shown to target multiple secondary injury mechanisms in spinal cord injury, via its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties. The secondary injury mechanisms that MH can potentially target include inflammation, free radicals and oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, calcium influx, mitochondrial dysfunction, ischemia, hemorrhage, and edema. This review discusses the potential mechanisms of the multifaceted actions of MH. Its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects are partially achieved through conserved mechanisms such as modulation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathways as well as inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Additionally, MH can directly inhibit calcium influx through the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, mitochondrial calcium uptake, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) enzymatic activity, and iron toxicity. It can also directly scavenge free radicals. Because it can target many secondary injury mechanisms, MH treatment holds great promise for reducing tissue damage and promoting functional recovery following spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Shultz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yinghui Zhong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Systems-level effects of ectopic galectin-7 reconstitution in cervical cancer and its microenvironment. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:680. [PMID: 27558259 PMCID: PMC4997669 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2700-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Galectin-7 (Gal-7) is negatively regulated in cervical cancer, and appears to be a link between the apoptotic response triggered by cancer and the anti-tumoral activity of the immune system. Our understanding of how cervical cancer cells and their molecular networks adapt in response to the expression of Gal-7 remains limited. Methods Meta-analysis of Gal-7 expression was conducted in three cervical cancer cohort studies and TCGA. In silico prediction and bisulfite sequencing were performed to inquire epigenetic alterations. To study the effect of Gal-7 on cervical cancer, we ectopically re-expressed it in the HeLa and SiHa cervical cancer cell lines, and analyzed their transcriptome and SILAC-based proteome. We also examined the tumor and microenvironment host cell transcriptomes after xenotransplantation into immunocompromised mice. Differences between samples were assessed with the Kruskall-Wallis, Dunn’s Multiple Comparison and T tests. Kaplan–Meier and log-rank tests were used to determine overall survival. Results Gal-7 was constantly downregulated in our meta-analysis (p < 0.0001). Tumors with combined high Gal-7 and low galectin-1 expression (p = 0.0001) presented significantly better prognoses (p = 0.005). In silico and bisulfite sequencing assays showed de novo methylation in the Gal-7 promoter and first intron. Cells re-expressing Gal-7 showed a high apoptosis ratio (p < 0.05) and their xenografts displayed strong growth retardation (p < 0.001). Multiple gene modules and transcriptional regulators were modulated in response to Gal-7 reconstitution, both in cervical cancer cells and their microenvironments (FDR < 0.05 %). Most of these genes and modules were associated with tissue morphogenesis, metabolism, transport, chemokine activity, and immune response. These functional modules could exert the same effects in vitro and in vivo, even despite different compositions between HeLa and SiHa samples. Conclusions Gal-7 re-expression affects the regulation of molecular networks in cervical cancer that are involved in diverse cancer hallmarks, such as metabolism, growth control, invasion and evasion of apoptosis. The effect of Gal-7 extends to the microenvironment, where networks involved in its configuration and in immune surveillance are particularly affected. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2700-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Abstract
The human body combats infection and promotes wound healing through the remarkable process of inflammation. Inflammation is characterized by the recruitment of stromal cell activity including recruitment of immune cells and induction of angiogenesis. These cellular processes are regulated by a class of soluble molecules called cytokines. Based on function, cell target, and structure, cytokines are subdivided into several classes including: interleukins, chemokines, and lymphokines. While cytokines regulate normal physiological processes, chronic deregulation of cytokine expression and activity contributes to cancer in many ways. Gene polymorphisms of all types of cytokines are associated with risk of disease development. Deregulation RNA and protein expression of interleukins, chemokines, and lymphokines have been detected in many solid tumors and hematopoetic malignancies, correlating with poor patient prognosis. The current body of literature suggests that in some tumor types, interleukins and chemokines work against the human body by signaling to cancer cells and remodeling the local microenvironment to support the growth, survival, and invasion of primary tumors and enhance metastatic colonization. Some lymphokines are downregulated to suppress tumor progression by enhancing cytotoxic T cell activity and inhibiting tumor cell survival. In this review, we will describe the structure/function of several cytokine families and review our current understanding on the roles and mechanisms of cytokines in tumor progression. In addition, we will also discuss strategies for exploiting the expression and activity of cytokines in therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yao
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - G Brummer
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - D Acevedo
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - N Cheng
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.
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Kung CP, Leu JIJ, Basu S, Khaku S, Anokye-Danso F, Liu Q, George DL, Ahima RS, Murphy ME. The P72R Polymorphism of p53 Predisposes to Obesity and Metabolic Dysfunction. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2413-25. [PMID: 26947067 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
p53 is well known for its tumor suppressor role, but this protein also has a poorly understood role in the regulation of metabolism. Human studies have implicated a common polymorphism at codon 72 of p53 in diabetic and pre-diabetic phenotypes. To understand this role, we utilized a humanized mouse model of the p53 codon 72 variants and monitored these mice following challenge with a high-fat diet (HFD). Mice with the arginine 72 (R72) variant of p53 developed more-severe obesity and glucose intolerance on a HFD, compared to mice with the proline 72 variant (P72). R72 mice developed insulin resistance, islet hypertrophy, increased infiltration of immune cells, and fatty liver disease. Gene expression analyses and studies with small-molecule inhibitors indicate that the p53 target genes Tnf and Npc1l1 underlie this phenotype. These results shed light on the role of p53 in obesity, metabolism, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Pei Kung
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Julia I-Ju Leu
- Department of Genetics, The Perelman School at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Subhasree Basu
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sakina Khaku
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Frederick Anokye-Danso
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, The Perelman School at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Biostatistics Unit, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Donna L George
- Department of Genetics, The Perelman School at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rexford S Ahima
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, The Perelman School at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maureen E Murphy
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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p53/PUMA expression in human pulmonary fibroblasts mediates cell activation and migration in silicosis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16900. [PMID: 26576741 PMCID: PMC4649630 DOI: 10.1038/srep16900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis of SiO2 into the lung causes an inflammatory cascade that results in fibroblast proliferation and migration, followed by fibrosis. Clinical evidence has indicated that the activation of alveolar macrophages by SiO2 produces rapid and sustained inflammation characterized by the generation of monocyte chemotactic protein 1, which, in turn, induces fibrosis. However, the details of events downstream of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 activity in pulmonary fibroblasts remain unclear. Here, to elucidate the role of p53 in fibrosis induced by silica, both the upstream molecular mechanisms and the functional effects on cell proliferation and migration were investigated. Experiments using primary cultured adult human pulmonary fibroblasts led to the following results: 1) SiO2 treatment resulted in a rapid and sustained increase in p53 and PUMA protein levels; 2) the MAPK and PI3K pathways were involved in the SiO2-induced alteration of p53 and PUMA expression; and 3) RNA interference targeting p53 and PUMA prevented the SiO2-induced increases in fibroblast activation and migration. Our study elucidated a link between SiO2-induced p53/PUMA expression in fibroblasts and cell migration, thereby providing novel insight into the potential use of p53/PUMA in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for silicosis treatment.
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Montoya-Rodríguez A, de Mejía EG. Pure peptides from amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) proteins inhibit LOX-1 receptor and cellular markers associated with atherosclerosis development in vitro. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Nahta R, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Amedei A, Andrade-Vieira R, Bay SN, Brown DG, Calaf GM, Castellino RC, Cohen-Solal KA, Colacci A, Cruickshanks N, Dent P, Di Fiore R, Forte S, Goldberg GS, Hamid RA, Krishnan H, Laird DW, Lasfar A, Marignani PA, Memeo L, Mondello C, Naus CC, Ponce-Cusi R, Raju J, Roy D, Roy R, Ryan EP, Salem HK, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Vento R, Vondráček J, Wade M, Woodrick J, Bisson WH. Mechanisms of environmental chemicals that enable the cancer hallmark of evasion of growth suppression. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S2-18. [PMID: 26106139 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the Halifax Project, this review brings attention to the potential effects of environmental chemicals on important molecular and cellular regulators of the cancer hallmark of evading growth suppression. Specifically, we review the mechanisms by which cancer cells escape the growth-inhibitory signals of p53, retinoblastoma protein, transforming growth factor-beta, gap junctions and contact inhibition. We discuss the effects of selected environmental chemicals on these mechanisms of growth inhibition and cross-reference the effects of these chemicals in other classical cancer hallmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Nahta
- Departments of Pharmacology and Hematology & Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Florence, Italy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada, Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA, Instituto de Alta Investigacion, Universidad de Tarapaca, Arica 8097877, Chile, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA, Department of Medicine/Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1914, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy, Departments of Neurosurgery and Biochemistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 980033, USA, Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Polyclinic Plexus, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Molecular Biology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084-1501, USA, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontari
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | | | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Rafaela Andrade-Vieira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Sarah N Bay
- Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dustin G Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Gloria M Calaf
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA, Instituto de Alta Investigacion, Universidad de Tarapaca, Arica 8097877, Chile
| | - Robert C Castellino
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Karine A Cohen-Solal
- Department of Medicine/Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1914, USA
| | - Annamaria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Nichola Cruickshanks
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biochemistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 980033, USA
| | - Paul Dent
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biochemistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 980033, USA
| | - Riccardo Di Fiore
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Polyclinic Plexus, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Gary S Goldberg
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Molecular Biology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084-1501, USA
| | - Roslida A Hamid
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Harini Krishnan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Molecular Biology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084-1501, USA
| | - Dale W Laird
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Ahmed Lasfar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 60503, USA
| | - Paola A Marignani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Christian C Naus
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Richard Ponce-Cusi
- Instituto de Alta Investigacion, Universidad de Tarapaca, Arica 8097877, Chile
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Debasish Roy
- Department of Natural Science, The City University of New York at Hostos Campus, Bronx, NY 10451, USA
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Hosni K Salem
- Urology Dept., kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt
| | - A Ivana Scovassi
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, UP 226003, India
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Renza Vento
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Polyclinic Plexus, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, Brno 612 65, Czech Republic
| | - Mark Wade
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan 16163, Italy and
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - William H Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Biswas A, Khanna S, Roy S, Pan X, Sen CK, Gordillo GM. Endothelial cell tumor growth is Ape/ref-1 dependent. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 309:C296-307. [PMID: 26108661 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00022.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-forming endothelial cells have highly elevated levels of Nox-4 that release H2O2 into the nucleus, which is generally not compatible with cell survival. We sought to identify compensatory mechanisms that enable tumor-forming endothelial cells to survive and proliferate under these conditions. Ape-1/ref-1 (Apex-1) is a multifunctional protein that promotes DNA binding of redox-sensitive transcription factors, such as AP-1, and repairs oxidative DNA damage. A validated mouse endothelial cell (EOMA) tumor model was used to demonstrate that Nox-4-derived H2O2 causes DNA oxidation that induces Apex-1 expression. Apex-1 functions as a chaperone to keep transcription factors in a reduced state. In EOMA cells Apex-1 enables AP-1 binding to the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (mcp-1) promoter and expression of that protein is required for endothelial cell tumor formation. Intraperitoneal injection of the small molecule inhibitor E3330, which specifically targets Apex-1 redox-sensitive functions, resulted in a 50% decrease in tumor volume compared with mice injected with vehicle control (n = 6 per group), indicating that endothelial cell tumor proliferation is dependent on Apex-1 expression. These are the first reported results to establish Nox-4 induction of Apex-1 as a mechanism promoting endothelial cell tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Biswas
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Savita Khanna
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Sashwati Roy
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Xueliang Pan
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Chandan K Sen
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Gayle M Gordillo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; and
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Hu Z, Brooks SA, Dormoy V, Hsu CW, Hsu HY, Lin LT, Massfelder T, Rathmell WK, Xia M, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Amedei A, Brown DG, Prudhomme KR, Colacci A, Hamid RA, Mondello C, Raju J, Ryan EP, Woodrick J, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Roy R, Forte S, Memeo L, Salem HK, Lowe L, Jensen L, Bisson WH, Kleinstreuer N. Assessing the carcinogenic potential of low-dose exposures to chemical mixtures in the environment: focus on the cancer hallmark of tumor angiogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S184-202. [PMID: 26106137 PMCID: PMC4492067 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the important 'hallmarks' of cancer is angiogenesis, which is the process of formation of new blood vessels that are necessary for tumor expansion, invasion and metastasis. Under normal physiological conditions, angiogenesis is well balanced and controlled by endogenous proangiogenic factors and antiangiogenic factors. However, factors produced by cancer cells, cancer stem cells and other cell types in the tumor stroma can disrupt the balance so that the tumor microenvironment favors tumor angiogenesis. These factors include vascular endothelial growth factor, endothelial tissue factor and other membrane bound receptors that mediate multiple intracellular signaling pathways that contribute to tumor angiogenesis. Though environmental exposures to certain chemicals have been found to initiate and promote tumor development, the role of these exposures (particularly to low doses of multiple substances), is largely unknown in relation to tumor angiogenesis. This review summarizes the evidence of the role of environmental chemical bioactivity and exposure in tumor angiogenesis and carcinogenesis. We identify a number of ubiquitous (prototypical) chemicals with disruptive potential that may warrant further investigation given their selectivity for high-throughput screening assay targets associated with proangiogenic pathways. We also consider the cross-hallmark relationships of a number of important angiogenic pathway targets with other cancer hallmarks and we make recommendations for future research. Understanding of the role of low-dose exposure of chemicals with disruptive potential could help us refine our approach to cancer risk assessment, and may ultimately aid in preventing cancer by reducing or eliminating exposures to synergistic mixtures of chemicals with carcinogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Hu
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 614 685 4606; Fax: +1-614-247-7205;
| | - Samira A. Brooks
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Valérian Dormoy
- INSERM U1113, team 3 “Cell Signalling and Communication in Kidney and Prostate Cancer”, University of Strasbourg, Facultée de Médecine, 67085 Strasbourg, France
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Chia-Wen Hsu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3375, USA
| | - Hsue-Yin Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Thierry Massfelder
- INSERM U1113, team 3 “Cell Signalling and Communication in Kidney and Prostate Cancer”, University of Strasbourg, Facultée de Médecine, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - W. Kimryn Rathmell
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3375, USA
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Dustin G. Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences
, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kalan R. Prudhomme
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Annamaria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roslida A. Hamid
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate
, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Elizabeth P. Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences
, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, WashingtonDC 20057, USA
| | - A. Ivana Scovassi
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre (Centre for Advance Research), King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, WashingtonDC 20057, USA
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Hosni K. Salem
- Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia B2N 1X5, Canada
| | - Lasse Jensen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden and
| | - William H. Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., in support of the National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, NIEHS, MD K2-16, RTP, NC 27709, USA
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Zhang H, Yu H, Wang J, Zhang M, Wang X, Ahmad W, Duan M, Guan Z. The BM2 protein of influenza B virus interacts with p53 and inhibits its transcriptional and apoptotic activities. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 403:187-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Yoon SP, Kim J. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 activation links ischemic acute kidney injury to interstitial fibrosis. J Physiol Sci 2015; 65:105-11. [PMID: 25388944 PMCID: PMC10717313 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-014-0346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inactivation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) has been found to be protective in several disease models; however, the role of PARP1 in acute kidney injury-induced interstitial fibrosis has not been studied. Herein, we tested whether PARP1 inactivation by treatment with PJ34 (a PARP1 inactivator; 10 mg/kg body weight/day, intraperitoneal implantation of a miniosmotic pump at 2 days after the onset) contributed to the decrease in interstitial fibrosis induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in mouse kidneys. IRI increased PARP1 activation represented by poly(ADP-ribose) expression from 4 to 16 days postinjury, whereas treatment with PJ34 at 2 days after the onset efficaciously abolished the increase in PARP1 activation at 4, 8 and 16 days after IRI. Pharmacological inactivation of PARP1 significantly reduced interstitial fibrosis as represented by the collagen deposition and transforming growth factor-β1 level at 8 and 16 days after IRI. Consistent with collagen deposition, myofibroblast activation represented by α-smooth muscle actin expression was also reduced by PARP1 inactivation at 8 and 16 days after IRI. Furthermore, IRI enhanced macrophage influx, but PARP1 inactivaton remarkably reduced macrophage influx for 4 through 16 days after the injury. Among the chemoattractants for monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) production in IRI kidneys was significantly reduced by PARP1 inactivation from 4 to 16 days postinjury. These data demonstrate that PARP1 activation contributes to IRI-induced MCP-1 production and in turn to macrophage influx, resulting in the promotion of interstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Pil Yoon
- Department of Anatomy, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, 690-756 Republic of Korea
| | - Jinu Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, 690-756 Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine and Drug Development, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690-756 Republic of Korea
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Tang X, Amar S. p53 suppresses CCL2-induced subcutaneous tumor xenograft. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:2801-8. [PMID: 25492482 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2906-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) has recently been found to be a key player in the pathology of many human glomerular and tubulointerstitial diseases. CCL2 has also been found to be expressed in various cancers, including human hepatoma cells, human cancer progression, and human multiple myeloma cells. Thus, the inhibition of elevated CCL2 production may provide a new avenue for therapeutic intervention in CCL2-mediated cancer diseases. A previous study has indicated that knockdown of human p53 has a strong negative impact on CCL2 induction. We therefore are interested in how p53 regulates CCL2 gene expression. In the following study, our findings indicate that p53 binds to CCL2, consequently significantly downregulating CCL2 promoter activity. Furthermore, injection of CCL2-promoting cancer cells (CCL2/A549) in p53-deficient mice for 3 weeks strongly induced subcutaneous xenograft tumor growth compared with the control. Overall, the research results support the novel role of p53 in suppression of chemokine (such as CCL2)-mediated cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoren Tang
- Center for Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutics, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, 650 Albany Street, X-343, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
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Montoya-Rodríguez A, Milán-Carrillo J, Dia VP, Reyes-Moreno C, González de Mejía E. Pepsin-pancreatin protein hydrolysates from extruded amaranth inhibit markers of atherosclerosis in LPS-induced THP-1 macrophages-like human cells by reducing expression of proteins in LOX-1 signaling pathway. Proteome Sci 2014; 12:30. [PMID: 24891839 PMCID: PMC4041052 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-12-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is considered a progressive disease that affects arteries that bring blood to the heart, to the brain and to the lower end. It derives from endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, which play an important role in the thrombotic complications of atherosclerosis. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death around the world and one factor that can contribute to its progression and prevention is diet. Our previous study found that amaranth hydrolysates inhibited LPS-induced inflammation in human and mouse macrophages by preventing activation of NF-κB signaling. Furthermore, extrusion improved the anti-inflammatory effect of amaranth protein hydrolysates in both cell lines, probably attributed to the production of bioactive peptides during processing. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the anti-atherosclerotic potential of pepsin-pancreatin hydrolysates from unprocessed and extruded amaranth in THP-1 lipopolysaccharide-induced human macrophages and suggest the mechanism of action. RESULTS Unprocessed amaranth hydrolysate (UAH) and extruded amaranth hydrolysate (EAH) showed a significant reduction in the expression of interleukin-4 (IL-4) (69% and 100%, respectively), interleukin-6 (IL-6) (64% and 52%, respectively), interleukin-22 (IL-22) (55% and 70%, respectively). Likewise, UAH and EAH showed a reduction in the expression of monocyte-chemo attractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (35% and 42%, respectively), transferrin receptor-1 (TfR-1) (48% and 61%, respectively), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (59% and 63%, respectively), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (60% and 63%, respectively). Also, EAH reduced the expression of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) (27%), intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) (28%) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) (19%), important molecular markers in the atherosclerosis pathway. EAH, led to a reduction of 58, 52 and 79% for LOX-1, ICAM-1 and MMP-9, respectively, by confocal microscopy. CONCLUSIONS Extruded amaranth hydrolysate showed potential anti-atherosclerotic effect in LPS-induced THP-1 human macrophage-like cells by reducing the expression of proteins associated with LOX-1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Montoya-Rodríguez
- Programa Regional del Noroeste para el Doctorado en Biotecnología, FCQB-UAS, Ciudad Universitaria, AP 1354, Culiacán, Sinaloa CP 80000, México
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 228 ERML, MC-051, 1201 West, Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jorge Milán-Carrillo
- Programa Regional del Noroeste para el Doctorado en Biotecnología, FCQB-UAS, Ciudad Universitaria, AP 1354, Culiacán, Sinaloa CP 80000, México
| | - Vermont P Dia
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 228 ERML, MC-051, 1201 West, Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Cuauhtémoc Reyes-Moreno
- Programa Regional del Noroeste para el Doctorado en Biotecnología, FCQB-UAS, Ciudad Universitaria, AP 1354, Culiacán, Sinaloa CP 80000, México
| | - Elvira González de Mejía
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 228 ERML, MC-051, 1201 West, Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Abstract
p53 is a crucial tumour suppressor that responds to diverse stress signals by orchestrating specific cellular responses, including transient cell cycle arrest, cellular senescence and apoptosis, which are all processes associated with tumour suppression. However, recent studies have challenged the relative importance of these canonical cellular responses for p53-mediated tumour suppression and have highlighted roles for p53 in modulating other cellular processes, including metabolism, stem cell maintenance, invasion and metastasis, as well as communication within the tumour microenvironment. In this Opinion article, we discuss the roles of classical p53 functions, as well as emerging p53-regulated processes, in tumour suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn T Bieging
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR-South, Room 1255, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Stephano Spano Mello
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR-South, Room 1255, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Laura D Attardi
- 1] Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR-South, Room 1255, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA. [2] Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR-South, Room 1255, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Leibovich-Rivkin T, Liubomirski Y, Meshel T, Abashidze A, Brisker D, Solomon H, Rotter V, Weil M, Ben-Baruch A. The inflammatory cytokine TNFα cooperates with Ras in elevating metastasis and turns WT-Ras to a tumor-promoting entity in MCF-7 cells. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:158. [PMID: 24598028 PMCID: PMC4015419 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the present study we determined the relative contribution of two processes to breast cancer progression: (1) Intrinsic events, such as activation of the Ras pathway and down-regulation of p53; (2) The inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1β, shown in our published studies to be highly expressed in tumors of >80% of breast cancer patients with recurrent disease. Methods Using MCF-7 human breast tumor cells originally expressing WT-Ras and WT-p53, we determined the impact of the above-mentioned elements and cooperativity between them on the expression of CXCL8 (ELISA, qRT-PCR), a member of a “cancer-related chemokine cluster” that we have previously identified. Then, we determined the mechanisms involved (Ras-binding-domain assays, Western blot, luciferase), and tested the impact of Ras + TNFα on angiogenicity (chorioallantoic membrane assays) and on tumor growth at the mammary fat pad of mice and on metastasis, in vivo. Results Using RasG12V that recapitulates multiple stimulations induced by receptor tyrosine kinases, we found that RasG12V alone induced CXCL8 expression at the mRNA and protein levels, whereas down-regulation of p53 did not. TNFα and IL-1β potently induced CXCL8 expression and synergized with RasG12V, together leading to amplified CXCL8 expression. Testing the impact of WT-Ras, which is the common form in breast cancer patients, we found that WT-Ras was not active in promoting CXCL8; however, TNFα has induced the activation of WT-Ras: joining these two elements has led to cooperative induction of CXCL8 expression, via the activation of MEK, NF-κB and AP-1. Importantly, TNFα has led to increased expression of WT-Ras in an active GTP-bound form, with properties similar to those of RasG12V. Jointly, TNFα + Ras activities have given rise to increased angiogenesis and to elevated tumor cell dissemination to lymph nodes. Conclusions TNFα cooperates with Ras in promoting the metastatic phenotype of MCF-7 breast tumor cells, and turns WT-Ras into a tumor-supporting entity. Thus, in breast cancer patients the cytokine may rescue the pro-cancerous potential of WT-Ras, and together these two elements may lead to a more aggressive disease. These findings have clinical relevance, suggesting that we need to consider new therapeutic regimens that inhibit Ras and TNFα, in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Adit Ben-Baruch
- Department Cell Research and Immunology, George S, Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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Iannello A, Raulet DH. Immune surveillance of unhealthy cells by natural killer cells. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2013; 78:249-257. [PMID: 24135717 PMCID: PMC4244075 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2013.78.020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic and oncogenic insults result in the induction of intrinsic defense mechanisms such as cell-death pathways and senescence, and extrinsic pathways that mobilize immune responses to destroy unhealthy cells. Both protective mechanisms presumably evolved to limit the damage these insults could inflict on the host. After viral infection or malignant transformation, unhealthy cells can be directly sensed by natural killer (NK) and some T cells via the activating receptor NKG2D. All NK cells and subsets of T cells express NKG2D. The NKG2D/ligand system represents a major recognition mechanism for detection and elimination of unhealthy cells. Here we discuss different pathways, including stress pathways, that are responsible for cell-surface display of ligands for NKG2D, which are self-proteins that are minimally expressed by normal cells. We also discuss new results indicating that efficient elimination of tumor cells that display NKG2D ligands depends on the recruitment of NK cells and other immune cells to the tumor, which can be regulated by distinct mechanisms, including the p53-dependent production of chemokines by senescent tumors. The cooperative effect of pathways that induce the display of NKG2D ligands and distinct pathways that mobilize immune cells provides a higher degree of specificity to the NK cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Iannello
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - David H Raulet
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
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Iannello A, Thompson TW, Ardolino M, Lowe SW, Raulet DH. p53-dependent chemokine production by senescent tumor cells supports NKG2D-dependent tumor elimination by natural killer cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:2057-69. [PMID: 24043758 PMCID: PMC3782044 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
p53 induction regulates NK cell recruitment via CCL2, leading to NKG2D-dependent elimination of senescent tumors. The induction of cellular senescence is an important mechanism by which p53 suppresses tumorigenesis. Using a mouse model of liver carcinoma, where cellular senescence is triggered in vivo by inducible p53 expression, we demonstrated that NK cells participate in the elimination of senescent tumors. The elimination of senescent tumor cells is dependent on NKG2D. Interestingly, p53 restoration neither increases ligand expression nor increases the sensitivity to lysis by NK cells. Instead, p53 restoration caused tumor cells to secrete various chemokines with the potential to recruit NK cells. Antibody-mediated neutralization of CCL2, but not CCL3, CCL4 or CCL5, prevented NK cell recruitment to the senescent tumors and reduced their elimination. Our findings suggest that elimination of senescent tumors by NK cells occurs as a result of the cooperation of signals associated with p53 expression or senescence, which regulate NK cell recruitment, and other signals that induce NKG2D ligand expression on tumor cells.
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Platelet-activating factor induces proliferation in differentiated keratinocytes. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 384:83-94. [PMID: 23975504 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1784-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Increased levels of platelet-activating factor (PAF; 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) are found in several inflammatory dermatoses, but PAF's exact role in epidermis is uncertain. In order to better understand the physiological consequences of excess PAF production in epidermis, we examined the gene regulatory effects of PAF short-term stimulation in differentiated HaCaT keratinocytes by transcriptional profiling. Even though PAF induces COX2 expression, we found that PAF regulates only few genes associated with inflammation in differentiated keratinocytes. Rather, we show that natural PAF rapidly regulates genes involved in proliferation, (anti)-apoptosis and migration, all sub-processes of re-epithelialization and wound healing. Moreover, profiling of phosphorylated kinases, cellular wound-scratch experiments, resazurin assay and flow cytometry cell cycle phase analysis all support a role for PAF in keratinocyte proliferation and epidermal re-epithelialization. In conclusion, these results suggest that PAF acts as an activator of proliferation and may, therefore, function as a connector between inflammation and proliferation in differentiated keratinocytes.
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Deligeoroglou E, Giannouli A, Athanasopoulos N, Karountzos V, Vatopoulou A, Dimopoulos K, Creatsas G. HPV infection: immunological aspects and their utility in future therapy. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2013; 2013:540850. [PMID: 24023507 PMCID: PMC3762170 DOI: 10.1155/2013/540850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
High prevalence and mortality rates of cervical cancer create an imperative need to clarify the uniqueness of HPV (Human Papillomavirus) infection, which serves as the key causative factor in cervical malignancies. Understanding the immunological details and the microenvironment of the infection can be a useful tool for the development of novel therapeutic interventions. Chronic infection and progression to carcinogenesis are sustained by immortalization potential of HPV, evasion techniques, and alterations in the microenvironment of the lesion. Inside the lesion, Toll-like receptors expression becomes irregular; Langerhans cells fail to present the antigens efficiently, tumor-associated macrophages aggregate resulting in an unsuccessful immune response by the host. HPV products also downregulate the expression of microenvironment components which are necessary for natural-killer cells response and antigen presentation to cytotoxic cells. Additionally HPV promotes T-helper cell 2 (Th2) and T-regulatory cell phenotypes and reduces Th1 phenotype, leading to suppression of cellular immunity and lesion progression to cancer. Humoral response after natural infection is inefficient, and neutralizing antibodies are not adequate in many women. Utilizing this knowledge, new endeavors, such as therapeutic vaccination, aim to stimulate cellular immune response against the virus and alter the milieu of the lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthimios Deligeoroglou
- Division of Pediatric-Adolescent Gynecology and Reconstructive Surgery, 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Athens University, Medical School, Aretaieion Hospital, Vassilisis, Sofias Avenue 76, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Giannouli
- Division of Pediatric-Adolescent Gynecology and Reconstructive Surgery, 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Athens University, Medical School, Aretaieion Hospital, Vassilisis, Sofias Avenue 76, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Athanasopoulos
- Division of Pediatric-Adolescent Gynecology and Reconstructive Surgery, 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Athens University, Medical School, Aretaieion Hospital, Vassilisis, Sofias Avenue 76, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Vasileios Karountzos
- Division of Pediatric-Adolescent Gynecology and Reconstructive Surgery, 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Athens University, Medical School, Aretaieion Hospital, Vassilisis, Sofias Avenue 76, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Vatopoulou
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 1st Department of Ob/Gyn Papageorgiou Hospital, University of Thessaloniki, Medical School, Perifereiaki Odos Thessalonikis-N, Efkarpias, 564 29 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Dimopoulos
- Division of Pediatric-Adolescent Gynecology and Reconstructive Surgery, 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Athens University, Medical School, Aretaieion Hospital, Vassilisis, Sofias Avenue 76, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - George Creatsas
- Division of Pediatric-Adolescent Gynecology and Reconstructive Surgery, 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Athens University, Medical School, Aretaieion Hospital, Vassilisis, Sofias Avenue 76, 11528 Athens, Greece
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Niebler M, Qian X, Höfler D, Kogosov V, Kaewprag J, Kaufmann AM, Ly R, Böhmer G, Zawatzky R, Rösl F, Rincon-Orozco B. Post-translational control of IL-1β via the human papillomavirus type 16 E6 oncoprotein: a novel mechanism of innate immune escape mediated by the E3-ubiquitin ligase E6-AP and p53. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003536. [PMID: 23935506 PMCID: PMC3731255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are causally involved in the development of anogenital cancer. HPVs apparently evade the innate immune response of their host cells by dysregulating immunomodulatory factors such as cytokines and chemokines, thereby creating a microenvironment that favors malignancy. One central key player in the immune surveillance interactome is interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) which not only mediates inflammation, but also links innate and adaptive immunity. Because of its pleiotropic physiological effects, IL-1β production is tightly controlled on transcriptional, post-translational and secretory levels. Here, we describe a novel mechanism how the high-risk HPV16 E6 oncoprotein abrogates IL-1β processing and secretion in a NALP3 inflammasome-independent manner. We analyzed IL-1β regulation in immortalized keratinocytes that harbor the HPV16 E6 and/or E7 oncogenes as well as HPV-positive cervical tumor cells. While in primary and in E7-immortalized human keratinocytes the secretion of IL-1β was highly inducible upon inflammasome activation, E6-positive cells did not respond. Western blot analyses revealed a strong reduction of basal intracellular levels of pro-IL-1β that was independent of dysregulation of the NALP3 inflammasome, autophagy or lysosomal activity. Instead, we demonstrate that pro-IL-1β is degraded in a proteasome-dependent manner in E6-positive cells which is mediated via the ubiquitin ligase E6-AP and p53. Conversely, in E6- and E6/E7-immortalized cells pro-IL-1β levels were restored by siRNA knock-down of E6-AP and simultaneous recovery of functional p53. In the context of HPV-induced carcinogenesis, these data suggest a novel post-translational mechanism of pro-IL-1β regulation which ultimately inhibits the secretion of IL-1β in virus-infected keratinocytes. The clinical relevance of our results was further confirmed in HPV-positive tissue samples, where a gradual decrease of IL-1β towards cervical cancer could be discerned. Hence, attenuation of IL-1β by the HPV16 E6 oncoprotein in immortalized cells is apparently a crucial step in viral immune evasion and initiation of malignancy. Persistently high-risk HPV-infected individuals have an increased risk to develop anogenital cancer. HPV encodes the viral proteins E6 and E7 that interact with and induce the degradation of the cell cycle regulators p53 and pRb, respectively, priming immortalized keratinocytes towards malignant transformation. In early antiviral immune response, IL-1β is an important factor for the initiation of inflammation and activation of immune cells such as macrophages and T cells. Our study describes a post-translationally controlled pathway where E6 mediates proteasomal degradation of IL-1β in HPV16-immortalized human keratinocytes. This process depends on the cellular ubiquitin ligase E6-AP and p53 highlighting a novel molecular mechanism of a virus-host interaction that is critical for evading innate immune defense. IL-1β dysregulation is also found in tissue sections which represent different stages of virus-induced carcinogenesis, underlining the clinical relevance of our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Niebler
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xu Qian
- Gynecological Tumor-Immunology, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Höfler
- Division of Genome Modifications and Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vlada Kogosov
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jittranan Kaewprag
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Andreas M. Kaufmann
- Gynecological Tumor-Immunology, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regina Ly
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerd Böhmer
- Deutsche Klinik Bad Münder, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rainer Zawatzky
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rösl
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (FR); (BRO)
| | - Bladimiro Rincon-Orozco
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (FR); (BRO)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The p53 tumor suppressor is a master regulator of antitumor defenses through its control of growth arrest, senescence and apoptosis. In recent years, p53 regulation was found to extend to a variety of biological processes including autophagy, fertility, metabolism and immune responses. Here, we focus on the role of p53 in the immune system. We explore the relationship between p53 and the innate immune response with particular emphasis on the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway and implications for cancer therapy. RECENT FINDINGS Numerous studies have shown that the immune system, especially innate immunity, has a critical role in tumor development. It appears that p53 can influence innate immune responses as part of its tumor suppressor activities and recent work suggests that the complete set of innate immune TLR genes are responsive to chromosomal stress and the transcriptional network regulated by p53. Activation of p53 by common antitumor agents results in p53 dependent regulation of expression of most TLR genes in human primary and cancer cell lines, resulting in modulation of TLR downstream responses to cognate ligands. In addition several tumor-associated p53 mutants can also affect TLR gene expression. These observations together with the discovery of other immune-related p53 target genes provide new insights into the relationship between p53 and immunity and suggest approaches that might be useful in cancer therapies. SUMMARY The tumor suppressor p53 can modulate innate immune gene responses in response to factors that can activate p53. This is expected to provide new opportunities in cancer diagnosis and in chemotherapeutic strategies that employ specific TLR agonists or antagonists that target the TLR pathway.
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Tang X, Asano M, O'Reilly A, Farquhar A, Yang Y, Amar S. p53 is an important regulator of CCL2 gene expression. Curr Mol Med 2013; 12:929-43. [PMID: 22804246 DOI: 10.2174/156652412802480844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The p53 protein is a sequence-specific DNA-binding factor that regulates inflammatory genes such as CCL2/MCP-1 that may play a role in various diseases. A recent study has indicated that the knockdown of human p53 leads to a strong negative regulation of CCL2 induction. We are therefore interested in how p53 regulates CCL2 gene expression. In the following study, our findings indicate that UV-induced p53 accumulation in mouse macrophages significantly decreases LPS-induced CCL2 production, and that p53 binds to CCL2 5'UTR in the region (16-35). We also found that a p53 domain (p53pep170) mimics full length p53 to down-regulate CCL2 promoter activity. Treatment of p53-deficient mouse primary macrophages with synthetic p53pep170 was found to decrease LPS-induced production of CCL2 without association with cellular endogenous p53. CCL2 production induced by lentiCLG in human monocytes or mouse primary macrophages was blocked in the presence of p53pep170. Overall, these results demonstrate that p53 or its derived peptide (p53pep170) is an important regulator of CCL2 gene expression via its binding activity, and acts as a novel model for future studies linking p53 and its short peptide to pave the way to possible pharmaceutical intervention of CCL2-mediated inflammatory and cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Tang
- Center for Anti- Inflammatory Therapeutics, Boston University, 650 Albany Street, X- 343, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Leu JIJ, Murphy ME, George DL. The p53 Codon 72 Polymorphism Modifies the Cellular Response to Inflammatory Challenge in the Liver. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2. [PMID: 23991369 DOI: 10.4172/2167-0889.1000117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The p53 protein is a critical stress-response mediator and signal coordinator in cellular metabolism and environmental exposure to deleterious agents. In human populations, the p53 gene contains a common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) affecting codon 72 that determines whether a proline (P72) or an arginine (R72) is present at this amino acid position of the polypeptide. Previous studies carried out using human populations, mouse models, and cell culture analyses have provided evidence that this amino acid difference can alter p53 functional activities, and potentially also can affect clinical presentation of disease. The clinical presentation associated with many forms of liver disease is variable, but few of the responsible underlying genetic factors or molecular pathways have been identified. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the p53 codon 72 polymorphism influences the cellular response to hepatic stresses. A humanized p53 knock-in (Hupki) mouse model was used to address this issue. Mice expressing either the P72 or R72 normal variation of p53 were given an acute-, intermittent- or a chronic challenge, associated with exposure to lipopolysaccharide, D-galactosamine, or a high-fat diet. The results reveal that the livers of the P72 and R72 mice exhibit notable differences in inflammatory and apoptotic response to these distinct forms of stress. Interestingly the influence of this polymorphism on the response to stress is context dependent, with P72 showing increased response to liver toxins (lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine), but R72 showing increased response to metabolic stress (high fat diet). When taken together, these data point to the p53 codon 72 polymorphism as an important molecular mediator of events contributing to hepatic inflammation and metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia I-Ju Leu
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Macrophages, inflammation, and tumor suppressors: ARF, a new player in the game. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:568783. [PMID: 23316105 PMCID: PMC3538382 DOI: 10.1155/2012/568783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between tumor progression and innate immune system has been well established in the last years. Indeed, several lines of clinical evidence indicate that immune cells such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) interact with tumor cells, favoring growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis of a variety of cancers. In most tumors, TAMs show properties of an alternative polarization phenotype (M2) characterized by the expression of a series of chemokines, cytokines, and proteases that promote immunosuppression, tumor proliferation, and spreading of the cancer cells.
Tumor suppressor genes have been traditionally linked to the regulation of cancer progression; however, a growing body of evidence indicates that these genes also play essential roles in the regulation of innate immunity pathways through molecular mechanisms that are still poorly understood. In this paper, we provide an overview of the immunobiology of TAMs as well as what is known about tumor suppressors in the context of immune responses. Recent advances regarding the role of the tumor suppressor ARF as a regulator of inflammation and macrophage polarization are also reviewed.
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Sato Y, Tsurumi T. Genome guardian p53 and viral infections. Rev Med Virol 2012; 23:213-20. [PMID: 23255396 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Because virus infections elicit various cellular responses that inhibit viral replication and growth, viruses must intervene to attenuate antiviral measures in order to thrive. The genome guardian p53 plays a central part not only in DNA damage responses, inducing cell cycle arrest or apoptosis, but also in the innate host immune control of viral infections by orchestrating diverse signaling pathways originating from many different cellular receptors and sensors. Many viruses have acquired sophisticated mechanisms to regulate p53 functions by deploying subversive proteins and modulating its post-transcriptional status. In this review, we overview the mechanisms by which DNA and RNA viruses manage p53 signaling in favor of their continued survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Sato
- Division of Virology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, 464-8681, Japan
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Sasagawa T, Takagi H, Makinoda S. Immune responses against human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and evasion of host defense in cervical cancer. J Infect Chemother 2012; 18:807-15. [PMID: 23117294 DOI: 10.1007/s10156-012-0485-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most important etiological factor for cervical cancer. A recent study demonstrated that more than 20 HPV types were thought to be oncogenic for uterine cervical cancer. Notably, more than one-half of women show cervical HPV infections soon after their sexual debut, and about 90 % of such infections are cleared within 3 years. Immunity against HPV might be important for elimination of the virus. The innate immune responses involving macrophages, natural killer cells, and natural killer T cells may play a role in the first line of defense against HPV infection. In the second line of defense, adaptive immunity via cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) targeting HPV16 E2 and E6 proteins appears to eliminate cells infected with HPV16. However, HPV can evade host immune responses. First, HPV does not kill host cells during viral replication and therefore neither presents viral antigen nor induces inflammation. HPV16 E6 and E7 proteins downregulate the expression of type-1 interferons (IFNs) in host cells. The lack of co-stimulatory signals by inflammatory cytokines including IFNs during antigen recognition may induce immune tolerance rather than the appropriate responses. Moreover, HPV16 E5 protein downregulates the expression of HLA-class 1, and it facilitates evasion of CTL attack. These mechanisms of immune evasion may eventually support the establishment of persistent HPV infection, leading to the induction of cervical cancer. Considering such immunological events, prophylactic HPV16 and 18 vaccine appears to be the best way to prevent cervical cancer in women who are immunized in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Sasagawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
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Autocrine CCL2 promotes cell migration and invasion via PKC activation and tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin in bladder cancer cells. Cytokine 2012; 59:423-32. [PMID: 22617682 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The amount of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) produced by a transitional cell carcinoma is directly correlated with high recurrence and poor prognosis in bladder cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of CCL2 on tumor progression remain unexplored. To investigate the role played by CCL2, we examined cell migration in various bladder cancer cell lines. We found that high-grade cancer cells expressing high levels of CCL2 showed more migration activity than low-grade bladder cancer cells expressing low levels of the chemokine. Although the activation of CCL2/CCR2 signals did not appreciably affect cell growth, it mediated cell migration and invasion via the activation of protein kinase C and phosphorylation of tyrosine in paxillin. Blocking CCL2 and CCR2 with small hairpin RNA (shCCL2) or a specific inhibitor reduced CCL2/CCR2-mediated cell migration. The antagonist of CCR2 promoted the survival of mice bearing MBT2 bladder cancer cells, and CCL2-depleted cells showed low tumorigenicity compared with shGFP cells. In addition to observing high-levels of CCL2 in high-grade human bladder cancer cells, we showed that the CCL2/CCR2 signaling pathway mediated migratory and invasive activity, whereas blocking the pathway decreased migration and invasion. In conclusion, high levels of CCL2 expressed in bladder cancer mediates tumor invasion and is involved with advanced tumorigenesis. Our findings suggest that this CCL2/CCR2 pathway is a potential candidate for the attenuation of bladder cancer metastases.
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