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Ge M, Jin L, Cui C, Han Y, Li H, Gao X, Li G, Yu H, Zhang B. Dl-3-n-butylphthalide improves stroke outcomes after focal ischemic stroke in mouse model by inhibiting the pyroptosis-regulated cell death and ameliorating neuroinflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 974:176593. [PMID: 38636800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the involvement of pyroptosis-mediated cell death and neuroinflammation in ischemic stroke (IS) pathogenesis. DL-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP), a synthesized compound based on an extract from seeds of Apium graveolens, possesses a broad range of biological effects. However, the efficacy and the underlying mechanisms of NBP in IS remain contentious. Herein, we investigated the therapeutic effects of NBP and elucidated its potential mechanisms in neuronal cell pyroptosis and microglia inflammatory responses. Adult male mice underwent permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO), followed by daily oral gavage of NBP (80 mg/kg) for 1, 7, or 21 consecutive days. Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset of IS patients peripheral blood RNA sequencing was analyzed to identify differentially expressed pyroptosis-related genes (PRGs) during the ischemic process. Our results suggested that NBP treatment effectively alleviated brain ischemic damage, resulting in decreased neurological deficit scores, reduced infarct volume, and improved neurological and behavioral functions. RNA sequence data from human unveiled upregulated PRGs in IS. Subsequently, we observed that NBP downregulated pyroptosis-associated markers at days 7 and 21 post-modeling, at both the protein and mRNA levels. Additionally, NBP suppressed the co-localization of pyroptosis markers with neuronal cells to variable degrees and simultaneously mitigated the accumulation of activated microglia. Overall, our data provide novel evidence that NBP treatment significantly attenuates ischemic brain damage and promotes recovery of neurological function in the early and recovery phases after IS, probably by negatively regulating the pyroptosis cell death of neuronal cells and inhibiting toxic neuroinflammation in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Ge
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lingting Jin
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Can Cui
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yingying Han
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Hongxiang Yu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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2
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Bedolla A, Wegman E, Weed M, Stevens MK, Ware K, Paranjpe A, Alkhimovitch A, Ifergan I, Taranov A, Peter JD, Gonzalez RMS, Robinson JE, McClain L, Roskin KM, Greig NH, Luo Y. Adult microglial TGFβ1 is required for microglia homeostasis via an autocrine mechanism to maintain cognitive function in mice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5306. [PMID: 38906887 PMCID: PMC11192737 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49596-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
While TGF-β signaling is essential for microglial function, the cellular source of TGF-β1 ligand and its spatial regulation remains unclear in the adult CNS. Our data supports that microglia but not astrocytes or neurons are the primary producers of TGF-β1 ligands needed for microglial homeostasis. Microglia-Tgfb1 KO leads to the activation of microglia featuring a dyshomeostatic transcriptome that resembles disease-associated, injury-associated, and aged microglia, suggesting microglial self-produced TGF-β1 ligands are important in the adult CNS. Astrocytes in MG-Tgfb1 inducible (i)KO mice show a transcriptome profile that is closely aligned with an LPS-associated astrocyte profile. Additionally, using sparse mosaic single-cell microglia KO of TGF-β1 ligand we established an autocrine mechanism for signaling. Here we show that MG-Tgfb1 iKO mice present cognitive deficits, supporting that precise spatial regulation of TGF-β1 ligand derived from microglia is required for the maintenance of brain homeostasis and normal cognitive function in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Bedolla
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Elliot Wegman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Max Weed
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Kierra Ware
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Aditi Paranjpe
- Information Services for Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Anastasia Alkhimovitch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Igal Ifergan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Aleksandr Taranov
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joshua D Peter
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Rosa Maria Salazar Gonzalez
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, US
| | - J Elliott Robinson
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, US
| | - Lucas McClain
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Krishna M Roskin
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, US
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Boles J, Uriarte Huarte O, Tansey MG. Peripheral endotoxin exposure in mice activates crosstalk between phagocytes in the brain and periphery. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4478250. [PMID: 38883776 PMCID: PMC11177977 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4478250/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Background Inflammation is a central process of many neurological diseases, and a growing number of studies suggest that non-brain-resident immune cells may contribute to this neuroinflammation. However, the unique contributions of specific immune cell subsets to neuroinflammation are presently unknown, and it is unclear how communication between brain-resident and non-resident immune cells underlies peripheral immune cell involvement in neuroinflammation. Methods In this study, we employed the well-established model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation and captured brain-resident and non-resident immune cells from the brain and its vasculature by magnetically enriching cell suspensions from the non-perfused brain for CD45 + cells. Then, we identified immune subtype-specific neuroinflammatory processes using single-cell genomics and predicted the crosstalk between immune cell subtypes by analyzing the simultaneous expression of ligands and receptors. Results We observed a greater abundance of peripheral phagocytes associated with the brain in this model of neuroinflammation, and report that these professional phagocytes activated similar transcriptional profiles to microglia during LPS-induced neuroinflammation. And, we observed that the probable crosstalk between microglia and peripheral phagocytes was activated in this model while homotypic microglial communication was likely to be decreased. Conclusions Our novel findings reveal that microglia signaling to non-brain-resident peripheral phagocytes is preferentially triggered by peripheral inflammation, which is associated with brain infiltration of peripheral cells. Overall, our study supports the involvement of peripheral immune cells in neuroinflammation and suggests several possible molecular signaling pathways between microglia and peripheral cells that may facilitate central-peripheral crosstalk during inflammation. Examining these molecular mediators in human disease and other rodent models may reveal novel targets that modify brain health, especially in comorbidities characterized by peripheral inflammation.
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Santiago-Balmaseda A, Aguirre-Orozco A, Valenzuela-Arzeta IE, Villegas-Rojas MM, Pérez-Segura I, Jiménez-Barrios N, Hurtado-Robles E, Rodríguez-Hernández LD, Rivera-German ER, Guerra-Crespo M, Martinez-Fong D, Ledesma-Alonso C, Diaz-Cintra S, Soto-Rojas LO. Neurodegenerative Diseases: Unraveling the Heterogeneity of Astrocytes. Cells 2024; 13:921. [PMID: 38891053 PMCID: PMC11172252 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The astrocyte population, around 50% of human brain cells, plays a crucial role in maintaining the overall health and functionality of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are vital in orchestrating neuronal development by releasing synaptogenic molecules and eliminating excessive synapses. They also modulate neuronal excitability and contribute to CNS homeostasis, promoting neuronal survival by clearance of neurotransmitters, transporting metabolites, and secreting trophic factors. Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous and respond to CNS injuries and diseases through a process known as reactive astrogliosis, which can contribute to both inflammation and its resolution. Recent evidence has revealed remarkable alterations in astrocyte transcriptomes in response to several diseases, identifying at least two distinct phenotypes called A1 or neurotoxic and A2 or neuroprotective astrocytes. However, due to the vast heterogeneity of these cells, it is limited to classify them into only two phenotypes. This review explores the various physiological and pathophysiological roles, potential markers, and pathways that might be activated in different astrocytic phenotypes. Furthermore, we discuss the astrocyte heterogeneity in the main neurodegenerative diseases and identify potential therapeutic strategies. Understanding the underlying mechanisms in the differentiation and imbalance of the astrocytic population will allow the identification of specific biomarkers and timely therapeutic approaches in various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Santiago-Balmaseda
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4 Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 54090, Mexico; (A.S.-B.); (A.A.-O.); (M.M.V.-R.); (I.P.-S.); (E.H.-R.); (L.D.R.-H.); (E.R.R.-G.)
| | - Annai Aguirre-Orozco
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4 Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 54090, Mexico; (A.S.-B.); (A.A.-O.); (M.M.V.-R.); (I.P.-S.); (E.H.-R.); (L.D.R.-H.); (E.R.R.-G.)
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (I.E.V.-A.); (N.J.-B.); (D.M.-F.)
| | - Irais E. Valenzuela-Arzeta
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (I.E.V.-A.); (N.J.-B.); (D.M.-F.)
| | - Marcos M. Villegas-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4 Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 54090, Mexico; (A.S.-B.); (A.A.-O.); (M.M.V.-R.); (I.P.-S.); (E.H.-R.); (L.D.R.-H.); (E.R.R.-G.)
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - Isaac Pérez-Segura
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4 Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 54090, Mexico; (A.S.-B.); (A.A.-O.); (M.M.V.-R.); (I.P.-S.); (E.H.-R.); (L.D.R.-H.); (E.R.R.-G.)
| | - Natalie Jiménez-Barrios
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (I.E.V.-A.); (N.J.-B.); (D.M.-F.)
| | - Ernesto Hurtado-Robles
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4 Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 54090, Mexico; (A.S.-B.); (A.A.-O.); (M.M.V.-R.); (I.P.-S.); (E.H.-R.); (L.D.R.-H.); (E.R.R.-G.)
| | - Luis Daniel Rodríguez-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4 Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 54090, Mexico; (A.S.-B.); (A.A.-O.); (M.M.V.-R.); (I.P.-S.); (E.H.-R.); (L.D.R.-H.); (E.R.R.-G.)
| | - Erick R. Rivera-German
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4 Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 54090, Mexico; (A.S.-B.); (A.A.-O.); (M.M.V.-R.); (I.P.-S.); (E.H.-R.); (L.D.R.-H.); (E.R.R.-G.)
| | - Magdalena Guerra-Crespo
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Daniel Martinez-Fong
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (I.E.V.-A.); (N.J.-B.); (D.M.-F.)
| | - Carlos Ledesma-Alonso
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Querétaro 76230, Mexico;
| | - Sofía Diaz-Cintra
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Querétaro 76230, Mexico;
| | - Luis O. Soto-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4 Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 54090, Mexico; (A.S.-B.); (A.A.-O.); (M.M.V.-R.); (I.P.-S.); (E.H.-R.); (L.D.R.-H.); (E.R.R.-G.)
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5
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Wang X, Li A, Fan H, Li Y, Yang N, Tang Y. Astrocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Ischemic Stroke: Therapeutic Potential and Prospective. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1227-1254. [PMID: 37728588 PMCID: PMC11081164 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0823-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the world. Astrocytes are special glial cells within the central nervous system and play important roles in mediating neuroprotection and repair processes during stroke. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer particles released from cells that facilitate intercellular communication in stroke by delivering proteins, lipids, and RNA to target cells. Recently, accumulating evidence suggested that astrocyte-derived EVs (ADEVs) are actively involved in mediating numerous biological processes including neuroprotection and neurorepair in stroke and they are realized as an excellent therapeutic approach for treating stroke. In this review we systematically summarize the up-to-date research on ADEVs in stroke, and prospects for its potential as a novel therapeutic target for stroke. We also provide an overview of the effects and functions of ADEVs on stroke recovery, which may lead to developing clinically relevant therapies for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Wang
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Aihua Li
- Department of rehabilitation medicine, Jinan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Huaju Fan
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.
| | - Yanyan Li
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.
| | - Nana Yang
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yaohui Tang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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6
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Duan M, Xu Y, Li Y, Feng H, Chen Y. Targeting brain-peripheral immune responses for secondary brain injury after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:102. [PMID: 38637850 PMCID: PMC11025216 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03101-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The notion that the central nervous system is an immunologically immune-exempt organ has changed over the past two decades, with increasing evidence of strong links and interactions between the central nervous system and the peripheral immune system, both in the healthy state and after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Although primary injury after stroke is certainly important, the limited therapeutic efficacy, poor neurological prognosis and high mortality have led researchers to realize that secondary injury and damage may also play important roles in influencing long-term neurological prognosis and mortality and that the neuroinflammatory process in secondary injury is one of the most important influences on disease progression. Here, we summarize the interactions of the central nervous system with the peripheral immune system after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, in particular, how the central nervous system activates and recruits peripheral immune components, and we review recent advances in corresponding therapeutic approaches and clinical studies, emphasizing the importance of the role of the peripheral immune system in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxu Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Central Nervous System Injuries, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ya Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Central Nervous System Injuries, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yuanshu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Central Nervous System Injuries, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Central Nervous System Injuries, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Central Nervous System Injuries, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Manou D, Golfinopoulou MA, Alharbi SND, Alghamdi HA, Alzahrani FM, Theocharis AD. The Expression of Serglycin Is Required for Active Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor I Tumorigenic Signaling in Glioblastoma Cells and Paracrine Activation of Stromal Fibroblasts via CXCR-2. Biomolecules 2024; 14:461. [PMID: 38672477 PMCID: PMC11048235 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Serglycin (SRGN) is a pro-tumorigenic proteoglycan expressed and secreted by various aggressive tumors including glioblastoma (GBM). In our study, we investigated the interplay and biological outcomes of SRGN with TGFβRI, CXCR-2 and inflammatory mediators in GBM cells and fibroblasts. SRGN overexpression is associated with poor survival in GBM patients. High SRGN levels also exhibit a positive correlation with increased levels of various inflammatory mediators including members of TGFβ signaling pathway, cytokines and receptors including CXCR-2 and proteolytic enzymes in GBM patients. SRGN-suppressed GBM cells show decreased expressions of TGFβRI associated with lower responsiveness to the manipulation of TGFβ/TGFβRI pathway and the regulation of pro-tumorigenic properties. Active TGFβRI signaling in control GBM cells promotes their proliferation, invasion, proteolytic and inflammatory potential. Fibroblasts cultured with culture media derived by control SRGN-expressing GBM cells exhibit increased proliferation, migration and overexpression of cytokines and proteolytic enzymes including CXCL-1, IL-8, IL-6, IL-1β, CCL-20, CCL-2, and MMP-9. Culture media derived by SRGN-suppressed GBM cells fail to induce the above properties to fibroblasts. Importantly, the activation of fibroblasts by GBM cells not only relies on the expression of SRGN in GBM cells but also on active CXCR-2 signaling both in GBM cells and fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Manou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (D.M.); (M.-A.G.)
| | - Maria-Angeliki Golfinopoulou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (D.M.); (M.-A.G.)
| | - Sara Naif D. Alharbi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; (S.N.D.A.); (H.A.A.); (F.M.A.)
| | - Hind A. Alghamdi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; (S.N.D.A.); (H.A.A.); (F.M.A.)
| | - Fatimah Mohammed Alzahrani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; (S.N.D.A.); (H.A.A.); (F.M.A.)
| | - Achilleas D. Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (D.M.); (M.-A.G.)
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8
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Sharma R. Exploring the emerging bidirectional association between inflamm-aging and cellular senescence in organismal aging and disease. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e3970. [PMID: 38456500 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
There is strong evidence that most individuals in the elderly population are characterized by inflamm-aging which refers to a subtle increase in the systemic pro-inflammatory environment and impaired innate immune activation. Although a variety of distinct factors are associated with the progression of inflamm-aging, emerging research is demonstrating a dynamic relationship between the processes of cellular senescence and inflamm-aging. Cellular senescence is a recognized factor governing organismal aging, and through a characteristic secretome, accumulating senescent cells can induce and augment a pro-inflammatory tissue environment that provides a rationale for immune system-independent activation of inflamm-aging and associated diseases. There is also accumulating evidence that inflamm-aging or its components can directly accelerate the development of senescent cells and ultimately senescent cell burden in tissues in a likely vicious inflammatory loop. The present review is intended to describe the emerging senescence-based molecular etiology of inflamm-aging as well as the dynamic reciprocal interactions between inflamm-aging and cellular senescence. Therapeutic interventions concurrently targeting cellular senescence and inflamm-aging are discussed and limitations as well as research opportunities have been deliberated. An effort has been made to provide a rationale for integrating inflamm-aging with cellular senescence both as an underlying cause and therapeutic target for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Sharma
- Nutrigerontology Laboratory, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, India
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9
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Tansey M, Boles J, Uriarte Huarte O. Microfluidics-free single-cell genomics reveals complex central-peripheral immune crosstalk in the mouse brain during peripheral inflammation. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3428910. [PMID: 37886510 PMCID: PMC10602178 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3428910/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a realized detriment to brain health in a growing number of neurological diseases, but querying neuroinflammation in its cellular complexity remains a challenge. This manuscript aims to provide a reliable and accessible strategy for examining the brain's immune system. We compare the efficacy of cell isolation methods in producing ample and pure immune samples from mouse brains. Then, with the high-input single-cell genomics platform PIPseq, we generate a rich neuroimmune dataset containing microglia and many peripheral immune populations. To demonstrate this strategy's utility, we interrogate the well-established model of LPS-induced neuroinflammation with single-cell resolution. We demonstrate the activation of crosstalk between microglia and peripheral phagocytes and highlight the unique contributions of microglia and peripheral immune cells to neuroinflammation. Our approach enables the high-depth evaluation of inflammation in longstanding rodent models of neurological disease to reveal novel insight into the contributions of the immune system to brain health.
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10
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Blank-Stein N, Mass E. Macrophage and monocyte subsets in response to ischemic stroke. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250233. [PMID: 37467166 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of disability and mortality. Despite extensive efforts in stroke research, the only pharmacological treatment currently available is arterial recanalization, which has limited efficacy only in the acute phase of stroke. The neuroinflammatory response to stroke is believed to provide a wider time window than recanalization and has therefore been proposed as an attractive therapeutic target. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in the understanding of cellular and molecular responses of distinct macrophage populations following stroke, which may offer potential targets for therapeutic interventions. Specifically, we discuss the role of local responders in neuroinflammation, including the well-studied microglia as well as the emerging players, border-associated macrophages, and macrophages originating from the skull bone marrow. Additionally, we focus on the behavior of monocytes stemming from distant tissues such as the bone marrow and spleen. Finally, we highlight aging as a crucial factor modulating the immune response, which is often neglected in animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelli Blank-Stein
- Developmental Biology of the Immune System, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Elvira Mass
- Developmental Biology of the Immune System, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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11
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Capuz A, Osien S, Cardon T, Karnoub MA, Aboulouard S, Raffo-Romero A, Duhamel M, Cizkova D, Trerotola M, Devos D, Kobeissy F, Vanden Abeele F, Bonnefond A, Fournier I, Rodet F, Salzet M. Heimdall, an alternative protein issued from a ncRNA related to kappa light chain variable region of immunoglobulins from astrocytes: a new player in neural proteome. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:526. [PMID: 37587118 PMCID: PMC10432539 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The dogma "One gene, one protein" is clearly obsolete since cells use alternative splicing and generate multiple transcripts which are translated into protein isoforms, but also use alternative translation initiation sites (TISs) and termination sites on a given transcript. Alternative open reading frames for individual transcripts give proteins originate from the 5'- and 3'-UTR mRNA regions, frameshifts of mRNA ORFs or from non-coding RNAs. Longtime considered as non-coding, recent in-silico translation prediction methods enriched the protein databases allowing the identification of new target structures that have not been identified previously. To gain insight into the role of these newly identified alternative proteins in the regulation of cellular functions, it is crucial to assess their dynamic modulation within a framework of altered physiological modifications such as experimental spinal cord injury (SCI). Here, we carried out a longitudinal proteomic study on rat SCI from 12 h to 10 days. Based on the alternative protein predictions, it was possible to identify a plethora of newly predicted protein hits. Among these proteins, some presented a special interest due to high homology with variable chain regions of immunoglobulins. We focus our interest on the one related to Kappa variable light chains which is similarly highly produced by B cells in the Bence jones disease, but here expressed in astrocytes. This protein, name Heimdall is an Intrinsically disordered protein which is secreted under inflammatory conditions. Immunoprecipitation experiments showed that the Heimdall interactome contained proteins related to astrocyte fate keepers such as "NOTCH1, EPHA3, IPO13" as well as membrane receptor protein including "CHRNA9; TGFBR, EPHB6, and TRAM". However, when Heimdall protein was neutralized utilizing a specific antibody or its gene knocked out by CRISPR-Cas9, sprouting elongations were observed in the corresponding astrocytes. Interestingly, depolarization assays and intracellular calcium measurements in Heimdall KO, established a depolarization effect on astrocyte membranes KO cells were more likely that the one found in neuroprogenitors. Proteomic analyses performed under injury conditions or under lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulation, revealed the expression of neuronal factors, stem cell proteins, proliferation, and neurogenesis of astrocyte convertor factors such as EPHA4, NOTCH2, SLIT3, SEMA3F, suggesting a role of Heimdall could regulate astrocytic fate. Taken together, Heimdall could be a novel member of the gatekeeping astrocyte-to-neuroprogenitor conversion factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Capuz
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Sylvain Osien
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Tristan Cardon
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Mélodie Anne Karnoub
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Soulaimane Aboulouard
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Antonella Raffo-Romero
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Marie Duhamel
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Dasa Cizkova
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 10, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Centre for Experimental and Clinical Regenerative Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Marco Trerotola
- Laboratory of Cancer Pathology, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University 'G. d'Annunzio', Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio', Chieti, Italy
| | - David Devos
- Université de Lille, INSERM, U1172, CHU-Lille, Lille Neuroscience Cognition Research Centre, 1 place de Verdun, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fabien Vanden Abeele
- Université de Lille, INSERM U1003, Laboratory of Cell Physiology, 59650, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Amélie Bonnefond
- Univ. Lille, Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU de Lille, 1 place de Verdun, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Fournier
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Franck Rodet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Michel Salzet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75005, Paris, France.
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12
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Silva-García CG. Devo-Aging: Intersections Between Development and Aging. GeroScience 2023; 45:2145-2159. [PMID: 37160658 PMCID: PMC10651630 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00809-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
There are two fundamental questions in developmental biology. How does a single fertilized cell give rise to a whole body? and how does this body later produce progeny? Synchronization of these embryonic and postembryonic developments ensures continuity of life from one generation to the next. An enormous amount of work has been done to unravel the molecular mechanisms behind these processes, but more recently, modern developmental biology has been expanded to study development in wider contexts, including regeneration, environment, disease, and even aging. However, we have just started to understand how the mechanisms that govern development also regulate aging. This review discusses examples of signaling pathways involved in development to elucidate how their regulation influences healthspan and lifespan. Therefore, a better knowledge of developmental signaling pathways stresses the possibility of using them as innovative biomarkers and targets for aging and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Giovanni Silva-García
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
- Center on the Biology of Aging, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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13
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Hayden MR. Brain Injury: Response to Injury Wound-Healing Mechanisms and Enlarged Perivascular Spaces in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1337. [PMID: 37512148 PMCID: PMC10385746 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59071337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic genetic mechanisms are present in the brain and ready to be placed into action upon cellular injury, termed the response to injury wound-healing (RTIWH) mechanism. When injured, regional brain endothelial cells initially undergo activation and dysfunction with initiation of hemostasis, inflammation (peripheral leukocytes, innate microglia, and perivascular macrophage cells), proliferation (astrogliosis), remodeling, repair, and resolution phases if the injurious stimuli are removed. In conditions wherein the injurious stimuli are chronic, as occurs in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, this process does not undergo resolution and there is persistent RTIWH with remodeling. Indeed, the brain is unique, in that it utilizes its neuroglia: the microglia cell, along with peripheral inflammatory cells and its astroglia, instead of peripheral scar-forming fibrocytes/fibroblasts. The brain undergoes astrogliosis to form a gliosis scar instead of a fibrosis scar to protect the surrounding neuropil from regional parenchymal injury. One of the unique and evolving remodeling changes in the brain is the development of enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVSs), which is the focus of this brief review. EPVSs are important since they serve as a biomarker for cerebral small vessel disease and also represent an impairment of the effluxing glymphatic system that is important for the clearance of metabolic waste from the interstitial fluid to the cerebrospinal fluid, and disposal. Therefore, it is important to better understand how the RTIWH mechanism is involved in the development of EPVSs that are closely associated with and important to the development of premature and age-related cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases with impaired cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin R Hayden
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Missouri School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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14
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Naiyer S, Dwivedi L, Singh N, Phulera S, Mohan V, Kamran M. Role of Transcription Factor BEND3 and Its Potential Effect on Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3685. [PMID: 37509346 PMCID: PMC10377563 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BEND3 is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in the regulation of gene expression in mammals. While there is limited research on the role of BEND3 as a tumor suppressor or an oncogene and its potential role in cancer therapy is still emerging, several studies suggest that it may be involved in both the processes. Its interaction and regulation with multiple other factors via p21 have already been reported to play a significant role in cancer development, which serves as an indication of its potential role in oncogenesis. Its interaction with chromatin modifiers such as NuRD and NoRC and its role in the recruitment of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) are some of the additional events indicative of its potential role in cancer development. Moreover, a few recent studies indicate BEND3 as a potential target for cancer therapy. Since the specific mechanisms by which BEND3 may contribute to cancer progression are not yet fully elucidated, in this review, we have discussed the possible pathways BEND3 may take to serve as an oncogenic driver or suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Naiyer
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lalita Dwivedi
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Nishant Singh
- Cell and Gene Therapy Division Absorption System, Exton, PA 19341, USA
| | - Swastik Phulera
- Initium Therapeutics, 22 Strathmore Rd., STE 453, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Vijay Mohan
- Department of Biosciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida 203201, UP, India
| | - Mohammad Kamran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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15
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Kanal HD, Levison SW. Neuroprotective Effects of Delayed TGF-β1 Receptor Antagonist Administration on Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury. Dev Neurosci 2023; 46:188-200. [PMID: 37348472 DOI: 10.1159/000531650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury in neonatal encephalopathy triggers a wave of neuroinflammatory events attributed to causing the progressive degeneration and functional deficits seen weeks after the primary damage. The cellular processes mediating this prolonged neurodegeneration in HI injury are not sufficiently understood. Consequently, current therapies are not fully protective. In a recent study, we found significant improvements in neurologic outcomes when a small molecule antagonist for activin-like kinase 5 (ALK5), a transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) receptor was used as a therapeutic in a rat model of moderate term HI. Here, we have extended those studies to a mouse preterm pup model of HI. For these studies, postnatal day 7 CD1 mice of both sexes were exposed to 35-40 min of HI. Beginning 3 days later, SB505124, the ALK5 receptor antagonist, was administered systemically through intraperitoneal injections performed every 12 h for 5 days. When evaluated 23 days later, SB505124-treated mice had ∼2.5-fold more hippocampal area and ∼2-fold more thalamic tissue. Approximately 90% of the ipsilateral hemisphere (ILH) was preserved in the SB505124-treated HI mice compared to the vehicle-treated HI mice, where the ILH was ∼60% of its normal size. SB505124 also preserved the subcortical white matter. SB505124 treatment preserved levels of aquaporin-4 and n-cadherin, key proteins associated with blood-brain barrier function. Importantly, SB505124 administration improved sensorimotor function as assessed by a battery of behavioral tests. Altogether, these data lend additional support to the conclusion that SB505124 is a candidate neuroprotective molecule that could be an effective treatment for HI-related encephalopathy in moderately injured preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hur Dolunay Kanal
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Steven W Levison
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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16
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Luo Y, Chen J, Huang HY, Lam ESY, Wong GKC. Narrative review of roles of astrocytes in subarachnoid hemorrhage. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2023; 11:302. [PMID: 37181334 PMCID: PMC10170286 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-5486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective Astrocytes play an important role in healthy brain function, including the development and maintenance of blood-brain barrier (BBB), structural support, brain homeostasis, neurovascular coupling and secretion of neuroprotective factors. Reactive astrocytes participate in various pathophysiology after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) including neuroinflammation, glutamate toxicity, brain edema, vasospasm, BBB disruption, cortical spreading depolarization (SD). Methods We searched PubMed up to 31 May, 2022 and evaluated the articles for screening and inclusion for subsequent systemic review. We found 198 articles with the searched terms. After exclusion based on the selection criteria, we selected 30 articles to start the systemic review. Key Content and Findings We summarized the response of astrocytes induced by SAH. Astrocytes are critical for brain edema formation, BBB reconstruction and neuroprotection in the acute stage of SAH. Astrocytes clear extracellular glutamate by increasing the uptake of glutamate and Na+/K+ ATPase activity after SAH. Neurotrophic factors released by astrocytes contribute to neurological recovery after SAH. Meanwhile, Astrocytes also form glial scars which hinder axon regeneration, produce proinflammatory cytokines, free radicals, and neurotoxic molecules. Conclusions Preclinical studies showed that therapeutic targeting the astrocytes response could have a beneficial effect in ameliorating neuronal injury and cognitive impairment after SAH. Clinical trials and preclinical animal studies are still urgently needed in order to determine where astrocytes stand in various pathway of brain damage and repair after SAH and, above all, to develop therapeutic approaches which benefit patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Luo
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junfan Chen
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hiu Yin Huang
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Erica Sin Yu Lam
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - George Kwok-Chu Wong
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Tian D, Pan Y, Zhao Y, Wang H, Tian Y, Yang L, Shi W, Zhang C, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Wang S, Zhang D. TCRαβ +NK1.1 -CD4 -CD8 - double-negative T cells inhibit central and peripheral inflammation and ameliorate ischemic stroke in mice. Theranostics 2023; 13:896-909. [PMID: 36793857 PMCID: PMC9925325 DOI: 10.7150/thno.80307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Excessive immune activation leads to secondary injury and impedes injured brain recovery after ischemic stroke. However, few effective methods are currently used for equilibrating immune balance. CD3+NK1.1-TCRβ+CD4-CD8- double-negative T (DNT) cells which do not express NK cell surface markers are unique regulatory cells that maintain homeostasis in several immune-related diseases. However, the therapeutic potential and regulatory mechanism of DNT cells in ischemic stroke are still unknown. Methods: Mouse ischemic stroke is induced by occlusion of the distal branches of the middle cerebral artery (dMCAO). DNT cells were adoptively transferred intravenously into ischemic stroke mice. Neural recovery was evaluated by TTC staining and behavioral analysis. Using immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and RNA sequencing, the immune regulatory function of DNT cells was investigated at different time points post ischemic stroke. Results: Adoptive transfer of DNT cells significantly reduces infarct volume and improves sensorimotor function after ischemic stroke. DNT cells suppress peripheral Trem1+ myeloid cell differentiation during the acute phase. Furthermore, they infiltrate the ischemic tissue via CCR5 and equilibrate the local immune balance during the subacute phase. During the chronic phase, DNT cells enhance Treg cell recruitment through CCL5, eventually developing an immune homeostatic milieu for neuronal recovery. Conclusions: DNT cell treatment renders the comprehensive anti-inflammatory roles in specific phases of ischemic stroke. Our study suggests that the adoptive transfer of regulatory DNT cells may be a potential cell-based therapy for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Tian
- General Surgery Department, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhualei Pan
- Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yushang Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Tian
- General Surgery Department, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Yang
- General Surgery Department, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Shi
- Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Chengjie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanbing Zhu
- Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yongbo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Songlin Wang
- Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- General Surgery Department, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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18
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Bui TA, Jickling GC, Winship IR. Neutrophil dynamics and inflammaging in acute ischemic stroke: A transcriptomic review. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1041333. [PMID: 36620775 PMCID: PMC9813499 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1041333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is among the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Restoring blood flow through recanalization is currently the only acute treatment for cerebral ischemia. Unfortunately, many patients that achieve a complete recanalization fail to regain functional independence. Recent studies indicate that activation of peripheral immune cells, particularly neutrophils, may contribute to microcirculatory failure and futile recanalization. Stroke primarily affects the elderly population, and mortality after endovascular therapies is associated with advanced age. Previous analyses of differential gene expression across injury status and age identify ischemic stroke as a complex age-related disease. It also suggests robust interactions between stroke injury, aging, and inflammation on a cellular and molecular level. Understanding such interactions is crucial in developing effective protective treatments. The global stroke burden will continue to increase with a rapidly aging human population. Unfortunately, the mechanisms of age-dependent vulnerability are poorly defined. In this review, we will discuss how neutrophil-specific gene expression patterns may contribute to poor treatment responses in stroke patients. We will also discuss age-related transcriptional changes that may contribute to poor clinical outcomes and greater susceptibility to cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truong An Bui
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Glen C. Jickling
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ian R. Winship
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada,*Correspondence: Ian R. Winship,
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Maurya SK, Mishra R. Co-expression and Interaction of Pax6 with Genes and Proteins of Immunological Surveillance in the Brain of Mice. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:2238-2252. [PMID: 36069979 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00562-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Pax6 binds to promoter sequence elements of genes involved in immunological surveillance and interacts with Iba1, p53, Ras-GAP, and Sparc in the brain of mice. The Pax6 also affects the expression pattern of genes involved in neurogenesis and neurodegeneration. However, the expression and association of Pax6 in the brain under immunologically challenged conditions are still elusive. Therefore, it has been intended to analyze the association of Pax6 in the immunity of the brain using the immune-challenged Dalton's lymphoma (DL) mice model. The expressions of Pax6, Iba1, and Tmem119 decreased, but expressions of Ifn-γ, Tnf-α, Bdnf, and Tgf-β increased in the brain of immune-challenged mice as compared to the control. The level of co-expression of Pax6 decreased in dual positive cells with Iba1, Tmem119, Sparc, p53, Bdnf, and Tgf-β in the brain of immune-challenged mice. Binding of Pax6 to multiple sites of the promoter sequences of Bdnf and Tgf-β indicates their Pax6-associated differential expression and association with immune responsive gene. The levels of binding of Pax6 to Tmem119, Iba1, Ifn-γ, and Tnf-α got altered during the immune-challenged state as compared to control. Results provide the first evidence of the association of Pax6 in brain-specific immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Kumar Maurya
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Rajnikant Mishra
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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20
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Comfort N, Wu H, De Hoff P, Vuppala A, Vokonas PS, Spiro A, Weisskopf M, Coull BA, Laurent LC, Baccarelli AA, Schwartz J. Extracellular microRNA and cognitive function in a prospective cohort of older men: The Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:6859-6886. [PMID: 36069796 PMCID: PMC9512498 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging-related cognitive decline is an early symptom of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, and on its own can have substantial consequences on an individual's ability to perform important everyday functions. Despite increasing interest in the potential roles of extracellular microRNAs (miRNAs) in central nervous system (CNS) pathologies, there has been little research on extracellular miRNAs in early stages of cognitive decline. We leverage the longitudinal Normative Aging Study (NAS) cohort to investigate associations between plasma miRNAs and cognitive function among cognitively normal men. METHODS This study includes data from up to 530 NAS participants (median age: 71.0 years) collected from 1996 to 2013, with a total of 1,331 person-visits (equal to 2,471 years of follow up). Global cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Plasma miRNAs were profiled using small RNA sequencing. Associations of expression of 381 miRNAs with current cognitive function and rate of change in cognitive function were assessed using linear regression (N = 457) and linear mixed models (N = 530), respectively. RESULTS In adjusted models, levels of 2 plasma miRNAs were associated with higher MMSE scores (p < 0.05). Expression of 33 plasma miRNAs was associated with rate of change in MMSE scores over time (p < 0.05). Enriched KEGG pathways for miRNAs associated with concurrent MMSE and MMSE trajectory included Hippo signaling and extracellular matrix-receptor interactions. Gene targets of miRNAs associated with MMSE trajectory were additionally associated with prion diseases and fatty acid biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS Circulating miRNAs were associated with both cross-sectional cognitive function and rate of change in cognitive function among cognitively normal men. Further research is needed to elucidate the potential functions of these miRNAs in the CNS and investigate relationships with other neurological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Comfort
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Haotian Wu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Peter De Hoff
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Aishwarya Vuppala
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pantel S. Vokonas
- VA Normative Aging Study, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Avron Spiro
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology and Research Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Marc Weisskopf
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brent A. Coull
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Louise C. Laurent
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrea A. Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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21
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Wlodarek L, Alibhai FJ, Wu J, Li SH, Li RK. Stroke-Induced Neurological Dysfunction in Aged Mice Is Attenuated by Preconditioning with Young Sca-1+ Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2022; 40:564-576. [PMID: 35291015 PMCID: PMC9216491 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To date, stroke remains one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Nearly three-quarters of all strokes occur in the elderly (>65 years old), and a vast majority of these individuals develop debilitating cognitive impairments that can later progress into dementia. Currently, there are no therapies capable of reversing the cognitive complications which arise following a stroke. Instead, current treatment options focus on preventing secondary injuries, as opposed to improving functional recovery. METHODS We reconstituted aged (20-month old) mice with Sca-1+ bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic stem cells isolated from aged or young (2-month old) EGFP+ donor mice. Three months later the chimeric aged mice underwent cerebral ischemia/reperfusion by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO), after which cognitive function was evaluated. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to evaluate host and recipient cells in the brain following BCCAO. RESULTS Young Sca-1+ cells migrate to the aged brain and give rise to beneficial microglial-like cells that ameliorate stroke-induced loss of cognitive function on tasks targeting the hippocampus and cerebellum. We also found that young Sca-1+ cell-derived microglial-like cells possess neuroprotective properties as they do not undergo microgliosis upon migrating to the ischemic hippocampus, whereas the cells originating from old Sca-1+ cells proliferate extensively and skew toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype following injury. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a proof-of-principle demonstrating that young BM Sca-1+ cells play a pivotal role in reversing stroke-induced cognitive impairments and protect the aged brain against secondary injury by attenuating the host cell response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Wlodarek
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Department weof Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Faisal J Alibhai
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jun Wu
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shu-Hong Li
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ren-Ke Li
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Department weof Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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22
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Diniz FC, Hipkiss AR, Ferreira GC. The Potential Use of Carnosine in Diabetes and Other Afflictions Reported in Long COVID Patients. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:898735. [PMID: 35812220 PMCID: PMC9257001 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.898735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnosine is a dipeptide expressed in both the central nervous system and periphery. Several biological functions have been attributed to carnosine, including as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent, and as a modulator of mitochondrial metabolism. Some of these mechanisms have been implicated in the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The clinical manifestation and recovery time for COVID-19 are variable. Some patients are severely affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection and may experience respiratory failure, thromboembolic disease, neurological symptoms, kidney damage, acute pancreatitis, and even death. COVID-19 patients with comorbidities, including diabetes, are at higher risk of death. Mechanisms underlying the dysfunction of the afflicted organs in COVID-19 patients have been discussed, the most common being the so-called cytokine storm. Given the biological effects attributed to carnosine, adjuvant therapy with this dipeptide could be considered as supportive treatment in patients with either COVID-19 or long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Cardoso Diniz
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Biofísica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Alan Roger Hipkiss
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gustavo Costa Ferreira
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Biofísica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química Biológica, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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23
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Schädlich IS, Schnapauff O, Pöls L, Schrader J, Tolosa E, Rissiek B, Magnus T. Nt5e deficiency does not affect post-stroke inflammation and lesion size in a murine ischemia/reperfusion stroke model. iScience 2022; 25:104470. [PMID: 35692634 PMCID: PMC9184566 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP released to the ischemic brain parenchyma is quickly metabolized by ectonucleotidases. Among them, the ecto-5′-nucleotidase CD73 encoded by Nt5e generates immunosuppressive adenosine. Genetic deletion of Nt5e led to increased infarct size in the murine photothrombotic stroke model. We aimed at validating this result using the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) stroke model that represents pathophysiological aspects of penumbra and reperfusion. Three days after tMACO, we did not detect a difference in stroke size between CD73-deficient (CD73−/−) and control mice. Consistent with this finding, CD73−/− and control mice showed comparable numbers and composition of brain-infiltrating leukocytes measured by flow cytometry. Using NanoString technology, we further demonstrated that CD73−/− and control mice do not differ regarding glia cell gene expression profiles. Our findings highlight the potential impact of stroke models on study outcome and the need for cross-validation of originally promising immunomodulatory candidates. Infarct volume on day 3 after tMCAO was comparable among CD73−/− and control mice Brain leukocyte infiltration on day 3 after tMCAO was similar in CD73−/− and control mice Glial RNA expression profile on day 3 after tMCAO was similar in CD73−/− and control mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Sophie Schädlich
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Schnapauff
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Lennart Pöls
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schrader
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
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24
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He T, Yang GY, Zhang Z. Crosstalk of Astrocytes and Other Cells during Ischemic Stroke. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12060910. [PMID: 35743941 PMCID: PMC9228674 DOI: 10.3390/life12060910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and long-term disability worldwide. Astrocytes structurally compose tripartite synapses, blood–brain barrier, and the neurovascular unit and perform multiple functions through cell-to-cell signaling of neurons, glial cells, and vasculature. The crosstalk of astrocytes and other cells is complicated and incompletely understood. Here we review the role of astrocytes in response to ischemic stroke, both beneficial and detrimental, from a cell–cell interaction perspective. Reactive astrocytes provide neuroprotection through antioxidation and antiexcitatory effects and metabolic support; they also contribute to neurorestoration involving neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, angiogenesis, and oligodendrogenesis by crosstalk with stem cells and cell lineage. In the meantime, reactive astrocytes also play a vital role in neuroinflammation and brain edema. Glial scar formation in the chronic phase hinders functional recovery. We further discuss astrocyte enriched microRNAs and exosomes in the regulation of ischemic stroke. In addition, the latest notion of reactive astrocyte subsets and astrocytic activity revealed by optogenetics is mentioned. This review discusses the current understanding of the intimate molecular conversation between astrocytes and other cells and outlines its potential implications after ischemic stroke. “Neurocentric” strategies may not be sufficient for neurological protection and recovery; future therapeutic strategies could target reactive astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting He
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China;
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Correspondence: (G.-Y.Y.); (Z.Z.); Tel.: +86-21-62933186 (G.-Y.Y.); Fax: +86-21-62932302 (G.-Y.Y.)
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Correspondence: (G.-Y.Y.); (Z.Z.); Tel.: +86-21-62933186 (G.-Y.Y.); Fax: +86-21-62932302 (G.-Y.Y.)
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25
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Cellular Carcinogenesis: Role of Polarized Macrophages in Cancer Initiation. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112811. [PMID: 35681791 PMCID: PMC9179569 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Inflammation is a hallmark of many cancers. Macrophages are key participants in innate immunity and important drivers of inflammation. When chronically polarized beyond normal homeostatic responses to infection, injury, or aging, macrophages can express several pro-carcinogenic phenotypes. In this review, evidence supporting polarized macrophages as endogenous sources of carcinogenesis is discussed. In addition, the depletion or modulation of macrophages by small molecule inhibitors and probiotics are reviewed as emerging strategies in cancer prevention. Abstract Inflammation is an essential hallmark of cancer. Macrophages are key innate immune effector cells in chronic inflammation, parainflammation, and inflammaging. Parainflammation is a form of subclinical inflammation associated with a persistent DNA damage response. Inflammaging represents low-grade inflammation due to the dysregulation of innate and adaptive immune responses that occur with aging. Whether induced by infection, injury, or aging, immune dysregulation and chronic macrophage polarization contributes to cancer initiation through the production of proinflammatory chemokines/cytokines and genotoxins and by modulating immune surveillance. This review presents pre-clinical and clinical evidence for polarized macrophages as endogenous cellular carcinogens in the context of chronic inflammation, parainflammation, and inflammaging. Emerging strategies for cancer prevention, including small molecule inhibitors and probiotic approaches, that target macrophage function and phenotype are also discussed.
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26
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TGF-β as a Key Modulator of Astrocyte Reactivity: Disease Relevance and Therapeutic Implications. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051206. [PMID: 35625943 PMCID: PMC9138510 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are essential for normal brain development and functioning. They respond to brain injury and disease through a process referred to as reactive astrogliosis, where the reactivity is highly heterogenous and context-dependent. Reactive astrocytes are active contributors to brain pathology and can exert beneficial, detrimental, or mixed effects following brain insults. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has been identified as one of the key factors regulating astrocyte reactivity. The genetic and pharmacological manipulation of the TGF-β signaling pathway in animal models of central nervous system (CNS) injury and disease alters pathological and functional outcomes. This review aims to provide recent understanding regarding astrocyte reactivity and TGF-β signaling in brain injury, aging, and neurodegeneration. Further, it explores how TGF-β signaling modulates astrocyte reactivity and function in the context of CNS disease and injury.
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27
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Mostajeran M, Edvinsson L, Ahnstedt H, Arkelius K, Ansar S. Repair-related molecular changes during recovery phase of ischemic stroke in female rats. BMC Neurosci 2022; 23:23. [PMID: 35413803 PMCID: PMC9004052 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-022-00696-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some degree of spontaneous recovery is usually observed after stroke. Experimental studies have provided information about molecular mechanisms underlying this recovery. However, the majority of pre-clinical stroke studies are performed in male rodents, and females are not well studied. This is a clear discrepancy when considering the clinical situation. Thus, it is important to include females in the evaluation of recovery mechanisms for future therapeutic strategies. This study aimed to evaluate spontaneous recovery and molecular mechanisms involved in the recovery phase two weeks after stroke in female rats. METHODS Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion was induced in female Wistar rats using a filament model. Neurological functions were assessed up to day 14 after stroke. Protein expression of interleukin 10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, neuronal specific nuclei protein (NeuN), nestin, tyrosine-protein kinase receptor Tie-2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, and Akt were evaluated in the peri-infarct and ischemic core compared to contralateral side of the brain at day 14 by western blot. Expression of TGF-β in middle cerebral arteries was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Spontaneous recovery after stroke was observed from day 2 to day 14 and was accompanied by a significantly higher expression of nestin, p-Akt, p-ERK1/2 and TGF-β in ischemic regions compared to contralateral side at day 14. In addition, a significantly higher expression of TGF-β was observed in occluded versus non-occluded middle cerebral arteries. The expression of Tie-2 and IL-10 did not differ between the ischemic and contralateral sides. CONCLUSION Spontaneous recovery after ischemic stroke in female rats was coincided by a difference observed in the expression of molecular markers. The alteration of these markers might be of importance to address future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mostajeran
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hilda Ahnstedt
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kajsa Arkelius
- Applied Neurovascular Research, Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Saema Ansar
- Applied Neurovascular Research, Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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28
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Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteome Profiling of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Adult Rhesus Monkeys Exposed to Cocaine throughout Gestation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040510. [PMID: 35454099 PMCID: PMC9026784 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine use disorder has been reported to cause transgenerational effects. However, due to the lack of standardized biomarkers, the effects of cocaine use during pregnancy on postnatal development and long-term neurobiological and behavioral outcomes have not been investigated thoroughly. Therefore, in this study, we examined extracellular vesicles (EVs) in adult (~12 years old) female and male rhesus monkeys prenatally exposed to cocaine (n = 11) and controls (n = 9). EVs were isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and characterized for the surface expression of specific tetraspanins, concentration (particles/mL), size distribution, and cargo proteins by mass spectrometry (MS). Transmission electron microscopy following immunogold labeling for tetraspanins (CD63, CD9, and CD81) confirmed the successful isolation of EVs. Nanoparticle tracking analyses showed that the majority of the particles were <200 nm in size, suggesting an enrichment for small EVs (sEV). Interestingly, the prenatally cocaine-exposed group showed ~54% less EV concentration in CSF compared to the control group. For each group, MS analyses identified a number of proteins loaded in CSF-EVs, many of which are commonly listed in the ExoCarta database. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) demonstrated the association of cargo EV proteins with canonical pathways, diseases and disorders, upstream regulators, and top enriched network. Lastly, significantly altered proteins between groups were similarly characterized by IPA, suggesting that prenatal cocaine exposure could be potentially associated with long-term neuroinflammation and risk for neurodegenerative diseases. Overall, these results indicate that CSF-EVs could potentially serve as biomarkers to assess the transgenerational adverse effects due to prenatal cocaine exposure.
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29
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Finger CE, Moreno-Gonzalez I, Gutierrez A, Moruno-Manchon JF, McCullough LD. Age-related immune alterations and cerebrovascular inflammation. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:803-818. [PMID: 34711943 PMCID: PMC9046462 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01361-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with chronic systemic inflammation, which contributes to the development of many age-related diseases, including vascular disease. The world's population is aging, leading to an increasing prevalence of both stroke and vascular dementia. The inflammatory response to ischemic stroke is critical to both stroke pathophysiology and recovery. Age is a predictor of poor outcomes after stroke. The immune response to stroke is altered in aged individuals, which contributes to the disparate outcomes between young and aged patients. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of the effects of aging on the immune system and the cerebral vasculature and how these changes alter the immune response to stroke and vascular dementia in animal and human studies. Potential implications of these age-related immune alterations on chronic inflammation in vascular disease outcome are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carson E. Finger
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX USA
| | - Ines Moreno-Gonzalez
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX USA ,grid.10215.370000 0001 2298 7828Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Faculty of Sciences, Malaga University, Malaga, Spain ,grid.418264.d0000 0004 1762 4012Biomedical Research Networking Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Malaga, Spain
| | - Antonia Gutierrez
- grid.10215.370000 0001 2298 7828Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Faculty of Sciences, Malaga University, Malaga, Spain ,grid.418264.d0000 0004 1762 4012Biomedical Research Networking Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Malaga, Spain
| | - Jose Felix Moruno-Manchon
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX USA
| | - Louise D. McCullough
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX USA
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30
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Li WY, Lee CY, Lee KM, Zhang G, Lyu A, Yue KKM. Advanced Glycation End-Product Precursor Methylglyoxal May Lead to Development of Alzheimer's Disease. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:3153-3166. [PMID: 36262805 PMCID: PMC9575592 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s382927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and diabetic complications. Exacerbated cortical neuronal degeneration was observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients with DM. In fact, DM is now considered a risk factor of AD, as DM-induced activation of stress responses in the central nervous system (CNS) such as oxidative stress and neuroinflammation may lead to various neurodegenerative disorders. Methylglyoxal (MG) is one of the most reactive advanced glycation end-product (AGE) precursors. Abnormal accumulation of MG is observed in the serum of diabetic patients. As MG is reported to promote brain cells impairment in the CNS, and it is found that AGEs are abnormally increased in the brains of AD patients. Therefore, the effect of MG causing subsequent symptoms of AD was investigated. METHODS 5-week-old C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with MG solution for 11 weeks. The Morris water maze (MWM) was used to examine the spatial learning ability and cognition of mice. After MG treatment, MTT assay, real-time PCR analyses, and Western blot were performed to assess the harvested astrocytes and hippocampi. RESULTS Significantly longer escape latency and reduced percentage time spent in the target quadrant were observed in the 9-week-MG-treated mice. We have found in both in vitro and in vivo models that MG induced astrogliosis, pro-inflammatory cytokines, AD-related markers, and ERK activation. Further, trend of normalization of the tested markers mRNA expressions were observed after ERK inhibition. CONCLUSION Our in vivo results suggested that MG could induce AD symptoms and in vitro results implied that ERK may regulate the promotion of inflammation and Aβ formation in MG-induced reactive astrocytes. Taken together, MG may participate in the dysfunction of brain cells resulting in possible diabetes-related neurodegeneration by promoting astrogliosis, Aβ production, and neuroinflammation through the ERK pathway. Our findings provide insight of targeting ERK as a therapeutic application for diabetes-induced AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Yin Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheuk Yan Lee
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kwan Ming Lee
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ge Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aiping Lyu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kevin Kin Man Yue
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Kevin Kin Man Yue, 4/F, Jockey Club School of Chinese Medicine Building, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Tel +852 3411 2468, Email
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Birla H, Keswani C, Singh SS, Zahra W, Dilnashin H, Rathore AS, Singh R, Rajput M, Keshri P, Singh SP. Unraveling the Neuroprotective Effect of Tinospora cordifolia in a Parkinsonian Mouse Model through the Proteomics Approach. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:4319-4335. [PMID: 34747594 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-induced dopaminergic (DAergic) neuronal death in the midbrain region is the primary cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). Following the discovery of l-dopa, multiple drugs have been developed to improve the lifestyle of PD patients; however, none have been suitable for clinical use due to their multiple side effects. Tinospora cordifolia has been used in traditional medicines to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Previously, we reported the neuroprotective role of Tc via inhibition of NF-κB-associated proinflammatory cytokines against MPTP-intoxicated Parkinsonian mice. In the present study, we investigated the neuroprotective molecular mechanism of Tc in a rotenone (ROT)-intoxicated mouse model, using a proteomics approach. Mice were pretreated with Tc extract by oral administration, followed by ROT intoxication. Behavioral tests were performed to check motor functions of mice. Protein was isolated, and label-free quantification (LFQ) was carried out to identify differentially expressed protein (DEP) in control vs PD and PD vs treatment groups. Results were validated by qRT-PCR with the expression of target genes correlating with the proteomics data. In this study, we report 800 DEPs in control vs PD and 133 in PD vs treatment groups. In silico tools demonstrate significant enrichment of biochemical and molecular pathways with DEPs, which are known to be important for PD progression including mitochondrial gene expression, PD pathways, TGF-β signaling, and Alzheimer's disease. This study provides novel insights into the PD progression as well as new therapeutic targets. More importantly, it demonstrates that Tc can exert therapeutic effects by regulating multiple pathways, resulting in neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hareram Birla
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Chetan Keswani
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Saumitra Sen Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Walia Zahra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Hagera Dilnashin
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Aaina Singh Rathore
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Richa Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Monika Rajput
- Department of Bioinformatics, Mahila Maha Vidhyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Priyanka Keshri
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Surya Pratap Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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Silaghi CN, Farcaș M, Crăciun AM. Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) Pathways in Age-Related Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111574. [PMID: 34829803 PMCID: PMC8615405 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-associated cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases lead to high morbidity and mortality around the world. Sirtuins are vital enzymes for metabolic adaptation and provide protective effects against a wide spectrum of pathologies. Among sirtuins, mitochondrial sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is an essential player in preserving the habitual metabolic profile. SIRT3 activity declines as a result of aging-induced changes in cellular metabolism, leading to increased susceptibility to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, heart failure and neurodegenerative diseases. Stimulating SIRT3 activity via lifestyle, pharmacological or genetic interventions could protect against a plethora of pathologies and could improve health and lifespan. Thus, understanding how SIRT3 operates and how its protective effects could be amplified, will aid in treating age-associated diseases and ultimately, in enhancing the quality of life in elders.
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Levin SG, Pershina EV, Bugaev-Makarovskiy NA, Chernomorets IY, Konakov MV, Arkhipov VI. Why Do Levels Of Anti-inflammatory Cytokines Increase During Memory Acquisition? Neuroscience 2021; 473:159-169. [PMID: 34418518 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The role of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the mechanisms of learning and memory, modulation of synaptic plasticity in the mammalian brain has not received sufficient attention. These issues are discussed in this review, and among the many cytokines, attention is paid to the most studied in this respect IL-10, IL-4, IL-13 and TGF-β. The level of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the brain tends to increase during memory acquisition, but the significance of such an increase is unclear. We hypothesize that anti-inflammatory cytokines primarily protect and optimize the functioning of neuronal circuits involved in information processing. The increased local activity of neurons during memory acquisition activates many signaling molecules, and some of them can trigger unwanted processes (including neuroinflammation), but increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines prevent this triggering. Each of the anti-inflammatory cytokines plays a specific role in supporting information processing. For example, the role of IL-4 and IL-13 in recruiting T cells to the meninges during training in healthy animals has been most studied. It has also been shown that TGF-β is able to optimize late stage LTP in the hippocampus and support the consolidation of memory traces in behavioral studies. Cytokines have an effect on learning and memory through their influence on neuroplasticity, neurogenesis in the hippocampus and regulation of the neurovascular unit. Experiments have shown such an effect, and the data obtained create the prerequisites for new therapeutic approaches to the correction of cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey G Levin
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Pershina
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
| | - Nickolay A Bugaev-Makarovskiy
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - Irina Yu Chernomorets
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - Maxim V Konakov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - Vladimir I Arkhipov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
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Thomas N, Armstrong CW, Hudaib AR, Kulkarni J, Gurvich C. A network meta-analysis of stress mediators in suicide behaviour. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 63:100946. [PMID: 34481858 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Stress homeostatic mediators are the most consistently anomalous biomarkers observed in suicide and may therefore point to a common 'core biology' of stress susceptibility, and suicidal behaviour. Previously reported meta-analyses have demonstrated aberrant levels of stress cortisol and inflammatory cytokines in suicide patients compared to controls, and significant associations between the stress regulator FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP5) gene and suicidal behaviour. Although these independent studies were investigated as separate entities in suicide, stress mediators interact in a dynamic system, collectively giving rise to system changes physiologically, and ultimately psychologically and behaviourally. It is therefore important to study the dynamic network these stress mediators. Network meta-analysis allows for the simultaneous comparison of more than two biological mediators, and for comparisons to be made between mediators that have not been directly compared before, using previously reported, pooled meta data. Such network approaches may help study the complex biological phenomena of suicide and may provide better prediction of biological risk of suicidal states. METHODS This study aimed to establish the comparative relationships between key stress mediators in suicidal patients compared to non-suicidal controls using a random-effects network meta-analysis approach.. The key stress mediators included cortisol, six inflammatory markers (interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-2 (IL-2), tumour necrosis factor-a (TNF-α), interferon (IFN-y) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), and the FKBP5 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) allele. Data was derived from three previously published meta-analysis. The study population comprised of 1348 suicidal patients, defined as suicide attempters, completers, or patients with severe suicidal ideation, and 1750 non-suicidal controls, defined as healthy controls and psychiatric patients without suicidal ideation or previous attempts. RESULTS Pair-wise indirect effects of stress mediators in suicide compared to controls demonstrated that relative to the effect of the FKBP5 risk SNP allele on suicide risk, the magnitude of differences (suicide vs control) for the levels of IL-2 (SMD -0.72; 95% CI, -0.135 to -0.09 and IL-4 (SMD -0.71; 95% CI, -1.34 to -0.08) were significantly smaller (with 95% confidence intervals not crossing the null). The comparative relationships between stress mediators in suicidal behaviour demonstrates that the dynamic stress network relationship is dysregulated in suicide patients when compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS This model suggests that a genetic stress susceptibility with downstream abnormal cortisol stress axis functioning, together with anomalous interactions between the inflammatory system, may be one of the neurobiological correlates of suicide behaviour. This biological state may leave the individual physiologically susceptible and unable to cope with environmental stressors, which is consistent with the stress-diathesis hypothesis of suicide behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia; Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia.
| | - Christopher W Armstrong
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Abdul-Rahman Hudaib
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jayashri Kulkarni
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia
| | - Caroline Gurvich
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia
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Soliman AM, Das S, Mahakkanukrauh P. Inflammatory Molecular Mediators and Pathways Involved in Vascular Aging and Stroke: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:5522-5542. [PMID: 34488579 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210901122359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is an increase in the incidence of cardiovascular diseases with aging and it is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The main cardiovascular pathologies include atherosclerosis, stroke, myocardial infarction, hypertension and stroke. Chronic inflammation is one of the significant contributors to the age-related vascular diseases. Therefore, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms of the persistent inflammatory conditions occurring in the blood vessels as well as the signaling pathways involved. Herein, we performed an extant search of literature involving PubMed, ISI, WoS and Scopus databases for retrieving all relevant articles with the most recent findings illustrating the potential role of various inflammatory mediators along with their proposed activated pathways in the pathogenesis and progression of vascular aging. We also highlight the major pathways contributing to age-related vascular disorders. The outlined molecular mechanisms, pathways and mediators of vascular aging represent potential drug targets that can be utilized to inhibit and/or slow the pathogenesis and progression of vascular aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amro M Soliman
- Department of Biological Sciences-Physiology, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3. Canada
| | - Srijit Das
- Department of Human & Clinical Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.C. 123, Al Khoud, Muscat. Oman
| | - Pasuk Mahakkanukrauh
- Department of Anatomy & Excellence center of Osteology Research and Training, Cadaveric Surgical and Training Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200. Thailand
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Altered MicroRNA Expression in Intracranial Aneurysmal Tissues: Possible Role in TGF-β Signaling Pathway. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2393-2405. [PMID: 34185228 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01121-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms behind the rupture of intracranial aneurysms remain obscure. MiRNAs are key regulators of a wide array of biological processes altering protein synthesis by binding to target mRNAs. However, variations in miRNA levels in ruptured aneurysmal wall have not been completely examined. We hypothesized that altered miRNA signature in aneurysmal tissues could potentially provide insight into aneurysm pathophysiology. Using a high-throughput miRNA microarray screening approach, we compared the miRNA expression pattern in aneurysm tissues obtained during surgery from patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) with control tissues (GEO accession number GSE161870). We found that the expression of 70 miRNAs was altered. Expressions of the top 10 miRNA were validated, by qRT-PCR and results were correlated with clinical characteristics of aSAH patients. The level of 10 miRNAs (miR-24-3p, miR-26b-5p, miR-27b-3p, miR-125b-5p, miR-143-3p, miR-145-5p, miR-193a-3p, miR-199a-5p, miR-365a-3p/365b-3p, and miR-497-5p) was significantly decreased in patients compared to controls. Expression of miR-125b-5p, miR-143-3p and miR-199a-5p was significantly decreased in patients with poor prognosis and vasospasm. The target genes of few miRNAs were enriched in Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathways. We found significant negative correlation between the miRNA and mRNA expression (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, SMAD family member 2 (SMAD2), SMAD family member 4 (SMAD4), MAPK1 and MAPK3) in aneurysm tissues. We suggest that miR-26b, miR-199a, miR-497and miR-365, could target multiple genes in TGF-β and MAPK signaling cascades to influence inflammatory processes, extracellular matrix and vascular smooth muscle cell degradation and apoptosis, and ultimately cause vessel wall degradation and rupture.
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Stebbins RC, Noppert GA, Yang YC, Dowd JB, Simanek A, Aiello AE. Association Between Immune Response to Cytomegalovirus and Cognition in the Health and Retirement Study. Am J Epidemiol 2021; 190:786-797. [PMID: 33094810 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwaa238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infections and the subsequent immune response have recently been shown to be risk factors for cognitive decline and Alzheimer disease and related dementias (ADRD). While some studies have shown an association between cytomegalovirus (CMV), a chronic and highly prevalent infection, and cognition and/or ADRD, these studies have been limited by nonrepresentative and small samples. Using 2016 data on 5,617 adults aged 65 years or more from the Health and Retirement Study, we investigated the cross-sectional associations of both CMV serostatus and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody response with cognitive function using linear regression models adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and educational attainment. We further investigated potential effect-measure modification by educational attainment. Overall, both CMV seropositivity and higher IgG antibody response were associated with lower cognitive function, though the relationship was not statistically significant in adjusted models. Among participants with less than a high school diploma, CMV seropositivity and being in the first tertile of IgG response, relative to seronegative persons, were associated with lower scores on the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (-0.56 points (95% confidence interval: -1.63, 0.52) and -0.89 points (95% confidence interval: -2.07, 0.29), respectively), and the relationship was attenuated among those with higher education. Our results suggest that CMV may be a risk factor for cognitive impairment, particularly among persons with fewer educational resources.
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Zhu H, Zhang Y, Zhong Y, Ye Y, Hu X, Gu L, Xiong X. Inflammation-Mediated Angiogenesis in Ischemic Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:652647. [PMID: 33967696 PMCID: PMC8096981 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.652647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of disability and mortality in the world, but the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke (IS) is not completely clear and treatments are limited. Mounting evidence indicate that neovascularization is a critical defensive reaction to hypoxia that modulates the process of long-term neurologic recovery after IS. Angiogenesis is a complex process in which the original endothelial cells in blood vessels are differentiated, proliferated, migrated, and finally remolded into new blood vessels. Many immune cells and cytokines, as well as growth factors, are directly or indirectly involved in the regulation of angiogenesis. Inflammatory cells can affect endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and activation by secreting a variety of cytokines via various inflammation-relative signaling pathways and thus participate in the process of angiogenesis. However, the mechanism of inflammation-mediated angiogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Hence, this review aimed to discuss the mechanism of inflammation-mediated angiogenesis in IS and to provide new ideas for clinical treatment of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingze Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyao Hu
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Patabendige A, Singh A, Jenkins S, Sen J, Chen R. Astrocyte Activation in Neurovascular Damage and Repair Following Ischaemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4280. [PMID: 33924191 PMCID: PMC8074612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient or permanent loss of tissue perfusion due to ischaemic stroke can lead to damage to the neurovasculature, and disrupt brain homeostasis, causing long-term motor and cognitive deficits. Despite promising pre-clinical studies, clinically approved neuroprotective therapies are lacking. Most studies have focused on neurons while ignoring the important roles of other cells of the neurovascular unit, such as astrocytes and pericytes. Astrocytes are important for the development and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier, brain homeostasis, structural support, control of cerebral blood flow and secretion of neuroprotective factors. Emerging data suggest that astrocyte activation exerts both beneficial and detrimental effects following ischaemic stroke. Activated astrocytes provide neuroprotection and contribute to neurorestoration, but also secrete inflammatory modulators, leading to aggravation of the ischaemic lesion. Astrocytes are more resistant than other cell types to stroke pathology, and exert a regulative effect in response to ischaemia. These roles of astrocytes following ischaemic stroke remain incompletely understood, though they represent an appealing target for neurovascular protection following stroke. In this review, we summarise the astrocytic contributions to neurovascular damage and repair following ischaemic stroke, and explore mechanisms of neuroprotection that promote revascularisation and neurorestoration, which may be targeted for developing novel therapies for ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adjanie Patabendige
- Brain Barriers Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2321, Australia;
- Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, and Priority Research Centre for Brain & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2321, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3EA, UK
| | - Ayesha Singh
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - Stuart Jenkins
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (S.J.); (J.S.)
- Neural Tissue Engineering: Keele (NTEK), Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Jon Sen
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (S.J.); (J.S.)
- Clinical Informatics and Neurosurgery Fellow, The Cleveland Clinic, 33 Grosvenor Square, London SW1X 7HY, UK
| | - Ruoli Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
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Elsheikha HM, Marra CM, Zhu XQ. Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Cerebral Toxoplasmosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e00115-19. [PMID: 33239310 PMCID: PMC7690944 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00115-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is known to infect a considerable number of mammalian and avian species and a substantial proportion of the world's human population. The parasite has an impressive ability to disseminate within the host's body and employs various tactics to overcome the highly regulatory blood-brain barrier and reside in the brain. In healthy individuals, T. gondii infection is largely tolerated without any obvious ill effects. However, primary infection in immunosuppressed patients can result in acute cerebral or systemic disease, and reactivation of latent tissue cysts can lead to a deadly outcome. It is imperative that treatment of life-threatening toxoplasmic encephalitis is timely and effective. Several therapeutic and prophylactic regimens have been used in clinical practice. Current approaches can control infection caused by the invasive and highly proliferative tachyzoites but cannot eliminate the dormant tissue cysts. Adverse events and other limitations are associated with the standard pyrimethamine-based therapy, and effective vaccines are unavailable. In this review, the epidemiology, economic impact, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of cerebral toxoplasmosis are discussed, and critical areas for future research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Christina M Marra
- Departments of Neurology and Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
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Sikora E, Bielak-Zmijewska A, Dudkowska M, Krzystyniak A, Mosieniak G, Wesierska M, Wlodarczyk J. Cellular Senescence in Brain Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:646924. [PMID: 33732142 PMCID: PMC7959760 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.646924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging of the brain can manifest itself as a memory and cognitive decline, which has been shown to frequently coincide with changes in the structural plasticity of dendritic spines. Decreased number and maturity of spines in aged animals and humans, together with changes in synaptic transmission, may reflect aberrant neuronal plasticity directly associated with impaired brain functions. In extreme, a neurodegenerative disease, which completely devastates the basic functions of the brain, may develop. While cellular senescence in peripheral tissues has recently been linked to aging and a number of aging-related disorders, its involvement in brain aging is just beginning to be explored. However, accumulated evidence suggests that cell senescence may play a role in the aging of the brain, as it has been documented in other organs. Senescent cells stop dividing and shift their activity to strengthen the secretory function, which leads to the acquisition of the so called senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Senescent cells have also other characteristics, such as altered morphology and proteostasis, decreased propensity to undergo apoptosis, autophagy impairment, accumulation of lipid droplets, increased activity of senescence-associated-β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal), and epigenetic alterations, including DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling, and histone post-translational modifications that, in consequence, result in altered gene expression. Proliferation-competent glial cells can undergo senescence both in vitro and in vivo, and they likely participate in neuroinflammation, which is characteristic for the aging brain. However, apart from proliferation-competent glial cells, the brain consists of post-mitotic neurons. Interestingly, it has emerged recently, that non-proliferating neuronal cells present in the brain or cultivated in vitro can also have some hallmarks, including SASP, typical for senescent cells that ceased to divide. It has been documented that so called senolytics, which by definition, eliminate senescent cells, can improve cognitive ability in mice models. In this review, we ask questions about the role of senescent brain cells in brain plasticity and cognitive functions impairments and how senolytics can improve them. We will discuss whether neuronal plasticity, defined as morphological and functional changes at the level of neurons and dendritic spines, can be the hallmark of neuronal senescence susceptible to the effects of senolytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Sikora
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Bielak-Zmijewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Dudkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Krzystyniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grazyna Mosieniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Wesierska
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Wlodarczyk
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, PAS, Warsaw, Poland
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Takahashi Y, Suzuki S, Hamada K, Nakada T, Oya Y, Sakakura N, Matsushita H, Kuroda H. Sarcopenia is poor risk for unfavorable short- and long-term outcomes in stage I non-small cell lung cancer. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:325. [PMID: 33708952 PMCID: PMC7944314 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-4380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Sarcopenia characterized by skeletal muscle loss may influence postoperative outcomes through physical decline and weakened immunity. We aimed to investigate clinical significance of sarcopenia in resected early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods We retrospectively reviewed 315 consecutive patients with pathologic stage I NSCLC who had undergone lobectomy with systematic nodal dissection. Sarcopenia was defined as the lowest quartile of psoas muscle area on the 3rd vertebra on the high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) image. Clinicopathological variables were used to investigate the correlation to postoperative complications as well as overall and recurrence-free survival. Results Upon multivariable analysis, male sex [odds ratio (OR) =5.780, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.681–12.500, P<0.001], and sarcopenia (OR =21.00, 95% CI: 10.30–42.80, P<0.001) were independently associated with postoperative complications. The sarcopenia group showed significantly lower 5-over all survival (84.4% vs. 69.1%, P<0.001) and recurrence-free survival (77.2% vs. 62.0%, P<0.001) comparing with the non-sarcopenia group. In a multivariable analysis, sarcopenia was an independent prognostic factor [hazard ratio (HR) =1.978, 95% CI: 1.177–3.326, P=0.010] together with age ≥70 years (HR =1.956, 95% CI: 1.141–3.351, P=0.015) and non-adenocarcinoma histology (HR =1.958, 95% CI: 1.159–3.301, P=0.016). Conclusions This is the first study which demonstrates that preoperative sarcopenia is significantly associated with unfavorable postoperative complications as well as long-term survival in pathologic stage I NSCLC. This readily available factor on HRCT may provide valuable information to consider possible choice of surgical procedure and perioperative management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Takahashi
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Sagamihara Kyodo Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.,Division of Translational Oncoimmunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shigeki Suzuki
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Sagamihara Kyodo Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kenichi Hamada
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Sagamihara Kyodo Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeo Nakada
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuko Oya
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Noriaki Sakakura
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Matsushita
- Division of Translational Oncoimmunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kuroda
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Pourbagher-Shahri AM, Farkhondeh T, Ashrafizadeh M, Talebi M, Samargahndian S. Curcumin and cardiovascular diseases: Focus on cellular targets and cascades. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 136:111214. [PMID: 33450488 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the leading causes of the most considerable mortality globally, and it has been tried to find the molecular mechanisms and design new drugs that triggered the molecular target. Curcumin is the main ingredient of Curcuma longa (turmeric) that has been used in traditional medicine for treating several diseases for years. Numerous investigations have indicated the beneficial effect of Curcumin in modulating multiple signaling pathways involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and proliferation. The cardiovascular protective effects of Curcumin against CVDs have been indicated in several studies. In the current review study, we provided novel information on Curcumin's protective effects against various CVDs and potential molecular signaling targets of Curcumin. Nonetheless, more studies should be performed to discover the exact molecular target of Curcumin against CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran; Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey; Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Marjan Talebi
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 19968 35115, Iran
| | - Saeed Samargahndian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
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44
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Proshkina EN, Solovev IA, Shaposhnikov MV, Moskalev AA. Key Molecular Mechanisms of Aging, Biomarkers, and Potential Interventions. Mol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893320060096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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45
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Candelario-Jalil E, Paul S. Impact of aging and comorbidities on ischemic stroke outcomes in preclinical animal models: A translational perspective. Exp Neurol 2021; 335:113494. [PMID: 33035516 PMCID: PMC7874968 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a highly complex and devastating neurological disease. The sudden loss of blood flow to a brain region due to an ischemic insult leads to severe damage to that area resulting in the formation of an infarcted tissue, also known as the ischemic core. This is surrounded by the peri-infarct region or penumbra that denotes the functionally impaired but potentially salvageable tissue. Thus, the penumbral tissue is the main target for the development of neuroprotective strategies to minimize the extent of ischemic brain damage by timely therapeutic intervention. Given the limitations of reperfusion therapies with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator or mechanical thrombectomy, there is high enthusiasm to combine reperfusion therapy with neuroprotective strategies to further reduce the progression of ischemic brain injury. Till date, a large number of candidate neuroprotective drugs have been identified as potential therapies based on highly promising results from studies in rodent ischemic stroke models. However, none of these interventions have shown therapeutic benefits in stroke patients in clinical trials. In this review article, we discussed the urgent need to utilize preclinical models of ischemic stroke that more accurately mimic the clinical conditions in stroke patients by incorporating aged animals and animal stroke models with comorbidities. We also outlined the recent findings that highlight the significant differences in stroke outcome between young and aged animals, and how major comorbid conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity and hyperlipidemia dramatically increase the vulnerability of the brain to ischemic damage that eventually results in worse functional outcomes. It is evident from these earlier studies that including animal models of aging and comorbidities during the early stages of drug development could facilitate the identification of neuroprotective strategies with high likelihood of success in stroke clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Candelario-Jalil
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Surojit Paul
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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46
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Kim E, Cho S. CNS and peripheral immunity in cerebral ischemia: partition and interaction. Exp Neurol 2021; 335:113508. [PMID: 33065078 PMCID: PMC7750306 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stroke elicits excessive immune activation in the injured brain tissue. This well-recognized neural inflammation in the brain is not just an intrinsic organ response but also a result of additional intricate interactions between infiltrating peripheral immune cells and the resident immune cells in the affected areas. Given that there is a finite number of immune cells in the organism at the time of stroke, the partitioned immune systems of the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery must appropriately distribute the limited pool of immune cells between the two domains, mounting a necessary post-stroke inflammatory response by supplying a sufficient number of immune cells into the brain while maintaining peripheral immunity. Stroke pathophysiology has mainly been neurocentric in focus, but understanding the distinct roles of the CNS and peripheral immunity in their concerted action against ischemic insults is crucial. This review will discuss stroke-induced influences of the peripheral immune system on CNS injury/repair and of neural inflammation on peripheral immunity, and how comorbidity influences each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhee Kim
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Sunghee Cho
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY, United States of America; Feil Brain Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America.
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47
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Liang ZH, Gu JJ, Yu WX, Guan YQ, Khater M, Li XB. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation downregulates plasma level and the microglia expression of transforming growth factor β1 in the acute phase of cerebral cortex ischemia. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2020; 6:270-280. [PMID: 33336172 PMCID: PMC7729118 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdtm.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSC) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) have a strong anti-inflammatory capacity in stroke. But their relationship has not been well addressed. In this study, we investigated how intravenous BM-MSC transplantation in rats effected the expression of TGF-β1 48 h post cerebral ischemia, and we analyzed the main cells that produce TGF-β1. Methods We used a distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO) model in twenty Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats. The rats were randomly divided into two groups: the ischemic control group and the postischemic BM-MSC transplantation group. One hour after the dMCAO model was established, the rats were injected in the tail vein with either 1 ml saline or 1 × 106 BM-MSCs suspended in 1 ml saline. ELISAs were used to detect TGF-β1 content in the brain infarct core area, striatum and the plasma at 48 h after cerebral infarction. Immunofluorescent staining of brain tissue sections for TGF-β1, Iba-1, CD68 and NeuN was performed to determine the number and the proportion of double stained cells and to detect possible TGF-β1 producing cells in the brain tissue. Results Forty-eight hours after ischemia, the TGF-β1 content in the infarcted area of the BM-MSC transplantation group (23.94 ± 4.48 pg/ml) was significantly lower than it was in the ischemic control group (34.18 ± 4.32 pg/ml) (F = 13.534, P = 0.006). The TGF-β1 content in the rat plasma in the BM-MSC transplantation group (75.91 ± 12.53 pg/ml) was significantly lower than it was in the ischemic control group (131.18 ± 16.07 pg/ml) (F = 36.779, P = 0.0002), suggesting that after transplantation of BM-MSCs, TGF-β1 levels in the plasma decreased, but there was no significant change in the striatum area. Immunofluorescence staining showed that the total number of nucleated cells (1037.67 ± 222.16 cells/mm2) in the infarcted area after transplantation was significantly higher than that in the ischemic control group (391.67 ± 69.50 cells/mm2) (F = 92.421, P < 0.01); the number of TGF-β1+ cells after transplantation (35.00 ± 13.66 cells/mm2) was significantly reduced in comparison to that in the ischemic control group (72.33 ± 32.08 cells/mm2) (F = 37.680, P < 0.01). The number of TGF-β1+/Iba-1+ microglia cells in the transplantation group (3.67 ± 3.17 cells/mm2) was significantly reduced in comparison to that of the ischemic control group (13.67 ± 5.52 cells/mm2) (F = 29.641, P < 0.01). The proportion of TGF-β1+/Iba-1+ microglia cells out of all Iba-1+ microglia cells after transplantation (4.38 ± 3.18%) was significantly decreased compared with that in the ischemic control group (12.81 ± 4.86%) (F = 28.125, P < 0.01). Conclusions Iba-1+ microglia is one of the main cell types that express TGF-β1. Intravenous transplantation of BM-MSCs does not cooperate with TGF-β1+ cells in immune-regulation, but reduces the TGF-β1 content in the infarcted area and in the plasma at 48 h after cerebral infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Hui Liang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.,Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Clinical Medical School of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
| | - Jian-Juan Gu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Clinical Medical School of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
| | - Wen-Xiu Yu
- Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Clinical Medical School of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
| | - Yun-Qian Guan
- Department of Cell Biology, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Mostafa Khater
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Augusta University, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Xiao-Bo Li
- Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Clinical Medical School of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
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Salminen A. Hypoperfusion is a potential inducer of immunosuppressive network in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2020; 142:104919. [PMID: 33242538 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease which causes a non-reversible cognitive impairment and dementia. The primary cause of late-onset AD remains unknown although its pathology was discovered over a century ago. Recently, the vascular hypothesis of AD has received backing from evidence emerging from neuroimaging studies which have revealed the presence of a significant hypoperfusion in the brain regions vulnerable to AD pathology. In fact, hypoxia can explain many of the pathological changes evident in AD pathology, e.g. the deposition of β-amyloid plaques and chronic low-grade inflammation. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) stimulates inflammatory responses and modulates both innate and adaptive immunity. It is known that hypoxia-induced inflammation evokes compensatory anti-inflammatory response involving tissue-resident microglia/macrophages and infiltrated immune cells. Hypoxia/HIF-1α induce immunosuppression by (i) increasing the expression of immunosuppressive genes, (ii) stimulating adenosinergic signaling, (iii) enhancing aerobic glycolysis, i.e. lactate production, and (iv) augmenting the secretion of immunosuppressive exosomes. Interestingly, it seems that these common mechanisms are also involved in the pathogenesis of AD. In AD pathology, an enhanced immunosuppression appears, e.g. as a shift in microglia/macrophage phenotypes towards the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype and an increase in the numbers of regulatory T cells (Treg). The augmented anti-inflammatory capacity promotes the resolution of acute inflammation but persistent inflammation has crucial effects not only on immune cells but also harmful responses to the homeostasis of AD brain. I will examine in detail the mechanisms of the hypoperfusion/hypoxia-induced immunosuppressive state in general and especially, in its association with AD pathogenesis. These immunological observations support the vascular hypothesis of AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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How does the COVID-19 cause seizure and epilepsy in patients? The potential mechanisms. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 46:102535. [PMID: 33010584 PMCID: PMC7521932 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The new coronavirus has spread throughout the world in a very short time and now has become a pandemic. Most infected people have symptoms such as dry cough, dyspnea, tiredness, and fever. However, the Covid-19 infection disrupts various organs, including the liver, kidney, and nervous system. Common neurological symptoms of the Covid-19 infection include delirium, confusion, headache, and loss of sense of smell and taste. In rare cases it can cause stroke and epilepsy. The virus enters the nervous system either directly through nerve pathways or indirectly through the ACE2 receptor. The neurological symptoms of a Covid-19 infection in the brain are mainly due to either the entry of pro-inflammatory cytokines into the nervous system or the production of these cytokines by microglia and astrocytes. Pro-inflammatory cytokines can cause blood-brain barrier disruption, increase in glutamate and aspartate and reduce GABA levels, impairs the function of ion channels, and finally, high levels of cytokines can cause epilepsy. Understanding the potential mechanisms is necessary to gain better insight into COVID-19 induced seizure pathogenesis and to design the correct treatment strategies to achieve appropriate treatment for seizure and epilepsy.
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50
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Jadhav VS, Lin PBC, Pennington T, Di Prisco GV, Jannu AJ, Xu G, Moutinho M, Zhang J, Atwood BK, Puntambekar SS, Bissel SJ, Oblak AL, Landreth GE, Lamb BT. Trem2 Y38C mutation and loss of Trem2 impairs neuronal synapses in adult mice. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:62. [PMID: 33115519 PMCID: PMC7594478 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00409-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is expressed in the brain exclusively on microglia and genetic variants are linked to neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Nasu Hakola Disease (NHD). The Trem2 variant R47H, confers substantially elevated risk of developing late onset Alzheimer's disease, while NHD-linked Trem2 variants like Y38C, are associated with development of early onset dementia with white matter pathology. However, it is not known how these Trem2 species, predisposes individuals to presenile dementia. METHODS To investigate if Trem2 Y38C or loss of Trem2 alters neuronal function we generated a novel mouse model to introduce the NHD Trem2 Y38C variant in murine Trem2 using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Trem2Y38C/Y38C and Trem2-/- mice were assessed for Trem2 expression, differentially expressed genes, synaptic protein levels and synaptic plasticity using biochemical, electrophysiological and transcriptomic approaches. RESULTS While mice harboring the Trem2 Y38C exhibited normal expression levels of TREM2, the pathological outcomes phenocopied Trem2-/- mice at 6 months. Transcriptomic analysis revealed altered expression of neuronal and oligodendrocytes/myelin genes. We observed regional decreases in synaptic protein levels, with the most affected synapses in the hippocampus. These alterations were associated with reduced synaptic plasticity. CONCLUSION Our findings provide in vivo evidence that Trem2 Y38C disrupts normal TREM2 functions. Trem2Y38C/Y38C and Trem2-/- mice demonstrated altered gene expression, changes in microglia morphology, loss of synaptic proteins and reduced hippocampal synaptic plasticity at 6 months in absence of any pathological triggers like amyloid. This suggests TREM2 impacts neuronal functions providing molecular insights on the predisposition of individuals with TREM2 variants resulting in presenile dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi S Jadhav
- Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Peter B C Lin
- Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Taylor Pennington
- Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Gonzalo Viana Di Prisco
- Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Asha Jacob Jannu
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 462020, USA
| | - Guixiang Xu
- Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Miguel Moutinho
- Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Brady K Atwood
- Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Shweta S Puntambekar
- Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Stephanie J Bissel
- Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Adrian L Oblak
- Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Gary E Landreth
- Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Bruce T Lamb
- Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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