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Mazarire TT, Lobb L, Newete SW, Munhenga G. The Impact of Climatic Factors on Temporal Mosquito Distribution and Population Dynamics in an Area Targeted for Sterile Insect Technique Pilot Trials. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:558. [PMID: 38791773 PMCID: PMC11121319 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21050558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that climate affects the mosquito life history traits; however, its precise role in determining mosquito distribution and population dynamics is not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the influence of various climatic factors on the temporal distribution of Anopheles arabiensis populations in Mamfene, South Africa between 2014 and 2019. Time series analysis, wavelet analysis, cross-correlation analysis, and regression model combined with the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model were utilized to assess the relationship between climatic factors and An. arabiensis population density. In total 3826 adult An. arabiensis collected was used for the analysis. ARIMA (0, 1, 2) (0, 0, 1)12 models closely described the trends observed in An. arabiensis population density and distribution. The wavelet coherence and time-lagged correlation analysis showed positive correlations between An. arabiensis population density and temperature (r = 0.537 ), humidity (r = 0.495) and rainfall (r = 0.298) whilst wind showed negative correlations (r = -0.466). The regression model showed that temperature (p = 0.00119), rainfall (p = 0.0436), and humidity (p = 0.0441) as significant predictors for forecasting An. arabiensis abundance. The extended ARIMA model (AIC = 102.08) was a better fit for predicting An. arabiensis abundance compared to the basic model. Anopheles arabiensis still remains the predominant malaria vector in the study area and climate variables were found to have varying effects on the distribution and abundance of An. arabiensis. This necessitates other complementary vector control strategies such as the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) which involves releasing sterile males into the environment to reduce mosquito populations. This requires timely mosquito and climate information to precisely target releases and enhance the effectiveness of the program, consequently reducing the malaria risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Taona Mazarire
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; (L.L.); (G.M.)
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
- Geoinformatics Division, Agricultural Research Council-Natural Resource and Engineering, Arcadia, Pretoria 0083, South Africa;
| | - Leanne Lobb
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; (L.L.); (G.M.)
| | - Solomon Wakshom Newete
- Geoinformatics Division, Agricultural Research Council-Natural Resource and Engineering, Arcadia, Pretoria 0083, South Africa;
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Bramfontein, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Givemore Munhenga
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; (L.L.); (G.M.)
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
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Tanue EA, Omam LA, Ayuk GT, Noukeme BM, Metuge A, Nganmou I, Ebob MB, Donovan L, Stratil AS, Counihan H, Nkfusai CN, Hawkings H, Homolova B, Berryman E, Kolawole M, Zoungrana Y, Achu D, Wanji S, Omam EN. A formative cross-sectional study to assess caregiver's health-seeking behaviour and knowledge surrounding malaria, and understand the burden of malaria among children under-five in conflict-affected communities of Cameroon. Malar J 2024; 23:99. [PMID: 38589868 PMCID: PMC11003128 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04902-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a major global health problem often worsened by political instability and armed conflict. The purpose of the study was to explore community knowledge, attitudes and practices on malaria prevention, and to understand the burden of malaria and health-seeking behaviours of caregivers of children under-five in conflict-affected communities of the South West and Littoral Regions of Cameroon. METHODS A cross-sectional survey involving internally displaced persons (IDPS), host population, and their children under-five was conducted across 80 communities. The survey was conducted from May to June 2021. Participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Malaria prevalence for children under-five was determined using rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) on blood samples. Association between variables and displacement status was measured using chi square test and multivariate logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with adequate knowledge on malaria prevention. RESULTS A total of 2386 adults participated in the study and 1543 RDTs were conducted for children under-five. Adequate levels of knowledge and attitudes on malaria prevention was recorded among 1258 (52.9%) of the participants, with very strong evidence to suggest the level to be higher among the host (59.5%) compared to the IDPs (49.5%) and returnees (39.7%) (p < 0.001). Good practices towards malaria prevention was 43.3%, with very strong evidence indicating lower levels among IDPs (42.8%) and returnees (28.5%) compared to the host (49.4%) (p < 0.001). Malaria prevalence for children under-five was 54.0% and adequate health-seeking for suspected episodes of malaria was 53.0%, without any difference among IDPs (51.78%) and returnees (48.7%) compared to host populations (55.4%) (p = 0.154). Multivariate logistic regression model showed that there was quite strong evidence to suggest primary and secondary levels of education have higher odds of having correct knowledge of malaria prevention (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.71, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11-2.64, p = 0.015 and AOR 1.80, 95% CI 1.15-2.82, p = 0.010 respectively). There was very strong evidence to suggest that owning a radio or a television was associated with greater odds of having a higher knowledge on malaria prevention (AOR 1.49, 95% CI 1.233-1.81, p = 0.000 and AOR 1.47, 95% CI 1.18-1.84, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION Over half of the population have correct knowledge and attitudes towards malaria prevention but gaps in complete knowledge remained. Some of the caregivers know the correct malaria preventive practices coupled with largely unsatisfactory treatment approaches and reflected by the high prevalence of malaria among their children. In order to effectively treat malaria, innovative strategies should target community participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Asangbeng Tanue
- Reach Out Cameroon, Small Soppo, P.O Box 88, Buea, Cameroon.
- Department of Public Health and Hygiene, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, P.O Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.
| | - Lundi-Anne Omam
- Reach Out Cameroon, Small Soppo, P.O Box 88, Buea, Cameroon
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK
| | - Glennis T Ayuk
- Reach Out Cameroon, Small Soppo, P.O Box 88, Buea, Cameroon
| | | | - Alain Metuge
- Reach Out Cameroon, Small Soppo, P.O Box 88, Buea, Cameroon
| | | | - Margaret Besem Ebob
- Reach Out Cameroon, Small Soppo, P.O Box 88, Buea, Cameroon
- Malaria Consortium, the Green House, 244-254 Cambridge Heath Rd, London, E2 9DA, UK
| | - Laura Donovan
- Malaria Consortium, the Green House, 244-254 Cambridge Heath Rd, London, E2 9DA, UK
| | - Ann-Sophie Stratil
- Malaria Consortium, the Green House, 244-254 Cambridge Heath Rd, London, E2 9DA, UK
| | - Helen Counihan
- Malaria Consortium, the Green House, 244-254 Cambridge Heath Rd, London, E2 9DA, UK
| | - Claude Ngwayu Nkfusai
- Malaria Consortium, the Green House, 244-254 Cambridge Heath Rd, London, E2 9DA, UK
- Department of Public Health, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Helen Hawkings
- Malaria Consortium, the Green House, 244-254 Cambridge Heath Rd, London, E2 9DA, UK
| | - Blanka Homolova
- Malaria Consortium, the Green House, 244-254 Cambridge Heath Rd, London, E2 9DA, UK
| | - Elizabeth Berryman
- Malaria Consortium, the Green House, 244-254 Cambridge Heath Rd, London, E2 9DA, UK
| | - Maxwell Kolawole
- Malaria Consortium, the Green House, 244-254 Cambridge Heath Rd, London, E2 9DA, UK
| | - Yakouba Zoungrana
- Malaria Consortium, the Green House, 244-254 Cambridge Heath Rd, London, E2 9DA, UK
| | - Dorothy Achu
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Public Health, P.O Box 14386, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Samuel Wanji
- Department for Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O Box 12, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment, Buea, Cameroon
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Casella A, Monroe A, Toso M, Hunter G, Underwood C, Pillai R, Hughes J, Van Lith LM, Cash S, Hwang J, Babalola S. Understanding psychosocial determinants of malaria behaviours in low-transmission settings: a scoping review. Malar J 2024; 23:15. [PMID: 38200574 PMCID: PMC10782749 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04831-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent estimates show progress toward malaria elimination is slowing in many settings, underscoring the need for tailored approaches to fight the disease. In addition to essential structural changes, human behaviour plays an important role in elimination. Engagement in malaria behaviours depends in part on psychosocial determinants such as knowledge, perceived risk, and community norms. Understanding the state of research on psychosocial determinants in low malaria transmission settings is important to augment social and behaviour change practice. This review synthesizes research on psychosocial factors and malaria behaviours in low-transmission settings. METHODS A systematic search of peer-reviewed literature and supplemental manual search of grey literature was conducted using key terms and eligibility criteria defined a priori. Publications from 2000-2020 in the English language were identified, screened, and analysed using inductive methods to determine the relationship between the measured psychosocial factors and malaria behaviours. RESULTS Screening of 961 publications yielded 96 for inclusion. Nineteen articles collected data among subpopulations that are at increased risk of malaria exposure in low-transmission settings. Purposive and cluster randomized sampling were common sampling approaches. Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods study designs were used. Knowledge, attitudes, and perceived risk were commonly measured psychosocial factors. Perceived response-efficacy, perceived self-efficacy, and community norms were rarely measured. Results indicate positive associations between malaria knowledge and attitudes, and preventive and care-seeking behaviour. Studies generally report high rates of correct knowledge, although it is comparatively lower among studies of high-risk groups. There does not appear to be sufficient extant evidence to determine the relationship between other psychosocial variables and behaviour. CONCLUSIONS The review highlights the need to deploy more consistent, comprehensive measures of psychosocial factors and the importance of reaching subpopulations at higher risk of transmission in low transmission contexts. Malaria-related knowledge is generally high, even in settings of low transmission. Programmes and research should work to better understand the psychosocial factors that have been positively associated with prevention and care-seeking behaviours, such as norms, perceived response efficacy, perceived self-efficacy, and interpersonal communication. These factors are not necessarily distinct from that which research has shown are important in settings of high malaria transmission. However, the importance of each factor and application to malaria behaviour change programming in low-transmission settings is an area in need of further research. Existing instruments and approaches are available to support more systematic collection of psychosocial determinants and improved sampling approaches and should be applied more widely. Finally, while human behaviour is critical, health systems strengthening, and structural interventions are essential to achieve malaria elimination goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Casella
- Breakthrough ACTION Project, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA.
| | - April Monroe
- Breakthrough ACTION Project, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Michael Toso
- Breakthrough ACTION Project, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Gabrielle Hunter
- Breakthrough ACTION Project, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Carol Underwood
- Breakthrough ACTION Project, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
- Department of Health, Behavior, & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Ruchita Pillai
- Breakthrough ACTION Project, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Jayme Hughes
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Lynn M Van Lith
- Breakthrough ACTION Project, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Shelby Cash
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jimee Hwang
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stella Babalola
- Breakthrough ACTION Project, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
- Department of Health, Behavior, & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
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Addis D, Gebeyehu Wondmeneh T. Assessment of malaria prevention knowledge, attitude, and practice and associated factors among households living in rural malaria-endemic areas in the Afar Pastoral Region of Ethiopia. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1258594. [PMID: 37927858 PMCID: PMC10623115 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1258594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria morbidity has reduced significantly in most regions of Ethiopia, but it is still a serious issue in the northeast, particularly in the Afar region. Objective The study aimed to evaluate household heads' knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward malaria prevention and its associated factors in rural Ada'ar woreda district in the Afar region. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 422 households living in Ada'ar woreda district. A systematic sampling technique was used to select households. A pre-tested, structured questionnaire was used to interview randomly selected adult household heads. Frequency and percentage were computed. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between independent and dependent variables. Statistical significance was considered to be a p-value <0.05. Results Nearly two-thirds (64.2%) of household heads had good knowledge of malaria prevention, and 46.9% had a positive attitude toward it. About 17.3 and 56.9% of study participants had good malaria prevention practices and good healthcare seeking behaviors, respectively. Illiterate (AOR = 2.62, 95% CI: 1.49-4.63) and low-income (AOR = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.2-5.6) participants were more likely to have poor knowledge of malaria prevention (malaria signs and symptoms, malaria transmissions, and malaria prevention methods). Married participants (AOR = 2.52, 95% CI: 1.02-6.29) and illiterates (AOR = 2.83, 95% CI: 1.69-4.73) had negative attitudes toward malaria prevention. Household heads with poor knowledge of malaria prevention had 85% higher rates of practicing poor malaria prevention methods (regular bed nets used; AOR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.2-2.8). Young adults (18-25 years) were more likely to have poor healthcare seeking behaviors (AOR = 3.5, 95% CI: 1.73-7.1), while pastoralists had a lower likelihood (AOR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.28-0.8). Conclusion Knowledge, attitude, and practices toward malaria prevention remain a problem in malaria-endemic rural areas of the Afar region of Ethiopia. There is a need for the implementation of interventions that will focus on increasing knowledge of malaria prevention and encouraging positive attitudes toward it, as well as promoting regular bed net usage and healthcare seeking behaviors.
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Adum P, Agyare VA, Owusu-Marfo J, Agyeman YN. Knowledge, attitude and practices of malaria preventive measures among mothers with children under five years in a rural setting of Ghana. Malar J 2023; 22:268. [PMID: 37700321 PMCID: PMC10498521 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04702-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a major public health concern around the world, particularly in resource-constrained countries. Malaria still accounts for 40% of all Out-Patient Department (OPD) cases in Ghana, with children under the age of five being the most vulnerable group. The study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of malaria preventive measures among mothers with children under 5 years old in a rural setting in Ghana. METHODS A cross-sectional study design with a quantitative approach was used in this study. The study was facility based and involved the use of interviewer administered questionnaires to collect data from 281 mothers with children under the age of five. Simple random sampling method was used to select the respondents. The data collected was analysed using the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 22 and results presented in tables. RESULTS There were 281 mothers, with 59.4% having children at the age of a year. The findings revealed that the majority of participants have a high level of knowledge about malaria's causes, signs, and symptoms. Again, the majority of participants demonstrated a positive attitude toward malaria prevention, such as seeking treatment at a hospital within 24 h of suspecting their children had malaria and demonstrating good knowledge of malaria prevention practices. Despite this, 35.5% of respondents were not actively engaged in malaria prevention practices in a day prior to the interview. Respondents' occupation, level of education, and religion had a statistically significant association with mothers' attitude towards prevention (p-values < 0.05 and 0.01). CONCLUSION The study's findings clearly demonstrate that the majority of mothers were knowledgeable about the causes, signs and symptoms, and preventive measures of malaria in children under the age of five. There was also statistically significant association between mothers' demographic information, including level of education, occupation, religion, and their attitude towards malaria prevention. A keen interest should be directed toward the consistent application of low-cost preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Adum
- Kintampo Municipal Government Hospital, Bono East Region, Kintampo, Ghana
| | - Veronica Adwoa Agyare
- Ghana College of Nurses and Midwives, Kumasi, Ashanti Region, Ghana
- Ministry of Health Training Institution, SDA Nursing & Midwifery Training College Kwadaso, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Joseph Owusu-Marfo
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Northern Region, Ghana.
| | - Yaa Nyarko Agyeman
- Department of Population and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Northern Region, Ghana
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Nadia J, Wang Y, Li G, Sun L, Mmadi SA, Abdallah KS, Abdallah AM, Shu L, Bacar A, Deng C, Huang X, Zhou X, Song J, Lu F. KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND PRACTICES TOWARD MALARIA AND ANTIMALARIAL MASS DRUG ADMINISTRATION AMONG HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS IN VILLAGES ON GRANDE COMORE ISLAND, THE COMOROS. J Parasitol 2023; 109:187-199. [PMID: 37270766 DOI: 10.1645/22-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) surveys on malaria and antimalarial mass drug administration (MDA) have not received much attention in the Union of the Comoros. This study is a household-based cross-sectional survey using a multi-stage sampling technique aiming at investigating KAP toward malaria and antimalarial MDA with artemisinin-piperaquine among heads of households on Grande Comore Island, the largest island of the Comoros. A predefined structured questionnaire containing socio-demographic characteristics and questions about malaria and antimalarial MDA was administered to 1,368 randomly selected heads of households from 10 malaria-endemic villages on Grande Comore Island. The results showed that 81.4% of the heads of households knew that malaria is a transmissible disease, 77.6% recognized mosquitoes as the vectors of malaria, and 70.8% recognized fever as one of the frequent symptoms of malaria; 40.8% of respondents remembered the name of the antimalarial drug used for MDA, and 62.1% remembered the color of the antimalarial tablets; and 65.1% chose to go to a public health center to seek treatment as their first option within 24 hr of the onset of initial malaria symptoms. This study found that most heads of households had a reasonable level of knowledge about malaria and antimalarial MDA. However, only 7.3% obtained full points on all knowledge-related questions. Misconceptions about malaria cause, transmission, diagnostic method, and antimalarial MDA exist in the community of Grande Comore Island. As the Comoros continues to put great efforts to go toward malaria elimination, the community's KAP on malaria and antimalarial MDA is crucial to guarantee the community's long-term adherence to malaria elimination interventions and could become key to guaranteeing malarial elimination in the Comoros. Therefore, there is a great need to improve malaria prevention awareness through strengthening malaria education and promoting behavioral change. Heads of households should be the core target of malaria education and behavioral change for malaria elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Nadia
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Guoming Li
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Salim Abdoulkarim Mmadi
- Ministry of Health, Social Cohesion, Solidarity, and Gender Promotion, Bâtiment de la Fonction Publique, BP 1028, Moroni, the Union of the Comoros
| | - Kamal Said Abdallah
- National Malaria Control Program, Route de la Corniche, BP 5212, Moroni, the Union of the Comoros
| | - Ali Maoulida Abdallah
- Ministry of Health, Social Cohesion, Solidarity, and Gender Promotion, Bâtiment de la Fonction Publique, BP 1028, Moroni, the Union of the Comoros
| | - Lei Shu
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Affane Bacar
- National Malaria Control Program, Route de la Corniche, BP 5212, Moroni, the Union of the Comoros
| | - Changsheng Deng
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Xinan Huang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Xian Zhou
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Jianping Song
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Fangli Lu
- Clinical Laboratory, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Andegiorgish AK, Goitom S, Mesfun K, Hagos M, Tesfaldet M, Habte E, Azeria E, Zeng L. Community knowledge and practice of malaria prevention in Ghindae, Eritrea, a Cross-sectional study. Afr Health Sci 2023; 23:241-254. [PMID: 37545951 PMCID: PMC10398460 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v23i1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about community knowledge and practice towards malaria prevention in Ghindae, Eritrea. METHODOLOGY A community based cross-sectional study design was employed among 380 households. Participants were selected systematically. RESULT More than eight-tenth (86.5%) of the respondents had heard information about malaria preceding the survey; health facilities (54.1%), television (23.7%). Majority (94.2%) mentioned mosquito bite as the main mode of malaria transmission. Fever was the predominantly (89.2%) identified sign/symptoms of malaria. ITN (84.4%) and environmental sanitation (67.3%) were well recognized preventive measures for malaria. Though most households (91%) possess bed nets, but only 37% were ragged on observation. Overall, 64% of the respondents have satisfactory knowledge and 57.3% had adequate practice towards malaria prevention. Malaria knowledge was significantly associated with increased age (p=0.001) and district areas (p=0.022). Malaria prevention practice was significantly associated with Tigrigna and Saho ethnic group (p=0.013), and districts (p=0.02). Districts showed significant difference with an OR=4.56 (95%CI, 1.29-16.09) on knowledge for district 04 and OR=1.98(95%-CI, 1.21-3.26) on practice for district 03 compared to district 01. Knowledge was associated with prevention (OR=1.99, 95%CI, 1.28-3.09). CONCLUSION Overall community knowledge and practice towards malaria prevention were satisfactory. Furthermore, comprehensive community interventions are paramount for effective sustainable control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanuel Kidane Andegiorgish
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China
- School of Public Health, Asmara College of Health Sciences, Asmara Eritrea
| | | | | | | | | | - Eyasu Habte
- School of Public Health, Asmara College of Health Sciences, Asmara Eritrea
| | - Eyob Azeria
- School of Public Health, Asmara College of Health Sciences, Asmara Eritrea
| | - Lingxia Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China
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Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Malaria Control in Africa: A Preliminary Analysis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8010067. [PMID: 36668974 PMCID: PMC9863638 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a significant public health concern in Africa, and the emerging coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may have negatively impacted malaria control. Here, we conducted a descriptive epidemiological analysis of malaria globally, and preliminarily explored the impact of COVID-19 on the malaria elimination program in regions of Africa (AFR). The present analysis found that there was a vast heterogeneity of incidence of deaths caused by malaria globally in different continents, and the highest malaria burden was observed in AFR. In 2020, there was an obviously increasing trend in the malaria epidemic in AFR, while the other four continents exhibited stable and declining patterns. Historically, malaria has been largely concentrated in high-malaria-burden regions, such as West Africa, and there has been an obvious increasing trend in Nigeria. These data suggest that dynamic changes in the malaria epidemic situation worldwide have primarily originated from AFR, and West Africa has played an important role in the global malaria increase in recent years. Under the coercion of COVID-19, multiple factors have co-driven the increase in malaria in AFR, including insufficient financial investments, a high native malaria burden, weak surveillance systems, limited medical resources, and low socioeconomic development levels. In addition, the shift of medical resources (e.g., health workers and personal protective equipment (PPE), the manufacturing of diagnostic reagents, and drugs) from malaria control to emergency COVID-19 response in the pandemic's early stage caused disruptions, reductions, and delays in pillar malaria control measures, leading to a significant negative impact on malaria control. In particular, a funding shortfall at both the international and domestic levels led to a "significant threat," resulting in vast gaps in access to proven malaria control tools. Although there has been a declining trend in malaria control over time due to COVID-19, the effect still cannot be ignored. Hence, we recommend the implementation of medical and technical resource assistance as a priority strategy to support Africa (West Africa) in order to curb further transmission.
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Malaria prevention knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) among adolescents living in an area of persistent transmission in Senegal: Results from a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274656. [PMID: 36454893 PMCID: PMC9714833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While malaria morbidity has sharply declined in several areas in Senegal, it remains an important problem in the southern part of the country, particularly among adolescents. Understanding adolescents' knowledge, attitudes, prevention and care-seeking practices is important to inform more targeted interventions aimed at optimizing adolescents' uptake of malaria prevention and control measures. This study assessed malaria-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) among adolescents living in a highly persistent transmission area in Senegal. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among 391 adolescents living in the Saraya health district. A multistage random sampling technique was used to select households. An electronic questionnaire developed on Open Data Kit (ODK), was used to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics, household assets, adolescents' knowledge of malaria, as well as their attitudes with regards to malaria prevention, and care-seeking behaviors. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess factors associated with adolescents' KAP towards malaria. RESULTS Nearly, one-third of the participants had good knowledge of malaria (34.4%) and good practice in regards to malaria preventive measures (32.8%) while 59.0% had a positive attitude and 73.8% had good care-seeking behavior regarding malaria. Multivariate analysis revealed that a primary (aOR = 5.43, p = 0.002) or secondary level of education (aOR = 10.41, p = 0.000) was associated with good knowledge of malaria transmission, signs, and prevention measures. Male individuals had lower knowledge compared to female ones (aOR = 0.40, p = 0.001). Individuals belonging to households from the highest wealth quintile were more likely to have a positive attitude towards malaria compared to those from households in the lowest wealth quintile (aOR = 3.49, p = 0.004). The odds of positive attitude towards malaria decreased among participants with koranic and primary education level, respectively (aOR = 0.14, p = 0.005) and (aOR = 0.24, p = 0.019). A positive attitude was 1.89 more likely to be (aOR = 1.89, p = 0.026) associated with good practice of prevention measures compared to adolescents who demonstrated negative attitudes. Individuals from households in the fourth (aOR = 0.42, p = 0.024), middle (aOR = 0.34, P = 0.005), and second (aOR = 0.42, p = 0.027) wealth quintiles were less likely to use malaria prevention measures compared to those from households in the highest wealth quintile. CONCLUSION The study revealed that adolescents, generally have poor levels of malaria knowledge and low uptake of malaria prevention and control interventions. Targeted interventions for high-risk adolescents are needed, that focus on improving their knowledge of the disease and effective preventive measures, and on increasing their access to health care services and LLINs.
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Prevention of Malaria in Pregnancy: What Do the Pregnant Women of Nigeria Know and Do about It? Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2022; 2022:7061548. [PMID: 36438171 PMCID: PMC9699741 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7061548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We assessed knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding two malaria prevention measures (long-lasting impregnated mosquito nets, LLINs, and intermittent preventative therapy with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP)) among pregnant women in Nigeria. Methods Pregnant women selected from among the four communities of Nnewi were interviewed by using a semistructured, interviewer-administered questionnaire on the respondents' demography, knowledge of the cause, consequences, and malaria prevention methods. Also, a total of 48 focused group discussions, 24 key informant interviews, and 24 in-depth interviews were held among women leaders, village heads, pregnant women, community health workers, husbands of pregnant wives, and drug and insecticide-treated net sellers. Results A total of 384 women (88.0% third trimester, 90.0% literate, and 41.1% primigravidae) participated. About 80.0% suffered from malaria during their current pregnancy. The majority was aware of the cause of malaria, local name of malaria, mode of transmission, risk of malaria among pregnant women, etc. However, their knowledge and attitude were inadequate regarding the symptomatology and complications of malaria in pregnancy, benefits of sleeping under the net or taking chemoprophylactic doses, or the concurrent use of both. About 80.0% had LLINs, yet only 41.5% slept under it the previous night. Only 31.0% had IPTp-SP doses under direct observation. Only 35.9% had a good understanding of IPTp-SP during pregnancy. Conclusion Our work presents important practice gaps associated with the prevention of malaria during pregnancy. The pregnant women seemed to be aware of the basic concepts related to malaria but that does not translate into adequate attitude and practice necessary for malaria reduction.
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A malaria knowledge, attitudes and practice survey in a rural community in Guinea. Malar J 2022; 21:329. [PMCID: PMC9663183 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Malaria is the top public health problem in the Republic of Guinea, with more than 4 million cases and 10,000 deaths in 2021 among a population of approximately 13 million. It is also the second highest cause of death there. The purpose of this quantitative survey in a rural area of Guinea was to understand knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) about malaria and to assess water and sanitation practices among community members.
Methods
In 2016, the authors conducted a cross-sectional household survey in Timbi-Touni, Guinea using community workers. The survey included respondent demographic characteristics, malaria knowledge, child health, water and sanitation, and health services access. Malaria knowledge and sleeping under bed nets were the primary outcome variables and multiple logistic regression was used to determine odds ratios.
Results
Majority of the respondents were women (89.41%) and had never been to school (71.18%). Slightly more than half the children were reported to have ever had malaria and 45% reported to have ever had diarrhoea. There was no statistically significant association between gender or level of education and malaria knowledge. Eighty six percent of respondents had received a free bed net during national campaigns and 61% slept under a bed net the night before the survey. Knowing mosquitoes to be the cause of malaria and receiving free bed net were significantly associated with sleeping under a bed net. There was no statistically significant association between drinking water source and malaria or diarrhoea.
Conclusions
Both malaria and diarrhoea were considered to be serious illnesses for adults and children by nearly all respondents. Receiving free bed nets and having correct knowledge about malaria were the greatest predictors of sleeping under a bed net. Insights from this detailed KAP survey—such as focusing on radio to transmit malaria prevention information and reinforcing free malaria treatments—can guide policy makers and practitioners who design and implement malaria control and prevention measures in Guinea.
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Kader Maideen SF, Rashid A, Ahmad NI, Zahari SNA, Hamat RA. Sero-prevalence of malaria and the knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to the prevention of malaria among indigenous people living in the central forest spine in Peninsular Malaysia: a mixed-methods study. Malar J 2022; 21:281. [PMID: 36192733 PMCID: PMC9528153 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04293-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is still a major public health threat in some parts of the world. Many countries are targeting to achieve malaria free status country. This study aimed to determine the sero-prevalence of malaria and the knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to the prevention of malaria among the indigenous adults living in the central forest spine in Peninsular Malaysia. Methods A mixed method study was conducted in indigenous settlements in 2020. Blood film for malaria parasite (BFMP) was used to diagnose malaria in this study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from the participants. For the qualitative data, in-depth interviews were conducted and data was collected until data saturation was reached. Multiple linear regression was used to determine the predictors after adjusting for confounders. A p-value of < 0.05 is considered as statistically significant. Meaningful statements from the in-depth interviews were assigned to the relevant codes using NVivo version 12 software. Results A total of 284 indigenous people participated in the study. The prevalence of malaria in this study was 0%. Those in the middle age group between 25 and 41 years and tested positive for malaria previously were significantly more likely to have better knowledge and attitude scores. Significant correlations were also observed between knowledge-attitude and knowledge-practice. For the qualitative results, most of the respondents were unsure of monkey malaria, but all were aware of human malaria. Conclusion The present study highlighted the absence of malaria in the study population and relatively good knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to the prevention of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdul Rashid
- Department of Public Health Medicine, RCSI and UCD Malaysia Campus, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nur Indah Ahmad
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | | | - Rukman Awang Hamat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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Djoufounna J, Bamou R, Mayi MPA, Kala-Chouakeu NA, Tabue R, Awono-Ambene P, Achu-Fosah D, Antonio-Nkondjio C, Tchuinkam T. Population knowledge, attitudes and practices towards malaria prevention in the locality of Makenene, Centre-Cameroon. Malar J 2022; 21:234. [PMID: 35932025 PMCID: PMC9356395 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04253-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To contribute to the mission of the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) and guide future interventions in Cameroon in general, and in Makenene in particular, this study assessed the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the population of Makenene towards the fight against malaria. Methods Using a semi-structured questionnaire, a descriptive cross-sectional household community survey was carried out in randomly selected households in Makenene, a locality situated between forest and savannah ecotypes. Results Out of the 413 households surveyed, all (100%) claimed to have heard of malaria with over 94% (n = 391) associating disease transmission with mosquito bites. The main mosquito control tools used in the area were mosquito nets (92.25%). The majority of participants had good knowledge (55.93%; n = 231), good practices (71.67%, n = 296) but moderate attitudes (47.94%; n = 198) towards malaria control and fight. Good knowledge and practices were recorded mostly in educated persons including public servants and students. Good attitudes were adopted mostly by public servants and students of secondary and higher levels of education. Conclusion In Makenene, the population exhibits good knowledge and practices towards malaria and its control. However, despite high LLINs ownership and use, people still complain about malaria in the area. Control tools should be monitored, repaired or replaced when necessary to support the achievement of the NMCP mission. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04253-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Djoufounna
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Roland Bamou
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon. .,Organisation de Coordination Pour La Lutte Contre Les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon. .,Aix Marseille Université, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, UMR Vecteurs-Infections Tropicales Et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France.
| | - Marie Paul Audrey Mayi
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Nelly Armanda Kala-Chouakeu
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon.,Organisation de Coordination Pour La Lutte Contre Les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Raymond Tabue
- Ministry of Public Health, National Malaria Control Programme, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Organisation de Coordination Pour La Lutte Contre Les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Dorothy Achu-Fosah
- Ministry of Public Health, National Malaria Control Programme, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Organisation de Coordination Pour La Lutte Contre Les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Timoléon Tchuinkam
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon.
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Tilaye T, Tessema B, Alemu K. High asymptomatic malaria among seasonal migrant workers departing to home from malaria endemic areas in northwest Ethiopia. Malar J 2022; 21:184. [PMID: 35690823 PMCID: PMC9188248 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04211-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Ethiopia, thousands of seasonal migrant workers travel from non-malaria or mild malaria transmission areas to malaria-endemic areas for seasonal farm activities. Most of these migrants stay in the farm areas for land preparation, plowing, planting, weeding, and harvesting for a specific period and return to their living areas. However, there is limited evidence of how seasonal migrant workers contribute to the transmission of malaria to new or less malaria transmission areas. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted at the departure phase of seasonal migrant workers in the Metema district from September 2018 to October 2019. A total of 1208 seasonal migrant workers were interviewed during their departure from farm sites to their homes. The face-to-face interviews were performed using a pretested structured questionnaire. Moreover, blood samples were collected from each study participant for microscopic malaria parasite examination. The data were fitted with the logistic regression model to estimate the predictors of malaria transmission. Results At departure to home, the prevalence of malaria among seasonal migrant workers was 17.5% (15.6–19.45%). Approximately 71.80% (177/212) of the cases were Plasmodium falciparum, and 28.20% (35/212) were Plasmodium vivax. Most seasonal migrant workers 934 (77.4%) were from rural residences and highlanders 660 (55%). Most 661 (55.4%) of the migrants visited two and more farm sites during their stay at development corridors for harvesting activities. Approximately 116 (54.7%) asymptomatic malaria cases returned to the Dembia 46 (21.7%), Chilaga 46 (19.8%) and Metema 28 (13.2%) districts. Conclusion In this study, asymptomatic malaria remains high among seasonal migrant workers departing to home from malaria endemic areas. This may fuel a resurgence of malaria transmission in the high lands and cause challenges to the country's malaria prevention and elimination efforts. Hence, tailored interventions for seasonal migrant workers could be in place to enhance malaria control and elimination in Ethiopia, such as asymptomatic malaria test and treat positive cases at departure and transit, and integration between malaria officers at their origin and departure for further follow-up to decrease any risk of spread at the origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Tilaye
- Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Belay Tessema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Kassahun Alemu
- Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Hasabo EA, Khalid RI, Mustafa GE, Taha RE, Abdalla RS, Mohammed RA, Haroun MS, Adil R, Khalil RA, Mansour RM, Mohamed RK, Awadalla H. Treatment-seeking behaviour, awareness and preventive practice toward malaria in Abu Ushar, Gezira state, Sudan: a household survey experience from a rural area. Malar J 2022; 21:182. [PMID: 35690814 PMCID: PMC9188226 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04207-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Usage of mosquito bed nets and the practice of other prevention methods are essential for the prevention of malaria in endemic areas. Proper community knowledge about malaria and prompt treatment-seeking behaviour for early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for eliminating the disease. This study aimed to assess the awareness, treatment-seeking behaviour, and prevention practices towards malaria in Abu Ushar, Gezira State, Sudan. Methods A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in March 2021, including 310 households in Abu Ushar, Aljazeera, Sudan. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with head of the household using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data were entered and analysed using R software. Results A total of 310 households were enrolled in this study. Sixty per cent had children under the age of 5 years. The majority of these households (94.8%) had a history of malaria in the past 12 months. Overall, awareness of malaria was good; 197 (63.5%) households had bed nets in their houses; 75.8% of total households identified fever with shivering as a symptom of malaria. Regarding treatment-seeking behaviour, 77.9% seek treatment from the nearby primary health centre, and 60% seek treatment within the first day. Only 45.3% stated that everyone in the household sleeps under bed nets. Conclusion High awareness about malaria and preventive measures was found among participants in households. Most households had previous infections with malaria. Therefore, an interventional programme should be established in this area to reduce this high rate of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rawan I Khalid
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Ruaa E Taha
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Riham S Abdalla
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Mazin S Haroun
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Rawaa Adil
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Riham A Khalil
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Rawaa M Mansour
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Reham K Mohamed
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Heitham Awadalla
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
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Guntur RD, Kingsley J, Islam FMA. Malaria treatment-seeking behaviour and its associated factors: A cross-sectional study in rural East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263178. [PMID: 35120136 PMCID: PMC8815915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The World Health Organization recommends seeking medical treatment within 24 hours after transmission of malaria to reduce the risk of severe complications and its onwards spread. However, in some parts of Indonesia, including East Nusa Tenggara Province (ENTP), this adherence is not achieved for a range of reasons including delays in visiting health centres. This study aims to determine factors related to the poor understanding of appropriate malaria treatment-seeking behaviour (AMTSB) of rural adults in ENTP. AMTSB was defined as seeking treatment at professional health facilities within 24 hours of the onset of malaria symptoms. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in the East Sumba, Belu, and East Manggarai district of ENTP between October and December 2019. A multi-stage cluster sampling procedure was applied to enrol 1503 participants aged between 18 and 89 years of age. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to assess significant factors associated with the poor understanding of AMTSB. Results Eighty-six percent of participants were found to be familiar with the term malaria. However, poor understanding level of AMTSB in rural adults of ENTP achieved 60.4% with a 95% confidence interval (CI): 56.9–63.8. Poor understanding of AMTSB was significantly higher for adults with no education (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 3.42, 95% CI: 1.81, 6.48) compared to those with a diploma or above education level; having low SES (AOR: 1.87, 95% CI: 1.19, 2.96) compared to those having high SES; residing at least three kilometres (km) away from the nearest health facilities (AOR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.2, 2.5) compared to those living within one km from the nearest health service; and working as farmer (AOR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.01–2.63) compared to those working at government or non-government sector. Whilst, other factors such as ethnicity and family size were not associated with the poor understanding of AMTSB. Conclusion The proportion of rural adults having a poor understanding of AMTSB was high leading to ineffective implementation of artemisinin-based combination therapies as the method to treat malaria in ENTP. Improving awareness of AMTSB for rural adults having low level education, low SES, working as a farmer, and living at least three km from the nearest health facilities is critical to support the efficacy of malaria treatment in ENTP. This method will support the Indonesian government’s objective to achieve malaria elimination by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robertus Dole Guntur
- Department of Health Science and Biostatistics, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Nusa Cendana University, Kupang, NTT, Indonesia
- * E-mail:
| | - Jonathan Kingsley
- Department of Health Science and Biostatistics, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
- Centre of Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fakir M. Amirul Islam
- Department of Health Science and Biostatistics, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
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Guntur RD, Kingsley J, Islam FMA. Malaria awareness of adults in high, moderate and low transmission settings: A cross-sectional study in rural East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259950. [PMID: 34780554 PMCID: PMC8592438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The 2009 Indonesian roadmap to malaria elimination indicated that the nation had been progressing towards achieving malaria elimination by 2030. Currently, most of the districts in the western part of Indonesia have eliminated malaria; however, none of the districts in the East Nusa Tenggara Province (ENTP) have met these set targets. This study aimed to investigate the status of malaria awareness of rural adults in the ENTP. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted between October and December 2019 in high, moderate, and low malaria-endemic settings (MESs) in the ENTP. After obtaining informed consent, data were collected using an interviewer-administered structure questionnaire among 1503 participants recruited by a multi-stage cluster sampling method. A malaria awareness index was developed based on ten questions. A binary logistic regression method was applied to investigate the significance of any association between malaria awareness and the different MESs. Results The participation rate of the study was 99.5%. Of this number, 51.4% were female and 45.5% had completed primary education. The malaria awareness index was significantly low (48.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 45.2–52.4). Malaria awareness of rural adults residing in low endemic settings was two times higher than for those living in high endemic settings (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.41, 95% CI: 1.81–3.21) and the basic malaria knowledge of participants living in low malaria-endemic settings was almost four times higher than that in high endemic settings (AOR: 3.75, 95% CI: 2.75–5.11). Of the total participants, 81.3% (95% CI: 79.1–83.5) were aware that malaria could be prevented and 75.1% (95% CI: 72.6–77.6) knew at least one prevention measure. Overall, the awareness of fever as the main symptom of malaria, mosquito bites as the transmission mode of malaria, and seeking treatment within 24 hours of suffering from malaria was poor at 37.9% (95% CI: 33.9–41.9), 59.1% (95% CI: 55.9–62.3), and 46.0% (95% CI: 42.3–49.7), respectively. The poor level of awareness was significantly different amongst the three MESs, with the lowest levels of awareness in the high endemic setting. Conclusion Malaria awareness of rural adults needs to be improved to address Indonesia’s national roadmap for malaria elimination. Results indicated that public health programs at a local government level should incorporate the malaria awareness index in their key strategic intervention to address malaria awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robertus Dole Guntur
- Department of Health Science and Biostatistics, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Nusa Cendana University, Kupang, NTT, Indonesia
- * E-mail:
| | - Jonathan Kingsley
- Department of Health and Medical Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
- Centre of Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fakir M. Amirul Islam
- Department of Health Science and Biostatistics, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
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Zenu S, Abebe E, Dessie Y, Debalke R, Berkessa T, Reshad M. Co-occurrence of Behavioral Risk Factors of Non-communicable Diseases and Social Determinants among Adults in Urban Centers of Southwestern Ethiopia in 2020: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. J Multidiscip Healthc 2021; 14:1561-1570. [PMID: 34194229 PMCID: PMC8236571 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s313741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-communicable diseases are priority global health problems. Smoking, harmful alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and an unhealthy diet are four behavioral risk factors of these diseases. Studies in Ethiopia have focused on establishing associations between these factors and incommunicable diseases. Objective To assess the prevalence, co-occurrence, and social determinants of behavioral risk factors of non-communicable diseases among adults in urban centers of southwestern Ethiopia. Methods This study employed a cross-sectional design. Multistage sampling and the Kish method were used. The WHO's STEPS instrument was used for data collection. Proportions and other descriptive measures are used to describe the data. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was run to assess associations. Associations between dependent and independent variables were determined using AORs, 95% CIs, and significance level of P=0.05. Results A total of 1,191 adults participated in the study for a 93.3% response rate. In sum, 4.8% of participants were smokers and 15.6% indulge in harmful drinking. Prevalence of physical inactivity was 60.45%, and 94.8% consumed insufficient fruit and vegetables. Regarding co-occurrence of these factors, 65.5% of participants had two or more behavioral risk factors. Female sex (AOR 3.1, 95% CI 1.8-5.5), no formal employment (AOR 1.9, 95% CI 1.02-3.7), greater wealth (AOR 2.44, 95% CI 1.1-5.1), not having a friend who does physical exercise (AOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.5-4.7), having friends who do not drink (AOR 0.20, 95% CI 0.09-0.44), and participating in community activities (AOR 2.95, 95% CI 1.4-6.0) were associated with co-occurrence of behavioral risk factors of non-communicable diseases. Conclusion The prevalence and co-occurrence of behavioral risk factors of non-communicable diseases in the study area are alarming. Several factors were associated with co-occurrence of these factors. Community-based interventions have to be implemented considering family settings. Special focus has to be given to physical inactivity and fruit and vegetable consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabit Zenu
- Department of Public Health, Mettu University, Mettu, Ethiopia
| | - Endegena Abebe
- Department of Biomedical Science, Mettu University, Mettu, Ethiopia
| | | | - Rukiya Debalke
- Department of Public Health, Mettu University, Mettu, Ethiopia
| | | | - Mohammed Reshad
- Department of Public Health, Mettu University, Mettu, Ethiopia
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Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) of Human Populations towards Malaria Control in Four Ecoepidemiological Settings in Cameroon. J Trop Med 2021; 2021:9925135. [PMID: 34221028 PMCID: PMC8213476 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9925135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a major public health problem in Cameroon. Critical steps to improve disease control include assessing human population adherence to vector control interventions, especially in areas with different cultural backgrounds. The present study seeks to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of populations towards malaria prevention in four ecoepidemiological settings in Cameroon. A cross-sectional malaria KAP survey was conducted from August to September 2019 in households of the localities of Kaélé, Tibati, Bertoua, and Santchou. A semistructured questionnaire was administered to randomly selected households in the localities. Data recorded were analysed using SPSS v. 20 and MedCalc v14.8.1. A total of 739 households were surveyed. The majority of participants had a secondary level of education (48.71%). A substantial number of participants (over 90%) in all the localities were able to make an accurate association between malaria and mosquito bites. The main sources of information for community members were television sets in Santchou and Tibati and interpersonal conversations in Bertoua and Kaélé. Mosquito nets were the most commonly used protective measure against malaria, and the majority of nets in households came from the free-of-charge mass distribution campaigns organized by the government. Participants with secondary and higher levels of education were more aware of good practices towards malaria control compared to those with a primary level of education. The study revealed that populations' KAP differed according to localities and culture. More sensitization and education need to be done to improve adherence to prevention programs.
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20
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Tilaye T, Tessema B, Alemu K. Malaria Infection is High at Transit and Destination Phases Among Seasonal Migrant Workers in Development Corridors of Northwest Ethiopia: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study. Res Rep Trop Med 2021; 12:107-121. [PMID: 34079425 PMCID: PMC8165298 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s306001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Malaria is a leading public health problem in Ethiopia. Every year, thousands of seasonal farm workers travel to farm corridors in Northwest Ethiopia and fall at risk of malaria infection. However, the magnitude of malaria infection and risk factors during harvest time were not well identified. This study aimed at estimating the prevalence and risk factors of malaria infection among seasonal migrant workers in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A repeated cross-sectional study was conducted at transit and destination phases in Metema district from September 15, 2018 to October 30, 2019. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. A capillary blood sample was collected to examine infection with malaria parasite using a microscope. A multivariate logistic regression technique was used to determine risk factors. Results The malaria prevalence at transit and destination phases among migrant workers was 13.5% (95% CI: 12.07–14.93%) and 18.7% (95% CI: 16.40–21.02%), respectively. The combined prevalence was 16.1% (95% CI: 14.67–17.63%). The odds of malaria infection among migrant workers at the destination phase was 1.5 (OR=1.5, 95% CI 1.167–1.846) times higher compared to the transit phase. Education (AOR=8.198; 95% CI: 4.318–15.564), knowledge of antimalarial drugs (AOR=2.4; 95% CI: 1.43–3.95), and use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (AOR=5.0; 95% CI: 3.34–4.43) were significantly associated with malaria infection at migration phases. Conclusion This study showed that the burden of malaria among seasonal migrant workers was high at transit and destination phases. Malaria prevalence was higher at the destination phase compared to the transit phase. A tailored malaria prevention intervention is needed including awareness creation, screening, treatment, repellent, and prophylaxis at both phases to reduce malaria infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Tilaye
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Belay Tessema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Medical Laboratory, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Kassahun Alemu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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21
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Manana PN, Jewett S, Zikhali J, Dlamini D, Mabaso N, Mlambo Z, Ngobese R, Munhenga G. "Maskandi experience": exploring the use of a cultural song for community engagement in preparation for a pilot Sterile Insect Technique release programme for malaria vector control in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa 2019. Malar J 2021; 20:204. [PMID: 33910575 PMCID: PMC8082840 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03736-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An assessment of the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) as a complementary malaria vector control tool, is at an advanced stage in South Africa. The technique involves the release of laboratory-reared sterilized male mosquitoes of the major malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis, raising social, ethical and regulatory concerns. Therefore, its implementation largely depends on community participation and acceptance. Against this background, it is critical that robust and effective community strategies are developed. This study describes the development of a cultural song to engage the community and increase awareness on SIT and malaria control in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Methods An exploratory concurrent mixed-methods study was conducted to get opinions about the effectiveness of a cultural song developed to engage communities and increase acceptability of the SIT technology. Two self-administered surveys (expert and community) were conducted. Additionally, more in depth opinions of the song and its effectiveness in conveying the intended information were investigated through three community dialogue sessions with community members in the study area. Results A total of 40 experts and 54 community members participated in the survey. Four themes were identified in relation to the appropriateness and effectiveness of the song, with a fifth theme focused on recommendations for adaptations. Overall, the song was well received with the audience finding it entertaining and informative. Responses to unstructured questions posed after the song showed an increase in the knowledge on malaria transmission and SIT technology. In particular, the explanation that male mosquitoes do not bite allayed anxiety and fears about the SIT technology. Conclusion The song was deemed both culturally appropriate and informative in engaging community members about the SIT technology. It proved useful in promoting health messages and conveying SIT technology as a complementary malaria vector control tool. With minor adaptations, the song has potential as an area-wide community engagement tool in areas targeted for sterile male releases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-03736-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinky N Manana
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), Division of National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa. .,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Sara Jewett
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jabulani Zikhali
- Clinton Health Access Initiative, Malaria, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.,Department of Health, Environmental Health, Malaria and Communicable Disease Control, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Dumsani Dlamini
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nondumiso Mabaso
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Zothile Mlambo
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Roxanne Ngobese
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Givemore Munhenga
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), Division of National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa.,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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22
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Kaiser ML, Wood OR, Damiens D, Brooke BD, Koekemoer LL, Munhenga G. Estimates of the population size and dispersal range of Anopheles arabiensis in Northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: implications for a planned pilot programme to release sterile male mosquitoes. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:205. [PMID: 33874984 PMCID: PMC8056555 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04674-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anopheles arabiensis is a major malaria vector, recently implicated as contributing to ongoing residual malaria transmission in South Africa, which feeds and rests both indoors and outdoors. This species is, therefore, not effectively targeted using core malaria vector control interventions alone. Additionally, increasing resistance to available insecticides necessitates investigations into complementary non-insecticide-based vector control methods for outdoor-resting mosquitoes. The feasibility of the sterile insect technique (SIT) as a complementary vector control intervention is being investigated in South Africa. Successful implementation of an SIT programme largely depends on inundating a target insect population with sterilized laboratory-bred males. Therefore, knowledge of the native population size and dispersal ability of released sterile laboratory-reared males is critical. In this study, we estimated the male An. arabiensis population size and the dispersal of released males in an area targeted for a pilot sterile male release programme. Methods Three separate releases were performed within a 2-year period. Approximately 5000–15,000 laboratory-reared male An. arabiensis (KWAG) were produced and marked for mark–release–recapture experiments. To recapture released mosquitoes, cloth tubes were deployed in widening concentric circles. The average dispersal distance of released males was calculated and the wild male An. arabiensis population size was estimated using two Lincoln index formulae. The natural population was sampled concurrently and Anopheles species diversity examined. Results The Anopheles gambiae complex and An. funestus group species made up the majority of wild collections along with other anophelines. The An. arabiensis population size was estimated to be between 550 and 9500 males per hectare depending on time of year, weather conditions and method used. Average dispersal distance of marked males ranged from 58 to 86 m. Marked males were found in swarms with wild males, indicating that laboratory-reared males are able to locate and participate in mating swarms. Conclusions It was logistically feasible to conduct mark–release–recapture studies at the current scale. The population size estimates obtained may provide a guideline for the initial number of males to use for a pending SIT pilot trial. It is promising for future SIT trials that laboratory-reared marked males participated in natural swarms, appearing at the right place at the right time. ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04674-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Kaiser
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa. .,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Oliver R Wood
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - David Damiens
- UMR IRD 224, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs-Ecologie-Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD) CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,IRD Réunion/GIP CYROI (Recherche Santé Bio-innovation), Sainte Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
| | - Basil D Brooke
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lizette L Koekemoer
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Givemore Munhenga
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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23
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Munzhedzi M, Rogawski McQuade ET, Guler JL, Shifflett PE, Krivacsy S, Dillingham R, Bessong PO. Community knowledge, attitudes and practices towards malaria in Ha-Lambani, Limpopo Province, South Africa: a cross-sectional household survey. Malar J 2021; 20:188. [PMID: 33865394 PMCID: PMC8052774 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03724-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria remains a global health concern and is endemic in Limpopo, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu Natal Provinces of South Africa, which aims to eliminate malaria by 2025. Community engagement plays a significant role in improving the acceptability and effectiveness of programmes aimed at reducing malaria transmission. The success of such intervention efforts depends on the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of the community, and understanding the KAP of community residents may support malaria control efforts in the locality. In this context, a cross-sectional household survey to assess community KAP on malaria transmission and prevention in the Ha-Lambani village, Vhembe District, Limpopo Province was conducted. Methods Data were collected between November 2018 and May 2019 by questionnaire of 261 consenting adults (213 females and 48 males, aged between 18 and 95 years) selected from different households. Also, a focus group discussion among 13 randomly selected participants was conducted. Pearson’s Chi Square test was used to determine statistical differences by village. Results Study participants (100%, 261/261) were aware of the presence of malaria in their community and 95% associated it with mosquito bites. The local health clinic was the most prominent source of malaria information (85%). Only 22% correctly identified headache, chills and fever as the three most common symptoms of malaria. The majority of participants (98%) knew that effective medication for malaria is available and had a positive treatment-seeking behaviour. Knowledge of malaria prevention measures was high (82%); contrarily, 97% of respondents did not sleep under a bed net the previous night. The focus group data concurred with these results and also revealed that poor bed net use resulted from lack of access to bed nets because community residents could not afford them. Conclusions The study demonstrates that participants have appropriate knowledge about malaria transmission and a positive treatment-seeking behaviour. However, economic barriers are responsible for the inadequate use of bed nets. Therefore, distribution of bed nets to the community should be considered to improve practice of malaria prevention measures. Furthermore, knowledge of signs and symptoms and appropriate malaria treatment was limited, and initiatives to improve awareness on these topics should be continued. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-03724-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukhethwa Munzhedzi
- HIV/AIDS & Global Health Research Programme, and Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Limpopo Province, Thohoyandou, South Africa.
| | | | - Jennifer L Guler
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Piper E Shifflett
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sara Krivacsy
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Rebecca Dillingham
- Center for Global Health Equity, Department of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Pascal O Bessong
- HIV/AIDS & Global Health Research Programme, and Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Limpopo Province, Thohoyandou, South Africa.,Center for Global Health Equity, Department of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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24
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Guntur RD, Kingsley J, Islam FMA. Epidemiology of Malaria in East Nusa Tenggara Province in Indonesia: Protocol for a Cross-sectional Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e23545. [PMID: 33835037 PMCID: PMC8075045 DOI: 10.2196/23545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is a global pandemic that results in approximately 228 million cases globally; 3.5% of these cases are in Southeast Asian countries, including Indonesia. Following the World Health Organization (WHO) initiative, Indonesia is in the process of achieving malaria-free zone status by 2030. However, the eastern part of Indonesia, including the East Nusa Tenggara Province (ENTP), still has a disproportionately high rate of malaria. Objective The aims of this cross-sectional study are to determine the awareness and knowledge, attitude, and practice toward various aspects of malaria among rural adults and their associated factors, including sociodemographic factors and ethnicities; assess the gap between coverage of, access to, and use of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) among the households; estimate the prevalence of and factors associated with malaria in rural adults; and develop a risk prediction model for malaria. Methods A multistage cluster sampling procedure with a systematic random sampling procedure at cluster level 4 was applied to recruit 1503 adults aged 18 years or older from the ENTP. Each participant participated in a face-to-face interview to assess their awareness and knowledge, attitude, and practice toward aspects of malaria, practices of sleeping under LLINs, and history of malaria. Information on sociodemographic, environmental, and lifestyle factors was also documented. The proportion of knowledge, attitude, and practice toward aspects of malaria and their variations across different sociodemographic and ethnic groups will be analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. Coverage and access to LLINs will be evaluated based on the WHO recommendations. Malaria risk factors will be analyzed using logistic regression. Multilevel logistic regression will be applied to estimate the risk score for malaria. Results Of the total participants, 99.46% (1495/1503) of rural adults from 49 villages in the ENTP participated in a face-to-face interview from October to December 2019. The study results are expected to be published in peer-reviewed journals. Conclusions The best malaria risk prediction model will be developed in this study. In this protocol, we developed a methodology to provide new evidence to guide health policy in supporting the ENTP government’s expectation to achieve the malaria-free rating by 2030. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/23545
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Affiliation(s)
- Robertus Dole Guntur
- Department of Health Science and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Nusa Cendana University, Kupang NTT, Indonesia
| | - Jonathan Kingsley
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre of Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fakir M Amirul Islam
- Department of Health Science and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
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Stefopoulou A, LaDeau SL, Syrigou N, Balatsos G, Karras V, Lytra I, Boukouvala E, Papachristos DP, Milonas PG, Kapranas A, Vahamidis P, Michaelakis A. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Survey in Greece before the Implementation of Sterile Insect Technique against Aedes albopictus. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12030212. [PMID: 33801542 PMCID: PMC8000271 DOI: 10.3390/insects12030212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Aedes albopictus, also known as the Asian tiger mosquito, tends to breed in various artificial containers frequently found in urban areas. Since urban areas cannot be easily accessed for the application of control measures, community engagement is considered beneficial in vector control. The area of Vravrona, Greece was selected for the implementation of the sterile insect technique (SIT) against Aedes albopictus for the first time in Greece. In the current study, a door-to-door campaign was used as a prerelease intervention to raise community awareness about SIT and encourage removal of mosquito habitats in their yards. A KAP (knowledge, attitude, practices) survey was used to collect these data of local community members. Our results demonstrate that using the door-to-door campaign as a prerelease method can raise community awareness, reduce the initial mosquito population, and potentially improve SIT efficacy. The participation of key persons, such as scientific experts and municipality members, in the implementation of the interventions is crucial for the successful engagement of community and may prove important in granting permission to enter their private properties for entomological surveillance. Abstract Community involvement in Aedes albopictus management can be very efficient and result in raising awareness among citizens. Toward this end, a door-to-door campaign can encourage active community participation in vector control. The current study describes the results of an intervention where a KAP (knowledge, attitude, practices) survey tool was paired with a door-to-door campaign and was implemented as an intervention method in Vravrona area (Attica, Greece) before the release of sterile males (sterile insect technique, SIT) against Aedes albopictus. The KAP tool was used to shed light on the knowledge, practices, and attitudes of local community members in order to better prepare and motivate participation in household mosquito control and to assess current understanding of SIT. Each household also received specific information about mosquito source habitat in their own yards at the time of the initial KAP survey. These household data were complemented by standardized mosquito trapping in the municipality. Our findings indicate that citizens’ attitude toward SIT ranged from indecisive to fully supportive, while 77.5% of the respondents agreed that the SIT has many advantages over chemical control methods. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that using the door-to-door campaign as an intervention and prerelease method before SIT can suppress the initial mosquito population and potentially improve its efficacy. Lastly, we show that the presence of local municipality officials during door-to-door visits was associated with increased willingness from the residents to participate in the intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Stefopoulou
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Scientific Directorate of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, 14561 Kifissia, Greece; (A.S.); (G.B.); (V.K.); (I.L.); (D.P.P.); (P.G.M.); (A.K.); or (P.V.)
| | | | - Nefeli Syrigou
- Municipality of Markopoulo Mesogaias, 19003 Markopoulo, Greece; (N.S.); (E.B.)
| | - George Balatsos
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Scientific Directorate of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, 14561 Kifissia, Greece; (A.S.); (G.B.); (V.K.); (I.L.); (D.P.P.); (P.G.M.); (A.K.); or (P.V.)
| | - Vasileios Karras
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Scientific Directorate of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, 14561 Kifissia, Greece; (A.S.); (G.B.); (V.K.); (I.L.); (D.P.P.); (P.G.M.); (A.K.); or (P.V.)
| | - Ioanna Lytra
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Scientific Directorate of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, 14561 Kifissia, Greece; (A.S.); (G.B.); (V.K.); (I.L.); (D.P.P.); (P.G.M.); (A.K.); or (P.V.)
| | | | - Dimitrios P. Papachristos
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Scientific Directorate of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, 14561 Kifissia, Greece; (A.S.); (G.B.); (V.K.); (I.L.); (D.P.P.); (P.G.M.); (A.K.); or (P.V.)
| | - Panagiotis G. Milonas
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Scientific Directorate of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, 14561 Kifissia, Greece; (A.S.); (G.B.); (V.K.); (I.L.); (D.P.P.); (P.G.M.); (A.K.); or (P.V.)
| | - Apostolos Kapranas
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Scientific Directorate of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, 14561 Kifissia, Greece; (A.S.); (G.B.); (V.K.); (I.L.); (D.P.P.); (P.G.M.); (A.K.); or (P.V.)
| | - Petros Vahamidis
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Scientific Directorate of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, 14561 Kifissia, Greece; (A.S.); (G.B.); (V.K.); (I.L.); (D.P.P.); (P.G.M.); (A.K.); or (P.V.)
- Laboratory of Agronomy, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Michaelakis
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Scientific Directorate of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, 14561 Kifissia, Greece; (A.S.); (G.B.); (V.K.); (I.L.); (D.P.P.); (P.G.M.); (A.K.); or (P.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-210-8180248
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Raman J, Gast L, Balawanth R, Tessema S, Brooke B, Maharaj R, Munhenga G, Tshikae P, Lakan V, Mwamba T, Makowa H, Sangweni L, Mkhabela M, Zondo N, Mohulatsi E, Nyawo Z, Ngxongo S, Msimang S, Dagata N, Greenhouse B, Birkholtz LM, Shirreff G, Graffy R, Qwabe B, Moonasar D. High levels of imported asymptomatic malaria but limited local transmission in KwaZulu-Natal, a South African malaria-endemic province nearing malaria elimination. Malar J 2020; 19:152. [PMID: 32295590 PMCID: PMC7161075 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03227-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND KwaZulu-Natal, one of South Africa's three malaria endemic provinces, is nearing malaria elimination, reporting fewer than 100 locally-acquired cases annually since 2010. Despite sustained implementation of essential interventions, including annual indoor residual spraying, prompt case detection using malaria rapid diagnostics tests and treatment with effective artemisinin-based combination therapy, low-level focal transmission persists in the province. This malaria prevalence and entomological survey was therefore undertaken to identify the drivers of this residual transmission. METHODS Malaria prevalence as well as malaria knowledge, attitudes and practices among community members and mobile migrant populations within uMkhanyakude district, KwaZulu-Natal were assessed during a community-based malaria prevalence survey. All consenting participants were tested for malaria by both conventional and highly-sensitive falciparum-specific rapid diagnostic tests. Finger-prick filter-paper blood spots were also collected from all participants for downstream parasite genotyping analysis. Entomological investigations were conducted around the surveyed households, with potential breeding sites geolocated and larvae collected for species identification and insecticide susceptibility testing. A random selection of households were assessed for indoor residual spray quality by cone bioassay. RESULTS A low malaria prevalence was confirmed in the study area, with only 2% (67/2979) of the participants found to be malaria positive by both conventional and highly-sensitive falciparum-specific rapid diagnostic tests. Malaria prevalence however differed markedly between the border market and community (p < 0001), with the majority of the detected malaria carriers (65/67) identified as asymptomatic Mozambican nationals transiting through the informal border market from Mozambique to economic hubs within South Africa. Genomic analysis of the malaria isolates revealed a high degree of heterozygosity and limited genetic relatedness between the isolates supporting the hypothesis of limited local malaria transmission within the province. New potential vector breeding sites, potential vector populations with reduced insecticide susceptibility and areas with sub-optimal vector intervention coverage were identified during the entomological investigations. CONCLUSION If KwaZulu-Natal is to successfully halt local malaria transmission and prevent the re-introduction of malaria, greater efforts need to be placed on detecting and treating malaria carriers at both formal and informal border crossings with transmission blocking anti-malarials, while ensuring optimal coverage of vector control interventions is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaishree Raman
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa. .,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa. .,UP Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | - Laura Gast
- Clinton Health Access Initiative, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Ryleen Balawanth
- Clinton Health Access Initiative, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Sofonias Tessema
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Basil Brooke
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Rajendra Maharaj
- UP Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.,Office of Malaria Research, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Givemore Munhenga
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Power Tshikae
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Vishan Lakan
- Office of Malaria Research, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Tshiama Mwamba
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Hazel Makowa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Lindi Sangweni
- KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Malaria Control Programme, Jozini, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Moses Mkhabela
- KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Malaria Control Programme, Jozini, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Nompumelelo Zondo
- KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Malaria Control Programme, Jozini, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | | | - Zuziwe Nyawo
- KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Malaria Control Programme, Jozini, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Sifiso Ngxongo
- KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Malaria Control Programme, Jozini, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Sipho Msimang
- KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Department of Health, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Nicole Dagata
- Clinton Health Access Initiative, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Lyn-Marie Birkholtz
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - George Shirreff
- Clinton Health Access Initiative, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Rebecca Graffy
- Clinton Health Access Initiative, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Bheki Qwabe
- KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Malaria Control Programme, Jozini, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Devanand Moonasar
- UP Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.,Malaria Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, National Department of Health, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
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27
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Opiyo MA, Paaijmans KP. 'We spray and walk away': wall modifications decrease the impact of indoor residual spray campaigns through reductions in post-spray coverage. Malar J 2020; 19:30. [PMID: 31952538 PMCID: PMC6969461 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-3102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria prevalence has significantly reduced since 2000, largely due to the scale-up of vector control interventions, mainly indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs). Given their success, these tools remain the frontline interventions in the fight against malaria. Their effectiveness relies on three key ingredients: the intervention, the mosquito vector and the end-user. Regarding the intervention, factors such as the insecticide active ingredient(s) used and the durability and/or bio-efficacy of the tool over time are critical. For the vectors, these factors include biting and resting behaviours and the susceptibility to insecticides. Finally, the end-users need to accept and properly use the intervention. Whilst human attitude and behaviour towards LLINs are well-documented both during and after distribution, only initial coverage is monitored for IRS and in a few geographic settings the residual efficacy of the used product. Here, the historical evidence on end-users modifying their wall surfaces post-spraying is presented, a behaviour that has the potential to reduce actual IRS coverage, effectiveness and impact, as fewer people are truly protected. Therefore, clear guidelines on how to monitor IRS acceptability and/or coverage, both before, during and after spraying, are urgently needed as part of the Monitoring and Evaluation of malaria programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercy A Opiyo
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique.
| | - Krijn P Paaijmans
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique.,Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA.,The Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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28
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Aung PL, Pumpaibool T, Soe TN, Kyaw MP. Knowledge, attitude and practice levels regarding malaria among people living in the malaria endemic area of Myanmar. JOURNAL OF HEALTH RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1108/jhr-01-2019-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose
Malaria still remains a significant public health problem in Myanmar and it has a complex epidemiology. Evidence-based community awareness raising interventions are also particularly needed. This cross-sectional study was organized to explore the basic characteristics associated with knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding malaria among people living in the most malaria-endemic villages of the Banmauk Township, Sagaing Region, Myanmar. The paper aims to discuss these issues.
Design/methodology/approach
The Banmauk, one of the most malaria-endemic townships, was selected purposively in order to represent the survey results for people living in malaria hotspots. During the peak malaria season (July 2018), 250 household leaders were invited to be interviewed with structured questionnaires. In addition to descriptive data, the associations were determined by χ2-test and correlation.
Findings
Overall KAP indicated considerably low percentages of good levels, especially in practice, only 21.6 percent showed good practice, 38.4 percent had good knowledge and 56.8 percent had good attitude. Age (p=0.022) and annual family income (p<0.001) were significantly associated with the knowledge level, whereas having fever attacks among family members in the last two weeks (p=0.023) showed statistical association with attitude at a p-value <0.05. Surprisingly, there were no associated variables with malaria practice. In addition, there were negative correlations between knowledge with attitude and knowledge with practice; however, the results were not significant.
Originality/value
The overall KAP regarding malaria was at relatively poor levels among people living in malaria transmission areas. Therefore, new approaches to improve malaria KAP are promptly needed in this community.
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Tesfay K, Yohannes M, Mardu F, Berhe B, Negash H. Assessment of community knowledge, practice, and determinants of malaria case households in the rural area of Raya Azebo district, Northern Ethiopia, 2017. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222427. [PMID: 31613893 PMCID: PMC6794070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Ethiopia malaria is one of the leading causes of outpatient visits and admission. Still, it remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the study area. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the knowledge, practice, and determinant of malaria case households in rural areas of Raya Azebo district, Northern Ethiopia. Method A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in the selected villages of Raya Azebo district from January to June 2017. A multi-stage random sampling method was employed to select a total of 422 study households. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. The household head was interviewed face to face. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the determinant of malaria cases households. Result A total of 412 (97.6) of the respondents had ever heard about malaria. About 63% of households recognized the causes of malaria to be a mosquito bite. Around 173 (41%) of the study households had been treated for malaria within a year of data collection. This study also revealed that the presence of mosquito breeding sites near to home, bed bug infestation, outdoor sleep due to bed bugs and household with poor bed net practicing were significantly associated with malaria case households. Conclusion Although the overall knowledge on malaria transmission, symptoms, and the preventive measure was relatively good, the rate of household insecticide-treated net coverage and utilization were reported low in the area. Therefore, the distribution of adequate bed net with community-based education is a key intervention to promote household insecticide-treated net utilization. In addition, an effective bed bug management strategy is necessary to overcome the outdoor sleeping habit of the community in the area.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Culicidae/parasitology
- Ethiopia/epidemiology
- Family Characteristics
- Female
- Health Education/statistics & numerical data
- Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
- Humans
- Insecticide-Treated Bednets/statistics & numerical data
- Insecticide-Treated Bednets/supply & distribution
- Malaria, Falciparum/epidemiology
- Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology
- Malaria, Falciparum/prevention & control
- Malaria, Falciparum/transmission
- Malaria, Vivax/epidemiology
- Malaria, Vivax/parasitology
- Malaria, Vivax/prevention & control
- Malaria, Vivax/transmission
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mosquito Control/statistics & numerical data
- Rural Population
- Socioeconomic Factors
- Surveys and Questionnaires
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebede Tesfay
- Unit of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Mekonnen Yohannes
- Medical Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Institute of Bio-medical Science, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Fitsum Mardu
- Unit of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | - Brhane Berhe
- Unit of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | - Hadush Negash
- Unit of Microbiology Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
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30
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DePina AJ, Dia AK, de Ascenção Soares Martins A, Ferreira MC, Moreira AL, Leal SV, Pires CM, Moreira JMG, Tavares MF, da Moura AJF, Pereira JM, Faye O, Seck I, Niang EHA. Knowledge, attitudes and practices about malaria in Cabo Verde: a country in the pre-elimination context. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:850. [PMID: 31262268 PMCID: PMC6604228 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria in Cape Verde is unstable, with a sporadic and seasonal transmission of low endemicity. In this sense, the community perceptions regarding malaria transmission, their attitudes and practices against the disease are very important to understand and to better develop the best strategical policies to achieve malaria elimination goal. This study aim to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of Cape Verdean population about malaria, a country in the elimination step of disease. Methods A cross-sectional malaria KAP Survey was performed at the household level. A structured open questionnaire was developed and applied to residents of randomly selected households from 5 islands and 15 municipalities in Cape Verde. Correlation analyses were performed using a logistic regression model to determine the factors that are associated with the complete knowledge of the population about malaria. Results A total of 1953 fully completed questionnaires were analysed, with majority of questionnaires administered in Santiago island (68.3%), mainly in the capital city of Praia, 38.43%. About 88% of the population knew the correct form of transmission, 96% had knowledge that the entire population is at risk of malaria and identified the main symptoms. Regarding the attitudes, 58% seek treatment atthe nearest health structure upon the apparition of the symptoms, 64% in the first 24 h and 88% within the first 48 h. More than 97% have heard about mosquito nets but only 19% used it. In practice, 53% use coils, 45% rely on household sprays and 43% have benefited from IRS. About 90% received information about malaria from media, mainly the TV and the radio (83 and 43%, respectively). In summary, 54% of the population has complete knowledge of the disease. Conclusion The population of Cape Verde has a high level of knowledge about malaria, including its transmission, main symptoms and preventive and control measures. However, some gaps and misunderstandings have been noticed and contribute to the insufficient community involvement in actions against malaria. Therefore, is necessary to increase the knowledge of the population, leading to their full ownership and participation in community actions to contribute to the malaria elimination in the country. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-019-7130-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilson José DePina
- Ecole Doctorale des Sciences de la Vie, de la Santé et de l'Environnement (ED-SEV), Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD) de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal. .,Programa de Pré-Eliminação do Paludismo, CCS-SIDA. Ministério da Saúde e da Segurança Social, Avenida Cidade Lisboa, Prêdio Bô Casa, 1° Andar; CP, 855, Praia, Cabo Verde.
| | - Abdoulaye Kane Dia
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD) de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | | | - Maria Celina Ferreira
- Unidade de Seguimento e Avaliação, CCS-SIDA. Ministério da Saúde e da Segurança Social, Praia, Cabo Verde
| | - António Lima Moreira
- Programa Nacional de Luta contra o Paludismo, Ministério da Saúde e da Segurança Social, Praia, Cabo Verde
| | - Silvania Veiga Leal
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Pública, Praia, Cabo Verde.,Unidade de Unidade Microbiologia Médica; Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cecílio Mendes Pires
- Laboratório de Análises Clínica, Hospital Regional de Santiago Norte, Assomada, Cabo Verde
| | | | - Maria Filomena Tavares
- Rede Nacional de Laboratório, Ministério da Saúde e da Segurança Social, Praia, Cabo Verde
| | | | - José Manuel Pereira
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Cabo Verde, Praia, Cabo Verde.,Laboratório de Engenharia Civil, Praia, Cabo Verde
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD) de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Ibrahima Seck
- Institut de Santé et Développement, Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD) de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - El Hadji Amadou Niang
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD) de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal.,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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31
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Abstract
Background Malaria is an increasing concern in Indonesia. Socio-demographic factors were found to strongly influence malaria prevalence. This research aimed to explore the associations between socio-demographic factors and malaria prevalence in Indonesia. Methods The study used a cross-sectional design and analysed relationships among the explanatory variables of malaria prevalence in five endemic provinces using multivariable logistic regression. Results The analysis of baseline socio-demographic data revealed the following independent risk variables related to malaria prevalence: gender, age, occupation, knowledge of the availability of healthcare services, measures taken to protect from mosquito bites, and housing condition of study participants. Multivariable analysis showed that participants who were unaware of the availability of health facilities were 4.2 times more likely to have malaria than those who were aware of the health facilities (adjusted odds ratio = 4.18; 95% CI 1.52–11.45; P = 0.005). Conclusions Factors that can be managed and would favour malaria elimination include a range of prevention behaviours at the individual level and using the networks at the community level of primary healthcare centres. This study suggests that improving the availability of a variety of health facilities in endemic areas, information about their services, and access to these is essential. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-019-2760-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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32
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Mashatola T, Ndo C, Koekemoer LL, Dandalo LC, Wood OR, Malakoane L, Poumachu Y, Lobb LN, Kaiser M, Bourtzis K, Munhenga G. A review on the progress of sex-separation techniques for sterile insect technique applications against Anopheles arabiensis. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:646. [PMID: 30583746 PMCID: PMC6304763 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The feasibility of the sterile insect technique (SIT) as a malaria vector control strategy against Anopheles arabiensis has been under investigation over the past decade. One of the critical steps required for the application of this technique to mosquito control is the availability of an efficient and effective sex-separation system. Sex-separation systems eliminate female mosquitoes from the production line prior to irradiation and field release of sterile males. This is necessary because female mosquitoes can transmit pathogens such as malaria and, therefore, their release must be prevented. Sex separation also increases the efficiency of an SIT programme. Various sex-separation strategies have been explored including the exploitation of developmental and behavioural differences between male and female mosquitoes, and genetic approaches. Most of these are however species-specific and are not indicated for the major African malaria vectors such as An. arabiensis. As there is currently no reliable sex-separation method for An. arabiensis, various strategies were explored in an attempt to develop a robust system that can be applied on a mass-rearing scale. The progress and challenges faced during the development of a sexing system for future pilot and/or large-scale SIT release programmes against An. arabiensis are reviewed here. Three methods of sex separation were examined. The first is the use of pupal size for gender prediction. The second is the elimination of blood-feeding adult females through the addition of an endectocide to a blood meal source. The third is the establishment of a genetic sexing strain (GSS) carrying an insecticide resistance selectable marker (dieldrin-resistance rdl gene and/or other GABA receptor antagonists that can be used as alternative insecticides to dieldrin) or a temperature-sensitive lethal marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabo Mashatola
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, MRC Collaborating Centre for Multi-Disciplinary Research on Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cyrille Ndo
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Institut de recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
- Centre for Research in Infectious Disease (CRI), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Lizette L. Koekemoer
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, MRC Collaborating Centre for Multi-Disciplinary Research on Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Leonard C. Dandalo
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, MRC Collaborating Centre for Multi-Disciplinary Research on Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Oliver R. Wood
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, MRC Collaborating Centre for Multi-Disciplinary Research on Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lerato Malakoane
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, MRC Collaborating Centre for Multi-Disciplinary Research on Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yacouba Poumachu
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Institut de recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Vector Borne Disease Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBDL-URBEA) Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Leanne N. Lobb
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, MRC Collaborating Centre for Multi-Disciplinary Research on Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maria Kaiser
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, MRC Collaborating Centre for Multi-Disciplinary Research on Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kostas Bourtzis
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria
| | - Givemore Munhenga
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, MRC Collaborating Centre for Multi-Disciplinary Research on Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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