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Cáceres L, Ayarza C, Bernal D. Evaluation of the biological efficacy and susceptibility in Aedes aegypti to the pyrethroid insecticides deltamethrin and cyfluthrin during the Zika virus outbreak in Kuna Yala, Panama. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2023; 43:222-243. [PMID: 37433163 PMCID: PMC10506694 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.6746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Introduction. The development of resistance to insecticides in Aedes aegypti represents a major threat to public health. Surveillance and monitoring of the behavior of bioefficacy and susceptibility of insecticides is of fundamental importance to prolong the useful life of insecticide molecules. Objective. To evaluate the bioefficacy and susceptibility of the insecticides deltamethrin and cyfluthrin in Aedes aegypti during the zika epidemic outbreak in Kuna Yala, Panama. Methods and materials. The bioefficacy and susceptibility of deltamethrin and cyfluthrin in Aedes aegypti Ustupo using WHO standardized bioassays during the Zika epidemic outbreak in Kuna Yala, Panama. Results. In the bioassays with Aedes aegypti Ustupo, possible resistance to deltamethrin and cyfluthrin was observed, with a mortality rate of 95,3% and 94%, respectively. The bioefficacy results with Aedes aegypti Ustupo registered low bioefficacy of deltamethrin and cyfluthrin with average percentages of mortality in the intradomicile of 75% and 31,1%, respectively, while in the peridomicile it was 63,7% and 26,1%, respectively. Conclusion. The results of this study represent a challenge that the National Aedes Control Program must face in order to care for and maintain the toxic effect of insecticides applied against Aedes populations. It is necessary for the National Aedes Control Program to establish a resistance management program to evaluate resistance and its distribution in order to guarantee the sustainability of anti-vector interventions against Aedes populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cáceres
- Departamento de Entomología Médica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá.
| | - Cipriano Ayarza
- Sección de Control de Vectores, Región de Salud, Kuna Yala, Panamá.
| | - Damaris Bernal
- Departamento de Entomología Médica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá.
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Ávila MI, Vajda ÉA, Jeffrey Gutiérrez E, Gibson D, Renteria MM, Presley N, O'Reilly D, Tatarsky A, Lobo NF. Entomological Surveillance Planning Tool (ESPT)-generated actionable evidence on human and vector behaviours optimizes present interventions and reduces exposure to Anopheles vectors in two communities of Guna Yala, Panamá. Malar J 2023; 22:26. [PMID: 36698147 PMCID: PMC9875519 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although most of Panamá is free from malaria, localized foci of transmission persist, including in the Guna Yala region. Government-led entomological surveillance using an Entomological Surveillance Planning Tool (ESPT) sought to answer programmatically relevant questions on local entomological drivers of transmission and gaps in protection to guide local vector control decision-making. METHODS The ESPT was used to design a sampling plan to answer priority programmatic questions about the appropriateness of Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) and spaces and times where humans remain exposed to Anopheles bites (gaps in protection) in the communities of Permé and Puerto Obaldía, Guna Yala. Adult Anopheles were sampled at three time points via human landing catches (HLCs) during the rainy and dry seasons (2018/2019). Human behaviour observations (HBOs) were conducted alongside HLCs to examine intervention use, indoor versus outdoor activity, and sleeping patterns. HLC and HBO data were integrated to evaluate HBO-adjusted human biting rate (HBR). RESULTS A total of 7,431 adult Anopheles were collected across both sites. Of the 450 specimens molecularly confirmed to species-level, 75.5% (n = 340) were confirmed as Anopheles Nyssorhynchus albimanus, followed by Anopheles (Ny.) aquasalis. Anopheles host seeking activity was demonstrated to be primarily exophagic throughout all sampling periods and in both communities. When adjusted with HBOs, exposure to mosquito bites was predominantly indoors and overnight in Permé (Nov, Mar), compared to predominantly outdoors in Puerto Obaldía (Nov, Mar, Jul). Differences in site-specific human-vector exposure profiles were due to contrasting cultural and lifestyle practices between Permé and Puerto Obaldía (possibly partly influenced by the absence of electricity in Permé), and lower LLIN use in Permé. This evidence supported a previously planned LLIN campaign alongside a social behaviour change communication (SBCC) strategy in the Guna Yala Comarca (Jul 2019), which increased LLIN use. In turn, this led to a reduction of indoor exposure to mosquito bites, and a shift to predominant outdoor exposure to mosquito bites. CONCLUSION ESPT-based question-driven planning and the integration of HBOs, intervention, and HLC data generated evidence towards answering the programmatic questions. This evidence enabled the characterization of site-specific human-vector exposure profiles, and the quantification of remaining gaps in protection. These data also provide important insights into remaining gaps in protection that must be addressed to further reduce human exposure to mosquito bites at these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario I Ávila
- Ministerio de Salud de Panamá (MINSA), Panama City, Panama
| | - Élodie A Vajda
- Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA.
| | - Eileen Jeffrey Gutiérrez
- Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
| | - Daragh Gibson
- Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), Panama City, Panama
| | | | - Nicolas Presley
- Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), Panama City, Panama
| | | | - Allison Tatarsky
- Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame (UND), Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Ávila MI, Vajda ÉA, Gutiérrez EJ, Gibson DA, Renteria MM, Presley N, O'Reilly D, Burton TA, Tatarsky A, Lobo NF. Anopheles drivers of persisting malaria transmission in Guna Yala, Panamá: an operational investigation. Malar J 2021; 20:443. [PMID: 34819092 PMCID: PMC8611962 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03972-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Though most of Panamá is free from malaria, localized foci of transmission persist, including in the Guna Yala region. Government-led entomological surveillance using an entomological surveillance planning tool (ESPT) sought to answer programmatically-relevant questions that would enhance the understanding of both local entomological drivers of transmission and gaps in protection that result in persisting malaria transmission to guide local vector control decision-making. Methods The ESPT was used to design a sampling plan centered around the collection of minimum essential indicators to investigate the relevance of LLINs and IRS in the communities of Permé and Puerto Obaldía, Guna Yala, as well as to pinpoint any remaining spaces and times where humans are exposed to Anopheles bites (gaps in protection). Adult Anopheles were collected at three time points via human landing catches (HLCs), CDC Light Traps (LT), and pyrethrum spray catches (PSCs) during the rainy and dry seasons. Mosquitoes were identified to species via molecular methods. Insecticide susceptibility testing of the main vector species to fenitrothion was conducted. Results In total, 7537 adult Anopheles were collected from both sites. Of the 493 specimens molecularly confirmed to species, two thirds (n = 340) were identified as Nyssorhynchus albimanus, followed by Anopheles aquasalis. Overall Anopheles human biting rates (HBRs) were higher outdoors than indoors, and were higher in Permé than in Puerto Obaldía: nightly outdoor HBR ranged from 2.71 bites per person per night (bpn) (Puerto Obaldía), to 221.00 bpn (Permé), whereas indoor nightly HBR ranged from 0.70 bpn (Puerto Obaldía) to 81.90 bpn (Permé). Generally, peak biting occurred during the early evening. The CDC LT trap yields were significantly lower than that of HLCs and this collection method was dropped after the first collection. Pyrethrum spray catches resulted in only three indoor resting Anopheles collected. Insecticide resistance (IR) of Ny. albimanus to fenitrothion was confirmed, with only 65.5% mortality at the diagnostic time. Conclusion The early evening exophagic behaviour of Anopheles vectors, the absence of indoor resting behaviours, and the presence of resistance to the primary intervention insecticide demonstrate limitations of the current malaria strategy, including indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), and point to both gaps in protection and to the drivers of persisting malaria transmission in Guna Yala. These findings highlight the need for continued and directed entomological surveillance, based on programmatic questions, that generates entomological evidence to inform an adaptive malaria elimination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario I Ávila
- Ministerio de Salud de Panamá (MINSA), Panama City, República de Panamá
| | - Élodie A Vajda
- Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), USA.
| | | | - Daragh A Gibson
- Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), Panama City, Panama
| | | | | | - Daniel O'Reilly
- Ministerio de Salud de Panamá (MINSA), Panama City, República de Panamá
| | - Timothy A Burton
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame (UND), Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Allison Tatarsky
- Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), USA
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), USA.,Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame (UND), Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Torres-Cosme R, Rigg C, Santamaría AM, Vásquez V, Victoria C, Ramirez JL, Calzada JE, Cáceres Carrera L. Natural malaria infection in anophelines vectors and their incrimination in local malaria transmission in Darién, Panama. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250059. [PMID: 33939707 PMCID: PMC8092770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background More than 85% of the malaria cases in Panama occur in poor, rural and indigenous regions like Darien Province. Vector diversity, infection rate and spatial distribution are important entomological parameters of malaria transmission dynamics. Their understanding is crucial for the development of effective disease control strategies. The objective of this study was to determine the composition of Anopheles species, their natural infection rate and their geographic distribution to better understand the malaria transmission dynamics in Darién, Panama. Methods Anophelines mosquitoes were captured during the rainy and dry season of 2016. We selected five communities where adult anophelines were collected using CDC light-traps, and through protective human-baited traps. Detection of natural infection and Plasmodium genotype were detected via nested PCR through the amplification of ssrRNA and the circumsporozoite protein gene (csp), respectively. Results A total of 1,063 mosquitoes were collected mosquitoes were collected for the detection of natural infection with Plasmodium spp. Nine Anophelines species were identified, with the predominant species being: An. (Nys.) darlingi (45.0%) and An. (Nys.) albimanus (42.6%). Natural infection in An. (Nys.) albimanus with P. vivax was detected in one mosquito pool from the community Pueblo Tortuga (0.6%), three from Marraganti (1.7%), two from Bajo Chiquito (1.1%) and three pools from Alto Playona 3 (1.7%). For An. (Nys.) darlingi mosquitoes, we detected seven positive pools from the community Bajo Chiquito (4.0%), two pools from Marraganti (1.1%) and two pools from Alto Playona (1.1%). The P. vivax allelic variant VK210 was detected in infected mosquitoes. Conclusion The results from this study provide new information on the transmission dynamics associated with anophelines vectors in the Darién region. This is the first report of natural P. vivax infection in An. (Nys.) darlingi and its incrimination as a potential malaria vector in this region of Panama. Additional studies are necessary to expand our knowledge and determine crucial parameters in malaria transmission in Darién, which in turn will aid the National Malaria Program in attaining an adequate malaria control strategy towards malaria elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Torres-Cosme
- Departamento de Investigación en Entomología Médica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panam, Repblica de Panam
| | - Chystrie Rigg
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panam, Repblica de Panam
| | - Ana María Santamaría
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panam, Repblica de Panam
| | - Vanessa Vásquez
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panam, Repblica de Panam
| | - Carlos Victoria
- Departamento de Control de Vectores, Ministerio de Salud (MINSA), Panam, Repblica de Panam
| | - José Luis Ramirez
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
| | - José E. Calzada
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panam, Repblica de Panam
| | - Lorenzo Cáceres Carrera
- Departamento de Investigación en Entomología Médica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panam, Repblica de Panam
- * E-mail: ,
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Buyon LE, Santamaria AM, Early AM, Quijada M, Barahona I, Lasso J, Avila M, Volkman SK, Marti M, Neafsey DE, Obaldia III N. Population genomics of Plasmodium vivax in Panama to assess the risk of case importation on malaria elimination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008962. [PMID: 33315861 PMCID: PMC7769613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria incidence in Panama has plateaued in recent years in spite of elimination efforts, with almost all cases caused by Plasmodium vivax. Notwithstanding, overall malaria prevalence remains low (fewer than 1 case per 1000 persons). We used selective whole genome amplification to sequence 59 P. vivax samples from Panama. The P. vivax samples were collected from two periods (2007-2009 and 2017-2019) to study the population structure and transmission dynamics of the parasite. Imported cases resulting from increased levels of human migration could threaten malaria elimination prospects, and four of the samples evaluated came from individuals with travel history. We explored patterns of recent common ancestry among the samples and observed that a highly genetically related lineage (termed CL1) was dominant among the samples (47 out of 59 samples with good sequencing coverage), spanning the entire period of the collection (2007-2019) and all regions of the country. We also found a second, smaller clonal lineage (termed CL2) of four parasites collected between 2017 and 2019. To explore the regional context of Panamanian P. vivax we conducted principal components analysis and constructed a neighbor-joining tree using these samples and samples collected worldwide from a previous study. Three of the four samples with travel history clustered with samples collected from their suspected country of origin (consistent with importation), while one appears to have been a result of local transmission. The small number of Panamanian P. vivax samples not belonging to either CL1 or CL2 clustered with samples collected from Colombia, suggesting they represent the genetically similar ancestral P. vivax population in Panama or were recently imported from Colombia. The low diversity we observe in Panama indicates that this parasite population has been previously subject to a severe bottleneck and may be eligible for elimination. Additionally, while we confirmed that P. vivax is imported to Panama from diverse geographic locations, the lack of impact from imported cases on the overall parasite population genomic profile suggests that onward transmission from such cases is limited and that imported cases may not presently pose a major barrier to elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas E. Buyon
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Angela M. Early
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mario Quijada
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama City, Panama
| | | | | | | | - Sarah K. Volkman
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Simmons University, College of Natural, Behavioral and Health Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Daniel E. Neafsey
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DEN); (NO)
| | - Nicanor Obaldia III
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama City, Panama
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DEN); (NO)
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Santamaría AM, Vásquez V, Rigg C, Moreno D, Romero L, Justo C, Chaves LF, Saldaña A, Calzada JE. Plasmodium falciparum Genetic Diversity in Panamá Based on glurp, msp-1 and msp-2 Genes: Implications for Malaria Elimination in Mesoamerica. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E319. [PMID: 33260605 PMCID: PMC7760695 DOI: 10.3390/life10120319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Panamá, together with all the nations in Mesoamerica, has committed to eliminate malaria from the region by 2020. As these countries approach malaria elimination and local transmission decreases, an active molecular surveillance to identify genotypes circulating along the border areas is particularly needed to accurately infer infection origin, drug resistance and disease propagation patterns in the region. This study evaluated the genetic diversity and allele frequencies of msp-1, msp-2 and glurp genes using different molecular analyses (nested PCR, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequencing) from 106 autochthonous and imported P. falciparum isolates collected from different endemic areas in Panamá between 2003 and 2019. We also explored if P. falciparum genotypes assessed with these molecular markers were associated with relevant malaria epidemiological parameters using a multiple correspondence analysis. A strong association of certain local haplotypes with their geographic distribution in endemic areas, but also with parasite load and presence of gametocytes, was evidenced. Few multiclonal infections and low genetic diversity among locally transmitted P. falciparum samples were detected, consequent with the low transmission intensity of this parasite in Panamá, a pattern likely to be extended across Mesoamerica. In addition, several imported cases were genetically dissimilar to local infections and representative of more diverse extra-continental lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Santamaría
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Republic of Panama; (A.M.S.); (V.V.); (C.R.); (A.S.)
- Facultades de Ciencias Naturales Exactas y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá 4 3366, Republic of Panama
| | - Vanessa Vásquez
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Republic of Panama; (A.M.S.); (V.V.); (C.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Chystrie Rigg
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Republic of Panama; (A.M.S.); (V.V.); (C.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Dianik Moreno
- Laboratorio Central de Referencia en Salud Publica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Republic of Panama; (D.M.); (L.R.); (C.J.)
| | - Luis Romero
- Laboratorio Central de Referencia en Salud Publica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Republic of Panama; (D.M.); (L.R.); (C.J.)
| | - Carlos Justo
- Laboratorio Central de Referencia en Salud Publica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Republic of Panama; (D.M.); (L.R.); (C.J.)
| | - Luis Fernando Chaves
- Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), Tres Ríos 4-2250, Cartago 1, Costa Rica;
| | - Azael Saldaña
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Republic of Panama; (A.M.S.); (V.V.); (C.R.); (A.S.)
- Facultades de Ciencias Naturales Exactas y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá 4 3366, Republic of Panama
| | - José E. Calzada
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Republic of Panama; (A.M.S.); (V.V.); (C.R.); (A.S.)
- Facultades de Ciencias Naturales Exactas y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá 4 3366, Republic of Panama
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7
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Hurtado L, Cumbrera A, Rigg C, Perea M, Santamaría AM, Chaves LF, Moreno D, Romero L, Lasso J, Caceres L, Saldaña A, Calzada JE. Long-term transmission patterns and public health policies leading to malaria elimination in Panamá. Malar J 2020; 19:265. [PMID: 32703206 PMCID: PMC7376851 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03329-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study provides a countrywide perspective of the malaria situation in Panamá over a long-term framework, with the purpose of identifying historical malaria resurgence events and their potential causes. Methods A descriptive-ecological study was conducted by analysing demographic and epidemiological annual malaria time series data in Panamá (1884–2019) using several data sources. Malaria intensity indicators were calculated during the study period. The effects of El Niño Southern Oscillation on malaria transmission were also analysed using a retrospective analysis of malaria cases between 1957 and 2019. Results Several factors were identified responsible for malaria resurgence in Panamá, mostly related with Malaria Control Programme weakening. During the past 20 years (2000–2019) malaria has progressively increased in prevalence within indigenous settlements, with a predominance of male cases and a high proportion (15% of total cases) in children less than 5 years old. During this period, a significant and increasing proportion of the Plasmodium falciparum cases were imported. Retrospective analysis (1957–2019) evidenced that ENSO had a significant impact on malaria transmission dynamics in Panamá. Conclusions Data analysis confirmed that although authorities have been successful in focalizing malaria transmission in the country, there are still neglected issues to be solved and important intercultural barriers that need to be addressed in order to achieve elimination of the disease by 2022. This information will be useful for targeting strategies by the National Malaria Elimination Programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Hurtado
- Departamento de Análisis Epidemiológico y Bioestadísticas, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá, República de Panamá.,Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Alberto Cumbrera
- Dirección de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Chystrie Rigg
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Milixa Perea
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Ana María Santamaría
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Luis Fernando Chaves
- Instituto Costarricense de Investigación Y Enseñanza en Nutrición Y Salud (INCIENSA), Tres Ríos, Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Dianik Moreno
- Laboratorio Central de Referencia en Salud Publica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Luis Romero
- Laboratorio Central de Referencia en Salud Publica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Jose Lasso
- Departamento de Control de Vectores, Ministerio de Salud (MINSA), Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Lorenzo Caceres
- Departamento de Investigación en Entomología Médica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Azael Saldaña
- Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, República de Panamá.,Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Jose E Calzada
- Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, República de Panamá. .,Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá, República de Panamá.
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8
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Cáceres Carrera L, Victoria C, Ramirez JL, Jackman C, Calzada JE, Torres R. Study of the epidemiological behavior of malaria in the Darien Region, Panama. 2015-2017. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224508. [PMID: 31730618 PMCID: PMC6857920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is endemic in Darién and an assessment of the different factors affecting its epidemiology is crucial for the development of adequate strategies of surveillance, prevention, and disease control. The objective of this study was to determine the main characteristics of the epidemiological behavior of malaria in the Darien region. METHODS This research was comprised of a retrospective analysis to determine the incidence and malaria distribution in the Darien region from 2015 to 2017. We evaluated malaria indicators, disease distribution, incidence (by age group and sex), diagnostic methods, treatment, and control measures. In addition, we examined the cross-border migration activity and its possible contribution to the maintenance and distribution of malaria. RESULTS During the period of 2015-2017, we examined 41,141 thick blood smear samples, out of which 501 tested positive for malaria. Plasmodium vivax was responsible for 92.2% of those infections. Males comprised 62.7% of the total diagnosed cases. Meanwhile, a similar percentage, 62.7%, of the total cases were registered in economically active ages. The more frequent symptoms included fever (99.4%) and chills (97.4%), with 53.1% of cases registering between 2,000 and 6,000 parasites/μl of blood. The annual parasitic incidence (API) average was 3.0/1,000 inhabitants, while the slide positivity rate (SPR) was 1.2% and the annual blood examination rate (ABER) 22.5%. In Darién there is a constant internal and cross-border migration movement between Panama and Colombia. Malaria control measures consisted of the active and passive search of suspected cases and of the application of vector control measures. CONCLUSION This study provides an additional perspective on malaria epidemiology in Darién. Additional efforts are required to intensify malaria surveillance and to achieve an effective control, eventually moving closer to the objective of malaria elimination. At the same time, there is a need for more eco-epidemiological, entomological and migratory studies to determine how these factors contribute to the patterns of maintenance and dissemination of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cáceres Carrera
- Department of Medical Entomology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Jose L. Ramirez
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Carmela Jackman
- Epidemiology Department of the Darién Region, Ministry of Health, Panama City, Panama
| | - José E. Calzada
- Direcction of Research and Technological Development, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Rolando Torres
- Department of Medical Entomology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
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9
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Tesfahunegn A, Berhe G, Gebregziabher E. Risk factors associated with malaria outbreak in Laelay Adyabo district northern Ethiopia, 2017: case-control study design. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:484. [PMID: 31046711 PMCID: PMC6498533 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6798-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Globally in 2015 about 214 million malaria cases and 438,000 deaths were reported with 75% were from Sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria transmission in Ethiopia is unstable, and outbreaks are considered public health emergencies. Understanding the trigger for outbreaks in low-transmission areas can help facilitate malaria elimination. On July 8th malaria outbreak was reported from Laelay Adyabo district. The objective was to investigate the magnitude and associated factors with malaria outbreak. Methods We defined a case as confirmed malaria using microscopy or a rapid diagnostic test for Plasmodium parasites in a resident of Laelay-Adyabo District from July 9–28, 2017. We identified cases by reviewing health facility records and conducted a case-control study using randomly-selected cases from a line list, and two neighborhood controls per case. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire adapted from WHO malaria guidelines was used to collect data from case-patients and controls. We calculated crude (COR) and adjusted (AOR) odds ratios to identify factors associated with malaria. Result A total of 145 confirmed malaria cases (57.9% males) were identified with village attack rate (AR) of 12.1/1000. The AR was higher among males than females (14.1 verses 10.1/1000), children aged 5–14 years (12.9/1000), and in Zelazle Kebelle (13.6/1000 population). Wearing protective clothing (AOR = 0.27, 95% CI 0.11–0.66), having good knowledge of malaria transmission (AOR = 0.25, 95% CI 0.08–0.75), having waste collection material at home (AOR = 0.25 95% CI 0.11–0.61), availability of mosquito breeding sites around home (AOR = 9.08, 95% CI 3.6–22.93), and staying outdoor overnight (AOR = 3.7, 95% CI 1.44–9.56) were independently associated with malaria. Conclusion The overall attack rate for malaria during this outbreak was high affecting > 1% of the population. Wearing protective clothing at night, knowing about malaria transmission, having mosquito breeding sites around the home, staying outdoors overnight, and having waste collection material in their house were predictors of the infection. Laelay Adyabo district health office should provide health education on malaria transmission and prevention measures and how to clear mosquito breeding sites. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-019-6798-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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10
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Rigg CA, Hurtado LA, Calzada JE, Chaves LF. Malaria infection rates in Anopheles albimanus (Diptera: Culicidae) at Ipetí-Guna, a village within a region targeted for malaria elimination in Panamá. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 69:216-223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Loaiza JR, Almanza A, Rojas JC, Mejía L, Cervantes ND, Sanchez-Galan JE, Merchán F, Grillet A, Miller MJ, De León LF, Gittens RA. Application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry to identify species of Neotropical Anopheles vectors of malaria. Malar J 2019; 18:95. [PMID: 30902057 PMCID: PMC6431007 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2723-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria control in Panama is problematic due to the high diversity of morphologically similar Anopheles mosquito species, which makes identification of vectors of human Plasmodium challenging. Strategies by Panamanian health authorities to bring malaria under control targeting Anopheles vectors could be ineffective if they tackle a misidentified species. Methods A rapid mass spectrometry identification procedure was developed to accurately and timely sort out field-collected Neotropical Anopheles mosquitoes into vector and non-vector species. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectra of highly-abundant proteins were generated from laboratory-reared mosquitoes using different extraction protocols, body parts, and sexes to minimize the amount of material from specimen vouchers needed and optimize the protocol for taxonomic identification. Subsequently, the mass spectra of field-collected Neotropical Anopheles mosquito species were classified using a combination of custom-made unsupervised (i.e., Principal component analysis—PCA) and supervised (i.e., Linear discriminant analysis—LDA) classification algorithms. Results Regardless of the protocol used or the mosquito species and sex, the legs contained the least intra-specific variability with enough well-preserved proteins to differentiate among distinct biological species, consistent with previous literature. After minimizing the amount of material needed from the voucher, one leg was enough to produce reliable spectra between specimens. Further, both PCA and LDA were able to classify up to 12 mosquito species, from different subgenera and seven geographically spread localities across Panama using mass spectra from one leg pair. LDA demonstrated high discriminatory power and consistency, with validation and cross-validation positive identification rates above 93% at the species level. Conclusion The selected sample processing procedure can be used to identify field-collected Anopheles species, including vectors of Plasmodium, in a short period of time, with a minimal amount of tissue and without the need of an expert mosquito taxonomist. This strategy to analyse protein spectra overcomes the drawbacks of working without a reference library to classify unknown samples. Finally, this MALDI approach can aid ongoing malaria eradication efforts in Panama and other countries with large number of mosquito’s species by improving vector surveillance in epidemic-prone sites such as indigenous Comarcas. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-019-2723-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Loaiza
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama, 0843-01103, Republic of Panama.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama.,Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Universidad de Panamá, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Alejandro Almanza
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama, 0843-01103, Republic of Panama
| | - Juan C Rojas
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama, 0843-01103, Republic of Panama
| | - Luis Mejía
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama, 0843-01103, Republic of Panama.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Norma D Cervantes
- College of Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Javier E Sanchez-Galan
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama, 0843-01103, Republic of Panama.,Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología, Bioinformática y Biología de Sistemas, Centro de Producción e Investigaciones Agroindustriales, Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Fernando Merchán
- Grupo de Investigación en Sistemas de Comunicaciones Digitales Avanzados, Facultad de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Arnaud Grillet
- Grupo de Investigación en Sistemas de Comunicaciones Digitales Avanzados, Facultad de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá, Panama, Republic of Panama.,ENSEIRB-MATMECA-Bordeaux INP, Talence, France
| | - Matthew J Miller
- Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History and Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Luis F De León
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama, 0843-01103, Republic of Panama.,Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rolando A Gittens
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama, 0843-01103, Republic of Panama. .,Centro de Neurociencias, INDICASAT AIP, Panama, Republic of Panama.
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12
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Hurtado LA, Rigg CA, Calzada JE, Dutary S, Bernal D, Koo SI, Chaves LF. Population Dynamics of Anopheles albimanus (Diptera: Culicidae) at Ipetí-Guna, a Village in a Region Targeted for Malaria Elimination in Panamá. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9040164. [PMID: 30453469 PMCID: PMC6316695 DOI: 10.3390/insects9040164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann is a major malaria vector in Mesoamerica and the Caribbean whose population dynamics, in response to changing environments, has been relatively poorly studied. Here, we present monthly adult and larvae data collected from May 2016 to December 2017 in Ipetí-Guna, a village within an area targeted for malaria elimination in the República de Panamá. During the study period we collected a total of 1678 Anopheles spp. mosquitoes (1602 adults and 76 larvae). Over 95% of the collected Anopheles spp. mosquitoes were An. albimanus. Using time series analysis techniques, we found that population dynamics of larvae and adults were not significantly correlated with each other at any time lag, though correlations were highest at one month lag between larvae and adults and four months lag between adults and larvae. Larvae population dynamics had cycles of three months and were sensitive to changes in temperature with 5 months lag, while adult abundance was correlated with itself (1 month lag) and with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) with three months lag. A key observation from our study is the absence of both larvae and adults of An. albimanus between January and April from environments associated with Guna population’s daily activities, which suggests this time window could be the best time to implement elimination campaigns aimed at clearing Plasmodium spp. parasites from Guna populations using, for example, mass drug administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Amarilis Hurtado
- Departamento de Análisis Epidemiológico y Bioestadísticas, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Apartado Postal 0816-02593, Panamá, Republic of Panama.
| | - Chystrie A Rigg
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Apartado Postal 0816-02593, Panamá, Republic of Panama.
| | - José E Calzada
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Apartado Postal 0816-02593, Panamá, Republic of Panama.
| | - Sahir Dutary
- Departamento de Análisis Epidemiológico y Bioestadísticas, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Apartado Postal 0816-02593, Panamá, Republic of Panama.
| | - Damaris Bernal
- Departamento de Investigación en Entomología Médica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Apartado Postal 0816-02593, Panamá, Republic of Panama.
| | - Susana Isabel Koo
- Departamento de Investigación en Entomología Médica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Apartado Postal 0816-02593, Panamá, Republic of Panama.
| | - Luis Fernando Chaves
- Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), Apartado Postal 4-2250, Tres Ríos, Cartago, Costa Rica.
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Apartado Postal 304-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica.
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13
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Hurtado LA, Calzada JE, Rigg CA, Castillo M, Chaves LF. Climatic fluctuations and malaria transmission dynamics, prior to elimination, in Guna Yala, República de Panamá. Malar J 2018; 17:85. [PMID: 29463259 PMCID: PMC5819664 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria has historically been entrenched in indigenous populations of the República de Panamá. This scenario occurs despite the fact that successful methods for malaria elimination were developed during the creation of the Panamá Canal. Today, most malaria cases in the República de Panamá affect the Gunas, an indigenous group, which mainly live in autonomous regions of eastern Panamá. Over recent decades several malaria outbreaks have affected the Gunas, and one hypothesis is that such outbreaks could have been exacerbated by climate change, especially by anomalous weather patterns driven by the EL Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). RESULTS Monthly malaria cases in Guna Yala (1998-2016) were autocorrelated up to 2 months of lag, likely reflecting parasite transmission cycles between humans and mosquitoes, and cyclically for periods of 4 months that might reflect relapses of Plasmodium vivax, the dominant malaria parasite transmitted in Panamá. Moreover, malaria case number was positively associated (P < 0.05) with rainfall (7 months of lag), and negatively with the El Niño 4 index (15 months of lag) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI (8 months of lag), the sign and magnitude of these associations likely related to the impacts of weather patterns and vegetation on the ecology of Anopheles albimanus, the main malaria vector in Guna Yala. Interannual cycles, of approximately 4-year periods, in monthly malaria case numbers were associated with the El Niño 4 index, a climatic index associated with weather and vegetation dynamics in Guna Yala at seasonal and interannual time scales. CONCLUSION The results showed that ENSO, rainfall and NDVI were associated with the number of malaria cases in Guna Yala during the study period. These results highlight the vulnerability of Guna populations to malaria, an infection sensitive to climate change, and call for further studies about weather impacts on malaria vector ecology, as well as the association of malaria vectors with Gunas paying attention to their socio-economic conditions of poverty and cultural differences as an ethnic minority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Amarilis Hurtado
- Unidad de Análisis Epidemiológico y Bioestadísticas, Instituto Commemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - José E Calzada
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Commemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Chystrie A Rigg
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Commemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Milagros Castillo
- Unidad de Análisis Epidemiológico y Bioestadísticas, Instituto Commemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Luis Fernando Chaves
- Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), Apartado 4-2250, Tres Ríos, Cartago, Costa Rica.
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Apartado Postal 304-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica.
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14
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Torres R, Samudio R, Carrera JP, Young J, Márquez R, Hurtado L, Weaver S, Chaves LF, Tesh R, Cáceres L. Enzootic mosquito vector species at equine encephalitis transmission foci in the República de Panamá. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185491. [PMID: 28937995 PMCID: PMC5609755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of mosquito vector species present at arboviral enzootic transmission foci is important to understand transmission eco-epidemiology and to propose and implement prevention and control strategies that reduce vector-borne equine encephalitis transmission. The goal of this study was to identify mosquito species potentially involved in the transmission of enzootic equine encephalitis, in relation to their abundance and diversity at three endemic regions in the República de Panamá. We sampled adult mosquitoes during the dry and rainy season of Panamá. We employed CDC light traps with octanol, EV traps with CO2 and Trinidad 17 traps baited with live hamsters. Traps were deployed in the peridomicile and extradomicile of houses from 18:00 to 6:00 h. We estimated the abundance and diversity of sampled species. We collected a total of 4868 mosquitoes, belonging to 45 species and 11 genera, over 216 sampling nights. Culex (Melanoconion) pedroi, a major Venezuelan equine encephalitis vector was relatively rare (< 2.0% of all sampled mosquitoes). We also found Cx. (Mel) adamesi, Cx. (Mel) crybda, Cx. (Mel) ocossa, Cx. (Mel) spissipes, Cx. (Mel) taeniopus, Cx. (Mel) vomerifer, Aedes scapularis, Ae. angustivittatus, Coquillettidia venezuelensis, Cx. nigripalpus, Cx. declarator, Mansonia titillans, M. pseudotitillans and Psorophora ferox all species known to be vectorially competent for the transmission of arboviruses. Abundance and diversity of mosquitoes in the sampled locations was high, when compared with similar surveys in temperate areas. Information from previous reports about vectorial competence / capacity of the sampled mosquito species suggest that sampled locations have all the elements to support enzootic outbreaks of Venezuelan and Eastern equine encephalitides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Torres
- Instituto Commemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá, Departmento de Entomología Medica
| | - Rafael Samudio
- Mastozoological Society of Panamá, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Jean-Paul Carrera
- Instituto Commemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá República de Panamá, Departmento de Genomica y Proteomica
| | - Josue Young
- Instituto Commemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá, Departmento de Entomología Medica
| | - Ricardo Márquez
- Instituto Commemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá, Departmento de Entomología Medica
| | - Lisbeth Hurtado
- Instituto Commemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá, Departmento de Análisis Epidemiológico y Bioestadísticas
| | - Scott Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Luis Fernando Chaves
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | - Robert Tesh
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Lorenzo Cáceres
- Instituto Commemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá, Departmento de Entomología Medica
- * E-mail:
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Loaiza JR, Dutari LC, Rovira JR, Sanjur OI, Laporta GZ, Pecor J, Foley DH, Eastwood G, Kramer LD, Radtke M, Pongsiri M. Disturbance and mosquito diversity in the lowland tropical rainforest of central Panama. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7248. [PMID: 28775261 PMCID: PMC5543164 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis (IDH) is well-known in ecology providing an explanation for the role of disturbance in the coexistence of climax and colonist species. Here, we used the IDH as a framework to describe the role of forest disturbance in shaping the mosquito community structure, and to identify the ecological processes that increase the emergence of vector-borne disease. Mosquitoes were collected in central Panama at immature stages along linear transects in colonising, mixed and climax forest habitats, representing different levels of disturbance. Species were identified taxonomically and classified into functional categories (i.e., colonist, climax, disturbance-generalist, and rare). Using the Huisman-Olff-Fresco multi-model selection approach, IDH testing was done. We did not detect a unimodal relationship between species diversity and forest disturbance expected under the IDH; instead diversity peaked in old-growth forests. Habitat complexity and constraints are two mechanisms proposed to explain this alternative postulate. Moreover, colonist mosquito species were more likely to be involved in or capable of pathogen transmission than climax species. Vector species occurrence decreased notably in undisturbed forest settings. Old-growth forest conservation in tropical rainforests is therefore a highly-recommended solution for preventing new outbreaks of arboviral and parasitic diseases in anthropic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Loaiza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Edificio 219, Clayton, PO, 0843-01103, Ciudad del Saber, Republic of Panama.
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama.
- Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Universidad de Panama, Panama, Republic of Panama.
| | - Larissa C Dutari
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Edificio 219, Clayton, PO, 0843-01103, Ciudad del Saber, Republic of Panama
| | - Jose R Rovira
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Edificio 219, Clayton, PO, 0843-01103, Ciudad del Saber, Republic of Panama
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | - Oris I Sanjur
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | - Gabriel Z Laporta
- Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil.
- Setor de Pós-graduação, Pesquisa e Inovação, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil.
| | - James Pecor
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, United States
| | - Desmond H Foley
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, United States
| | - Gillian Eastwood
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, United States
| | - Laura D Kramer
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, United States
| | - Meghan Radtke
- US Environment Protection Agency, Washington DC, United States
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Lainhart W, Dutari LC, Rovira JR, Sucupira IMC, Póvoa MM, Conn JE, Loaiza JR. Epidemic and Non-Epidemic Hot Spots of Malaria Transmission Occur in Indigenous Comarcas of Panama. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004718. [PMID: 27182773 PMCID: PMC4868294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
From 2002-2005, Panama experienced a malaria epidemic that has been associated with El Niño Southern Oscillation weather patterns, decreased funding for malaria control, and landscape modification. Case numbers quickly decreased afterward, and Panama is now in the pre-elimination stage of malaria eradication. To achieve this new goal, the characterization of epidemiological risk factors, foci of transmission, and important anopheline vectors is needed. Of the 24,681 reported cases in these analyses (2000-2014), ~62% occurred in epidemic years and ~44% in indigenous comarcas (5.9% of Panama's population). Sub-analyses comparing overall numbers of cases in epidemic and non-epidemic years identified females, comarcas and some 5-year age categories as those disproportionately affected by malaria during epidemic years. Annual parasites indices (APIs; number of cases per 1,000 persons) for Plasmodium vivax were higher in comarcas compared to provinces for all study years, though P. falciparum APIs were only higher in comarcas during epidemic years. Interestingly, two comarcas report increasing numbers of cases annually, despite national annual decreases. Inclusion of these comarcas within identified foci of malaria transmission confirmed their roles in continued transmission. Comparison of species distribution models for two important anophelines with Plasmodium case distribution suggest An. albimanus is the primary malaria vector in Panama, confirmed by identification of nine P. vivax-infected specimen pools. Future malaria eradication strategies in Panama should focus on indigenous comarcas and include both active surveillance for cases and comprehensive anopheline vector surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Lainhart
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Larissa C. Dutari
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Panama City, Panama
| | - Jose R. Rovira
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | | | - Marinete M. Póvoa
- Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Jan E. Conn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Jose R. Loaiza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Panama City, Panama
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
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Yamada K, Valderrama A, Gottdenker N, Cerezo L, Minakawa N, Saldaña A, Calzada JE, Chaves LF. Macroecological patterns of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis transmission across the health areas of Panamá (1980-2012). Parasite Epidemiol Control 2016; 1:42-55. [PMID: 29988197 PMCID: PMC5991822 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) is a neglected vector-borne zoonosis that persists despite increasing socio-economic development and urbanization in Panamá. Here, we investigate the association between environmental changes and spatio-temporal ACL transmission in the Republic of Panamá (1980-2012). We employ a macroecological approach, where patterns of variation in ACL incidence at the spatially coarse-grained scale of health areas are studied considering factors linked to the ecology of ACL transmission. We specifically study impacts of climatic variability, measured by the different phases of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), within diverse ecosystems and sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) vector species, as well as heterogeneous local climatic patterns, deforestation, population growth rates, and changes in social marginalization. We found that over the study period, patterns of ACL incidence: (i) were asynchronous with clusters changing from east to west of the Panamá Canal, (ii) trends increased in the west, and decreased or remained nearly constant in the east, independent of human population growth, (iii) generally increased in years following El Niño, and (iv) decreased as forest cover increased. We found no significant association between changes in socio-economic indicators and ACL transmission. Regarding vector abundance and presence, we found that studies had been biased to locations east of the Panamá canal, and that, in general, the abundance of dominant vector species decreased during the cold phase of ENSO. Finally, our results indicate that a macroecological approach is useful to understand heterogeneities related to environmental change impacts on ACL transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yamada
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Sakamoto 1-12-4, 852-8523 Nagasaki, Japan.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto 1-12-4, 852-8523 Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Anayansi Valderrama
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Apartado Postal No. 0816-02593, Ciudad de Panamá, Panama
| | - Nicole Gottdenker
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lizbeth Cerezo
- Departamento de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, Panama
| | - Noboru Minakawa
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Sakamoto 1-12-4, 852-8523 Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Azael Saldaña
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Apartado Postal No. 0816-02593, Ciudad de Panamá, Panama
| | - José E Calzada
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Apartado Postal No. 0816-02593, Ciudad de Panamá, Panama
| | - Luis Fernando Chaves
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Sakamoto 1-12-4, 852-8523 Nagasaki, Japan.,Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Apartado Postal 304-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica
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