Nanocomposite scaffolds for accelerating chronic wound healing by enhancing angiogenesis

Retrospective perspectives and future trends in nanomedicine treatment: from single membranes to hybrid membranes

At present, various diseases seriously threaten human life and health, and the development of nanodrug delivery systems has brought about a turnaround for traditional drug treatments, with nanoparticles being precisely targeted to improve bioavailability. Surface modification of nanoparticles can prolong blood circulation time and enhance targeting ability. The application of cell membrane-coated nanoparticles further improves their biocompatibility and active targeting ability, providing new hope for the treatment of various diseases. Various types of cell membrane biomimetic nanoparticles have gradually attracted increasing attention due to their unique advantages. However, the pathological microenvironment of different diseases is complex and varied, and the single-cell membrane has several limitations because a single functional property cannot fully meet the requirements of disease treatment. Hybrid cell membranes integrate the advantages of multiple biological membranes and have become an emerging research hotspot. This review summarizes the application of cell membrane biomimetic nanoparticles in the treatment of various diseases and discusses the advantages, challenges and future development of biomimetic nanoparticles. We propose that the fusion of multiple membranes may be a reasonable trend in the future to provide some ideas and directions for the treatment of various diseases.

Organoid-Like Neurovascular Spheroids Promote the Recovery of Hypoxic-Ischemic Skin Flaps Through the Activation of Autophagy

Crosstalk between nerves and blood vessels plays a crucial role in flap development, injury repair, and homeostasis maintenance. However, in most flap transplantation strategies, the interactions between nerves and blood vessels have been ignored, leading to unsatisfactory repair effects. In this study, highly sprouting organoid-like neurovascular spheroids (NVUs) with P34HB porous microsphere cores embedding in a supportive microenvironment of Gelatin Methacryloyl hydrogel are developed. Cell-laden porous microspheres successfully recapitulated neurovascular coupling by providing a biomimetic extracellular microenvironment for neural and vascular cells at an in vivo cell density. The results demonstrated that neurovascular spheres formed complex vascular plexuses and secreted extracellular matrix, improving in vivo regeneration of skin flap. Autophagy activation regulated by nerves is detected along with the assembly of vascular networks, suggesting its role in neovascularization. By incorporating fibroblasts, highly biomimetic organoid-like models composed of dermis, vasculature, and innervation are facilely developed to mimic dermal tissues. This stable and highly reproducible in vitro model can be utilized for organ repair and mechanistic exploration.

Hyaluronic acid-coated capecitabine nanostructures for CD44 receptor-mediated targeting in breast cancer therapy

Hyaluronic acid-coated capecitabine-loaded nanomicelles (HA-CAP-M) are synthesized to overcome the challenges associated with capecitabine (CAP) conventional delivery such as low permeability and systemic toxicity. Nanomicelles containing saponin, glycerol, and vitamin-E TPGS formulation of capecitabine were further encapsulated with hyaluronic acid (HA) for CD44 receptor-mediated targeting. Optimization of the formulation was carried out using a Box-Behnken design resulting in 17.8 nm particle size, 89.3% entrapment efficiency and a biphasic drug release profile. Characterization studies validated stability, spherical structure, and desirable encapsulation characteristics of the nanomicelles. Lowered critical micelle concentration (CMC) and acceptable drug release kinetics revealed improved thermodynamic stability and controlled drug release, as predicted by the Hixson-Crowell model. HA-CAP-M showed much higher permeability and cytotoxicity than the free CAP, with an IC50 of 2.964 μg mL-1 in in vitro experiments. AO/PI staining also demonstrated dose-dependent apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells and validated the highly effective active targeting of HA. In addition, the formulation demonstrated good stability during storage and dilution conditions, confirming its stability as a drug delivery platform. In conclusion, HA-functionalized nanomicelles provide a biocompatible and efficient system for the targeted breast cancer therapy, enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of capecitabine.

Mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes: a novel approach to skin regeneration via signaling pathways activation

Accelerating wound healing is a crucial objective in surgical and regenerative medicine. The wound healing process involves three key stages: inflammation, cell proliferation, and tissue repair. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have demonstrated significant therapeutic potential in promoting tissue regeneration, particularly by enhancing epidermal cell migration and proliferation. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying MSC-mediated wound healing remain unclear. This review highlights the pivotal role of MSCs and their exosomes in wound repair, with a specific focus on critical signaling pathways, including PI3K/Akt, WNT/β-catenin, Notch, and MAPK. These pathways regulate essential cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and angiogenesis. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo studies reveal that MSCs accelerate wound closure, enhance collagen deposition, and modulate immune responses, contributing to improved tissue regeneration. Understanding these mechanisms provides valuable insights into MSC-based therapeutic strategies for enhancing wound healing.

A switch-on chemo-photothermal nanotherapy impairs glioblastoma

Judiciously combined modality approaches have proved highly effective for treating most forms of cancer, including glioblastoma. This study introduces a hybrid nanoparticle-based treatment designed to induce a synergistic effect. It employs repurposed celecoxib-loaded hybrid nanoparticles (HNPs) that are thermally activated by near-infrared laser irradiation to damage glioblastoma cells. The HNPs are constructed by covalently binding organic (ultra-small nanostructured lipid carriers, usNLCs) and inorganic nanoparticles (gold nanorods, AuNRs, with photothermal therapy capability), using c(RGDfK) that serves the dual purpose of a biolinker and a tumor-targeting peptide. The HNPs are further functionalized with transferrin (Tf) as a blood-brain barrier ligand denoted as HNPsTf. Our comprehensive in vitro and in vivo studies have unveiled the remarkable capability of HNPsTf to safely and specifically increase blood-brain barrier permeability through transferrin receptor interactions, facilitating precise nanoparticle accumulation in the tumor region within orthotopic tumor-bearing mice. Furthermore, the orchestrated combination of chemo- and photothermal therapy has exhibited a substantial therapeutic impact on glioblastoma, showcasing a noteworthy 78% inhibition in tumor volume growth and an impressive 98% delay in tumor growth. Notably, this treatment approach has resulted in prolonged survival rates among tumor-bearing mice, accompanied by a favorable side effect profile. Overall, our findings unequivocally demonstrate that celecoxib-loaded HNPsTf offer a game-changing, chemo-photothermal combination, unleashing a synergistic effect that significantly enhances both brain drug delivery and the efficacy of anti-glioblastoma treatments.

Lactobacillus-derived artificial extracellular vesicles for skin rejuvenation and prevention of photo-aging

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-bound sacs released by cells that play crucial roles in intercellular communication. They transport biomolecules between cells and have both diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Artificial EVs, designed to mimic natural EVs, have been developed using various methods. In this study, Lactobacillus plantarum was used to create Lactobacillus-derived artificial EVs (LAEs) for skin rejuvenation and anti-aging. LAEs demonstrated monodispersity and effectively improved adverse gene expression and wound healing in fibroblasts. They also modulated aging-related genes and improved skin conditions in humans. Their simplicity, promptness, and lack of animal-derived sources make LAEs a promising alternative to natural EVs. LAEs have the potential to overcome the technical limitations of artificial EVs and advance EVs or exosome-based technologies for comprehensive skin rejuvenation.

Current nano drug delivery systems for targeting head and neck squamous cell carcinoma microenvironment: a narrative review

The treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains a significant hurdle in clinical oncology, primarily due to the tumor's intricate and immune-suppressing environment, its diverse genetic and observable characteristics, and its tendency to spread locally and to distant sites, further complicated by the development of drug insensitivity. Standard treatment approaches frequently fall short in effectively managing these complex features. This article provides a critical assessment of the developing area of sophisticated drug delivery methods (DDSs) aimed at improving treatment results in HNSCC. The specific attributes of the HNSCC tumor environment are examined, with a focus on the disrupted structure of the extracellular matrix (ECM), its involvement in the spread of tumor cells through the bloodstream and the establishment of metastatic tumors, and the various ways in which drug resistance arises. Additionally, we assess how novel DDS technologies might overcome these challenges through directed delivery to particular tumor microenvironment targets, precise control of cancer-driving signaling pathways, and the avoidance of drug resistance mechanisms. This overview summarizes recent progress in DDS technologies customized for HNSCC treatment, with a particular emphasis on therapies using nanoparticles and immune-based drug delivery, highlighting their potential to address the many difficulties associated with this difficult-to-treat cancer. We will explore the progression of these treatment strategies from laboratory research to clinical practice and the ongoing efforts to improve patient survival.

Chitosan microporous foam filled 3D printed polylactic acid-pearl macroporous scaffold: Dual-scale porous structure, biological and mechanical properties

A bone scaffold with well-designed porous structure and material composition is essential for bone regeneration as it supports various biological functions. In this study, a dual-scale porous polylactic acid-pearl/chitosan (PLA-P/CS) scaffold was developed by integrating 3D printing and conventional techniques. An interconnected macroporous PLA-P scaffold with pore sizes ranging from 680-800 μm was fabricated using FDM 3D printing. Additionally, a microporous CS foam with pore sizes of 10-200 μm was prepared via freeze-drying within the macropores of the 3D-printed scaffold. The microporous CS foam enhanced the scaffold's hydrophilicity while preserving its favorable mechanical properties. Moreover, the dual-scale porous structure demonstrated improved biomineralization, due to its larger specific surface area and increased nucleation sites, along with the electrostatic adsorption provided by the amino and hydroxyl functional groups of chitosan. Furthermore, cell culture experiments revealed the dual-scale porous structure, and the effects of CS enhanced the cellular response of BMSCs. More importantly, a 12-week in vivo study on rat skull defect repair demonstrated that the dual-scale porous PLA-P/CS scaffold exhibited enhanced bone formation. These findings suggest that designing a graded porous structure and optimizing material composition can effectively enhance biological responses, thereby facilitating bone regeneration.

Advanced Toolboxes for Cryobioprinting Human Tissue Analogs

The increasing demand for biofabricating human tissue analogs for therapeutic applications has encouraged the pursuit of innovative techniques that shift from conventional bioprint-to-use approaches toward instantaneous bioprint-cryopreserve strategies. Such enabling concepts and next-generation technologies open new possibilities for fabricating shelf-ready living constructs for applications in regenerative medicine, preclinical disease modeling, and beyond. The generation of living constructs either for short- or long-term cryostorage requires, however, a careful design of cryoprotective bioinks to maximize biofunctionality and limit cell damage during processing. Gathering on this, herein the most recent updates in cryo(bio)printing technologies are showcased and discussed, along with demonstrative applications of these approaches. The technical toolboxes for designing cryoprotective inks and optimizing freezing/thawing processes are also critically addressed, considering their underlying bioengineering challenges. Realizing the full potential of cryobioprinting is envisioned to unlock the fabrication of increasingly biomimetic tissue constructs and personalized medicine solutions that are readily available, precisely when needed.

BSP promotes skin wound healing by regulating the expression level of SCEL

Burn injuries are complex, life-threatening events involving intricate cellular and molecular processes, including angiogenesis, which is vital for effective wound healing. Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP), a bioactive compound from Bletilla striata, exhibits anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties. However, its impact on angiogenesis modulation, particularly through the synaptopodin-2-like (SCEL) gene, remains poorly understood. The effects of BSP on HMEC-1 cells exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were assessed using cell viability, migration, apoptosis, and angiogenesis assays. SCEL's role was explored through lentiviral transfection to manipulate SCEL expression. Animal models were employed to evaluate BSP's therapeutic potential in burn wound healing, with histological analysis, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and molecular assays to assess tissue repair and angiogenesis. BSP significantly alleviated LPS-induced damage in HMEC-1 cells by promoting cell survival, reducing apoptosis, and enhancing migration and angiogenesis. BSP treatment downregulated SCEL expression, reversing LPS-induced cellular damage. In SCEL-overexpressing cells and mice, BSP's beneficial effects on wound healing were attenuated, indicating SCEL's regulatory role in angiogenesis. In vivo, BSP accelerated burn wound closure, improved tissue organization, and enhanced angiogenesis, as evidenced by increased CD31 expression. SCEL overexpression impaired these effects, highlighting the essential role of SCEL downregulation in BSP-mediated healing. BSP promotes burn wound healing by modulating angiogenesis via SCEL downregulation, facilitating cell survival, migration, and vascularization. These findings position BSP as a promising therapeutic agent for burn wound treatment, with further investigation into SCEL's molecular mechanisms offering potential for novel wound care strategies.

Macrophage membrane-functionalized nanotherapeutics for tumor targeted therapy

Cancer is a multifaceted disease characterized by uncontrollable cell growth. To date, various therapies are employed including conventional chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy, and immunotherapies. However, these approaches still present significant limitations. Interestingly, macrophage membranes utilize their innate antigen recognition affinity to facilitate targeted localization to tumor sites with high specificity. As a result, they display distinct characteristics such as avoiding premature leakage, tumor targeting ability, immune evasion, immune system activation, tumor-infiltrating ability, improved cell endocytosis and release payload in tumor-microenvironment. In this paper, the recent advances in macrophage-membrane-encapsulated nanotherapeutics for targeted cancer therapy are presented. We begin by introducing macrophage membrane-encapsulated nanotherapeutics preparation and characterization, followed by cancer immunotherapy such as macrophage polarization, T-cell infiltration, macrophage membrane modification, immunization, and inducing immunological cell death. Lastly, a future perspective is proposed to highlight the limitations of macrophage membrane-encapsulated nanotherapeutics and the possible resolutions toward the clinical transformation of currently developed biomimetic chemotherapies. We believe this review may be beneficial for improving the deep research of macrophage membrane-encapsulated nanotherapeutics for targeted cancer therapy.

Mesoporous SiO2 based nanocomplex enzymes for enhanced chemodynamic therapy of pancreatic tumors

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) is a therapeutic method that uses a Fenton/Fenton-like reaction to convert intracellular H2O2 into highly cytotoxic ˙OH to effectively kill cancer cells. This method is adapted to the specific characteristics of the tumor microenvironment, boasting high selectivity and strong specificity among other advantages. However, CDT still faces challenges. Glutathione (GSH), which is present in high levels in the tumor microenvironment, can consume a large amount of ˙OH, significantly limiting the effectiveness of CDT. In this study, we synthesized a core-shell nanozyme (mSiO2@MnO2) with a composite structure comprising a mesoporous silica core and a manganese dioxide (MnO2) shell. The mesoporous structure was loaded with the chemotherapeutic drug genistein (Gen) and surface-modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to enhance its effectiveness in treating pancreatic cancer. This formulation, denoted as the Gen@mSiO2@MnO2-PEG nanocomplex enzyme, exhibits a dual action mechanism. Firstly, upon reaching tumor cells, it releases genistein for kinetic therapy and degrades the MnO2 shell. Secondly, GSH consumption triggers Fenton-like reactions to generate ˙OH, thereby enhancing CDT. At the cellular level, the Gen@mSiO2@MnO2-PEG nanocomplex enzyme demonstrates excellent biocompatibility. It induces the production of reactive oxygen species in the pancreatic cancer cell line PANC-1, disrupting the redox balance within tumor cells, and ultimately killing them. In vivo, the Gen@mSiO2@MnO2-PEG nanocomplex enzyme selectively accumulates at the tumor sites in PANC-1 tumor-bearing mice, resulting in the inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis. This study demonstrates that core-shell nanozymes serve as an effective platform for cancer therapy, enhancing the efficacy of combined chemotherapy and CDT for pancreatic cancer.

Bioadhesives and bioactive hydrogels for wound management

Delayed wound healing remains a major challenge in biomedical research, often leading to complications such as scarring, acute trauma, and chronic diseases. Effective wound management is crucial for enhancing treatment outcomes, preventing complications, and promoting tissue regeneration. In response to this need, a variety of polymeric biomaterials have been developed. A growing focus in the field involves the design of bioadhesives and bioactive materials, which offer promising solutions for wound management. Recent advances in materials engineering have led to the development of polymer biomaterials with excellent biocompatibility, strong adhesion to biological surfaces, and bioactive properties that support rapid wound closure and tissue repair. This review discusses the latest progress in the development and application of bioadhesives and bioactive hydrogels for wound management and tissue regeneration, highlighting potential directions for future biomaterial research.

Advance in peptide-based drug development: delivery platforms, therapeutics and vaccines

The successful approval of peptide-based drugs can be attributed to a collaborative effort across multiple disciplines. The integration of novel drug design and synthesis techniques, display library technology, delivery systems, bioengineering advancements, and artificial intelligence have significantly expedited the development of groundbreaking peptide-based drugs, effectively addressing the obstacles associated with their character, such as the rapid clearance and degradation, necessitating subcutaneous injection leading to increasing patient discomfort, and ultimately advancing translational research efforts. Peptides are presently employed in the management and diagnosis of a diverse array of medical conditions, such as diabetes mellitus, weight loss, oncology, and rare diseases, and are additionally garnering interest in facilitating targeted drug delivery platforms and the advancement of peptide-based vaccines. This paper provides an overview of the present market and clinical trial progress of peptide-based therapeutics, delivery platforms, and vaccines. It examines the key areas of research in peptide-based drug development through a literature analysis and emphasizes the structural modification principles of peptide-based drugs, as well as the recent advancements in screening, design, and delivery technologies. The accelerated advancement in the development of novel peptide-based therapeutics, including peptide-drug complexes, new peptide-based vaccines, and innovative peptide-based diagnostic reagents, has the potential to promote the era of precise customization of disease therapeutic schedule.

Next-generation biopolymer gels: innovations in drug delivery and theranostics

Biopolymers or natural polymers like chitosan, cellulose, alginate, collagen, etc. have gained significant interest recently due to their remarkable tunable properties that make them appropriate for a variety of applications & play a crucial role in everyday life. The features of biopolymers which include biodegradability, biocompatibility, sustainability, affordability, & availability are vital for creating products for use in biomedical fields. Apart from these characteristics, smart or stimuli-responsive biopolymers also show a distinctive property of being susceptible to various factors like pH, temperature, light intensity, & electrical or magnetic fields. The current review would present a brief idea about smart biopolymer gels along with their biomedical applications. The use of smart biopolymers gels as theranostic agents are also discussed in the present review. This review also focuses on the application of biopolymers in the fields of drug delivery, cancer treatment, tissue engineering & wound healing. These areas demonstrate the development and utilization of different types of biopolymers in current biomedical applications.

Current Context of Designing Phototheranostic Cyclometalated Iridium (III) Complexes to Open a New Avenue in Cancer Therapy

Photo-induced chemotherapy offers the best option for the selective treatment of cancer among all the prevailing modalities. Iridium (III) complexes, flourished with excellent photophysical and photochemical properties, have been considered to be superior for undergoing photo-responsive cancer therapy. Large Stokes shift, long-lived triplet excited state, photostability, and tuneable emission have rendered its excellence as a phototheranostic agent. In particular, the cyclometalated Ir (III) complexes and their respective nanoparticles have made a strong niche in the arena of cancer therapy. In recent years, Ir (III) based complexes have shown promising utilities as both imaging and therapeutic agents as well. Therefore, this review summarises the recent advances in the strategic designing of cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes to augment their phototheranostic applications in precision medicine.

Systematic review: Mechanisms of photoactive nanocarriers for imaging and therapy including controlled drug delivery

BACKGROUND

The design of smart, photoactivated nanomaterials for targeted drug delivery systems (DDS) has garnered significant research interest due in part to the ability of light to precisely control drug release in specific cells or tissues with high spatial and temporal resolution. The development of effective light-triggered DDS involves mechanisms including photocleavage, photoisomerization, photopolymerization, photosensitization, photothermal phenomena, and photorearrangement, which permit response to ultraviolet (UV), visible (Vis), and/or Near Infrared (NIR) light. This review explores recent advancements in light-responsive small molecules, polymers, and nanocarriers, detailing their underlying mechanisms and utility for drug delivery and/or imaging. Furthermore, it highlights key challenges and future perspectives in the development of light-triggered DDS, emphasizing the potential of these systems to revolutionize targeted therapies.

METHOD

A systematic literature search was performed using Google Scholar as the primary database and information source. We searched the recently published literature (within 15 years) with the following keywords individually and in relevant combinations: light responsive, nanoparticle, drug release, mechanism, photothermal, photosensitization, photopolymerization, photocleavage, and photoisomerization.

RESULTS

We selected 117 scientific articles to assess the strength of evidence after screening titles and abstracts. We found that six mechanisms (photocleavage, photoisomerization, photopolymerization, photosensitization, photothermal phenomena, and photorearrangement) have primarily been used for light-triggered drug release and categorized our review accordingly. Azobenzene/spiropyran-based derivatives and o-nitrobenzyl/Coumarin derivatives are often used for photoisomerization and photocleavage-enabled drug delivery, while free radical polymerization and cationic polymerization comprise two main mechanisms of photopolymerization. One hundred two is the primary active radical oxygen species employed for photosensitization, which is a key factor that impacts the therapeutic effects in Photodynamic therapy, but not in photothermal therapy.

CONCLUSION

The comprehensive review serves as a guiding compass for light-triggered DDS for biomedical applications. This rapidly advancing field is poised to generate breakthroughs for disease diagnosis and treatment.

Biomineralized Nanocomposite-Integrated Microneedle Patch for Combined Brachytherapy and Photothermal Therapy in Postoperative Melanoma Recurrence and Infectious Wound Healing

In the surgical management of malignant melanoma, incomplete tumor resection and large-area cutaneous defects are major contributors to high locoregional recurrence and uncontrolled wound infections, resulting in poor prognosis and prolonged recovery times for patients. Herein, a versatile nanocomposite microneedle patch (referred to as GM-Ag2S/Ca32P) is designed to simultaneously eliminate residual tumor post-surgery and promote the healing of infectious wounds. This microneedle patch effectively penetrates subcutaneous tissues, delivering therapeutic payloads to infiltrating tumor cells and bacteria. The Ag2S/Ca32P nanocomposites encapsulated within the microneedle patch decompose in the acidic microenvironment of tumors and bacterial biofilms, releasing radioactive 32P and Ag2S nanodots, which enhance tumor eradication and bacteria killing through synergistic brachytherapy and photothermal therapy (PTT). Moreover, the nanocomposite microneedle patch promotes scar-free wound healing by reducing inflammation, and promoting granulation tissue formation, collagen deposition, and angiogenesis, thanks to localized hyperthermia, radiation, and the swelling and biodegradation of the microneedle matrices. This microneedle patch-based postoperative adjuvant therapy offers a comprehensive strategy for addressing melanoma recurrence and infectious wound healing, with promising potential for clinical application in postsurgical management.

Nanomaterial-Triggered Ferroptosis and Cuproptosis in Cancer Therapy

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of the death of individuals globally. Conventional treatment techniques like chemotherapy and radiation often suffer various drawbacks like toxicity and drug resistance. The study of cell death has been predominantly focused on classical forms like apoptosis, but the role of metal ions in governing controlled cell death is a fascinating and less explored area. Metal-mediated controlled cell death is a process where metal triggers cell death via a unique mechanism. Nanomaterial-based strategies have gained attention for their ability to deliver precise therapeutic agents while also triggering Regulated Cell Death (RCD) mechanisms in cancer cells. The recently discovered metal-mediated controlled cell death techniques like cuproptosis and ferroptosis can be used in cancer treatment as they can be used selectively for the treatment of drug-resistant cancer. Nano material-based delivery system can also be used for the precise delivery of the drug to the targeted sites. In this review, we have given some idea about the mechanism of metal-mediated controlled cell death techniques (ferroptosis and cuproptosis) and how we can initiate controlled cell deaths using nanomaterials for cancer treatment.

Application of quality by design in optimization of nanoformulations: Principle, perspectives and practices

Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems (NDDS) based nanoformulations have emerged as promising drug delivery systems. Various NDDS-based formulations have been reported such as polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), nanoliposomes, solid lipid NPs, nanocapsules, liposomes, self-nano emulsifying drug delivery systems, pro liposomes, nanospheres, microemulsion, nanoemulsion, gold NPs, silver NPs and nanostructured lipid carrier. They have shown numerous advantages such as enhanced bioavailability, aqueous solubility, permeability, controlled release profile, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. This advantage of NDDS can help to deliver pure drugs to the target site. However, the formulation of nanoparticles is a complex process that requires optimization to ensure product quality and efficacy. Quality by Design (QbD) is a systemic approach that has been implemented in the pharmaceutical industry to improve the quality and reliability of drug products. QbD involves the optimization of different parameters like zeta potential (ZP), particle size (PS), entrapment efficiency (EE), polydispersity index (PDI), and drug release using statistical experimental design. The present article discussed the detailed role of QbD in optimizing nanoformulations and their advantages, advancement, and applications from the industrial perspective. Various case studies of QbD in the optimization of nanoformulations are also discussed.

A tumor microenvironment-responsive multifunctional MoS2-Ru nanocatalyst with photothermally enhanced chemodynamic activity

Targeting the unique characteristics of the tumor microenvironment (TME) has emerged as a highly promising strategy for cancer therapy. Chemodynamic therapy (CDT), which leverages the TME's intrinsic properties to convert H2O2 into cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals (˙OH), has attracted significant attention. However, the effectiveness of CDT is often limited by the catalytic efficiency of the materials used. Although Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) exhibits remarkable chemodynamic and photothermal properties, its limited efficiency in catalyzing the conversion of endogenous H2O2 into ˙OH radicals remains a significant challenge. To overcome this, we developed a nanocomposite of MoS2 and ruthenium (MoS2-Ru), by incorporating Ru into MoS2 nanosheets. The MoS2-Ru nanocomposite demonstrated significantly enhanced catalytic activity at a low concentration (500 ng mL-1), whereas the same effect was achieved only with 20 μg mL-1 of MoS2. The low Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) of 4.69 mM further confirmed the superior catalytic activity of the nanocomposite, indicative of the enhanced enzyme-like activity. Additionally, the integration of Ru in MoS2 reduced the bandgap to 1.18 eV, facilitating near-infrared (NIR) absorption with a high conversion efficiency of 41%. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis confirmed robust ˙OH radical generation driven by the combined chemodynamic and photothermal effects. In vitro studies using triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells validated the synergistic activity of CDT and PTT, demonstrating significant ˙OH radical production under TME conditions, leading to effective cancer cell death. This study underscores the potential of MoS2-Ru nanocomposites as a versatile and powerful platform for multimodal cancer therapy, seamlessly integrating CDT and PTT to achieve synergistic, precise, and highly effective treatment outcomes.

Effect and mechanism of miRNA-144-5p-regulated autophagy in older adults with Sarcopenia

BACKGROUND

Advanced aging invariably triggers an overabundance of apoptosis, stemming from diminished autophagy or a disarray in cellular autophagic processes. This, in turn, leads to an accelerated breakdown of muscle proteins, which exacerbates the ongoing deterioration of skeletal muscle and intensifies the severity of senile sarcopenia. This study aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of miRNA-regulated autophagy in senile sarcopenia.

METHODS

The miRNAs associated with sarcopenia were screened, and the target genes of significant miRNAs were predicted. The effects of significantly differentially expressed miRNA-144-5p on cell aging and autophagy were validated in vivo and in vitro.

RESULTS

The inhibition of miR-144-5p enhanced the multiplication of mouse myoblasts, increased the expression of MHC and autophagic markers LC3II/LC3I and Beclin-1, facilitated the formation of autophagosomes in mouse myoblasts, and reduced the number of aging cells and the expression of senescence-related proteins acetylated p53, p53, and p21 expression in mouse myoblasts. miR-144-5p affects myoblast senescence, myogenic differentiation, and autophagy by regulating the downstream target gene, Atg2A. Inhibiting miR-144-5p markedly increased the grip strength of the posterior limb in old mice, and the CSA of old mice and young mice was also markedly increased.

CONCLUSION

All experiments have demonstrated that miRNA-144-5p has a significant impact on the regulation of autophagy and the development of senile sarcopenia.

Species-specific modulation of nitro-oxidative stress and root growth in monocots by silica nanoparticle pretreatment under copper oxide nanoparticle stress

BACKGROUND

Abiotic stressors such as heavy metals and nanoparticles pose significant challenges to sustainable agriculture, with copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) known to inhibit root growth and induce oxidative stress in plants. While silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) have been shown to increase abiotic stress tolerance, their role in mitigating CuO NP-induced stress in crops, especially monocots, remains poorly understood. This study addresses this critical knowledge gap by investigating how SiO2 NP pretreatment modulates CuO NP-induced stress responses, with a particular focus on root growth inhibition and nitro-oxidative stress pathways.

RESULTS

Using an in vitro semihydroponic system, seeds were pretreated with varying concentrations of SiO2 NPs (100-800 mg/L) before exposure to CuO NPs at levels known to inhibit root growth by 50%. SiO2 NP pretreatment alleviated CuO NP-induced root growth inhibition in sorghum, wheat, and rye but intensified it in triticale. These responses are associated with species-specific alterations in reactive signaling molecules, including a reduction in nitric oxide levels and an increase in hydrogen sulfide in sorghum, a decrease in superoxide anion levels in rye, and elevated hydrogen peroxide levels in wheat. Protein tyrosine nitration, a marker of nitro-oxidative stress, was reduced in most cases, further indicating the stress-mitigating role of SiO2 NPs. These signaling molecules were selected for their established roles in mediating oxidative and nitrosative stress responses under abiotic stress conditions.

CONCLUSIONS

SiO2 NP pretreatment modulates CuO NP-induced stress responses through species-specific regulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, demonstrating its potential as a tool for enhancing crop resilience. These findings advance the understanding of nanoparticle‒plant interactions and provide a foundation for future applications of nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture.

CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER

Not applicable.

MXene-Derived Multifunctional Biomaterials: New Opportunities for Wound Healing

The process of wound healing is frequently impeded by metabolic imbalances within the wound microenvironment. MXenes exhibit exceptional biocompatibility, biodegradability, photothermal conversion efficiency, conductivity, and adaptable surface functionalization, demonstrating marked potential in the development of multifunctional platforms for wound healing. Moreover, the integration of MXenes with other bioactive nanomaterials has been shown to enhance their therapeutic efficacy, paving the way for innovative approaches to wound healing. In this review, we provide a systematic exposition of the mechanisms through which MXenes facilitate wound healing and offer a comprehensive analysis of the current research landscape on MXene-based multifunctional bioactive composites in this field. By delving into the latest scientific discoveries, we identify the existing challenges and potential future trajectories for the advancement of MXenes. Our comprehensive evaluation aims to provide insightful guidance for the formulation of more effective wound healing strategies.

Research Progress in the Field of Hydrogen Sulfide Donors in the Last Five Years

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) serves as the third gasotransmitter, crucial in various physiological processes involving its production and metabolism. Elevated levels of H2S can result in acute or chronic poisoning, whereas lower concentrations are involved in regulating diverse physiological and pathological activities within the human body. Moreover, it actively participates in maintaining normal cellular function by exerting cell protection and anti-apoptotic effects. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted to explore the physiological significance of H2S and its potential applications in developing prodrugs. To further unravel the biological and clinical potential of H2S, H2S donors have gained widespread utilization. These compounds facilitate our understanding of the specific functional aspects governed by H2S and hold promise as potential therapeutic agents. Therefore, it is necessary to study H2S as a delivery vehicle at the cellular and in vivo levels. This review provides an overview of advancements made over the past five years regarding H2S donors and their applications in biology, encompassing indirectly released donors of carbonyl sulfide (COS), directly released small molecule donors, Nanocomposite scaffolds, and hydrogels.

Programmable Nanomodulators for Precision Therapy, Engineering Tumor Metabolism to Enhance Therapeutic Efficacy

Tumor metabolism is crucial in the continuous advancement and complex growth of cancer. The emerging field of nanotechnology has made significant strides in enhancing the understanding of the complex metabolic intricacies inherent to tumors, offering potential avenues for their strategic manipulation to achieve therapeutic goals. This comprehensive review delves into the interplay between tumor metabolism and various facets of cancer, encompassing its origins, progression, and the formidable challenges posed by metastasis. Simultaneously, it underscores the classification of programmable nanomodulators and their transformative impact on enhancing cancer treatment, particularly when integrated with modalities such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. This review also encapsulates the mechanisms by which nanomodulators modulate tumor metabolism, including the delivery of metabolic inhibitors, regulation of oxidative stress, pH value modulation, nanoenzyme catalysis, nutrient deprivation, and RNA interference technology, among others. Additionally, the review delves into the prospects and challenges of nanomodulators in clinical applications. Finally, the innovative concept of using nanomodulators to reprogram metabolic pathways is introduced, aiming to transform cancer cells back into normal cells. This review underscores the profound impact that tailored nanomodulators can have on tumor metabolic, charting a path toward pioneering precision therapies for cancer.

NIR-II scattering gold superclusters for intravascular optical coherence tomography molecular imaging

Currently, intravascular optical coherence tomography (IV-OCT) is limited to anatomical imaging, providing structural information about atherosclerotic plaque morphology, thrombus and dissection. Earlier detection and risk stratification would be possible through molecular characterization of endothelium but necessitates a purpose-engineered IV-OCT contrast agent. Here we developed gold superclusters (AuSCs) tailored to clinical instrumentation and integrated into clinically relevant workflows. AuSCs are aqueously dispersible clusters of closely packed small gold nanoparticles, affording plasmon hybridization to maximize light scattering at the IV-OCT laser line (~1,350 nm). A polymer coating fosters AuSC uniformity and provides a functionalizable handle, which we targeted to intravascular P-selectin, an early vascular endothelial marker of inflammation. In a rat model of intravascular inflammation, P-selectin-targeted AuSC facilitated IV-OCT molecular imaging, where the strength of the signal correlates with the severity of vascular inflammation.

Sodium Alginate/Poly (Acrylicacid) Hydrogel Composite, Potential Carrier for Fibroblast Growth Factor1 (FGF1) Delivery

Fibroblast growth factor1 is a powerful signaling molecule that plays a critical role in injury repair of diverse tissue by stimulating cell growth and angiogenesis. FGF1 has significant role in the cell fate and regulating inflammation with short half-life and poor in vivo stability. The encapsulation of the growth factor in the hydrogel led to peptide protect from the degradation and/or immune recognition and enable controlled drug delivery over a longer period of time. The aim of this study is to develop and evaluate a hydrogel carrier with adjustable release rate while maintaining bioactivity of FGF1. Here we describe an optimal ratio of sodium alginate and polyacrylic acid without additional cross linker containing optimum amount of FGF1 with the potential of sustained release to be used as a therapeutic agent. The carrier was characterized by FTIR, contact angle and swelling ratio. The activity of FGF1 after release from the hydrogel was confirmed by ELISA and Western blot. Further assessment of genes related to inflammation were evaluated by RTPCR. This hydrogel is able to deliver growth factors by restricting the essential proteins within the matrix to prevent rapid proteolysis and explosive release and is therefore widely applicable.

Thermosensitive Hydrogel Integrated with Bimetallic Nano-Enzymes for Modulating the Microenvironment in Diabetic Wound Beds

Effective regulation and reconstruction of the microenvironment are critical for the regeneration of chronic wounds. Diabetic wounds, in particular, pose a significant clinical challenge due to increased oxidative stress and dysfunctional healing processes. In this study, a novel therapeutic strategy is developed using 3D copper-magnesium bimetallic antioxidant nano-enzymes (Cu/Mg-MOF) to mitigate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and restore redox balance through electron transfer. To optimize delivery, a thermo-sensitive hydrogel composed of chitosan (CS) and ε-polylysine (PL) is designed, serving as an efficient carrier for the nano-enzymes. This Cu/Mg-MOF@CS/PL hydrogel exhibits excellent physical properties, including injectability, softness, and biocompatibility, making it ideal for application in diabetic wounds. In a diabetic wound model, treatment with Cu/Mg-MOF@CS/PL hydrogel significantly accelerated wound healing, with a closure rate of 90.6% by day 14, compared to just 55.4% in the untreated group. The hydrogel effectively promoted key aspects of wound healing, such as collagen deposition, re-epithelialization, angiogenesis, and immunomodulation. These findings underscore the potential of the Cu/Mg-MOF@CS/PL hydrogel as a promising therapeutic system for enhancing the healing of diabetic wounds.

Immunoadjuvant-functionalized metal-organic frameworks: synthesis and applications in tumor immune modulation

Cancer immunotherapy, which leverages the body's immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells, has made significant progress, particularly in the treatment of metastatic tumors. However, challenges such as drug stability and off-target effects still limit its clinical success. To address these issues, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as promising nanocarriers in cancer immunotherapy. MOFs have unique porous structure, excellent drug loading capacity, and tunable surface modification properties. MOFs not only enhance drug delivery efficiency but also allow for precise control of drug release. They reduce off-target effects and significantly improve targeting and therapy efficacy. As research deepens, MOFs' effectiveness as drug carriers has been refined. When combined with immunoadjuvants or anticancer drugs, MOFs further stimulate the immune response. This improves the specificity of immune attacks on tumors. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the applications of MOFs in cancer immunotherapy. It focuses on synthesis, drug loading strategies, and surface modifications. It also analyzes their role in enhancing immunotherapy effectiveness. By integrating current research, we aim to provide insights for the future development of immunoadjuvant-functionalized MOFs, accelerating their clinical application for safer and more effective cancer treatments.

Role of macrophage polarization in diabetic foot ulcer healing: A bibliometric study

BACKGROUND

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a significant contributor to disability and mortality in diabetic patients. Macrophage polarization and functional regulation are promising areas of research and show therapeutic potential in the field of DFU healing. However, the complex mechanism, the difficulty in clinical translation, and the large heterogeneity present significant challenges. Hence, this study was to comprehensively analyze the publication status and trends of studies on macrophage polarization and DFU healing.

AIM

To examine the relevant literature on macrophage polarization in DFU healing.

METHODS

A bibliometric analysis was conducted using the Web of Science database. Relevant literature was retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database between 2013 to 2023 using literature visualization and analysis software (VOSviewer and CiteSpace) and bibliometric online platforms. The obtained literature was then subjected to visualization and analysis of different countries/regions, institutions, journals, authors, and keywords to reveal the research's major trends and focus.

RESULTS

The number of publications on the role of macrophage polarization in DFU healing increased rapidly from 2013 to 2023, especially in the latter period. Chinese researchers were the most prolific in this field, with 217 publications, while American researchers had been engaged in this field for a longer period. Qian Tan of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Qian Ding of Nanjing University were the first to publish in this field. Shanghai Jiao Tong University was the institution with the most publications (27). The keywords "bone marrow", "adjustment, replacement, response, tissue repair", and "activation, repair, differentiation" appeared more frequently. The study of macrophage polarization in DFU healing focused on the regulatory mechanism, gene expression, and other aspects.

CONCLUSION

This study through the bibliometric method reveals the research trends and development trends in this field of macrophage polarization in DFU healing from 2013 to 2023 in the Web of Science Core Collection database. The key hotspots in this field mainly include the regulation of macrophage activation, gene expression, wound tissue repair, and new wound materials. This study provides references for future research directions.

Multi-functional dressings for recovery and screenable treatment of wounds: A review

Considerable research has focused on advanced wound dressing technology over the past decade. The increasing emphasis on health and medical treatment is crucial to the modern healthcare system. Consequently, high-quality wound dressings with advanced standards are essential for superior medical care. Next-generation multifunctional wound dressings feature antibacterial properties, pain relief, biocompatibility, drug delivery, flexibility, and exudate absorption. Today, biomimetic models, tissue engineering, and synthetic skin are integrated with emerging wound healing technologies, offering a new perspective on wound management. Based on the classification model of multifunctional and advanced wound dressings, various AI-assisted wound management technologies are also highly efficient. The primary goals of advanced wound dressing technologies include faster wound healing, prevention of microbial contamination, preservation of skin aesthetics, reduction of treatment costs, and increased patient comfort. The latest technologies in this field not only promote faster healing and the treatment of deep wounds but also emphasize continuous control and monitoring of the healing process. These screenable wound dressings can be smart sensors to detect wound status based on parameters such as pH, moisture, temperature, and oxygen levels. This enables wound status monitoring and appropriate treatment responses. These technologies facilitate wound observation and monitoring, as well as the evaluation and control of the healing process through various models and strategies, such as the fabrication of functional nanomaterials, computer algorithms, and artificial intelligence. This review presents an overview of the most prominent new technologies in wound dressings, along with their innovative approaches.

Emergence of synchronization-induced patterns in two-dimensional magnetic rod systems under rotating magnetic fields

We investigate the dynamics of two-dimensional assemblies of rod-shaped magnetic colloids under the influence of an external rotating magnetic field. Using molecular dynamics, we simulate the formation of patterns that emerge based on the synchronization degree between the magnetic rods and the rotating field. We then explore the structural and dynamic characteristics of the resulting steady states, examining their evolution as a function of changes in the rods' aspect ratio, the strength of the external magnetic field, and its rotation frequency. Three distinct synchronization regimes of the rods with the magnetic field are clearly observed. A detailed set of phase diagrams illustrates the complex relationship between the magnitude of the external magnetic field and its rotation frequency and how these parameters govern the formation of unique self-organized structures.

Role of polyethylene glycol to alleviate lead stress in Raphanus sativus

The continuous contamination of heavy metals (HMs) in our ecosystem due to industrialization, urbanization and other anthropogenic activities has become a serious environmental constraint to successful crop production. Lead (Pb) toxicity causes ionic, oxidative and osmotic injuries which induce various morphological, physiological, metabolic and molecular abnormalities in plants. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is widely used to elucidate drought stress induction and alleviation mechanisms in treated plants. Some recent studies have unveiled the potential of PEG in regulating plant growth and developmental procedures including seed germination, root and shoot growth and alleviating the detrimental impacts of abiotic stresses in plants. Therefore, the current study aimed to assess the effects of seed priming with various concentrations (10%, 20%, 30% and 40%) of PEG on the growth and development of radish plants growing under Pb stress (75 mg/kg soil). Lead toxicity reduced root growth (32.89%), shoot growth (32.81%), total chlorophyll (56.25%) and protein content (58.66%) in treated plants. Similarly, plants showed reduced biomass production of root (35.48%) and shoot (31.25%) under Pb stress, while 30% PEG seed priming enhanced biomass production of root (28.57%) and shoot (35.29%) under Pb contaminated regimes. On the other hand, seedlings obtained from 30% PEG priming demonstrated a notable augmentation in the concentrations of photosynthetic pigments, antioxidative activity and biomass accumulation of the plants. PEG-treated plants showed modulations in the enzymatic activities of peroxidase (PO), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). These changes collectively played a role in mitigating the adverse effects of Pb on plant physiology. Our data revealed that PEG interceded stress extenuation encompasses numerous regulatory mechanisms including scavenging of ROS through antioxidant and non-antioxidants, improved photosynthetic activity and appropriate nutrition. Hence, it becomes necessary to elucidate the beneficial role of PEG in developing approaches for improving plant growth and stress tolerance.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: a promising candidate for wound healing applications

Effective wound management and treatment are crucial in clinical practice, yet existing strategies often fall short in fully addressing the complexities of skin wound healing. Recent advancements in tissue engineering have introduced innovative approaches, particularly through the use of nanobiomaterials, to enhance the healing process. In this context, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) have garnered attention due to their excellent biological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Furthermore, these nanoparticles can be modified to enhance their therapeutic benefits. Scaffolds and dressings containing TiO2 NPs have demonstrated promising outcomes in accelerating wound healing and enhancing tissue regeneration. This review paper covers the wound healing process, the biological properties of TiO2 NPs that make them suitable for promoting wound healing, methods for synthesizing TiO2 NPs, the use of scaffolds and dressings containing TiO2 NPs in wound healing, the application of modified TiO2 NPs in wound healing, and the potential toxicity of TiO2 NPs.

Aptamer-functionalized nucleic acid nanotechnology for biosensing, bioimaging and cancer therapy

Nucleic acids have enabled the fabrication of self-assemblies and dynamic operations. Among different functional nucleic acids, aptamers can specifically bind to a wide range of targets, including proteins, viral antigens, living cells and even tissues, and have thus emerged as molecular recognition tools in molecular medicine. Hence, aptamer-functionalized nucleic acid nanotechnology offers applications of biosensing, bioimaging, and cancer therapy. In this review, after a brief overview of nucleic acid nanotechnology, we focus on the integration of aptamers with nucleic acid nanotechnology, including self-assembly constructions and dynamic molecular manipulations. The emerging applications in molecular medicine are subsequently reviewed with aptamer-based self-assemblies and aptamer-involved dynamic molecular manipulation. For convenience, applications are broadly categorized into biosensing, bioimaging, and cancer therapy. Finally, challenges and potential development of nucleic acid nanotechnology are discussed.

Large Scale Ultrafast Manufacturing of Wireless Soft Bioelectronics Enabled by Autonomous Robot Arm Printing Assisted by a Computer Vision-Enabled Guidance System for Personalized Wound Healing

A Customized wound patch for Advanced tissue Regeneration with Electric field (CARE), featuring an autonomous robot arm printing system guided by a computer vision-enabled guidance system for fast image recognition is introduced. CARE addresses the growing demand for flexible, stretchable, and wireless adhesive bioelectronics tailored for electrotherapy, which is suitable for rapid adaptation to individual patients and practical implementation in a comfortable design. The visual guidance system integrating a 6-axis robot arm enables scans from multiple angles to provide a 3D map of complex and curved wounds. The size of electrodes and the geometries of power-receiving coil are essential components of the CARE and are determined by a MATLAB simulation, ensuring efficient wireless power transfer. Three heterogeneous inks possessing different rheological behaviors can be extruded and printed sequentially on the flexible substrates, supporting fast manufacturing of large customized bioelectronic patches. CARE can stimulate wounds up to 10 mm in depth with an electric field strength of 88.8 mV mm-1. In vitro studies reveal the ability to accelerate cell migration by a factor of 1.6 and 1.9 for human dermal fibroblasts and human umbilical vein endothelial cells, respectively. This study highlights the potential of CARE as a clinical wound therapy method to accelerate healing.

Development and optimization of dapagliflozin oral nano-bilosomes using response surface method: in vitro evaluation, in vivo evaluation

In treating type 2 diabetes, avoiding glucose reabsorption (glucotoxicity) and managing hyperglycemia are also important. A metabolic condition known as diabetes (type-2) is characterized by high blood sugar levels in comparison to normal Bilosomes (BLs) containing Dapagliflozin (Dapa) were formulated, optimized, and tested for oral therapeutic efficacy in the current investigation. Used the Box Behnken design to optimize the Dapa-BLs, formulated via a thin-film hydration technique. Bile salts (X1) concentration, edge activator (X2) in mg, and non-ionic surfactant (X3) were the independent variables. The Entrapment Efficiency (Y1), Particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential (ZP), were selected as dependent variables. To get the optimal formula, use Design-Expert® software for numerical optimization. The optimal bilosomal formula was selected by boosting %EE, ZP (absolute value), and in vitro drug release while also considering decreasing PS and PDI. Ex vivo skin permeation, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were evaluate the optimized formulation. The in vivo pharmacodynamics activities of the optimized formula were examined on rats and compared to that of the oral Dapa solution. The optimized Dapa-BLs were shown a particle size of 155.36±2.48 nm and an entrapment efficiency of 86.37±2.6%. The SEM image showed a spherical particle with sharp boundaries. The drug release study revealed a significant enhancement in Dapa release (75.31 ± 2.68%) from Dapa -BLs as compared to drug solution (30.46 ± 3.64%). The results of the exvivo permeation and pharmacokinetic studies revealed a 4.49 times higher flux and 3.41 folds higher AUC0-t than drug solution. The antidiabetic activity results showed significant (P < 0.05) enhancement in therapeutic efficacy than drug solution. The results also showed marked improvement in biochemical parameters. Our findings suggested, the prepared Dapa loaded bilosomes was found to be an efficient delivery in the therapeutic efficacy in diabetes.

Medicated and multifunctional composite alginate-collagen-hyaluronate based scaffolds prepared using two different crosslinking approaches show potential for healing of chronic wounds

Chronic wounds present significant challenges with high morbidity and mortality. A cost-effective dressing that can absorb large exudate volumes, is hemostatic and therapeutically active is of current interest. This study compares two crosslinking approaches on composite scaffolds comprising fish collagen (FCOL), hyaluronic acid (HA) and sodium alginate (SA) by respectively targeting HA and SA. Crosslinking involved reacting HA with polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDE)/itaconic acid (IT) (IPC scaffolds) or SA with calcium chloride (CC scaffolds) and the crosslinked gels (with/without BSA) freeze-dried. Selected optimized formulations were loaded with basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) as medicated scaffold dressings. NMR and FTIR spectroscopies (crosslinking/component interactions), SEM (morphology), texture analysis (mechanical strength/adhesion), and exudate handling were used to characterize the physico-chemical properties of the scaffolds. Protein (BSA) release profiles, hemostasis, biocompatibility and wound closure were assessed using HPLC, whole blood and methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) and scratch assays respectively. The CC SA:FCOL:HA scaffolds showed improved mechanical strength, porosity, water vapor transmission rate, retained structural integrity after absorbing 50% exudate and promoted cell proliferation. The IPC scaffolds showed enhanced structural integrity, excellent hemostasis, retained three times more exudate than non-crosslinked scaffolds and provided acceptable pore size for cell adhesion and proliferation. The results show potential of CC and IPC SA:FCOL:HA scaffolds as medicated dressings for delivering proteins to chronic wounds. The study's significance lies in their potential use as multifunctional, multi-targeted and therapeutic dressings to overcome challenges with chronic wounds and use as delivery platforms for other therapeutic agents for chronic wound healing.

Construction, structural modification, and bioactivity evaluation of pentacyclic triterpenoid privileged scaffolds in active natural products

Pentacyclic triterpenoids, as important representatives of natural products, have garnered widespread attention due to their diverse biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antitumor effects. Oleanolic acid (OA), betulinic acid (BA), ursolic acid (UA), triptolide, and glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) are typical examples of pentacyclic triterpenoids. Despite their significant biological activities, their poor water solubility and low bioavailability have limited further development and application. In recent years, researchers have developed a series of derivatives with enhanced biological activities and improved drug properties through structural modifications of these compounds, particularly achieving notable progress in the field of antitumor therapy. This review summarizes recent advances in the structural modification of pentacyclic triterpenoids and explores their promising applications in the development of antitumor, antiviral, and other therapeutic agents.

AI-Based solutions for current challenges in regenerative medicine

The emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its usage in regenerative medicine represents a significant opportunity that holds the promise of tackling critical challenges and improving therapeutic outcomes. This article examines the ways in which AI, including machine learning and data fusion techniques, can contribute to regenerative medicine, particularly in gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and tissue engineering. In gene therapy, AI tools can boost the accuracy and safety of treatments by analyzing extensive genomic datasets to target and modify genetic material in a precise manner. In cell therapy, AI improves the characterization and optimization of cell products like mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by predicting their function and potency. Additionally, AI enhances advanced microscopy techniques, enabling accurate, non-invasive and quantitative analyses of live cell cultures. AI enhances tissue engineering by optimizing biomaterial and scaffold designs, predicting interactions with tissues, and streamlining development. This leads to faster and more cost-effective innovations by decreasing trial and error. The convergence of AI and regenerative medicine holds great transformative potential, promising effective treatments and innovative therapeutic strategies. This review highlights the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and the continued integration of AI-based technologies, such as data fusion methods, to overcome current challenges and advance regenerative medicine.

Nanomaterials and methods for cancer therapy: 2D materials, biomolecules, and molecular dynamics simulations

This review explores the potential of biomolecule-based nanomaterials, i.e., protein, peptide, nucleic acid, and polysaccharide-based nanomaterials, in cancer nanomedicine. It highlights the wide range of design possibilities for creating multifunctional nanomedicines using these biomolecule-based nanomaterials. This review also analyzes the primary obstacles in cancer nanomedicine that can be resolved through the usage of nanomaterials based on biomolecules. It also examines the unique in vivo characteristics, programmability, and biological functionalities of these biomolecule-based nanomaterials. This summary outlines the most recent advancements in the development of two-dimensional semiconductor-based nanomaterials for cancer theranostic purposes. It focuses on the latest developments in molecular simulations and modelling to provide a clear understanding of important uses, techniques, and concepts of nanomaterials in drug delivery and synthesis processes. Finally, the review addresses the challenges in molecular simulations, and generating, analyzing, and developing biomolecule-based and two-dimensional semiconductor-based nanomaterials, and highlights the barriers that must be overcome to facilitate their application in clinical settings.

Near Infrared-Triggered Nitric Oxide-Release Nanovesicles with Mild-Photothermal Antibacterial and Immunomodulation for Healing MRSA-Infected Diabetic Wounds

Bacterial infection-induced excessive inflammation is a major obstacle in diabetic wound healing. Nitric oxide (NO) exhibits significant antibacterial activity but is extremely deficient in diabetes. Hence, a near-infrared (NIR)-triggered NO release system is constructed through codelivery of polyarginine (PArg) and gold nanorods (Au) in an NIR-activatable methylene blue (MB) polypeptide-assembled nanovesicle (Au/PEL-PBA-MB/PArg). Upon NIR irradiation, the quenched MB in the nanovesicles is photoactivated to generate more reactive oxygen species (ROS) to oxidize PArg and release NO in an on-demand controlled manner. With the specific bacterial capture of phenylboronic acid (PBA), NO elevated membrane permeability and boosted bacterial vulnerability in the photothermal therapy (PTT) of the Au nanorods, which is displayed by superior mild PTT antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at temperatures < 49.7 °C in vitro. Moreover, in vivo, the antibacterial nanovesicles greatly suppressed the burst of MRSA-induced excessive inflammation, NO relayed immunomodulated macrophage polarization from M1 to M2, and the excessive inflammatory phase is successfully transferred to the repair phase. In cooperation with angiogenesis by NO, tissue regeneration is accelerated in MRSA-infected diabetic wounds. Therefore, nanoplatform has considerable potential for accelerating the healing of infected diabetic wounds.

Copper functionalized, pro-angiogenic, and skin regenerative scaffolds based on novel chitosan/APDEMS modified sepiolite-based formulation

Biomaterials-based scaffolds are extensively explored for their proangiogenic and tissue regenerative abilities. The present study aimed to develop wound healing scaffolds based on chitosan/aminopropyldiethoxymethylsilane (APDEMS) modified sepiolite, loaded with copper (0-0.25 g), characterized by FTIR, SEM, mechanical, TGA and analyzed biomedically. The FTIR and SEM confirmed the silane-induced cross-linking and incorporation of copper leading to better dispersion of individual components in the scaffolds. Based on other physicochemical observations, the best scaffold was CS/MS/Cu0.1 (99.5 % increased Young's modulus compared to chitosan, maximum swelling = 900 %, equilibrium time = 70 min); So, CS/MS/Cu0.1 and 0.25 were chosen for further analysis. The CAM assay showed significantly increased angiogenesis in CS/MS/Cu0.1 and 0.25 groups, lacking any developmental anomalies in chick embryos, at lower copper concentrations. The scaffolds' wound healing potential and in-vivo toxicity were assessed by wound excision and histopathology of various organs in mice, respectively. The rate of wound contraction in the CS/MS/Cu0.1 group was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than the control. The abovementioned results corroborated the histological and biochemical findings regarding more collagen deposition in regenerated skin sections and insignificant deviations in biochemical parameters of treated mice, respectively. The formulated biomaterials have proven promising materials for promoting angiogenesis in chick models and accelerating regeneration in mice skin.

Polycaprolactone/gelatin-QAS/bioglass nanofibres accelerate diabetic chronic wound healing by improving dysfunction of fibroblasts

Worldwide, more than 25 % of patients with diabetes develop chronic diabetic wounds in their lifetime. Infection and dysfunctional fibroblasts represent two significant etiological factors contributing to impaired wound healing in patients with diabetes. It is therefore evident that the development of wound dressings with both anti-infective and DM fibroblast modulating functions has the potential for clinical applications. In this study, a PCL/gelatine-quaternary ammonium salts (QAS)/bioglass (BG) electrospun nanofibrous membrane was developed with physico-chemical and biological properties that not only meet the clinical requirements for wound dressings but also exhibit remarkable moisturising (water adsorption rate of 382.39 ± 4.36 %) and tear-resistance properties (a tear strength of ~5.5 MPa). The incorporation of QAS and BG has enhanced the biocompatibility and bioactivity of the nanofibres, while also imparting remarkable antimicrobial properties. The antibacterial efficacy of PGQ-BG against E. coli and S. aureus was found to be 92.8 ± 0.78 % and 99.3 ± 0.55 %, respectively. Moreover, it was demonstrated that PGQ-BG nanofibers exerted a promoting effect on the extracellular matrix (ECM) in dysfunctional fibroblasts and upregulated the expression level of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), a marker of their differentiation to myofibroblasts in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the COL-III/COL-I ratio was significantly increased, indicating that PGQ-BG may also accelerate wound healing. The nanofibrous dressing reduced scar formation by increasing the COL-III/COL-I ratio. This is the first report of BG improving fibroblast dysfunction via COL-III and COL-I promotion in fibroblasts, both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, this novel bioactive nanofibrous dressing represents an effective and safe therapeutic strategy for improving chronic wound healing in patients with diabetes.

Advances in plant-derived extracellular vesicles: isolation, composition, and biological functions

Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) are nanoscale vesicles released from plant cells into the extracellular space. While similar in structure and function to mammalian-derived EVs, PDEVs are unique due to their origin and the specific metabolites they carry. PDEVs have gained significant attention in recent years, with numerous reports isolating different PDEVs from various plants, each exhibiting diverse biological functions. However, the field is still in its early stages, and many issues need further exploration. To better develop and utilize PDEVs, it is essential to have a comprehensive understanding of their characteristics. This review provides an overview of recent advances in PDEV research. It focuses on the methods and techniques for isolating and purifying PDEVs, comparing their respective advantages, limitations, and application scenarios. Furthermore, we discuss the latest discoveries regarding the composition of PDEVs, including lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and various plant metabolites. Additionally, we detail advanced studies on the multiple biological functions of PDEVs. Our goal is to advance our understanding of PDEVs and encourage further exploration in PDEV-based science and technology, offering insights into their potential applications for human health.

Current biological implications and clinical relevance of metastatic circulating tumor cells

Metastatic disease and cancer recurrence are the primary causes of cancer-related deaths. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) are the driving forces behind the spread of cancer cells. The emergence and development of liquid biopsy using rare CTCs as a minimally invasive strategy for early-stage tumor detection and improved tumor management is a promising advancement in recent years. However, before blood sample analysis and clinical translation, precise isolation of CTCs from patients' blood based on their biophysical properties, followed by molecular identification of CTCs using single-cell multi-omics technologies is necessary to understand tumor heterogeneity and provide effective diagnosis and monitoring of cancer progression. Additionally, understanding the origin, morphological variation, and interaction between CTCs and the primary and metastatic tumor niche, as well as and regulatory immune cells, will offer new insights into the development of CTC-based advanced tumor targeting in the future clinical trials.

Navigating stem cell culture: insights, techniques, challenges, and prospects

Stem cell research holds huge promise for regenerative medicine and disease modeling, making the understanding and optimization of stem cell culture a critical aspect of advancing these therapeutic applications. This comprehensive review provides an in-depth overview of stem cell culture, including general information, contemporary techniques, encountered problems, and future perspectives. The article begins by explaining the fundamental characteristics of various stem cell types, elucidating the importance of proper culture conditions in maintaining pluripotency or lineage commitment. A detailed exploration of established culture techniques sheds light on the evolving landscape of stem cell culture methodologies. Common challenges such as genetic stability, heterogeneity, and differentiation efficiency are thoroughly discussed, with insights into cutting-edge strategies and technologies aimed at addressing these hurdles. Moreover, the article delves into the impact of substrate materials, culture media components, and biophysical cues on stem cell behavior, emphasizing the intricate interplay between the microenvironment and cell fate decisions. As stem cell research advances, ethical considerations and regulatory frameworks become increasingly important, prompting a critical examination of these aspects in the context of culture practices. Lastly, the article explores emerging perspectives, including the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning in optimizing culture conditions, and the potential applications of stem cell-derived products in personalized medicine. This comprehensive overview aims to serve as a valuable resource for researchers and clinicians, fostering a deeper understanding of stem cell culture and its key role in advancing regenerative medicine and biomedical research.

Conductive hydrogels: intelligent dressings for monitoring and healing chronic wounds

Conductive hydrogels (CHs) represent a burgeoning class of intelligent wound dressings, providing innovative strategies for chronic wound repair and monitoring. Notably, CHs excel in promoting cell migration and proliferation, exhibit powerful antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, and enhance collagen deposition and angiogenesis. These capabilities, combined with real-time monitoring functions, play a pivotal role in accelerating collagen synthesis, angiogenesis and continuous wound surveillance. This review delves into the preparation, mechanisms and applications of CHs in wound management, highlighting their diverse and significant advantages. It emphasizes the effectiveness of CHs in treating various chronic wounds, such as diabetic ulcers, infected wounds, temperature-related injuries and athletic joint wounds. Additionally, it explores the diverse applications of multifunctional intelligent CHs in advanced wound care technologies, encompassing self-powered dressings, electrically-triggered drug delivery, comprehensive diagnostics and therapeutics and scar-free healing. Furthermore, the review highlights the challenges to their broader implementation, explores the future of intelligent wound dressings and discusses the transformative role of CHs in chronic wound management, particularly in the context of the anticipated integration of artificial intelligence (AI). Additionally, this review underscores the challenges hindering the widespread adoption of CHs, delves into the prospects of intelligent wound dressings and elucidates the transformative impact of CHs in managing chronic wounds, especially with the forthcoming integration of AI. This integration promises to facilitate predictive analytics and tailor personalized treatment plans, thereby further refining the healing process and elevating patient satisfaction. Addressing these challenges and harnessing emerging technologies, we postulate, will establish CHs as a cornerstone in revolutionizing chronic wound care, significantly improving patient outcomes.