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Huang R, Su C, Zhang N, Shi C, Pu G, Ding Y, Wei W, Chen J. Cord blood-derived biologics lead to robust axonal regeneration in benzalkonium chloride-injured mouse corneas by modulating the Il-17 pathway and neuropeptide Y. Mol Med 2024; 30:2. [PMID: 38172658 PMCID: PMC10763178 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00772-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Umbilical cord blood-derived therapeutics, such as serum (UCS) and platelet-rich plasma (UCPRP), are popular treatment options in clinical trials and can potentially be utilized to address a clinically unmet need caused by preservatives, specifically benzalkonium chloride (BAK), present in ophthalmic formulations. As current clinical interventions for secondary injuries caused by BAK are suboptimal, this study will explore the feasibility of utilizing UCS and UCPRP for cornea treatment and investigate the underlying mechanisms associated with this approach. METHODS Mice's corneas were administered BAK to induce damage. UCS and UCPRP were then utilized to attempt to treat the injuries. Ocular tests were performed on the animals to evaluate recovery, while immunostaining, RNA-seq, and subsequent bioinformatics analysis were conducted to investigate the treatment mechanism. RESULTS BAK administration led to widespread inflammatory responses in the cornea. Subsequent treatment with UCS and UCPRP led to the downregulation of immune-related 'interactions between cytokine receptors' and 'IL-17 signaling' pathways. Although axonal enhancers such as Ngf, Rac2, Robo2, Srgap1, and Rock2 were found to be present in the injured group, robust axonal regeneration was observed only in the UCS and UCPRP treatment groups. Further analysis revealed that, as compared to normal corneas, inflammation was not restored to pre-injury levels post-treatment. Importantly, Neuropeptide Y (Npy) was also involved in regulating immune responses, indicating neuroimmune axis interactions. CONCLUSIONS Cord blood-derived therapeutics are feasible options for overcoming the sustained injuries induced by BAK in the cornea. They also have potential applications in areas where axonal regeneration is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruojing Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Caiying Su
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong Province, China
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Na Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Dr, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Congying Shi
- Institution of Guangdong Cord Blood Bank, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, 510705, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Experimental Center, Guangzhou Municipality Tianhe Nuoya Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510705, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guangming Pu
- Jinan University Affiliated Heyuan Hospital, Guangzhou, 517000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yong Ding
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institution of Guangdong Cord Blood Bank, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, 510705, Guangdong Province, China.
- Department of Experimental Center, Guangzhou Municipality Tianhe Nuoya Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510705, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Jiansu Chen
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong Province, China.
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Yang SS, Simtchouk S, Gibon J, Klegeris A. Regulation of the phagocytic activity of astrocytes by neuroimmune mediators endogenous to the central nervous system. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289169. [PMID: 37498903 PMCID: PMC10374099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The phagocytic activity of glial cells is essential for maintaining normal brain activity, and its dysfunction may contribute to the central nervous system (CNS) pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases. Phagocytic activity is one of the well-established neuroimmune functions of microglia. Although emerging evidence indicates that astrocytes can also function as CNS phagocytes in humans and rodents, limited information is available about the molecular mechanism regulating this function. To address this knowledge gap, we studied modulation of the phagocytic activity of human U118 MG astrocytic cells and murine primary astrocytes by four CNS inflammatory mediators and bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS and cytochrome c (CytC) upregulated, while interferon (IFN)-γ downregulated, phagocytosis of latex beads by human astrocytic cells and phagocytosis of synaptosomes by murine primary astrocytes. Interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α had no effect on the phagocytic activity of human astrocytic cells but upregulated this function in murine astrocytes. Varying effects of combinations of the above inflammatory mediators were observed in these two cell types. LPS- and CytC-induced phagocytic activity of human astrocytic cells was partially mediated by activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). By monitoring other functions of astrocytes, we concluded there were no correlations between the effects of the mediators studied on astrocyte phagocytic activity and their secretion of cytokines, cytotoxins, or glutamate. Our study identified four candidate CNS regulators of astrocyte phagocytic activity. Future investigation of molecular mechanisms behind this regulation could identify novel therapeutic targets allowing modulation of this astrocyte-mediated clearance mechanism in CNS pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Shirley Yang
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Svetlana Simtchouk
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julien Gibon
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
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Itano J, Taniguchi A, Senoo S, Asada N, Gion Y, Egusa Y, Guo L, Oda N, Araki K, Sato Y, Toyooka S, Kiura K, Maeda Y, Miyahara N. Neuropeptide Y Antagonizes Development of Pulmonary Fibrosis through IL-1β Inhibition. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2022; 67:654-665. [PMID: 36122332 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0542oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a 36 amino acid residue polypeptide distributed throughout the nervous system, acts on various immune cells in many organs, including the respiratory system. However, little is known about its role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. This study was performed to determine the effects of NPY on pulmonary fibrosis. NPY-deficient and wild-type mice were intratracheally administered bleomycin. Inflammatory cells, cytokine concentrations, and morphological morphometry of the lungs were analyzed. Serum NPY concentrations were also measured in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and healthy control subjects. NPY-deficient mice exhibited significantly enhanced pulmonary fibrosis and higher IL-1β concentrations in the lungs compared with wild-type mice. Exogenous NPY treatment suppressed the development of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis and decreased IL-1β concentrations in the lungs. Moreover, IL-1β neutralization in NPY-deficient mice attenuated the fibrotic changes. NPY decreased IL-1β release, and Y1 receptor antagonists inhibited IL-1β release and induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human alveolar epithelial cells. Patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis had lower NPY and greater IL-1β concentrations in the serums compared with healthy control subjects. NPY expression was mainly observed around bronchial epithelial cells in human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lungs. These data suggest that NPY plays a protective role against pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing IL-1β release, and manipulating the NPY-Y1 receptor axis could be a potential therapeutic strategy for delaying disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Itano
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akihiko Taniguchi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoru Senoo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Noboru Asada
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuka Gion
- Department of Medical Technology, Okayama University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuria Egusa
- Department of Medical Technology, Okayama University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Lili Guo
- Department of Medical Technology, Okayama University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naohiro Oda
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kota Araki
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Sato
- Department of Medical Technology, Okayama University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shinichi Toyooka
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Kiura
- Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Maeda
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Miyahara
- Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Medical Technology, Okayama University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Madala SK, Reznikov LR. Lung Fibrosis Finds an Unsung Hero in Neuropeptide Y. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2022; 67:613-614. [PMID: 36173230 PMCID: PMC9743183 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2022-0375ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Satish K Madala
- Department of Internal Medicine The University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Leah R Reznikov
- Department of Physiological Sciences University of Florida Gainesville, Florida
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Cunliffe G, Lim YT, Chae W, Jung S. Alternative Pharmacological Strategies for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Focus on Neuromodulator Function. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123064. [PMID: 36551821 PMCID: PMC9776382 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, comprising 70% of dementia diagnoses worldwide and affecting 1 in 9 people over the age of 65. However, the majority of its treatments, which predominantly target the cholinergic system, remain insufficient at reversing pathology and act simply to slow the inevitable progression of the disease. The most recent neurotransmitter-targeting drug for AD was approved in 2003, strongly suggesting that targeting neurotransmitter systems alone is unlikely to be sufficient, and that research into alternate treatment avenues is urgently required. Neuromodulators are substances released by neurons which influence neurotransmitter release and signal transmission across synapses. Neuromodulators including neuropeptides, hormones, neurotrophins, ATP and metal ions display altered function in AD, which underlies aberrant neuronal activity and pathology. However, research into how the manipulation of neuromodulators may be useful in the treatment of AD is relatively understudied. Combining neuromodulator targeting with more novel methods of drug delivery, such as the use of multi-targeted directed ligands, combinatorial drugs and encapsulated nanoparticle delivery systems, may help to overcome limitations of conventional treatments. These include difficulty crossing the blood-brain-barrier and the exertion of effects on a single target only. This review aims to highlight the ways in which neuromodulator functions are altered in AD and investigate how future therapies targeting such substances, which act upstream to classical neurotransmitter systems, may be of potential therapeutic benefit in the sustained search for more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Cunliffe
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Yi Tang Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore
- Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore
| | - Woori Chae
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyong Jung
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
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Profumo E, Maggi E, Arese M, Di Cristofano C, Salvati B, Saso L, Businaro R, Buttari B. Neuropeptide Y Promotes Human M2 Macrophage Polarization and Enhances p62/SQSTM1-Dependent Autophagy and NRF2 Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13009. [PMID: 36361795 PMCID: PMC9653849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an abundantly expressed peptide capable of modulating innate and adaptive immune responses and regulating chemotaxis and cytokine secretion by macrophages. Abnormal regulation of NPY is involved in the development of atherosclerosis. The inflammatory infiltrate within atherosclerotic plaque is characterized by accumulation of macrophages, which are subject to reprogram their phenotypes in response to environmental signals. Macrophage number and phenotype influence plaque fate. Here, we investigated the effect of NPY on the changes in phenotype and functions of human macrophages, from the pro-inflammatory phenotype M1 to the reparative M2, indicative of atherosclerosis regression or stabilization. Human monocytes were differentiated in vitro into macrophages with M-CSF (M0) and polarized towards an M1 phenotype with IFN-γ plus LPS M(IFN-γ/LPS) or M2 with IL-10 (M IL-10) and further challenged with NPY (10-7-10-9 M) for 8-36 h. Cell phenotype and functions were analyzed by immunofluorescence and immunochemical analyses. NPY affected macrophage surface markers and secretome profile expression, thus shifting macrophages toward an M2-like phenotype. NPY also prevented the impairment of endocytosis triggered by the oxysterol 7-keto-cholesterol (7KC) and prevented 7KC-induced foam cell formation by reducing the lipid droplet accumulation in M0 macrophages. NPY-treated M0 macrophages enhanced the autophagosome formation by upregulating the cell content of the autophagy markers LC3-II and p62-SQSTM1, increased activation of the anti-oxidative transcription factor NRF2 (NF-E2-related factor 2), and subsequently induced its target gene HMOX1 that encodes heme oxygenase-1. Our findings indicate that NPY has a cytoprotective effect with respect to the progression of the inflammatory pathway, both enhancing p62/SQSTM1-dependent autophagy and the NRF2-antioxidant signaling pathway in macrophages. NPY signaling may have a crucial role in tissue homeostasis in host inflammatory responses through the regulation of macrophage balance and functions within atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Profumo
- Department of Cardiovascular and Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases, and Aging, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Maggi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Marzia Arese
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Di Cristofano
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Bruno Salvati
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Vittorio Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Businaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Brigitta Buttari
- Department of Cardiovascular and Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases, and Aging, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Qin YY, Huang XR, Zhang J, Wu W, Chen J, Wan S, Yu XY, Lan HY. Neuropeptide Y attenuates cardiac remodeling and deterioration of function following myocardial infarction. Mol Ther 2022; 30:881-897. [PMID: 34628054 PMCID: PMC8821956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY) are elevated in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but its role in AMI remains unclear, which was examined here in NPY wild-type/knockout (WT/KO) mice treated with/without exogenous NPY and its Y1 receptor antagonist (Y1Ra) BIBP 3226. We found that AMI mice lacking NPY developed more severe AMI than WT mice with worse cardiac dysfunction, progressive cardiac inflammation and fibrosis, and excessive apoptosis but impairing angiogenesis. All of these changes were reversed when the NPY KO mice were treated with exogenous NPY in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, treatment with NPY also dose dependently attenuated AMI in WT mice, which was blocked by BIBP 3226. Phenotypically, cardiac NPY was de novo expressed by infiltrating macrophages during the repairing or fibrosing process in heart-failure patients and AMI mice. Mechanistically, NPY was induced by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in bone marrow-derived macrophages and signaled through its Y1R to exert its pathophysiological activities by inhibiting p38/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-mediated M1 macrophage activation while promoting the reparative M2 phenotype in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, NPY can attenuate AMI in mice. Inhibition of cardiac inflammation and fibrosis while enhancing angiogenesis but reducing apoptosis may be the underlying mechanisms through which NPY attenuates cardiac remodeling and deterioration of function following AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiao-Ru Huang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney Diseases, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shenyang Northern Hospital, No. 83, Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Wenjing Wu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junzhe Chen
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Song Wan
- Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xi-Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China.
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK)-Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital Joint Research Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney Diseases, CUHK, Hong Kong, China.
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Potentials of Neuropeptides as Therapeutic Agents for Neurological Diseases. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020343. [PMID: 35203552 PMCID: PMC8961788 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent leaps in modern medicine, progress in the treatment of neurological diseases remains slow. The near impermeable blood-brain barrier (BBB) that prevents the entry of therapeutics into the brain, and the complexity of neurological processes, limits the specificity of potential therapeutics. Moreover, a lack of etiological understanding and the irreversible nature of neurological conditions have resulted in low tolerability and high failure rates towards existing small molecule-based treatments. Neuropeptides, which are small proteinaceous molecules produced by the body, either in the nervous system or the peripheral organs, modulate neurological function. Although peptide-based therapeutics originated from the treatment of metabolic diseases in the 1920s, the adoption and development of peptide drugs for neurological conditions are relatively recent. In this review, we examine the natural roles of neuropeptides in the modulation of neurological function and the development of neurological disorders. Furthermore, we highlight the potential of these proteinaceous molecules in filling gaps in current therapeutics.
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Machado-Pereira M, Saraiva C, Bernardino L, Cristóvão AC, Ferreira R. Argonaute-2 protects the neurovascular unit from damage caused by systemic inflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:11. [PMID: 34991639 PMCID: PMC8740421 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02324-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brain vasculature plays a pivotal role in the inflammatory process by modulating the interaction between blood cells and the neurovascular unit. Argonaute-2 (Ago2) has been suggested as essential for endothelial survival but its role in the brain vasculature or in the endothelial-glial crosstalk has not been addressed. Thus, our aim was to clarify the significance of Ago2 in the inflammatory responses elicited by these cell types. METHODS Mouse primary cultures of brain endothelial cells, astrocytes and microglia were used to evaluate cellular responses to the modulation of Ago2. Exposure of microglia to endothelial cell-conditioned media was used to assess the potential for in vivo studies. Adult mice were injected intraperitoneally with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (2 mg/kg) followed by three daily intraperitoneal injections of Ago2 (0.4 nM) to assess markers of endothelial disruption, glial reactivity and neuronal function. RESULTS Herein, we demonstrated that LPS activation disturbed the integrity of adherens junctions and downregulated Ago2 in primary brain endothelial cells. Exogenous treatment recovered intracellular Ago2 above control levels and recuperated vascular endothelial-cadherin expression, while downregulating LPS-induced nitric oxide release. Primary astrocytes did not show a significant change in Ago2 levels or response to the modulation of the Ago2 system, although endogenous Ago2 was shown to be critical in the maintenance of tumor necrosis factor-α basal levels. LPS-activated primary microglia overexpressed Ago2, and Ago2 silencing contained the inflammatory response to some extent, preventing interleukin-6 and nitric oxide release. Moreover, the secretome of Ago2-modulated brain endothelial cells had a protective effect over microglia. The intraperitoneal injection of LPS impaired blood-brain barrier and neuronal function, while triggering inflammation, and the subsequent systemic administration of Ago2 reduced or normalized endothelial, glial and neuronal markers of LPS damage. This outcome likely resulted from the direct action of Ago2 over the brain endothelium, which reestablished glial and neuronal function. CONCLUSIONS Ago2 could be regarded as a putative therapeutic agent, or target, in the recuperation of the neurovascular unit in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Machado-Pereira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d’Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Saraiva
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d’Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- Present Address: Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Liliana Bernardino
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d’Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana C. Cristóvão
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d’Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- NeuroSoV, UBImedical, EM506, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Raquel Ferreira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d’Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
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Saklani P, Khan H, Gupta S, Kaur A, Singh TG. Neuropeptides: Potential neuroprotective agents in ischemic injury. Life Sci 2022; 288:120186. [PMID: 34852271 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Ischemic damage to the brain is linked to an increased rate of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In certain parts of the world, it remains a leading cause of mortality and the primary cause of long-term impairment. Ischemic injury is exacerbated when particular neuropeptides are removed, or their function in the brain is blocked, whereas supplying such neuropeptides lowers ischemic harm. Here, we have discussed the role of neuropeptides in ischemic injury. MATERIALS & METHODS Numerous neuropeptides had their overexpression following cerebral ischemia. Neuropeptides such as NPY, CGRP, CART, SP, BK, PACAP, oxytocin, nociception, neurotensin and opioid peptides act as transmitters, documented in several "in vivo" and "in vitro" studies. Neuropeptides provide neuroprotection by activating the survival pathways or inhibiting the death pathways, i.e., MAPK, BDNF, Nitric Oxide, PI3k/Akt and NF-κB. KEY FINDINGS Neuropeptides have numerous beneficial effects in ischemic models, including antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant actions that provide a powerful protective impact in neurons when combined. These innovative therapeutic substances have the potential to treat ischemia injury due to their pleiotropic modes of action. SIGNIFICANCE This review emphasizes the neuroprotective role of neuropeptides in ischemic injury via modulation of various signalling pathways i.e., MAPK, BDNF, Nitric Oxide, PI3k/Akt and NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Saklani
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Heena Khan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Amarjot Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401, Punjab, India
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Hwang DDJ, Lee SJ, Kim JH, Lee SM. The Role of Neuropeptides in Pathogenesis of Dry Dye. J Clin Med 2021; 10:4248. [PMID: 34575359 PMCID: PMC8471988 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10184248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are known as important mediators between the nervous and immune systems. Recently, the role of the corneal nerve in the pathogenesis of various ocular surface diseases, including dry eye disease, has been highlighted. Neuropeptides are thought to be important factors in the pathogenesis of dry eye disease, as suggested by the well-known role between the nervous and immune systems, and several recently published studies have elucidated the previously unknown pathogenic mechanisms involved in the role of the neuropeptides secreted from the corneal nerves in dry eye disease. Here, we reviewed the emerging concept of neurogenic inflammation as one of the pathogenic mechanisms of dry eye disease, the recent results of related studies, and the direction of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Duck-Jin Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, HanGil Eye Hospital, Incheon 21388, Korea;
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 21388, Korea
| | - Seok-Jae Lee
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (S.-J.L.); (J.-H.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hun Kim
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (S.-J.L.); (J.-H.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Advanced Biomedical Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sang-Mok Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, HanGil Eye Hospital, Incheon 21388, Korea;
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 21388, Korea
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12
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Sun K, Zhu J, Sun J, Sun X, Huan L, Zhang B, Lin F, Zheng B, Jiang J, Luo X, Xu X, Shi J. Neuropeptide Y prevents nucleus pulposus cells from cell apoptosis and IL‑1β‑induced extracellular matrix degradation. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:960-977. [PMID: 33966606 PMCID: PMC8172154 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1911914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is characterized by excessive inflammatory reaction, and neuropeptide Y (NPY) was reported to have anti-inflammatory effect. However, the effect of NPY on NP cells has not been investigated up to date. This study aimed to clarify the role of NPY on the process of IDD. Fourteen fresh human lumbar intervertebral discs were harvested, and degeneration-related proteins were examined. Pfirrmann grading system was used to evaluate IDD. Rat nucleus pulposus (NP) cells were used to investigate the effect of NPY on the proliferation, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix (ECM) in NP cell induced by IL-1βin vitro. The expression levels of NPY and its receptors (type 1 receptor, Y1R, and type 2 receptor, Y2R) were detected via immunohistochemical analysis, western blot, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cell viability and proliferation were explored using cell counting kit-8 assay, western blot, and immunofluorescence analysis. Cell apoptosis was investigated by Hoechst staining, JC-1 Staining, annexin V-FITC/PI double staining, and western blot. The secretion of NPY from NP cells was determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of anabolic and catabolic gene was analyzed by qRT-PCR, western blot, immunofluorescence analysis, and ELISA. The expression of Y2R was significantly increased in both human degenerative intervertebral discs and IL-1β-induced NP cells. Although no positive results for NPY indicated by western blot both in vivo and in vitro, ELISA results demonstrated that the secretion of NPY from NP cells was increased by low-concentration IL-1β, but was decreased when the concentration of IL-1β was 30 ng/ml and above. In addition, NPY could promote NP cells proliferation and protect NP cells against IL‑1β‑induced apoptosis via suppressing mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis pathway. What's more, NPY can suppress the expression of catabolic gene and ameliorate IL-1β- induced matrix degeneration in NP cells. In conclusion, NPY could promote NP cell proliferation and alleviate IL‑1β‑induced cell apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway. In addition, NPY can suppress the expression of ECM‑catabolic proteinases and ameliorate IL-1β- induced ECM degeneration in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqiang Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine Center, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine Center, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingchuan Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine Center, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofei Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine Center, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Huan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine Center, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine Center, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine Center, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Zheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine Center, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialin Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine Center, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Luo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine Center, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ximing Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine Center, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangang Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine Center, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Chambers CA, Lacey CA, Brown DC, Skyberg JA. Nitric oxide inhibits interleukin-1-mediated protection against Escherichia coli K1-induced sepsis and meningitis in a neonatal murine model. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:596-610. [PMID: 33550610 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal meningitis-associated Escherichia coli (NMEC) is a leading cause of sepsis and meningitis in newborn infants. Neonates are known to have impaired inflammasome activation and interleukin (IL)-1 production. However, it is unknown what role this plays in the context of NMEC infection. Here we investigated the role of IL-1 signaling in the pathogenesis of NMEC infection. We found both IL-1β and IL-1α were secreted from macrophages and microglial cells in response to NMEC in a Toll-like receptor 4- and NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NPLR3)-dependent manner. Intracerebral infection of adult mice indicated a protective role of IL-1 signaling during NMEC infection. However, IL-1 receptor blockade in wild-type neonatal mice did not significantly alter bacterial loads in the blood or brain, and we, therefore, investigated whether protection conferred by IL-1 was age dependent. Neonates are known to have increased nitric oxide (NO) levels compared with adults, and we found NO inhibited the secretion of IL-1 by macrophages in response to NMEC. In contrast to our results in wild-type neonates, blockade of IL-1 receptor in neonates lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) led to significantly increased bacterial loads in the blood and brain. These data indicate IL-1 signaling is protective during NMEC infection in neonates only when iNOS is absent. Collectively, our findings suggest that increased NO production by neonates inhibits IL-1 production, and that this suppresses the protective role of IL-1 signaling in response to NMEC infection. This may indicate a general mechanism for increased susceptibility of neonates to infection and could lead to new therapeutic strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Carolyn A Lacey
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dana C Brown
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jerod A Skyberg
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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14
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Mataram MBA, Hening P, Harjanti FN, Karnati S, Wasityastuti W, Nugrahaningsih DAA, Kusindarta DL, Wihadmadyatami H. The neuroprotective effect of ethanolic extract Ocimum sanctum Linn. in the regulation of neuronal density in hippocampus areas as a central autobiography memory on the rat model of Alzheimer's disease. J Chem Neuroanat 2020; 111:101885. [PMID: 33188864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the effects of Ocimum sanctum Linn. ethanolic extract (OSE) on the neurons of the CA1, CA3, and DG hippocampal areas with the use of in vivo and in vitro models of Alzheimer's diseases (AD). Twenty-one two-month-old male rats were divided into three groups: untreated (Group A, n = 3), AD rats model pretreated with OSE followed by induction for Trimethyltin (TMT) on day 7 (group B, n = 9), and AD rats model treated with OSE both as pre-TMT introduction for 7 days and post-TMT induction for 21 days (group C, n = 9). AD rats were sacrificed on days 7, 14, and 21, and brain samples were collected and analyzed for neuronal density and neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactivity. To corroborate the in vivo observations, HEK-293 cells were treated with TMT and used as an in vitro model of AD. The results were then analyzed using FITC Annexin V and flow cytometry. Nuclear fragmentation was observed in cells stained with Hoechst 33342 by confocal microscopy. The results showed a significant increase in the number of neurons and NPY expression in the AD rats that were pre- and post-treated with OSE (p < 0.05). Indeed, OSE was able to retain and promote neuronal density in the rat model of AD. Further studies of an in vitro model of neurodegeneration with Ocimum sanctum Linn. ethanolic extract inhibited apoptosis in TMT-induced HEK-293 cells. Moreover, OSE prevented nuclear fragmentation, which was confirmed by staining the nuclei of HEK-293 cells. Taken together, there findings suggest that OSE has the potential as a neuroprotective agent (retaining the autobiographical memory),and the neuroproliferation of neurons in the CA1, CA3, and DG hippocampal areas in the rats¡ model of neurodegeneration was mediated by activation of NPY expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Puspa Hening
- Integrated Laboratory for Research and Testing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Fitria N Harjanti
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Srikanth Karnati
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius Maxilimilian University Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Widya Wasityastuti
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Dwi Liliek Kusindarta
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hevi Wihadmadyatami
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
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15
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Iannucci J, Rao HV, Grammas P. High Glucose and Hypoxia-Mediated Damage to Human Brain Microvessel Endothelial Cells Induces an Altered, Pro-Inflammatory Phenotype in BV-2 Microglia In Vitro. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:985-996. [PMID: 33136275 PMCID: PMC8942976 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00987-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is strongly linked to the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), though the mechanisms for this enhanced risk are unclear. Because vascular inflammation is a consistent feature of both diabetes and AD, the cerebral microcirculation could be a key target for the effects of diabetes in the brain. The goal of this study is to explore whether brain endothelial cells, injured by diabetes-related insults, glucose and hypoxia, can affect inflammatory and activation processes in microglia in vitro. Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMVECs) were either treated with 5 mM glucose (control), 30 mM glucose (high glucose), exposed to hypoxia, or exposed to hypoxia plus high glucose. HBMVEC-conditioned medium was then used to treat BV-2 microglia. Alterations in microglia phenotype were assessed through measurement of nitric oxide (NO), cytokine production, microglial activation state markers, and microglial phagocytosis. HBMVECs were injured by exposure to glucose and/or hypoxia, as assessed by release of LDH, interleukin (IL)-1β, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). HBMVECs injured by glucose and hypoxia induced increases in microglial production of NO, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9. Injured HBMVECs significantly increased microglial expression of CD11c and CLEC7A, and decreased expression of the homeostatic marker P2RY12. Finally, bead uptake by BV-2 cells, an index of phagocytic ability, was elevated by conditioned media from injured HBMVECs. The demonstration that injury to brain endothelial cells by diabetic-associated insults, glucose and hypoxia, promotes microglial inflammation supports the idea that the cerebral microcirculation is a critical locus for the deleterious effects of diabetes in the AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Iannucci
- The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, 130 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States. .,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.
| | - Haripriya Vittal Rao
- The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, 130 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States.,Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, Wake Forest, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Paula Grammas
- The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, 130 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States.,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
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16
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Chen WC, Liu YB, Liu WF, Zhou YY, He HF, Lin S. Neuropeptide Y Is an Immunomodulatory Factor: Direct and Indirect. Front Immunol 2020; 11:580378. [PMID: 33123166 PMCID: PMC7573154 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.580378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), which is widely distributed in the nervous system, is involved in regulating a variety of biological processes, including food intake, energy metabolism, and emotional expression. However, emerging evidence points to NPY also as a critical transmitter between the nervous system and immune system, as well as a mediator produced and released by immune cells. In vivo and in vitro studies based on gene-editing techniques and specific NPY receptor agonists and antagonists have demonstrated that NPY is responsible for multifarious direct modulations on immune cells by acting on NPY receptors. Moreover, via the central or peripheral nervous system, NPY is closely connected to body temperature regulation, obesity development, glucose metabolism, and emotional expression, which are all immunomodulatory factors for the immune system. In this review, we focus on the direct role of NPY in immune cells and particularly discuss its indirect impact on the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Can Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yi-Bin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Wei-Feng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Ying-Ying Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - He-Fan He
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Shu Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China.,Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China.,Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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17
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Nahvi RJ, Sabban EL. Sex Differences in the Neuropeptide Y System and Implications for Stress Related Disorders. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091248. [PMID: 32867327 PMCID: PMC7564266 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide Y (NPY) system is emerging as a promising therapeutic target for neuropsychiatric disorders by intranasal delivery to the brain. However, the vast majority of underlying research has been performed with males despite females being twice as susceptible to many stress-triggered disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anorexia nervosa, and anxiety disorders. Here, we review sex differences in the NPY system in basal and stressed conditions and how it relates to varied susceptibility to stress-related disorders. The majority of studies demonstrate that NPY expression in many brain areas under basal, unstressed conditions is lower in females than in males. This could put them at a disadvantage in dealing with stress. Knock out animals and Flinders genetic models show that NPY is important for attenuating depression in both sexes, while its effects on anxiety appear more pronounced in males. In females, NPY expression after exposure to stress may depend on age, timing, and nature and duration of the stressors and may be especially pronounced in the catecholaminergic systems. Furthermore, alterations in NPY receptor expression and affinity may contribute to the sex differences in the NPY system. Overall, the review highlights the important role of NPY and sex differences in manifestation of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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18
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Kalsbeek MJ, Wolff SE, Korpel NL, la Fleur SE, Romijn JA, Fliers E, Kalsbeek A, Swaab DF, Huitinga I, Hol EM, Yi CX. The impact of antidiabetic treatment on human hypothalamic infundibular neurons and microglia. JCI Insight 2020; 5:133868. [PMID: 32814716 PMCID: PMC7455135 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.133868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies indicate that hypothalamic dysfunction plays a major role in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) development, and that insulin resistance and inflammation are important mechanisms involved in this disorder. However, it remains unclear how T2DM and antidiabetic treatments affect the human hypothalamus. Here, we characterized the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) immunoreactive (-ir) neurons, the neuropeptide-Y-ir (NPY-ir) neurons, the ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1-ir (iba1-ir) microglia, and the transmembrane protein 119-ir (TMEM119-ir) microglia in the infundibular nucleus (IFN) of human postmortem hypothalamus of 32 T2DM subjects with different antidiabetic treatments and 17 matched nondiabetic control subjects. Compared with matched control subjects, T2DM subjects showed a decrease in the number of POMC-ir neurons, but no changes in NPY-ir neurons or microglia. Interestingly, T2DM subjects treated with the antidiabetic drug metformin had fewer NPY-ir neurons and microglia than T2DM subjects not treated with metformin. We found that the number of microglia correlated with the number of NPY-ir neurons, but only in T2DM subjects. These results indicate that different changes in POMC and NPY neurons and microglial cells in the IFN accompany T2DM. In addition, T2DM treatment modality is associated with highly selective changes in hypothalamic neurons and microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jt Kalsbeek
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, and.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Samantha Ec Wolff
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, and.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nikita L Korpel
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, and.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Susanne E la Fleur
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, and.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johannes A Romijn
- Department of Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, and.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dick F Swaab
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Inge Huitinga
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Chun-Xia Yi
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, and.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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19
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Clark CM, Clark RM, Hoyle JA, Dickson TC. Pathogenic or protective? Neuropeptide Y in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurochem 2020; 156:273-289. [PMID: 32654149 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an endogenous peptide of the central and enteric nervous systems which has gained significant interest as a potential neuroprotective agent for treatment of neurodegenerative disease. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an aggressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor deficits and motor neuron loss. In ALS, recent evidence from ALS patients and animal models has indicated that NPY may have a role in the disease pathogenesis. Increased NPY levels were found to correlate with disease progression in ALS patients. Similarly, NPY expression is increased in the motor cortex of ALS mice by end stages of the disease. Although the functional consequence of increased NPY levels in ALS is currently unknown, NPY has been shown to exert a diverse range of neuroprotective roles in other neurodegenerative diseases; through modulation of potassium channel activity, increased production of neurotrophins, inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy, reduction of excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and hyperexcitability. Several of these mechanisms and signalling pathways are heavily implicated in the pathogenesis of ALS. Therefore, in this review, we discuss possible effects of NPY and NPY-receptor signalling in the ALS disease context, as determining NPY's contribution to, or impact on, ALS disease mechanisms will be essential for future studies investigating the NPY system as a therapeutic strategy in this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Clark
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Rosemary M Clark
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Joshua A Hoyle
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Tracey C Dickson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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20
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Mela V, Mota BC, Milner M, McGinley A, Mills KHG, Kelly ÁM, Lynch MA. Exercise-induced re-programming of age-related metabolic changes in microglia is accompanied by a reduction in senescent cells. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:413-428. [PMID: 31978523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation and neuroinflammatory changes are characteristic of the aged brain and contribute to age-related cognitive impairment. Exercise improves cognitive function in aged animals, perhaps because of a modulatory effect on microglial activation. Recent evidence indicates that inflammatory microglia are glycolytic, driven by an increase in 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3), an enzyme that is described as the master regulator of glycolysis. Here we investigated whether microglia from aged animals exhibited a glycolytic signature and whether exercise exerted a modulatory effect on this metabolic profile. Young (4 month-old) and aged (18 month-old) mice were trained for 10 days on a treadmill. One day before sacrifice, animals were assessed in the novel object recognition and the object displacement tests. Animals were sacrificed after the last bout of exercise, microglial cells were isolated, cultured for 5 days and assessed for metabolic profile. Performance in both behavioural tests was impaired in sedentary aged animals and exercise attenuated this age-related effect. A significant increase in glycolysis, glycolytic capacity and PFKFB3 was observed in microglia from aged animals and exercise ameliorated these effects, while it also increased the phagocytic capacity of cells. The senescent markers, β-galactosidase and p16INK4A, were increased in microglia from sedentary aged mice, and expression of these markers was significantly decreased by exercise. The data demonstrate that the exercise-related improved cognition is orchestrated by a normalization of the metabolic profile and functionality of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Mela
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Bibiana C Mota
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mark Milner
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Aoife McGinley
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Kingston H G Mills
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Áine M Kelly
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Marina A Lynch
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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21
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Li X, Lv J, Liu S. MCM3AP-AS1 KD Inhibits Proliferation, Invasion, and Migration of PCa Cells via DNMT1/DNMT3 (A/B) Methylation-Mediated Upregulation of NPY1R. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 20:265-278. [PMID: 32193153 PMCID: PMC7078492 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a heterogeneous tumor that commonly occurs among males worldwide. This study explored the potential role that long non-coding RNA MCM3AP antisense RNA 1 (MCM3AP-AS1) plays in PCa progression, and investigated its mechanism. MCM3AP-AS1 and neuropeptide Y receptor Y1 (NPY1R) expression was determined in PCa cells. The regulatory role of MCM3AP-AS1 in PCa cells was defined using scratch test, Transwell assay, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay, and flow cytometry. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) was used to test the methylation level of NPY1R. Subsequently, the interaction among MCM3AP-AS1, DNA methyltransferase (DNMT)1/DNMT3 (A/B), and NPY1R was investigated using RNA immunoprecipitation, RNA pull-down, and chromatin immunoprecipitation. Finally, we observed xenograft tumor in nude mice. MCM3AP-AS1 was highly, whereas NPY1R was poorly, expressed in PCa. Lentivirus-mediated overexpression of MCM3AP-AS1 promoted proliferation, invasion, and migration while suppressing apoptosis of PCa cells, whereas opposite trends were detected after inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. MCM3AP-AS1 promoted methylation of NPY1R promoter via recruitment of DNMT1/DNMT3 (A/B), thereby downregulating NPY1R expression to activate the MAPK pathway. Furthermore, overexpressed MCM3AP-AS1 was observed to facilitate PCa development in vivo, which could be reversed by overexpressed NPY1R. Altogether, MCM3AP-AS1 silencing inhibits PCa progression by disrupting methylation of the NPY1R promoter to inactivate the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Ji'nan 250021, P. R. China; Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Jiancheng Lv
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Ji'nan 250021, P. R. China.
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22
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Zenz G, Farzi A, Fröhlich EE, Reichmann F, Holzer P. Intranasal Neuropeptide Y Blunts Lipopolysaccharide-Evoked Sickness Behavior but Not the Immune Response in Mice. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:1335-1349. [PMID: 31338703 PMCID: PMC6985076 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been demonstrated to exert stress buffering effects and promote resilience. Non-invasive intranasal (IN) application of NPY to rodents is able to mitigate traumatic stress-induced behavioral changes as well as dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. However, it is unknown whether IN NPY could prevent the behavioral, pro-inflammatory and neurochemical responses to peripheral immune activation by the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) stimulant lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Therefore, we analyzed the effects of IN NPY (100 μg) on the behavioral sickness response (reduced locomotion and exploration) and the underlying molecular mechanisms, 3 h and 21 h after intraperitoneal injections of LPS (0.03 mg/kg) in male C57BL/6N mice. The acute behavioral sickness response was significantly dampened by pretreatment with IN NPY 3 h after LPS injection. This effect was accompanied by diminished weight loss and lowered plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels 21 h after LPS injection. In contrast, acute circulating cytokine levels and hypothalamic cytokine mRNA expression remained unaltered by IN NPY, which indicates that the peripheral and cerebral immune response to LPS was left undisturbed. Our findings are in agreement with the reported activity of NPY to dampen the response of the HPA axis to stress. We propose that IN NPY ablates sickness behavior at a site beyond the peripheral and cerebral cytokine response, an action that is associated with reduced activity of the HPA axis as determined by decreased plasma CORT.These results indicate that IN NPY administration may be relevant to the management of neuropsychiatric disorders arising from immune-induced neuroendocrine dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Zenz
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, A-8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Aitak Farzi
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Esther E Fröhlich
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Reichmann
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Holzer
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12, A-8010, Graz, Austria
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23
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Li C, Wu X, Liu S, Zhao Y, Zhu J, Liu K. Roles of Neuropeptide Y in Neurodegenerative and Neuroimmune Diseases. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:869. [PMID: 31481869 PMCID: PMC6710390 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator that mainly exists in the nervous system. It plays a neuroprotective role in organisms and widely participates in the regulation of various physiological processes in vivo. Studies in both humans and animal models have been revealed that NPY levels are altered in some neurodegenerative and neuroimmune disorders. NPY plays various roles in these diseases, such as exerting a neuroprotective effect, increasing trophic support, decreasing excitotoxicity, regulating calcium homeostasis, and attenuating neuroinflammation. In this review, we will focus on the roles of NPY in the pathological mechanisms of neurodegenerative and neuroimmune diseases, highlighting NPY as a potential therapeutic target in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrong Li
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiujuan Wu
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kangding Liu
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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24
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Zenz G, Jačan A, Reichmann F, Farzi A, Holzer P. Intermittent Fasting Exacerbates the Acute Immune and Behavioral Sickness Response to the Viral Mimic Poly(I:C) in Mice. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:359. [PMID: 31057355 PMCID: PMC6478699 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermitted fasting and other forms of calorie restriction are increasingly demonstrated to exert potential health benefits. Interestingly, restricted feeding is also able to mitigate sickness in response to bacterial factors stimulating Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). However, little is known about how fasting modifies the activity of virus-associated molecular patterns. We therefore analyzed the impact of an intermittent fasting (IF) regimen on the immune and behavioral response to the TLR3 agonist and viral mimic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [Poly(I:C)] in mice. The effects of intraperitoneally injected Poly(I:C) (12 mg/kg) on plasma and cerebral cytokine expression and behavior (locomotion, exploration, and ingestion) were examined in male C57BL/6N mice under control conditions and following a 9 days period of intermittent (alternate day) fasting (IF). Poly(I:C) increased the circulating levels of cytokines (TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-α, IFN-γ), an effect amplified by IF. In addition, IF aggravated sickness behavior in response to Poly(I:C), while cerebral cytokine expression was enhanced by application of Poly(I:C) in the absence of a significant effect of IF. Furthermore, IF augmented the expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA in the hypothalamus and increased the plasma levels of corticosterone, while Poly(I:C) had little effect on these readouts. Our data show that IF does not abate, but exaggerates the immune and sickness response to the viral mimic Poly(I:C). This adverse effect of IF occurs despite increased hypothalamic NPY expression and enhanced plasma corticosterone. We therefore propose that the effects of IF on the immune and behavioral responses to viral and bacterial factors are subject to different neuronal and neuroendocrine control mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Zenz
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Angela Jačan
- CBmed GmbH-Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Reichmann
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Aitak Farzi
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Holzer
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
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25
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Khalil M, Zhang Z, Engel MA. Neuro-Immune Networks in Gastrointestinal Disorders. Visc Med 2019; 35:52-60. [PMID: 31312651 DOI: 10.1159/000496838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis is controlled by multilateral cell interactions. Established in autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system, growing evidence shows a fundamental role of bidirectional communication between the nervous and immune systems in various gastrointestinal disorders. Primarily the primary sensory nervous system seems to play an important role in this cross talk because of its ability for transducing inflammatory signals and to convey them to the central nervous system, which in turn responds in an efferent manner (gut-brain axis vs. brain-gut axis). Moreover, sensory neurons that play a central role in pain processing immediately respond to inflammatory stimuli through releasing a myriad of immunomodulatory neuropeptides and neurotransmitters whose receptors are expressed in different immune cell populations. Thus, a better understanding of neuro-immune networks will pave the way to novel therapeutic strategies in inflammatory as well as functional gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khalil
- Department of Medicine 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zehua Zhang
- Department of Medicine 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias A Engel
- Department of Medicine 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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26
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Houtman J, Freitag K, Gimber N, Schmoranzer J, Heppner FL, Jendrach M. Beclin1-driven autophagy modulates the inflammatory response of microglia via NLRP3. EMBO J 2019; 38:embj.201899430. [PMID: 30617086 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is characterized not only by extracellular amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, but also by microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Recently, autophagy has been linked to the regulation of the inflammatory response. Thus, we investigated how an impairment of autophagy mediated by BECN1/Beclin1 reduction, as described in Alzheimer's disease patients, would influence cytokine production of microglia. Acutely stimulated microglia from Becn1 +/- mice exhibited increased expression of IL-1beta and IL-18 compared to wild-type microglia. Becn1 +/- APPPS1 mice also contained enhanced IL-1beta levels. The investigation of the IL-1beta/IL-18 processing pathway showed an elevated number of cells with inflammasomes and increased levels of NLRP3 and cleaved CASP1/Caspase1 in Becn1 +/- microglia. Super-resolation microscopy revealed a very close association of NLRP3 aggregates and LC3-positive vesicles. Interestingly, CALCOCO2 colocalized with NLRP3 and its downregulation increased IL-1beta release. These data support the notion that selective autophagy can impact microglia activation by modulating IL-1beta and IL-18 production via NLRP3 degradation and thus present a mechanism how impaired autophagy could contribute to neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Houtman
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kiara Freitag
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niclas Gimber
- Core Facility Advanced Medical Bioimaging (AMBIO), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Schmoranzer
- Core Facility Advanced Medical Bioimaging (AMBIO), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank L Heppner
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence, NeuroCure, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Jendrach
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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27
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Lu J, Li S, Li H, Mou T, Zhou L, Huang B, Huang M, Xu Y. Changes In Plasma NPY, IL-1β And Hypocretin In People Who Died By Suicide. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:2893-2900. [PMID: 31632037 PMCID: PMC6791488 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s219962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE There is growing evidence showing that inflammatory cytokines and neuropeptides may be involved in the pathophysiology of suicidal behavior. However, studies have yielded contradictory data, and no biological markers that help predict suicide have been identified. This study aimed to identify biological patterns, such as NPY, IL-1β and hypocretin plasma levels, in people who died by suicide. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-two people who died by suicide compared with 22 controls matched for age and sex were studied. In suicide and control subjects, we estimated the levels of NPY, IL-1β and hypocretin in plasma using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The data are presented as the median (25th-75th percentile). RESULTS We found (1) a significant elevation in plasma NPY levels in suicide subjects versus control subjects (suicide: 11.38 (9.380-16.55); controls: 8.95 (7.590-10.93); P=0.013), and plasma NPY concentrations were approximately 62% higher in suicide subjects than those in control subjects; (2) a significant decrease in plasma IL-1β concentrations between suicide and control subjects (suicide: 121.1 (82.97-143.0); controls: 425.9 (233.1-835.3); P<0.001) as well as a decrease in IL-1β concentrations by almost 80%; and (3) no significant difference in plasma hypocretin levels between suicide and control subjects (suicide: 16.62 (13.62-25.77); controls: 21.63 (14.97-29.72); P=0.356). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that plasma NPY and IL-1β were related with suicide behavior rather than to suicide causes or suicide method. Specific combinations of plasma biomarkers may discriminate between types of suicidal behaviors and indicate increased risk for future suicide attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University Brain Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangda Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University Brain Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Haimei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University Brain Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Mou
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University Brain Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Zhou
- Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Hangzhou Public Security Bureau, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bochao Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University Brain Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Manli Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University Brain Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University Brain Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
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28
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Benque IJ, Xia P, Shannon R, Ng TF, Taylor AW. The Neuropeptides of Ocular Immune Privilege, α-MSH and NPY, Suppress Phagosome Maturation in Macrophages. Immunohorizons 2018; 2:314-323. [PMID: 30613828 PMCID: PMC6319950 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1800049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ocular microenvironment has evolutionarily adapted several mechanisms of immunosuppression to minimize the induction of inflammation. Neuropeptides produced by the retinal pigment epithelial cells regulate macrophage activity. Two neuropeptides, α-melanocyte–stimulating hormone (α -MSH) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), are constitutively expressed by the retinal pigment epithelial cells. Together these two neuropeptides induce anti-inflammatory cytokine production in endotoxin-stimulated macrophages and suppress phagocytosis of unopsonized bioparticles. These neuropeptides do not suppress the phagocytosis of opsonized bioparticles; however, they do suppress phagolysosome activation or formation. In this report, we studied the possibility that α-MSH with NPY suppress phagosome maturation within macrophages using opsonized OVA-coated magnetic beads to isolate and analyze the phagosomes. The magnetic bead–containing intercellular vesicles were isolated and assayed for Rab5, Rab7, LAMP1, Iad, and OVA. The macrophages cotreated with α-MSH and NPY were suppressed in Rab7 recruitment to the phagosome with suppression in LAMP1 expression but not in Iad expression. The results demonstrated that the α-MSH/NPY cotreatment suppressed phagosome maturation. In addition, the a-MSH/NPY–cotreated macrophages were suppressed in their ability to Ag stimulate CD4+ T cell proliferation. These results imply a potential mechanism of ocular immune privilege to divert Ag processing to prevent autoreactive effector T cells from binding their target cognate Ag within the ocular microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac J Benque
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Pu Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Robert Shannon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Tat Fong Ng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Andrew W Taylor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
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29
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Machado-Pereira M, Santos T, Ferreira L, Bernardino L, Ferreira R. Intravenous administration of retinoic acid-loaded polymeric nanoparticles prevents ischemic injury in the immature brain. Neurosci Lett 2018. [PMID: 29518539 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal stroke is often difficult to diagnose and an established treatment has not yet been validated, except for symptomatic measures. Herein, we propose to test the neuroprotective potential of the intravenous injection of retinoic acid-loaded nanoparticles (RA-NP) upon ischemic injury to the immature brain. The role of RA-NP on endothelial cells and organotypic slice cultures exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation was assessed by evaluating markers pertaining to survival, proliferation, oxidative stress (NO, ROS), neuronal damage (enolase), vascular oxidation (p47phox) and microglia activation (CD68). Data showed that RA-NP (3 μg/ml) increased endothelial proliferation and survival, and normalized NO and ROS levels. The intravenous administration of RA-NP (10 μg/g) prevented ischemic injury in the hippocampus of 2-day-old mice by inhibiting cell death and normalizing markers of neurovascular function and inflammation. In sum, systemic administration of RA-NP protected neurovascular integrity and the inflammatory milieu from ischemia in the immature brain, highlighting its therapeutic value for perinatal stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Machado-Pereira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d'Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago Santos
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d'Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Lino Ferreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (IIIUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Liliana Bernardino
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d'Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Raquel Ferreira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d'Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal.
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30
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Taylor AW, Ng TF. Negative regulators that mediate ocular immune privilege. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:1179-1187. [PMID: 29431864 PMCID: PMC6240388 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mir0817-337r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The ocular microenvironment has adapted several negative regulators of inflammation to maintain immune privilege and health of the visual axis. Several constitutively produced negative regulators within the eye TGF-β2, α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), Fas ligand (FasL), and PD-L1 standout because of their capacity to influence multiple pathways of inflammation, and that they are part of promoting immune tolerance. These regulators demonstrate the capacity of immune privilege to prevent the activation of inflammation, and to suppress activation of effector immune cells even under conditions of ocular inflammation induced by endotoxin and autoimmune disease. In addition, these negative regulators promote and expand immune cells that mediate regulatory and tolerogenic immunity. This in turn makes the immune cells themselves negative regulators of inflammation. This provides for a greater understanding of immune privilege in that it includes both molecular and cellular negative regulators of inflammation. This would mean that potentially new approaches to the treatment of autoimmune disease can be developed through the use of molecules and cells as negative regulators of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Taylor
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tat Fong Ng
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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31
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Zhou YD. Glial Regulation of Energy Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1090:105-121. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1286-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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32
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Makowska K, Mikolajczyk A, Calka J, Gonkowski S. Neurochemical characterization of nerve fibers in the porcine gallbladder wall under physiological conditions and after the administration of Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:73-83. [PMID: 30090564 PMCID: PMC6062139 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00211d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS, bacterial endotoxin) are a component of the cellular membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, which is known as an important pathological factor. In spite of many previous studies describing multidirectional negative effects of LPS on living organisms, the knowledge concerning the influence of bacterial endotoxins on the gallbladder innervation is extremely scarce. The present study, based on the immunofluorescence technique, describes the changes in the neurochemical characterization of nerves within various parts of the porcine gallbladder (neck, body and fundus) after the administration of low doses of LPS. The obtained results show that even low doses of bacterial endotoxins affect the nerve structures within the gallbladder wall and the intensity of fluctuations in immunoreactivity to particular substances clearly depends on the part of the investigated organ. The most evident changes were observed in the case of fibers exhibiting the presence of neuropeptide Y (an increase from 7.84 ± 0.17 to 14.66 ± 0.37) in the neck, substance P (an increase from 0.88 ± 0.1 to 8.4 ± 0.3) in the body and the vesicular acetylocholine transporter in the gallbladder's fundus (an increase from 4.29 ± 0.18 to 11.01 ± 0.26). The mechanisms of the observed changes still remain unclear, but probably they are connected with the pro-inflammatory and/or neurodegenerative activity of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Makowska
- Departement of Clinical Physiology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn , Poland .
| | - Anita Mikolajczyk
- Department of Public Health , Epidemiology and Microbiology , Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn , Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Calka
- Departement of Clinical Physiology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn , Poland .
| | - Slawomir Gonkowski
- Departement of Clinical Physiology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn , Poland .
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Hendrickx DAE, van Scheppingen J, van der Poel M, Bossers K, Schuurman KG, van Eden CG, Hol EM, Hamann J, Huitinga I. Gene Expression Profiling of Multiple Sclerosis Pathology Identifies Early Patterns of Demyelination Surrounding Chronic Active Lesions. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1810. [PMID: 29312322 PMCID: PMC5742619 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS), activated microglia and infiltrating macrophages phagocytose myelin focally in (chronic) active lesions. These demyelinating sites expand in time, but at some point turn inactive into a sclerotic scar. To identify molecular mechanisms underlying lesion activity and halt, we analyzed genome-wide gene expression in rim and peri-lesional regions of chronic active and inactive MS lesions, as well as in control tissue. Gene clustering revealed patterns of gene expression specifically associated with MS and with the presumed, subsequent stages of lesion development. Next to genes involved in immune functions, we found regulation of novel genes in and around the rim of chronic active lesions, such as NPY, KANK4, NCAN, TKTL1, and ANO4. Of note, the presence of many foamy macrophages in active rims was accompanied by a congruent upregulation of genes related to lipid binding, such as MSR1, CD68, CXCL16, and OLR1, and lipid uptake, such as CHIT1, GPNMB, and CCL18. Except CCL18, these genes were already upregulated in regions around active MS lesions, showing that such lesions are indeed expanding. In vitro downregulation of the scavenger receptors MSR1 and CXCL16 reduced myelin uptake. In conclusion, this study provides the gene expression profile of different aspects of MS pathology and indicates that early demyelination, mediated by scavenger receptors, is already present in regions around active MS lesions. Genes involved in early demyelination events in regions surrounding chronic active MS lesions might be promising therapeutic targets to stop lesion expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie A E Hendrickx
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jackelien van Scheppingen
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marlijn van der Poel
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Koen Bossers
- Neurodegeneration Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karianne G Schuurman
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Corbert G van Eden
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elly M Hol
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jörg Hamann
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Inge Huitinga
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Mikołajczyk A, Gonkowski S, Złotkowska D. Modulation of the main porcine enteric neuropeptides by a single low-dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Salmonella Enteritidis. Gut Pathog 2017; 9:73. [PMID: 29255488 PMCID: PMC5727943 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-017-0225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present research was conducted to investigate the influence of a low, single dose of LPS, which does not result in any clinical symptoms of intoxication on the expression of selected neuropeptides within the intestines of the domestic pig. Methods This experiment was conducted on immature female pigs of the Pitrain × Duroc breed (n = five per group). Seven days after the intravenous injection of 10 mL saline solution for control animals and 5 μg/kg b.w. (in 10 mL saline solution) LPS Salmonella Enteritidis for the experimental group, the excised segments of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ileocecal valve, caecum, descending colon, transverse colon, ascending colon and rectum were prepared to extract the main enteric neuropeptides, including GAL, NPY, SOM, SP, VIP. Results The results of this research indicate that single low-dose LPS S. Enteritidis produced changes in the content of the selected neuropeptides of the porcine intestine. The most visible changes were observed in the transverse colon, where LPS induced the increase of GAL expression from 19.41 ± 7.121 to 92.92 ± 11.447 ng/g tissue. Conclusion The exact functions of the substances studied and mechanisms of responses to LPS action depend on the sections of the intestines. The mechanisms of observed changes are not fully understood, but fluctuations in neuronal active substance levels may be connected with neurodegenerative and/or pro-inflammatory activity of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Mikołajczyk
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Warszawska 30 Str., 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Sławomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13 Str., 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Dagmara Złotkowska
- Department of Food Immunology and Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
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Effects of Neuropeptide Y on Stem Cells and Their Potential Applications in Disease Therapy. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:6823917. [PMID: 29109742 PMCID: PMC5646323 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6823917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a 36-amino acid peptide, is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems and other peripheral tissues. It takes part in regulating various biological processes including food intake, circadian rhythm, energy metabolism, and neuroendocrine secretion. Increasing evidence indicates that NPY exerts multiple regulatory effects on stem cells. As a kind of primitive and undifferentiated cells, stem cells have the therapeutic potential to replace damaged cells, secret paracrine molecules, promote angiogenesis, and modulate immunity. Stem cell-based therapy has been demonstrated effective and considered as one of the most promising treatments for specific diseases. However, several limitations still hamper its application, such as poor survival and low differentiation and integration rates of transplanted stem cells. The regulatory effects of NPY on stem cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation may be helpful to overcome these limitations and facilitate the application of stem cell-based therapy. In this review, we summarized the regulatory effects of NPY on stem cells and discussed their potential applications in disease therapy.
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Central Modulation of Neuroinflammation by Neuropeptides and Energy-Sensing Hormones during Obesity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7949582. [PMID: 28913358 PMCID: PMC5587954 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7949582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) senses energy homeostasis by integrating both peripheral and autonomic signals and responding to them by neurotransmitters and neuropeptides release. Although it is previously considered an immunologically privileged organ, we now know that this is not so. Cells belonging to the immune system, such as B and T lymphocytes, can be recruited into the CNS to face damage or infection, in addition to possessing resident immunological cells, called microglia. In this way, positive energy balance during obesity promotes an inflammatory state in the CNS. Saturated fatty acids from the diet have been pointed out as powerful candidates to trigger immune response in peripheral system and in the CNS. However, how central immunity communicates to peripheral immune response remains to be clarified. Recently there has been a great interest in the neuropeptides, POMC derived peptides, ghrelin, and leptin, due to their capacity to suppress or induce inflammatory responses in the brain, respectively. These may be potential candidates to treat different pathologies associated with autoimmunity and inflammation. In this review, we will discuss the role of lipotoxicity associated with positive energy balance during obesity in proinflammatory response in microglia, B and T lymphocytes, and its modulation by neuropeptides.
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Neuropeptides and Microglial Activation in Inflammation, Pain, and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:5048616. [PMID: 28154473 PMCID: PMC5244030 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5048616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells are responsible for immune surveillance within the CNS. They respond to noxious stimuli by releasing inflammatory mediators and mounting an effective inflammatory response. This is followed by release of anti-inflammatory mediators and resolution of the inflammatory response. Alterations to this delicate process may lead to tissue damage, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Chronic pain, such as inflammatory or neuropathic pain, is accompanied by neuroimmune activation, and the role of glial cells in the initiation and maintenance of chronic pain has been the subject of increasing research over the last two decades. Neuropeptides are small amino acidic molecules with the ability to regulate neuronal activity and thereby affect various functions such as thermoregulation, reproductive behavior, food and water intake, and circadian rhythms. Neuropeptides can also affect inflammatory responses and pain sensitivity by modulating the activity of glial cells. The last decade has witnessed growing interest in the study of microglial activation and its modulation by neuropeptides in the hope of developing new therapeutics for treating neurodegenerative diseases and chronic pain. This review summarizes the current literature on the way in which several neuropeptides modulate microglial activity and response to tissue damage and how this modulation may affect pain sensitivity.
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Jais A, Brüning JC. Hypothalamic inflammation in obesity and metabolic disease. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:24-32. [PMID: 28045396 DOI: 10.1172/jci88878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last years, hypothalamic inflammation has been linked to the development and progression of obesity and its sequelae. There is accumulating evidence that this inflammation not only impairs energy balance but also contributes to obesity-associated insulin resistance. Elevated activation of key inflammatory mediators such as JNK and IκB kinase (IKK) occurs rapidly upon consumption of a high-fat diet, even prior to significant weight gain. This activation of hypothalamic inflammatory pathways results in the uncoupling of caloric intake and energy expenditure, fostering overeating and further weight gain. In addition, these inflammatory processes contribute to obesity-associated insulin resistance and deterioration of glucose metabolism via altered neurocircuit functions. An understanding of the contributions of different neuronal and non-neuronal cell types to hypothalamic inflammatory processes, and delineation of the differences and similarities between acute and chronic activation of these inflammatory pathways, will be critical for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Argente-Arizón P, Guerra-Cantera S, Garcia-Segura LM, Argente J, Chowen JA. Glial cells and energy balance. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 58:R59-R71. [PMID: 27864453 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The search for new strategies and drugs to abate the current obesity epidemic has led to the intensification of research aimed at understanding the neuroendocrine control of appetite and energy expenditure. This intensified investigation of metabolic control has also included the study of how glial cells participate in this process. Glia, the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system, perform a wide spectrum of functions and are vital for the correct functioning of neurons and neuronal circuits. Current evidence indicates that hypothalamic glia, in particular astrocytes, tanycytes and microglia, are involved in both physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms of appetite and metabolic control, at least in part by regulating the signals reaching metabolic neuronal circuits. Glia transport nutrients, hormones and neurotransmitters; they secrete growth factors, hormones, cytokines and gliotransmitters and are a source of neuroprogenitor cells. These functions are regulated, as glia also respond to numerous hormones and nutrients, with the lack of specific hormonal signaling in hypothalamic astrocytes disrupting metabolic homeostasis. Here, we review some of the more recent advances in the role of glial cells in metabolic control, with a special emphasis on the differences between glial cell responses in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Argente-Arizón
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric EndocrinologyHospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Guerra-Cantera
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric EndocrinologyHospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Argente
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric EndocrinologyHospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric EndocrinologyHospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Botelho M, Cavadas C. Neuropeptide Y: An Anti-Aging Player? Trends Neurosci 2016; 38:701-711. [PMID: 26549884 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that neuropeptide Y (NPY) has a role in aging and lifespan determination. In this review, we critically discuss age-related changes in NPY levels in the brain, together with recent findings concerning the contribution of NPY to, and impact on, six hallmarks of aging, specifically: loss of proteostasis, stem cell exhaustion, altered intercellular communication, deregulated nutrient sensing, cellular senescence, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Understanding how NPY contributes to, and counteracts, these hallmarks of aging will open new avenues of research on limiting damage related to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Botelho
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Cavadas
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Abstract
Inflammatory activation of microglia is a hallmark of several disorders of the central nervous system. In addition to protecting the brain against inflammatory insults, microglia are neuroprotective and play a significant role in maintaining neuronal connectivity, but the prolongation of an inflammatory status may limit the beneficial functions of these immune cells. The finding that estrogen receptors are present in monocyte-derived cells and that estrogens prevent and control the inflammatory response raise the question of the role that this sex steroid plays in the manifestation and progression of pathologies that have a clear sex difference in prevalence, such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. The present review aims to provide a critical review of the current literature on the actions of estrogen in microglia and on the involvement of estrogen receptors in the manifestation of selected neurological disorders. This current understanding highlights a research area that should be expanded to identify appropriate replacement therapies to slow the progression of such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Villa
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Vegeto
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Poletti
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Adriana Maggi
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Neuropeptide Y (NPY) as a therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 95:210-24. [PMID: 27461050 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and NPY receptors are widely expressed in the mammalian central nervous system. Studies in both humans and rodent models revealed that brain NPY levels are altered in some neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and Machado-Joseph disease. In this review, we will focus on the roles of NPY in the pathological mechanisms of these disorders, highlighting NPY as a neuroprotective agent, as a neural stem cell proliferative agent, as an agent that increases trophic support, as a stimulator of autophagy and as an inhibitor of excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation. Moreover, the effect of NPY in some clinical manifestations commonly observed in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and Machado-Joseph disease, such as depressive symptoms and body weight loss, are also discussed. In conclusion, this review highlights NPY system as a potential therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Rocha SM, Saraiva T, Cristóvão AC, Ferreira R, Santos T, Esteves M, Saraiva C, Je G, Cortes L, Valero J, Alves G, Klibanov A, Kim YS, Bernardino L. Histamine induces microglia activation and dopaminergic neuronal toxicity via H1 receptor activation. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:137. [PMID: 27260166 PMCID: PMC4893260 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0600-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Histamine is an amine widely known as a peripheral inflammatory mediator and as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Recently, it has been suggested that histamine acts as an innate modulator of microglial activity. Herein, we aimed to disclose the role of histamine in microglial phagocytic activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and to explore the consequences of histamine-induced neuroinflammation in dopaminergic (DA) neuronal survival. Methods The effect of histamine on phagocytosis was assessed both in vitro by using a murine N9 microglial cell line and primary microglial cell cultures and in vivo. Cells were exposed to IgG-opsonized latex beads or phosphatidylserine (PS) liposomes to evaluate Fcγ or PS receptor-mediated microglial phagocytosis, respectively. ROS production and protein levels of NADPH oxidases and Rac1 were assessed as a measure of oxidative stress. DA neuronal survival was evaluated in vivo by counting the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) of mice. Results We found that histamine triggers microglial phagocytosis via histamine receptor 1 (H1R) activation and ROS production via H1R and H4R activation. By using apocynin, a broad NADPH oxidase (Nox) inhibitor, and Nox1 knockout mice, we found that the Nox1 signaling pathway is involved in both phagocytosis and ROS production induced by histamine in vitro. Interestingly, both apocynin and annexin V (used as inhibitor of PS-induced phagocytosis) fully abolished the DA neurotoxicity induced by the injection of histamine in the SN of adult mice in vivo. Blockade of H1R protected against histamine-induced Nox1 expression and death of DA neurons in vivo. Conclusions Overall, our results highlight the relevance of histamine in the modulation of microglial activity that ultimately may interfere with neuronal survival in the context of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and, eventually, other neurodegenerative diseases which are accompanied by microglia-induced neuroinflammation. Importantly, our results also open promising new perspectives for the therapeutic use of H1R antagonists to treat or ameliorate neurodegenerative processes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0600-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Rocha
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Saraiva
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana C Cristóvão
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Raquel Ferreira
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago Santos
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Marta Esteves
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Saraiva
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Goun Je
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Luísa Cortes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge Valero
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Alves
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Alexander Klibanov
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Yoon-Seong Kim
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Liliana Bernardino
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal. .,Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
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Valdearcos M, Xu AW, Koliwad SK. Hypothalamic inflammation in the control of metabolic function. Annu Rev Physiol 2015; 77:131-60. [PMID: 25668019 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021014-071656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity leads to devastating and common chronic diseases, fueling ongoing interest in determining new mechanisms underlying both obesity and its consequences. It is now well known that chronic overnutrition produces a unique form of inflammation in peripheral insulin target tissues, and efforts to limit this inflammation have met with some success in preserving insulin sensitivity in obese individuals. Recently, the activation of inflammatory pathways by dietary excess has also been observed among cells located in the mediobasal hypothalamus, a brain area that exerts central control over peripheral glucose, fat, and energy metabolism. Here we review progress in the field of diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation, drawing key distinctions between metabolic inflammation in the hypothalamus and that occurring in peripheral tissues. We focus on specific stimuli of the inflammatory response, the roles of individual hypothalamic cell types, and the links between hypothalamic inflammation and metabolic function under normal and pathophysiological circumstances. Finally, we explore the concept of controlling hypothalamic inflammation to mitigate metabolic disease.
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Wagner L, Wolf R, Zeitschel U, Rossner S, Petersén Å, Leavitt BR, Kästner F, Rothermundt M, Gärtner UT, Gündel D, Schlenzig D, Frerker N, Schade J, Manhart S, Rahfeld JU, Demuth HU, von Hörsten S. Proteolytic degradation of neuropeptide Y (NPY) from head to toe: Identification of novel NPY-cleaving peptidases and potential drug interactions in CNS and Periphery. J Neurochem 2015; 135:1019-37. [PMID: 26442809 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The bioactivity of neuropeptide Y (NPY) is either N-terminally modulated with respect to receptor selectivity by dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DP4)-like enzymes or proteolytic degraded by neprilysin or meprins, thereby abrogating signal transduction. However, neither the subcellular nor the compartmental differentiation of these regulatory mechanisms is fully understood. Using mass spectrometry, selective inhibitors and histochemistry, studies across various cell types, body fluids, and tissues revealed that most frequently DP4-like enzymes, aminopeptidases P, secreted meprin-A (Mep-A), and cathepsin D (CTSD) rapidly hydrolyze NPY, depending on the cell type and tissue under study. Novel degradation of NPY by cathepsins B, D, L, G, S, and tissue kallikrein could also be identified. The expression of DP4, CTSD, and Mep-A at the median eminence indicates that the bioactivity of NPY is regulated by peptidases at the interphase between the periphery and the CNS. Detailed ex vivo studies on human sera and CSF samples recognized CTSD as the major NPY-cleaving enzyme in the CSF, whereas an additional C-terminal truncation by angiotensin-converting enzyme could be detected in serum. The latter finding hints to potential drug interaction between antidiabetic DP4 inhibitors and anti-hypertensive angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, while it ablates suspected hypertensive side effects of only antidiabetic DP4-inhibitors application. The bioactivity of neuropeptide Y (NPY) is either N-terminally modulated with respect to receptor selectivity by dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DP4)-like enzymes or proteolytic degraded by neprilysin or meprins, thereby abrogating signal transduction. However, neither the subcellular nor the compartmental differentiation of these regulatory mechanisms is fully understood. Using mass spectrometry, selective inhibitors and histochemistry, studies across various cell types, body fluids, and tissues revealed that most frequently DP4-like enzymes, aminopeptidases P, secreted meprin-A (Mep-A), and cathepsin D (CTSD) rapidly hydrolyze NPY, depending on the cell type and tissue under study. Novel degradation of NPY by cathepsins B, D, L, G, S, and tissue kallikrein could also be identified. The expression of DP4, CTSD, and Mep-A at the median eminence indicates that the bioactivity of NPY is regulated by peptidases at the interphase between the periphery and the CNS. Detailed ex vivo studies on human sera and CSF samples recognized CTSD as the major NPY-cleaving enzyme in the CSF, whereas an additional C-terminal truncation by angiotensin-converting enzyme could be detected in serum. The latter finding hints to potential drug interaction between antidiabetic DP4 inhibitors and anti-hypertensive angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, while it ablates suspected hypertensive side effects of only antidiabetic DP4-inhibitors application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona Wagner
- Deutschsprachige Selbsthilfegruppe für Alkaptonurie (DSAKU) e.V., Stuttgart, Germany.,Probiodrug AG, Halle, Germany.,Department of Experimental Therapy, Preclinical Experimental Center, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Ulrike Zeitschel
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Rossner
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Åsa Petersén
- Translational Neuroendocrine Research Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Blair R Leavitt
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia and Children's and Women's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Florian Kästner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Matthias Rothermundt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,St. Rochus-Hospital Telgte, Telgte, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Gündel
- Julius Bernstein Institute for Physiology, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Dagmar Schlenzig
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle, Germany
| | - Nadine Frerker
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Preclinical Experimental Center, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jutta Schade
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Preclinical Experimental Center, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Jens-Ulrich Rahfeld
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle, Germany
| | - Stephan von Hörsten
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Preclinical Experimental Center, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Duarte-Neves J, Gonçalves N, Cunha-Santos J, Simões AT, den Dunnen WF, Hirai H, Kügler S, Cavadas C, Pereira de Almeida L. Neuropeptide Y mitigates neuropathology and motor deficits in mouse models of Machado–Joseph disease. Hum Mol Genet 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Kälin S, Heppner FL, Bechmann I, Prinz M, Tschöp MH, Yi CX. Hypothalamic innate immune reaction in obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2015; 11:339-51. [PMID: 25824676 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Findings from rodent and human studies show that the presence of inflammatory factors is positively correlated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Obesity-associated inflammatory responses take place not only in the periphery but also in the brain. The hypothalamus contains a range of resident glial cells including microglia, macrophages and astrocytes, which are embedded in highly heterogenic groups of neurons that control metabolic homeostasis. This complex neural-glia network can receive information directly from blood-borne factors, positioning it as a metabolic sensor. Following hypercaloric challenge, mediobasal hypothalamic microglia and astrocytes enter a reactive state, which persists during diet-induced obesity. In established mouse models of diet-induced obesity, the hypothalamic vasculature displays angiogenic alterations. Moreover, proopiomelanocortin neurons, which regulate food intake and energy expenditure, are impaired in the arcuate nucleus, where there is an increase in local inflammatory signals. The sum total of these events is a hypothalamic innate immune reactivity, which includes temporal and spatial changes to each cell population. Although the exact role of each participant of the neural-glial-vascular network is still under exploration, therapeutic targets for treating obesity should probably be linked to individual cell types and their specific signalling pathways to address each dysfunction with cell-selective compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kälin
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Centre for Health and Environment &Technische Universität München, 85748, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank L Heppner
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 13, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 64, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Centre for Health and Environment &Technische Universität München, 85748, Munich, Germany
| | - Chun-Xia Yi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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48
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Fan XW, Chen F, Chen Y, Chen GH, Liu HH, Guan SK, Deng Y, Liu Y, Zhang SJ, Peng WJ, Jiang GL, Wu KL. Electroacupuncture prevents cognitive impairments by regulating the early changes after brain irradiation in rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122087. [PMID: 25830357 PMCID: PMC4382177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairments severely affect the quality of life of patients who undergo brain irradiation, and there are no effective preventive strategies. In this study, we examined the therapeutic potential of electroacupuncture (EA) administered immediately after brain irradiation in rats. We detected changes in cognitive function, neurogenesis, and synaptic density at different time points after irradiation, but found that EA could protect the blood-brain barrier (BBB), inhibit neuroinflammatory cytokine expression, upregulate angiogenic cytokine expression, and modulate the levels of neurotransmitter receptors and neuropeptides in the early phase. Moreover, EA protected spatial memory and recognition in the delayed phase. At the cellular/molecular level, the preventative effect of EA on cognitive dysfunction was not dependent on hippocampal neurogenesis; rather, it was related to synaptophysin expression. Our results suggest that EA applied immediately after brain irradiation can prevent cognitive impairments by protecting against the early changes induced by irradiation and may be a novel approach for preventing or ameliorating cognitive impairments in patients with brain tumors who require radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Wen Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China, 200032
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 200032
| | - Fu Chen
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 200032
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 200032
| | - Guan-Hao Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China, 200032
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 200032
| | - Huan-Huan Liu
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, 200032
| | - Shi-Kuo Guan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China, 200032
| | - Yun Deng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China, 200032
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China, 200032
| | - Sheng-Jian Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China, 200032
| | - Wei-Jun Peng
- Department of Radiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China, 200032
| | - Guo-Liang Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China, 200032
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 200032
| | - Kai-Liang Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China, 200032
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 200032
- * E-mail:
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Geloso MC, Corvino V, Di Maria V, Marchese E, Michetti F. Cellular targets for neuropeptide Y-mediated control of adult neurogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:85. [PMID: 25852477 PMCID: PMC4360818 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are emerging as key regulators of stem cell niche activities in health and disease, both inside and outside the central nervous system (CNS). Among them, neuropeptide Y (NPY), one of the most abundant neuropeptides both in the nervous system and in non-neural districts, has become the focus of much attention for its involvement in a wide range of physiological and pathological conditions, including the modulation of different stem cell activities. In particular, a pro-neurogenic role of NPY has been evidenced in the neurogenic niche, where a direct effect on neural progenitors has been demonstrated, while different cellular types, including astrocytes, microglia and endothelial cells, also appear to be responsive to the peptide. The marked modulation of the NPY system during several pathological conditions that affect neurogenesis, including stress, seizures and neurodegeneration, further highlights the relevance of this peptide in the regulation of adult neurogenesis. In view of the considerable interest in understanding the mechanisms controlling neural cell fate, this review aims to summarize and discuss current data on NPY signaling in the different cellular components of the neurogenic niche in order to elucidate the complexity of the mechanisms underlying the modulatory properties of this peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Concetta Geloso
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Corvino
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Maria
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Marchese
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Michetti
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome, Italy
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Farzi A, Reichmann F, Holzer P. The homeostatic role of neuropeptide Y in immune function and its impact on mood and behaviour. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:603-27. [PMID: 25545642 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), one of the most abundant peptides in the nervous system, exerts its effects via five receptor types, termed Y1, Y2, Y4, Y5 and Y6. NPY's pleiotropic functions comprise the regulation of brain activity, mood, stress coping, ingestion, digestion, metabolism, vascular and immune function. Nerve-derived NPY directly affects immune cells while NPY also acts as a paracrine and autocrine immune mediator, because immune cells themselves are capable of producing and releasing NPY. NPY is able to induce immune activation or suppression, depending on a myriad of factors such as the Y receptors activated and cell types involved. There is an intricate relationship between psychological stress, mood disorders and the immune system. While stress represents a risk factor for the development of mood disorders, it exhibits diverse actions on the immune system as well. Conversely, inflammation is regarded as an internal stressor and is increasingly recognized to contribute to the pathogenesis of mood and metabolic disorders. Intriguingly, the cerebral NPY system has been found to protect against distinct disturbances in response to immune challenge, attenuating the sickness response and preventing the development of depression. Thus, NPY plays an important homeostatic role in balancing disturbances of physiological systems caused by peripheral immune challenge. This implication is particularly evident in the brain in which NPY counteracts the negative impact of immune challenge on mood, emotional processing and stress resilience. NPY thus acts as a unique signalling molecule in the interaction of the immune system with the brain in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Farzi
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology; Medical University of Graz; Graz Austria
| | - F. Reichmann
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology; Medical University of Graz; Graz Austria
| | - P. Holzer
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology; Medical University of Graz; Graz Austria
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