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McIntosh MC, Ruple BA, Kontos NJ, Mattingly ML, Lockwood CM, Roberts MD. The effects of a sugar-free amino acid-containing electrolyte beverage on 5-kilometer performance, blood electrolytes, and post-exercise cramping versus a conventional carbohydrate-electrolyte sports beverage and water. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2296888. [PMID: 38131124 PMCID: PMC10763896 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2296888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of a multi-ingredient, low calorie dietary supplement (MIDS, XTEND® Healthy Hydration) on 5-kilometer (5-km) time trial performance and blood electrolyte concentrations compared to a carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage (CE, GATORADE® Thirst Quencher) and distilled water (W). METHODS During visit 1 (V1), participants (10 men and 10 women, 20-35 years old, BMI ≤ 29 kg/m2, recreationally active) reported to the laboratory whereby the following tests were performed: i) height and weight measurements, ii) body composition analysis, iii) treadmill testing to measure maximal aerobic capacity, and iv) 5-km time trial familiarization. The second visit (V2) was one week after V1 in the morning (0600 - 0900) and participants arrived 12-14 h fasted (no food or drink). The first battery of assessments (V2-T1) included nude body mass, urine specific gravity (USG), a profile of mood states (POMS) questionnaire, and the completion of a visual analogue scale (VAS) questionnaire to quantify cramping. Then heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), total body hydration (via bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy [BIS]) were examined. Finally, a measurement of blood markers via finger stick was performed. Participants consumed a randomized beverage (16 fl. oz. of MIDS, 16 fl. oz. of W, or 16 fl. oz. of CE) within 3 min followed by a 45-min rest. Following the rest period, a second battery (V2-T2) was performed whereby participants' USG was assessed and they completed the POMS and VAS questionnaires, and HR, BP, and blood markers were measured. The participants then performed a 5-km treadmill time trial. Immediately following the 5-km time trial, participants completed a third testing battery (V2-T3) that began with blood markers, HR and BP assessments, followed by nude body weight assessment, and the POMS and VAS questionnaires. After 60 min, a fourth battery (V2-T4) was performed that included HR, BP, and blood markers. After sitting quietly for another 60 min a fifth battery assessment was performed (V2-T5) that included participants' USG, POMS and VAS questionnaires, HR, BP, blood markers, and total body hydration. Visits 3 (V3) and 4 (V4) followed the same protocol except a different randomized drink (16 oz. of CE, MIDS, or W) was consumed; all of which were separated by approximately one week. RESULTS No differences occurred between conditions for 5-km time trial completion, indirect calorimetry outcomes during 5-km time trials, USG, or nude mass measurements (p > 0.05 for all relevant statistical tests). However, blood potassium and the sodium/potassium ratio displayed significant interactions (p < 0.05), and post hoc testing indicated these values were better maintained in the MIDS versus other conditions. Post-exercise cramp prevalence was greater in the CE (p < 0.05) and trended higher with W (p = 0.083) compared to the MIDS condition. Post-exercise cramp severity was also elevated with the W and CE beverages (p < 0.05) but not the MIDS (p = 0.211). CONCLUSIONS The MIDS did not affect 5-km time trial performance but exhibited favorable effects on blood electrolyte and post-exercise self-reporting cramp outcomes compared to the CE and W drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason C. McIntosh
- Nutrabolt Applied and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, School of Kinesiology, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Bradley A. Ruple
- Nutrabolt Applied and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, School of Kinesiology, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Kontos
- Nutrabolt Applied and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, School of Kinesiology, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Madison L. Mattingly
- Nutrabolt Applied and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, School of Kinesiology, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | - Michael D. Roberts
- Nutrabolt Applied and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, School of Kinesiology, Auburn, AL, USA
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Duttagupta S, Krishna Roy N, Dey G. Efficacy of amino acids in sports nutrition- review of clinical evidences. Food Res Int 2024; 187:114311. [PMID: 38763626 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The efficacy of amino acids as popular sports supplements has triggered debates, with their impact on athletic performance varying across sports disciplines due to diversity and heterogeneity in clinical trials. This review evaluates the ergogenic potential of amino acids, by critical appraisal of results of clinical trials of Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs), arginine, glutamine, citrulline, β-alanine, and taurine, performed on elite sportsmen from various land and water sports. Clinical trials reviewed here confirm notable physiological benefits thereby supporting the claim that BCAA, citrulline and arginine in various doses can have positive effects on endurance and overall performance in sportsperson. Furthermore, results of clinical trials and metabolomic studies indicate that in future it would be more beneficial to design precise formulations to target the requirement of specific sports. For instance, some combinations of amino acids may be more suitable for long term endurance and some others may be suitable for short burst of excessive energy. The most important insights from this review are the identification of three key areas where research is urgently needed: a) Biomarkers that can identify the physiological end points and to distinguish the specific role of amino acid as anti-fatigue or reducing muscle soreness or enhancing energy b) In-depth sports-wise clinical trials on elite sportsperson to understand the ergogenic needs for the particular sports c) Design of precision formula for similar types of sports instead of common supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreya Duttagupta
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT-Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Niladri Krishna Roy
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT-Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Gargi Dey
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT-Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India.
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Viribay A, Alcantara JMA, López I, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Castañeda-Babarro A. Impact of a short-term nitrate and citrulline co-supplementation on sport performance in elite rowers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1911-1923. [PMID: 38340156 PMCID: PMC11129974 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Citrulline (CIT) and beetroot extract (BR) have separately shown benefits in rowing performance-related outcomes. However, effects of combined supplementation remain to be elucidated. The main purpose of this research was to study the effects of 1 week of daily co-supplementation of 3.5 g BR (500 mg NO3-) plus 6 g CIT on aerobic performance, maximal strength, and high-intensity power and peak stroke in elite male rowers compared to a placebo and to a BR supplementation. METHODS 20 elite rowers participated in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial completing 1 week of supplementation in each group of study: Placebo group (PLAG); BR group (BRG); and BR + CIT group (BR-CITG). 3 main physical tests were performed: aerobic performance, Wingate test and CMJ jump, and metabolic biomarkers and physiological outcomes were collected. RESULTS The Wingate all-out test showed no between-condition differences in peak power, mean power, relative power, or fatigue index (P > 0.05), but clearance of lactate was better in BR-CITG (P < 0.05). In the performance test, peak power differed only between PLAG and BR-CITG (P = 0.036), while VO2peak and maximum heart rate remained similar. CMJ jumping test results showed no between-condition differences, and blood samples were consistent (P > 0.200). CONCLUSION Supplementation with 3.5 g of BR extract plus 6 g of CIT for 7 days improved lactate clearance after Wingate test and peak power in a performance test. No further improvements were found, suggesting longer period of supplementation might be needed to show greater benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Viribay
- Glut4Science, Physiology, Nutrition and Sport, 01004, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, 24071, Leon, Spain
| | - Juan M A Alcantara
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute for Sustainability and Food Chain Innovation, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iker López
- Kirolene, San Ignacio Auzunea Etxetaldea 5, 48200, Durango, Spain
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001, Burgos, Spain.
| | - Arkaitz Castañeda-Babarro
- Health, Physical Activity, and Sports Science Laboratory, Department of Physical Activity and Sports, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Deusto, 48007, Bizkaia, Spain
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Aldrian D, Waldner B, Vogel GF, El-Gharbawy AH, McKiernan P, Vockley J, Landau YE, Al Mutairi F, Stepien KM, Kwok AMK, Yıldız Y, Honzik T, Kelifova S, Ellaway C, Lund AM, Mori M, Grünert SC, Scholl-Bürgi S, Zöggeler T, Oberhuber R, Schneeberger S, Müller T, Karall D. Impact of citrulline substitution on clinical outcome after liver transplantation in carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 and ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 2024; 47:220-229. [PMID: 38375550 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) and ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiencies are rare urea cycle disorders, which can lead to life-threatening hyperammonemia. Liver transplantation (LT) provides a cure and offers an alternative to medical treatment and life-long dietary restrictions with permanent impending risk of hyperammonemia. Nevertheless, in most patients, metabolic aberrations persist after LT, especially low plasma citrulline levels, with questionable clinical impact. So far, little is known about these alterations and there is no consensus, whether l-citrulline substitution after LT improves patients' symptoms and outcomes. In this multicentre, retrospective, observational study of 24 patients who underwent LT for CPS1 (n = 11) or OTC (n = 13) deficiency, 25% did not receive l-citrulline or arginine substitution. Correlation analysis revealed no correlation between substitution dosage and citrulline levels (CPS1, p = 0.8 and OTC, p = 1). Arginine levels after liver transplantation were normal after LT independent of citrulline substitution. Native liver survival had no impact on mental impairment (p = 0.67). Regression analysis showed no correlation between l-citrulline substitution and failure to thrive (p = 0.611) or neurological outcome (p = 0.701). Peak ammonia had a significant effect on mental impairment (p = 0.017). Peak plasma ammonia levels correlate with mental impairment after LT in CPS1 and OTC deficiency. Growth and intellectual impairment after LT are not significantly associated with l-citrulline substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Aldrian
- Department of Paediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Birgit Waldner
- Department of Paediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Georg F Vogel
- Department of Paediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Areeg H El-Gharbawy
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patrick McKiernan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jerard Vockley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuval E Landau
- Metabolic Disease Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Fuad Al Mutairi
- Genetics and Precision Medicine Department, King Abdullah Specialized Children Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City MNG-HA, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karolina M Stepien
- Adult Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Salford Royal Organisation, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Anne Mei-Kwun Kwok
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yılmaz Yıldız
- Division of Pediatric Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tomas Honzik
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Silvie Kelifova
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Carolyn Ellaway
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Service, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Disciplines of Child and Adolescent Health and Genomic Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Allan M Lund
- Departments of Clinical Genetics and Pediatrics, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mari Mori
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sarah C Grünert
- Department of General Paediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Medical Centre-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Scholl-Bürgi
- Department of Paediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Zöggeler
- Department of Paediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rupert Oberhuber
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Center of Operative Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Schneeberger
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Center of Operative Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Müller
- Department of Paediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Karall
- Department of Paediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Cabre HE, Greenwalt CE, Gould LM, Smith-Ryan AE. The effects of L-Citrulline and Glutathione on Endurance performance in young adult trained males. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2206386. [PMID: 37125500 PMCID: PMC10134954 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2206386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrulline may amplify the effects of L-arginine and nitric oxide concentration, which may augment vasodilation and blood flow, thereby enhancing aerobic exercise performance. The purpose of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study was to investigate effects of L-citrulline + Glutathione on aerobic exercise performance and blood flow in well-trained men. METHODS Twenty-five males (Mean ± SD; Age: 22.2 ± 2.4 yrs; Height: 177.0 ± 4.8 cm; Weight: 75.3 ± 6.9 kg) were randomly assigned to the L-citrulline + Glutathione (Setria Performance Blend: SPB; L-citrulline [2 g] + glutathione [200 mg], 6 capsules) or placebo (PL; 3.1 g cellulose, 6 capsules) group. Participants performed a maximal oxygen consumption treadmill test to determine peak velocity (PV) and returned after eight days of ingesting either PL or SPB. Three timed treadmill runs to exhaustion (TTE) were performed at 90%, 100%, and 110% PV. Brachial artery blood flow and vessel diameter were assessed using ultrasound at 1-hr prior to exercise (1hrPrEX), after each exercise bout, immediately post-exercise (immediate PEX), and 30 minutes post exercise (30minPEX) at visits 2 and 4. Blood analytes were assessed via venous blood draws at visit 1, visit 3, and 1hrPEX, immediate PEX, and 30minPEX at visits 2 and 4. After a 14-day washout, participants repeated the same procedures, ingesting the opposite treatment. Separate repeated measures ANOVAs were performed for TTE, vessel diameter, blood flow, and blood analytes. RESULTS Blood flow was significantly augmented 30minPEX (p = 0.04) with SPB in comparison with PL. L-citrulline and L-arginine plasma concentrations were significantly elevated immediately PEX (p = 0.001) and 30-minPEX (p = 0.001) following SPB in comparison to PL. CONCLUSION Acute ingestion of SPB after eight days may enhance blood flow, L-citrulline, and L-arginine plasma concentrations after high-intensity exercise, which may enhance performance. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION [https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/nct04090138], identifier [NCT04090138].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Cabre
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Chapel Hill, NC
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Casey E. Greenwalt
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Lacey M. Gould
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Abbie E. Smith-Ryan
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Chapel Hill, NC
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, Chapel Hill, NC
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Harrington RN. Effects of branched chain amino acids, l-citrulline, and alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine supplementation on exercise performance in trained cyclists: a randomized crossover trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2214112. [PMID: 37229544 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2214112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrition plays a key role in training and athletic performance and dietary supplements can make a small, but potentially valuable, contribution to achieving peak athletic performance. This study is the first to investigate the effects of supplementation from the combination of BCAAs, L-citrulline, and A-GPC on exercise performance. METHODS In this randomized, double-blind, crossover study 30 male trained cyclists (age: 43.7 ± 8.5 years) completed a 20 km cycling time trial (TT) test and a high intensity endurance cycling (HIEC) test following a 7-day supplementation period with either a supplement containing 8 g BCAAs, 6 g L-citrulline, and 300 mg A-GPC or a placebo (15 g maltodextrin). For each trial, mean values for time to completion, peak and average power output, OMNI rating of perceived exertion, and visual analogue scale (VAS) responses on perceived exertion were computed for the 20 km TT test. Mean values for time to fatigue and VAS responses on perceived exertion were computed for the HIEC test. Procedures for dietary intake and exercise patterns were implemented to achieve consistency throughout the study period. RESULTS There was a significant increase (p = .003) in peak power in the 20 km TT (354.27 ± 87.88 and 321.67 ± 63.65, for supplement and placebo trials, respectively) and a significant increase (p = .001) in time to fatigue in the HIEC test (0:19:49 ± 0:11:13 min and 0:14:33 ± 0:09:59 min, for supplement and placebo trials, respectively) with the test supplement compared to the placebo. With the test supplement, there was an average increase in TT peak power of 11% and an average increase in time to fatigue of 36.2% in the HIEC test compared to the placebo. There was no significant improvement in time to completion, average power, OMNI rating of perceived exertion, or VAS responses on perceived exertion in the TT test and no significant improvement in VAS measures of perceived exertion in the HIEC test. CONCLUSIONS The combination of BCAAs, L-citrulline, and A-GPC used in this study improves cycling performance and may be useful for individuals seeking to improve athletic performance, particularly in disciplines requiring lower body muscular strength and endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Nicole Harrington
- Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Xie S, Li S, Shaharudin S. The Effects of Combined Exercise with Citrulline Supplementation on Body Composition and Lower Limb Function of Overweight Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:541-548. [PMID: 37711701 PMCID: PMC10499154 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The combined exercise with citrulline (CIT) supplementation is a potential adjuvant treatment approach to address the declining body composition and lower limb function of overweight older adults. However, research on this approach is limited. Thus, this study performed a meta-analysis review to explore the effects of combined exercise with CIT supplementation on body composition and lower limb function among overweight older adults. The search strategy and manuscript development of this study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Eligible studies were first searched through four databases (Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and EBSCO) from January 2003 until April 2023, followed by screening. The main inclusion criteria for the article selection are as follows: 1) Randomized Controlled Trial studies; 2) Participants aged over 55; 3) Studies involved exercise with CIT supplementation for the experimental group and exercise with Placebo (PLA) supplementation for the control group; 4) Body composition and lower limb function were measured at pre- and post-intervention. Subsequently, the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool was utilized to evaluate the selected studies' quality. The Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) was chosen as the suitable effect scale index, and the mean differences of the data from the selected articles were analyzed using Revman 5.4 software with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI). A total of seven studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were selected for the meta-analysis. The included studies involved 105 males and 198 females, where 157 belonged to the PLA group and 146 from the CIT group. Significant improvements were observed among overweight older adults with CIT supplementation in 6-Minute Walking Test (6MWT) (P = 0.04, I2 = 4%), SMD (95% CI) = -0.28 (-0.54, -0.01), and Lower Limb Strength (LLS) (P < 0.01, I2 = 30%), SMD (95% CI) = -0.38 (-0.65, -0.12) compared to those with PLA supplementation. Combined exercise with CIT supplementation could be an effective non-pharmaceutical intervention to improve the physical function of overweight older adults by increasing their muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Xie
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Shuoqi Li
- School of Sports Science, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shazlin Shaharudin
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Theodorou AA, Chatzinikolaou PN, Margaritelis NV, Christodoulou F, Tsatalas T, Paschalis V. Short-Term L-Citrulline Supplementation Does Not Affect Inspiratory Muscle Oxygenation and Respiratory Performance in Older Adults. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081951. [PMID: 37111169 PMCID: PMC10145540 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In sports nutrition, nitric oxide (NO•) precursors such as L-citrulline are widely used to enhance NO• bioavailability, which is considered an ergogenic aid. Our study aimed to examine the effect of short-term L-citrulline supplementation on respiratory muscles' performance, fatigue, and oxygenation in older adults. Fourteen healthy older males took 6 g of L-citrulline or a placebo for seven days in a double-blind crossover design. Pulmonary function via spirometry (i.e., forced expired volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and their ratio)), fractional exhaled nitric oxide (NO•), maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), rate of perceived exertion, and sternocleidomastoid muscle oxygenation (i.e., oxyhemoglobin (Δ[O2Hb]) and de-oxyhemoglobin (Δ[HHb]), total hemoglobin concentration (Δ[tHb]), and tissue saturation index (TSI%)) were evaluated at baseline, after seven days of L-citrulline supplementation, and after incremental resistive breathing to task failure of the respiratory muscles. The exhaled NO• value was only significantly increased after the supplementation (26% p < 0.001) in the L-citrulline condition. Pulmonary function, MIP, rate of perceived exertion, and sternocleidomastoid muscle oxygenation were not affected by the L-citrulline supplementation. In the present study, although short-term L-citrulline supplementation increased exhaled NO•, no ergogenic aids were found on the examined parameters at rest and after resistive breathing to task failure in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios A Theodorou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Panagiotis N Chatzinikolaou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 61122 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikos V Margaritelis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 61122 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Filippos Christodoulou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Themistoklis Tsatalas
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece
| | - Vassilis Paschalis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece
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Park HY, Kim SW, Seo J, Jung YP, Kim H, Kim AJ, Kim S, Lim K. Dietary Arginine and Citrulline Supplements for Cardiovascular Health and Athletic Performance: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:1268. [PMID: 36904267 PMCID: PMC10005484 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The global market for nutritional supplements (NS) is growing rapidly, and the use of L-arginine (Arg), L-citrulline (Cit), and citrulline malate (CitMal) supplements has been shown to enhance cardiovascular health and athletic performance. Over the past decade, Arg, Cit, and CitMal supplements have received considerable attention from researchers in the field of exercise nutrition, who have investigated their potential effects on hemodynamic function, endothelial function, aerobic and anaerobic capacity, strength, power, and endurance. Previous studies were reviewed to determine the potential impact of Arg, Cit, and CitMal supplements on cardiovascular health and exercise performance. By synthesizing the existing literature, the study aimed to provide insight into the possible uses and limitations of these supplements for these purposes. The results showed that both recreational and trained athletes did not see improved physical performance or increased nitric oxide (NO) synthesis with 0.075 g or 6 g doses of Arg supplement per body weight. However, 2.4 to 6 g of Cit per day for 7 to 16 days of various NSs had a positive impact, increasing NO synthesis, enhancing athletic performance indicators, and reducing feelings of exertion. The effects of an 8 g acute dose of CitMal supplement were inconsistent, and more research is needed to determine its impact on muscle endurance performance. Based on the positive effects reported in previous studies, further testing is warranted in various populations that may benefit from nutritional supplements, including aerobic and anaerobic athletes, resistance-trained individuals, elderly people, and clinical populations, to determine the impact of different doses, timing of ingestion, and long-term and acute effects of Arg, Cit, and CitMal supplements on cardiovascular health and athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun-Young Park
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Kim
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Seo
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanghoon P. Jung
- CJ CheilJedang Food & Nutrition Tech, Jung-gu, Seoul 04527, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunji Kim
- CJ CheilJedang Food & Nutrition Tech, Jung-gu, Seoul 04527, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Jin Kim
- CJ CheilJedang Food & Nutrition Tech, Jung-gu, Seoul 04527, Republic of Korea
| | - Sonwoo Kim
- CJ CheilJedang Food & Nutrition Tech, Jung-gu, Seoul 04527, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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10
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Morita H, Kano C, Ishii C, Kagata N, Ishikawa T, Hirayama A, Uchiyama Y, Hara S, Nakamura T, Fukuda S. Bacteroides uniformis and its preferred substrate, α-cyclodextrin, enhance endurance exercise performance in mice and human males. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd2120. [PMID: 36696509 PMCID: PMC9876546 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add2120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Although gut microbiota has been linked to exercise, whether alterations in the abundance of specific bacteria improve exercise performance remains ambiguous. In a cross-sectional study involving 25 male long-distance runners, we found a correlation between Bacteroides uniformis abundance in feces and the 3000-m race time. In addition, we administered flaxseed lignan or α-cyclodextrin as a test tablet to healthy, active males who regularly exercised in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to increase B. uniformis in the gut (UMIN000033748). The results indicated that α-cyclodextrin supplementation improved human endurance exercise performance. Moreover, B. uniformis administration in mice increased swimming time to exhaustion, cecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations, and the gene expression of enzymes associated with gluconeogenesis in the liver while decreasing hepatic glycogen content. These findings indicate that B. uniformis enhances endurance exercise performance, which may be mediated by facilitating hepatic endogenous glucose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Morita
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality & Innovations Ltd., 1-1-21, Midori, Moriya, Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan
| | - Chie Kano
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality & Innovations Ltd., 1-1-21, Midori, Moriya, Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan
| | - Chiharu Ishii
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka-shi, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Noriko Kagata
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka-shi, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Takamasa Ishikawa
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka-shi, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Hirayama
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka-shi, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Uchiyama
- Aoyama Gakuin University Track and Field Club, Aoyama Gakuin University, 4-4-25 Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8366, Japan
- School of International Politics, Economics and Communication, Aoyama Gakuin University, 4-4-25 Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8366, Japan
| | - Susumu Hara
- Aoyama Gakuin University Track and Field Club, Aoyama Gakuin University, 4-4-25 Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8366, Japan
- School of Global Studies and Collaboration, Aoyama Gakuin University, 4-4-25 Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8366, Japan
| | - Teppei Nakamura
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality & Innovations Ltd., 1-1-21, Midori, Moriya, Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka-shi, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
- Gut Environmental Design Group, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
- Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Laboratory for Regenerative Microbiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Corresponding author.
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11
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Effects of Citrulline Supplementation on Different Aerobic Exercise Performance Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173479. [PMID: 36079738 PMCID: PMC9460004 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation with Citrulline (Cit) has been shown to have a positive impact on aerobic exercise performance and related outcomes such as lactate, oxygen uptake (VO2) kinetics, and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE), probably due to its relationship to endogenous nitric oxide production. However, current research has shown this to be controversial. The main objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to analyze and assess the effects of Cit supplementation on aerobic exercise performance and related outcomes, as well as to show the most suitable doses and timing of ingestion. A structured literature search was carried out by the PRISMA® (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) and PICOS guidelines in the following databases: Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science (WOS). A total of 10 studies were included in the analysis, all of which exclusively compared the effects of Cit supplementation with those of a placebo group on aerobic performance, lactate, VO2, and the RPE. Those articles that used other supplements and measured other outcomes were excluded. The meta-analysis was carried out using Hedges’ g random effects model and pooled standardized mean differences (SMD). The results showed no positive effects of Cit supplementation on aerobic performance (pooled SMD = 0.15; 95% CI (−0.02 to 0.32); I2, 0%; p = 0.08), the RPE (pooled SMD = −0.03; 95% CI (−0.43 to 0.38); I2, 49%; p = 0.9), VO2 kinetics (pooled SMD = 0.01; 95% CI (−0.16 to 0.17); I2, 0%; p = 0.94), and lactate (pooled SMD = 0.25; 95% CI (−0.10 to 0.59); I2, 0%; p = 0.16). In conclusion, Cit supplementation did not prove to have any benefits for aerobic exercise performance and related outcomes. Where chronic protocols seemed to show a positive tendency, more studies in the field are needed to better understand the effects.
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12
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The Effects of Consuming Amino Acids L-Arginine, L-Citrulline (and Their Combination) as a Beverage or Powder, on Athletic and Physical Performance: A Systematic Review. BEVERAGES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages8030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of amino acids L-arginine (L-Arg) and L-citrulline (L-Cit) are purported to increase nitric oxide (NO) production and improve physical performance. Clinical trials have shown relatively more favorable outcomes than not after supplementing with L-Cit and combined L-Arg and L-Cit. However, in most studies, other active ingredients such as malate were included in the supplement. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of consuming standalone L-Arg, L-Cit, and their combination (in the form of powder or beverage) on blood NO level and physical performance markers. A systematic review was undertaken following PRISMA 2020 guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD42021287530). Four electronic databases (PubMed, Ebscohost, Science Direct, and Google scholar) were used. An acute dose of 0.075 g/kg of L-Arg or 6 g L-Arg had no significant increase in NO biomarkers and physical performance markers (p > 0.05). Consumption of 2.4 to 6 g/day of L-Cit over 7 to 16 days significantly increased NO level and physical performance markers (p < 0.05). Combined L-Arg and L-Cit supplementation significantly increased circulating NO, improved performance, and reduced feelings of exertion (p < 0.05). Standalone L-Cit and combined L-Arg with L-Cit consumed over several days effectively increases circulating NO and improves physical performance and feelings of exertion in recreationally active and well-trained athletes.
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13
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López-Martínez MI, Miguel M, Garcés-Rimón M. Protein and Sport: Alternative Sources and Strategies for Bioactive and Sustainable Sports Nutrition. Front Nutr 2022; 9:926043. [PMID: 35782926 PMCID: PMC9247391 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.926043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition and sport play an important role in achieving a healthy lifestyle. In addition to the intake of nutrients derived from the normal diet, some sport disciplines require the consumption of supplements that contribute positively to improved athletic performance. Protein intake is important for many aspects related to health, and current evidence suggests that some athletes require increased amounts of this nutrient. On the other hand, society's demand for more environmentally friendly products, focus on the search for alternative food sources more sustainable. This review aims to summarize the latest research on novel strategies and sources for greener and functional supplementation in sport nutrition. Alternative protein sources such as insects, plants or mycoproteins have proven to be an interesting substrate due to their high added value in terms of bioactivity and sustainability. Protein hydrolysis has proven to be a very useful technology to revalue by-products, such as collagen, by producing bioactive peptides beneficial on athletes performance and sport-related complications. In addition, it has been observed that certain amino acids from plant sources, as citrulline or theanine, can have an ergogenic effect for this target population. Finally, the future perspectives of protein supplementation in sports nutrition are discussed. In summary, protein supplementation in sports nutrition is a very promising field of research, whose future perspective lies with the search for alternatives with greater bioactive potential and more sustainable than conventional sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel I. López-Martínez
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimenos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Miguel
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimenos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Marta Miguel
| | - Marta Garcés-Rimón
- Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología Alimentaria, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Gonzalez AM, Pinzone AG, Lipes SE, Mangine GT, Townsend JR, Allerton TD, Sell KM, Ghigiarelli JJ. Effect of watermelon supplementation on exercise performance, muscle oxygenation, and vessel diameter in resistance-trained men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1627-1638. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04940-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Eight Days of L-Citrulline or L-Arginine Supplementation Did Not Improve 200-m and 100-m Swimming Time Trials. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084462. [PMID: 35457330 PMCID: PMC9032797 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The effects of L-citrulline or L-arginine supplementation on exercise performance are equivocal, and the effects on swimming performance are unclear. We aimed to assess whether 8-day supplementation with L-arginine or L-citrulline supplementation would improve 200 m and 100 m freestyle swimming time-trial performances. After the baseline trial (first visit), in a double-blind, randomised design, 15 trained/developmental (5 females) swimmers and triathletes were assigned to three groups and underwent an 8-day supplementation period, with a daily dose of either 8 gr L-arginine (Arg, n = 5) or L-citrulline (Cit, n = 5) or placebo (Pla, n = 5). On day 9, participants completed experimental trial (second visit). In each trial, after blood sampling, participants performed both 200 m and 100 m freestyle swimming time-trials, with 30 min recovery between trials. Plasma nitric oxide (NOx) and blood lactate concentrations (BLa) were collected immediately before and after 200 m and 100 m TTs, respectively. No significant difference was observed in NOx between groups (p = 0.201). There was no significant difference in 200 m (p = 0.226) and 100 m swimming time-trials (p = 0.993) between groups. There was a main effect of time on BLa concentration (p < 0.001), but no trial × group (p = 0.243) and trial × lactate × group interaction effect (p = 0.276) was present. Furthermore, 8-day either L-citrulline or L-arginine supplementation did not enhance middle (200 m) and short-distance (100 m) swimming performance in trained/developmental swimmers and triathletes. These findings do not support the use of L-citrulline or L-arginine supplementation as ergogenic aids for swimming performance.
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16
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Volino-Souza M, Oliveira GV, Vargas R, Tavares AC, Conte-Junior CA, Alvares TDS. Effect of microencapsulated watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) intake on plasma amino acids and glycemic response in healthy adults. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Shariffi B, Dillon K, Gillum T, Boyer W, Sullivan S, Lee E, Kim JK. Effect of Combined Grape Seed Extract and L-Citrulline Supplementation on Hemodynamic Responses to Exercise in Young Males. J Diet Suppl 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2021.2023246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Shariffi
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Dillon
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Trevor Gillum
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - William Boyer
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Sean Sullivan
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Esther Lee
- Division of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jong-Kyung Kim
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
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18
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Burgos J, Viribay A, Fernández-Lázaro D, Calleja-González J, González-Santos J, Mielgo-Ayuso J. Combined Effects of Citrulline Plus Nitrate-Rich Beetroot Extract Co-Supplementation on Maximal and Endurance-Strength and Aerobic Power in Trained Male Triathletes: A Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2021; 14:40. [PMID: 35010917 PMCID: PMC8746866 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrulline (CIT) and nitrate-rich beetroot extract (BR) are ergogenic aids and nitric oxide (NO) precursors. In addition, both supplements seem to have other actions at the level of muscle metabolism that can benefit strength and aerobic power performance. Both supplements have been studied in numerous investigations in isolation. However, scientific evidence combining both supplements is scarce, and to the best of the authors' knowledge, there is no current study of endurance athletes. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 9 weeks of CIT plus BR supplementation on maximal and endurance-strength performance and aerobic power in male triathletes. This study was a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial where participants (n = 32) were randomized into four different groups: placebo group (PLG; n = 8), CIT plus BR group (CIT- BRG; 3 g/kg/day of CIT plus 3 mg/kg/day of nitrates (NO3-); n = 8), CIT group (CITG; 3 g/kg/day; n = 8) and BR group (BRG; 3 mg/kg/day of NO3-; n = 8). Before (T1) and after 9 weeks (T2), four physical condition tests were carried out in order to assess sport performance: the horizontal jump test (HJUMP), handgrip dynamometer test, 1-min abdominal tests (1-MAT) and finally, the Cooper test. Although, no significant interactions (time × supplementation groups) were found for the strength tests (p > 0.05), the CIT- BRG supplementation presented a trend on HJUMP and 1-MAT tests confirmed by significant increase between two study moments in CIT-BRG. Likewise, CIT-BRG presented significant interactions in the aerobic power test confirmed by this group's improve estimated VO2max during the study with respect to the other study groups (p = 0.002; η2p = 0.418). In summary, supplementing with 3 g/day of CIT and 2.1 g/day of BR (300 mg/day of NO3-) for 9 weeks could increase maximal and endurance strength. Furthermore, when compared to CIT or BR supplementation alone, this combination improved performance in tests related to aerobic power.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Burgos
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
- Burgos Nutrition, Physiology, Nutrition and Sport, 26007 Logroño, Spain;
| | - Aitor Viribay
- Glut4Science, Physiology, Nutrition and Sport, 01004 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
| | - Diego Fernández-Lázaro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, Campus of Soria, 42003 Soria, Spain;
- Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, 01007 Vitoria, Spain;
| | - Josefa González-Santos
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain;
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain;
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19
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Miyatake S, Hino K, Ebisu G, Fujita S. Oral administration of l-citrulline alters the vascular delivery of substances to rat skeletal muscles. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 28:101149. [PMID: 34693038 PMCID: PMC8515244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial function deteriorates with age and disease, and the production of vasodilator factors like nitric oxide (NO) decreases. The free amino acid l-citrulline increases vasodilation and blood flow through increased NO production. We examined the effects of oral l-citrulline administration on vascular delivery of substances to skeletal muscles. In Experiment 1, following oral l-citrulline administration and subsequent intravenous Evans blue dye (EBD) administration to rats, EBD levels delivered to skeletal muscles were measured after 60 min. In Experiment 2, plasma concentrations of amino acids and NOx, an indicator of vasodilation, were measured over time after oral l-citrulline administration. In Experiment 3, we measured EBD levels in skeletal muscles of streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats following l-citrulline administration. In these experiments, EBD levels in the soleus muscle were higher in the l-citrulline group than in the control group (19.9 ± 0.7 vs. 22.5 ± 1.9 μg/g tissue, p < 0.05). Plasma l-arginine, l-citrulline, and NOx levels were increased within 30 min after l-citrulline administration. EBD levels in the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles were higher in diabetic rats with l-citrulline administration (18.7 ± 2.2 vs. 25.0 ± 4.3 μg/g tissue, p < 0.05 and 8.0 ± 0.5 vs. 9.2 ± 0.8 μg/g tissue, p = 0.05, respectively). These data suggest that oral l-citrulline administration may increase the level of substances delivered to skeletal muscles by increasing the NO production in both normal and vascular endothelial dysfunction models. l-Citrulline (CIT) increases blood flow and induces vasorelaxation. CIT increased dye delivery to soleus but not gastrocnemius muscles in normal rats. CIT administration increased the blood levels of l-arginine and NOx. CIT led to higher dye delivery to soleus and gastrocnemius muscles in diabetic rats. CIT increase vascular delivery in skeletal muscles through increasing NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Miyatake
- OS-1 Division, Medical Foods Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., 115 Kuguhara, Tateiwa, Muya-cho, Naruto, Tokushima, 772-8601, Japan.,Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Kazuo Hino
- OS-1 Division, Medical Foods Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., 115 Kuguhara, Tateiwa, Muya-cho, Naruto, Tokushima, 772-8601, Japan
| | - Goro Ebisu
- OS-1 Division, Medical Foods Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., 115 Kuguhara, Tateiwa, Muya-cho, Naruto, Tokushima, 772-8601, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
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20
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A Simple Isocratic HPLC–UV Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Citrulline and Arginine in Australian Cucurbits and Other Fruits. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Citrulline, Biomarker of Enterocyte Functional Mass and Dietary Supplement. Metabolism, Transport, and Current Evidence for Clinical Use. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082794. [PMID: 34444954 PMCID: PMC8398474 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Citrulline is a non-essential but still important amino acid that is released from enterocytes. Because plasma levels are reduced in case of impaired intestinal function, it has become a biomarker to monitor intestinal integrity. Moreover, oxidative stress induces protein citrullination, and antibodies against anti-citrullinated proteins are useful to monitor rheumatoid diseases. Citrullinated histones, however, may even predict a worse outcome in cancer patients. Supplementation of citrulline is better tolerated compared to arginine and might be useful to slightly improve muscle strength or protein balance. The following article shall provide an overview of L-citrulline properties and functions, as well as the current evidence for its use as a biomarker or as a therapeutic supplement.
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22
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Posey EA, Bazer FW, Wu G. Amino Acids and Their Metabolites for Improving Human Exercising Performance. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1332:151-166. [PMID: 34251643 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-74180-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Achieving adequate nutrition for exercising humans is especially important for improving both muscle mass and metabolic health. One of the most common misunderstandings in the fitness industry is that the human body has requirements for dietary whole protein and that exercising individuals must consume only whole protein to meet their physiological needs. This view, however, is incorrect. Instead, humans at rest or during exercise have requirements for dietary amino acids (AAs), and dietary protein is a source of AAs in the body. The requirements for AAs must be met each day to avoid a negative nitrogen balance in individuals with moderate or intense physical activity. By properly meeting increased requirements for AAs through increased intake of high-quality protein (the source of AAs) plus supplemental AAs, athletes can improve their overall athletic performance. AAs or metabolites that are of special importance for exercising individuals include arginine, branched-chain AAs, creatine, glycine, taurine, and glutamine. The AAs play vital roles as both substrates for protein synthesis and molecules for regulating blood flow and nutrient metabolism. The functional roles of AAs include the maintenance of cell and tissue integrity; stimulation of mechanistic target of rapamycin and AMP-activated protein kinase cell signaling pathways; energy sources for the small intestine, cells of the immune system, and skeletal muscle; antioxidant and anti-inflammatory reactions; production of neurotransmitters; modulation of acid-base balance in the body. All of those roles are crucial for the overall goal of improving exercise performance. Therefore, adequate intakes of proteinogenic AAs and their functional metabolites, especially those noted in this review, are essential for optimal human health (including optimum muscle mass and function) and should be a primary goal of exercising individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Posey
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, TX, 77843, USA.
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Fernandes H. Dietary and Ergogenic Supplementation to Improve Elite Soccer Players' Performance. ANNALS OF NUTRITION & METABOLISM 2021; 77:197-203. [PMID: 34120108 DOI: 10.1159/000516397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soccer is an extremely competitive sport, where the most match important moments can be defined in detail. Use of ergogenic supplements can be crucial to improve the performance of a high-performance athlete. Therefore, knowing which ergogenic supplements are important for soccer players can be an interesting strategy to maintain high level in this sport until final and decisive moments of the match. In addition, other supplements, such as dietary supplements, have been studied and increasingly referenced in the scientific literature. But, what if ergogenic supplements were combined with dietary supplements? This review brings some recommendations to improve performance of soccer athletes on the field through dietary and/or ergogenic supplements that can be used simultaneously. SUMMARY Soccer is a competitive sport, where the match important moments can be defined in detail. Thus, use of ergogenic supplements covered in this review can improve performance of elite soccer players maintaining high level in the match until final moments, such as creatine 3-5 g day-1, caffeine 3-6 mg kg-1 BW around 60 min before the match, sodium bicarbonate 0.1-0.4 g kg-1 BW starting from 30 to 180 min before the match, β-alanine 3.2 and 6.4 g day-1 provided in the sustained-release tablets divided into 4 times a day, and nitrate-rich beetroot juice 60 g in 200 mL of water (6 mmol of NO3- L) around 120 min before match or training, including a combination possible with taurine 50 mg kg-1 BW day-1, citrulline 1.2-3.4 g day-1, and arginine 1.2-6 g day-1. Key Messages: Soccer athletes can combine ergogenic and dietary supplements to improve their performance on the field. The ergogenic and dietary supplements used in a scientifically recommended dose did not demonstrate relevant side effects. The use of various evidence-based supplements can add up to further improvement in the performance of the elite soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haniel Fernandes
- Nutrition Department, Estácio de Sá College, Fortaleza, Brazil
- São Gabriel da Palha College, Nutrition, Metabolism and Physiology in Sport, Espírito Santo, Brazil
- São Gabriel da Palha College, Clinical and Functional Nutrition, Espírito Santo, Brazil
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L-Citrulline: A Non-Essential Amino Acid with Important Roles in Human Health. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11073293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
L-Arginine (Arg) has been widely used due to its functional properties as a substrate for nitric oxide (NO) generation. However, L-citrulline (CIT), whose main natural source is watermelon, is a non-essential amino acid but which has important health potential. This review provides a comprehensive approach to different studies of the endogenous synthesis of CIT, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics as well as its ergogenic effect in exercise performance. The novel aspect of this paper focuses on the different effects of CIT, citrulline malate and CIT from natural sources such as watermelon on several topics, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, erectile dysfunction, cancer, and exercise performance. CIT from watermelon could be a natural food-sourced substitute for pharmacological products and therefore the consumption of this fruit is promoted.
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Kaczka P, Batra A, Kubicka K, Maciejczyk M, Rzeszutko-Bełzowska A, Pezdan-Śliż I, Michałowska-Sawczyn M, Przydział M, Płonka A, Cięszczyk P, Humińska-Lisowska K, Zając T. Effects of Pre-Workout Multi-Ingredient Supplement on Anaerobic Performance: Randomized Double-Blind Crossover Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8262. [PMID: 33182295 PMCID: PMC7664913 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this research was to investigate the acute effects of a pre-workout supplement on anaerobic performance in resistance-trained men. METHODS Twenty-three men underwent three randomized, double-blind testing sessions separated by a seven-day break. The participants performed three tests: isokinetic strength, three repetition maximum (3-RM) strength and Wingate. Statistical analysis was conducted in R environment. Linear mixed models were estimated via R package lme4. RESULTS Mean T@0.2 s was significantly greater in supplemented condition for right and left knee flexors (PL: 103.2 ± 37.6 Nm; supplemented condition: 131.8 ± 29.3 Nm (p = 0.001)), and PL: 103.7 ± 39.3; supplemented condition: 129.4 ± 28.4 (p = 0.001)). T@0.2 s for right and left knee extensors (PL: 202.6 ± 58.6 Nm; supplemented condition: 237.2 ± 54.7 Nm (p = 0.001); PL: 203.3 ± 63.2 Nm, supplemented condition: 229.8 ± 50.8 Nm (p = 0.002)). Significant difference was in mean anaerobic power between supplemented and PL condition for right and left knee flexors (p = 0.002, p = 0.005) and for right and left knee extensors (p = 0.001 and p = 0.002). TTP was significantly shorter in supplemented condition for both sides knee flexors (p = 0.002). There was a significant difference for mean power in the Wingate test (placebo: 8.5 ± 0.6 W/kg; supplemented condition: 8.7 ± 0.5 W/kg (p = 0.038)). Mean 3-RM was significantly greater in supplemented condition (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The supplement significantly improves upper and lower body strength and power output in resistance-trained men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kaczka
- Department of Sport Nutrition, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, ul. Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.B.); (K.K.); (T.Z.)
| | - Amit Batra
- Department of Sport Nutrition, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, ul. Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.B.); (K.K.); (T.Z.)
| | - Katarzyna Kubicka
- Department of Sport Nutrition, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, ul. Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.B.); (K.K.); (T.Z.)
| | - Marcin Maciejczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Physical Education in Krakow, al. Jana Pawła II 78, 31-571 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Agata Rzeszutko-Bełzowska
- Faculty of Physical Education, University of Rzeszow, ul. Towarnickiego 3, 35-010 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.R.-B.); (I.P.-Ś.); (M.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Iwona Pezdan-Śliż
- Faculty of Physical Education, University of Rzeszow, ul. Towarnickiego 3, 35-010 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.R.-B.); (I.P.-Ś.); (M.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Monika Michałowska-Sawczyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, ul. Kazimierza Górskiego, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.M.-S.); (P.C.); (K.H.-L.)
| | - Marta Przydział
- Faculty of Physical Education, University of Rzeszow, ul. Towarnickiego 3, 35-010 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.R.-B.); (I.P.-Ś.); (M.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Artur Płonka
- Faculty of Physical Education, University of Rzeszow, ul. Towarnickiego 3, 35-010 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.R.-B.); (I.P.-Ś.); (M.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Paweł Cięszczyk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, ul. Kazimierza Górskiego, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.M.-S.); (P.C.); (K.H.-L.)
| | - Kinga Humińska-Lisowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, ul. Kazimierza Górskiego, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.M.-S.); (P.C.); (K.H.-L.)
| | - Tomasz Zając
- Department of Sport Nutrition, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, ul. Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.B.); (K.K.); (T.Z.)
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[The effect of supplementation with L-arginine and L-citrulline on physical performance: a systematic review]. NUTR HOSP 2020; 36:1389-1402. [PMID: 31682459 DOI: 10.20960/nh.02478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Introduction: the amino acids L-arginine (L-arg) and L-citrulline (L-citr) have been used in sports nutrition, and it is believed that they have an effect on physical performance. However, current information is varied and inconclusive. Objective: to review and analyze the scientific evidence in the last ten years, which reflects a connection between the effect of L-arg and L-citr supplementation and physical performance. Material and method: this study is a systematic review of articles previously published, following the PRISMA model. Those articles published between 2008 and 2018 that connected the effect of L-arg and L-citr supplementation with physical performance were analyzed. The electronic search was performed on Web of Science, Scopus, Sport Discus, PubMed, and Medline. All articles using a supplementation protocol with these amino acids, separately or in groups, were selected. Results: a total of 38 articles were found, which were stratified according to the established protocol: a) supplementation with L-arg (n = 19); b) supplementation with L-arg and L-citr (n = 1); and c) supplementation with L-citr (n = 18), whether of short or prolonged duration. Conclusion: there is evidence that L-citr works better as ergogenic than L-arg does on physical performance, since L-citr showed a positive effect on the rate of perceived exertion and muscular pain, in addition to a decrease in lactate concentrations and time in maximum tests. However, there is not enough evidence to establish a beneficial L-citr dosage for physical performance.
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Figueroa A, Jaime SJ, Morita M, Gonzales JU, Moinard C. L-Citrulline Supports Vascular and Muscular Benefits of Exercise Training in Older Adults. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2020; 48:133-139. [PMID: 32568925 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Age-associated reduction in endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthesis contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases and sarcopenia. L-Citrulline is a precursor of NO with the ability to improve vascular function and muscle protein synthesis. We hypothesize that vascular and muscular benefits associated with oral L-citrulline supplementation might be augmented by concomitant supplementation with exercise training in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Figueroa
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Salvador J Jaime
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI
| | - Masahiko Morita
- Research & Innovation Center, Kyowa Hakko Bio Co Ltd, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Joaquin U Gonzales
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Christophe Moinard
- Laboratory of Fundamental and SFR Environmental Systems, INSERM U1055, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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Beckner ME, Pihoker AA, Darnell ME, Beals K, Lovalekar M, Proessl F, Flanagan SD, Arciero PJ, Nindl BC, Martin BJ. Effects of Multi-ingredient Preworkout Supplements on Physical Performance, Cognitive Performance, Mood State, and Hormone Concentrations in Recreationally Active Men and Women. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2493-2501. [PMID: 32569125 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Beckner, ME, Pihoker, AA, Darnell, ME, Beals, K, Lovalekar, M, Proessl, F, Flanagan, SD, Arciero, PJ, Nindl, BC, and Martin, BJ. Effects of multi-ingredient preworkout supplements on physical performance, cognitive performance, mood state, and hormone concentrations in recreationally active men and women. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Performance enhancement supplement research has primarily focused on the effectiveness of individual ingredients, rather than the combination. This study investigated the acute effects of 2 multi-ingredient preworkout supplements (MIPS), with beta-alanine and caffeine (BAC) and without (NBAC), compared with placebo (PLA) on anaerobic performance, endurance capacity, mood state, cognitive function, vascular function, and anabolic hormones. Thirty exercise-trained individuals (24.4 ± 4.9 years, 15 men and 15 women) completed a fatiguing exercise protocol on 3 separate occasions, 30 minutes after ingestion of BAC, NBAC, or PLA. Outcomes were analyzed using one-way or two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance, as appropriate (alpha = 0.05). Anaerobic power was greater when supplementing with NBAC (10.7 ± 1.2 W·kg) and BAC (10.8 ± 1.4 W·kg) compared with PLA (10.4 ± 1.2 W·kg) (p = 0.014 and p = 0.022, respectively). BAC improved V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak time to exhaustion (p = 0.006), accompanied by an increase in blood lactate accumulation (p < 0.001), compared with PLA. Both NBAC and BAC demonstrated improved brachial artery diameter after workout (p = 0.041 and p = 0.005, respectively), but PLA did not. L-arginine concentrations increased from baseline to postsupplement consumption of BAC (p = 0.017). Reaction time significantly decreased after exercise for all supplements. There was no effect of supplement on mood states. Exercise-trained individuals looking to achieve modest improvements in power and endurance may benefit from consuming MIPS before exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan E Beckner
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexis A Pihoker
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew E Darnell
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kim Beals
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mita Lovalekar
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Felix Proessl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shawn D Flanagan
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Paul J Arciero
- Health & Human Physiological Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York
| | - Bradley C Nindl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian J Martin
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Fox CD, Garner CT, Mumford PW, Beck DT, Roberts MD. Higher doses of a green tea-based supplement increase post-exercise blood flow following an acute resistance exercise bout in recreationally resistance-trained college-aged men. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:27. [PMID: 32460790 PMCID: PMC7254661 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00358-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are animal data suggesting green tea can enhance blood flow. However, human data are lacking. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of low and high doses of a green tea-based supplement (GBS) on brachial artery blood flow before and following a resistance exercise bout. METHODS In this, double-blinded placebo-controlled trial, college-aged males (n = 18) who self-reported recreationally resistance training for the previous 6 ± 3 years were assigned to one of two studies including a low (300 mg serving) (n = 9) or high dose (600 mg serving) (n = 8; 1 drop) GBS study. During testing sessions, participants reported to the laboratory following an overnight fast and rested in a supine position for 15 min. Thereafter, baseline measurements for resting heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), brachial artery diameter (BAD) and blood flow (BBF) were obtained (PRE). Participants then consumed either their respective GBS dose or a similar placebo dose (microcrystalline cellulose) in a supine resting state. HR, SBP, DBP, BAD and BBF were measured 45 min after placebo or GBS ingestion (PRE2). Participants were then placed in a recumbent position and performed 4 sets of 10 arm curl repetitions using an 11 kg dumbbell. Participants returned to a supine position and HR, SBP, DBP, BAD and BBF were obtained within the first 3 min following exercise (POST), 15 min after exercise (15POST), and 45 min after exercise (45POST). Participants returned to the laboratory 24-48 h later to repeat the same protocol with either GBS or the placebo depending on randomization. Two-way (supplement x time) repeated measures ANOVAs were used to compare dependent variables between testing sessions for Study 1 (300 mg of GBS and placebo) and Study 2 (600 mg of GBS and placebo), and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. No statistical comparisons were made between studies. RESULTS As expected, exercise increased BAD and BBF compared to resting baseline measured irrespective of supplementation. In addition, BAD and BBF did not differ between GBS and placebo at any time point after exercise in Study 1. In study 2, however, 600 mg GBS increased baseline-normalized BBF at immediately post exercise compared to placebo (placebo = 211 ± 155% increase, GBS = 349 ± 156% increase; p = 0.012) but not BAD. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a higher dose of GBS can enhance localized blood flow acutely following a resistance exercise bout. However, the long-term implications of these data are unclear, and more well-powered studies are needed to validate efficacy and elucidate potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlton D Fox
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Christian T Garner
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Petey W Mumford
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, Saint Charles, MO, USA
| | - Darren T Beck
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.,Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine Auburn, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Michael D Roberts
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA. .,Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine Auburn, Auburn, AL, USA.
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Gonzalez AM, Church DD, Townsend JR, Bagheri R. Emerging Nutritional Supplements for Strength and Hypertrophy: An Update of the Current Literature. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Involvement of ammonia metabolism in the improvement of endurance performance by tea catechins in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6065. [PMID: 32269254 PMCID: PMC7142105 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63139-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood ammonia increases during exercise, and it has been suggested that this increase is both a central and peripheral fatigue factor. Although green tea catechins (GTCs) are known to improve exercise endurance by enhancing lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle, little is known about the relationship between ammonia metabolism and the endurance-improving effect of GTCs. Here, we examined how ammonia affects endurance capacity and how GTCs affect ammonia metabolism in vivo in mice and how GTCs affect mouse skeletal muscle and liver in vitro. In mice, blood ammonia concentration was significantly negatively correlated with exercise endurance capacity, and hyperammonaemia was found to decrease whole-body fat expenditure and fatty acid oxidation–related gene expression in skeletal muscle. Repeated ingestion of GTCs combined with regular exercise training improved endurance capacity and the expression of urea cycle–related genes in liver. In C2C12 myotubes, hyperammonaemia suppressed mitochondrial respiration; however, pre-incubation with GTCs rescued this suppression. Together, our results demonstrate that hyperammonaemia decreases both mitochondrial respiration in myotubes and whole-body aerobic metabolism. Thus, GTC-mediated increases in ammonia metabolism in liver and resistance to ammonia-induced suppression of mitochondrial respiration in skeletal muscle may underlie the endurance-improving effect of GTCs.
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Gills JL, Glenn JM, Gray M, Romer B, Lu H. Acute citrulline-malate supplementation is ineffective during aerobic cycling and subsequent anaerobic performance in recreationally active males. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:77-83. [PMID: 31994989 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1722757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Citrulline-malate (CM) purportedly increases exercise performance through increased nitric oxide production. The effects of CM on muscular strength performance are well-documented; however, the benefits of CM on aerobic and anaerobic biking performance are not well researched. Therefore, the present investigation examined the acute CM supplementation effects on aerobic and anaerobic cycling performance in recreationally active males. Methods: 28 recreationally active males (20.9 ± 2.8 years) completed randomized, double-blind, crossover trials consuming CM (12g dextrose + 8g CM) or a placebo (12g dextrose). Participants performed an aerobic cycling protocol (time-to-exhaustion [TTE]), followed by a subsequent 30-second Wingate cycling test, 60-minutes after supplement consumption. Results: Dependent t-tests showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) for TTE (PLA: 315.4 s ± 137.7 s; CM: 314.1 s ± 107.1 s) and Total Work Completed (TWC) (PLA: 74.7 ± 34.1 kilojoules (kJ); CM: 74.1 ± 26.4 kJ) during the aerobic cycling protocol. Dependent t-tests also showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) for mean watts (PLA: 586.1 ± 87.7 Watts (W); CM: 588.0 ± 93.0 W), peak watts (PLA: 773.0 ± 136.7 W; CM: 786.7 ± 133.0 W), and fatigue index (PLA: 12.9 ± 6.4 FI; CM: 14.3 ± 7.2 FI) during the Wingate protocol. Repeated-measures ANOVA results indicated a significant effect between each 5 s interval (p < 0.001), but no differences were observed between trials (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Acute CM supplementation in recreationally active males provides no ergogenic benefit in aerobic cycling performance followed by an anaerobic cycling test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Gills
- Exercise Science Research Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | | | - Michelle Gray
- Exercise Science Research Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Braden Romer
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - Hocheng Lu
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Gonzalez AM, Trexler ET. Effects of Citrulline Supplementation on Exercise Performance in Humans: A Review of the Current Literature. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1480-1495. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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34
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Stanelle ST, McLaughlin KL, Crouse SF. One Week of L-Citrulline Supplementation Improves Performance in Trained Cyclists. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 34:647-652. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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35
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Yang JA, Lee KE, Park JH, Yee J, Kim JY, Gwak HS. Effects of Citrulline Supplementation on Body Weight in Patients With Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery. Nutr Clin Pract 2019; 35:323-330. [PMID: 31606911 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many health benefits have been proposed for citrulline, but they lack evidence based on human research. This study was to evaluate whether an oral citrulline supplement affects body weight changes and laboratory values in patients with hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery. METHODS Patients who underwent hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery during January to June 2015 were screened for analysis. Patients using citrulline during hospital stay and at discharge were classified as the citrulline group, whereas those without any records of citrulline were designated as the control group. The primary efficacy outcome was the change in body weight at discharge and at first outpatient visit. Other outcomes included change in laboratory values. RESULTS A total of 138 patients were included in analysis. Citrulline group and control group did not differ with respect to baseline characteristics except for white blood cell count. Percent in change of body weight and body mass index from discharge to first outpatient visit was significantly different between the 2 groups, showing less weight loss in citrulline group than in controls (-0.8 ± 2.7% vs -2.5 ± 3.8%, P < 0.05). Especially in men, citrulline use significantly affected weight loss from the multivariate analysis (P < 0.05); percent change in weight in citrulline group was predicted to increase by 2.1 units. During hospital stay, significant differences between the 2 groups were found in changes of cholesterol and protein levels. CONCLUSION Citrulline supplement reduced weight loss in surgical patients during recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin A Yang
- Graduate School of Converging Clinical & Public Health, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacy, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Eun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Park
- College of Pharmacy & Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Yee
- College of Pharmacy & Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youn Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sun Gwak
- Graduate School of Converging Clinical & Public Health, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy & Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Blohm K, Beidler J, Rosen P, Kressler J, Hong MY. Effect of acute watermelon juice supplementation on post-submaximal exercise heart rate recovery, blood lactate, blood pressure, blood glucose and muscle soreness in healthy non-athletic men and women. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2019; 71:482-489. [PMID: 31597484 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2019.1675604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a single pre-exercise dose of watermelon juice on submaximal post-exercise heart rate (HR) recovery, blood lactate (BL), blood pressure (BP), blood glucose (BG), and muscle soreness in healthy adults. In a randomised crossover design, 27 healthy non-athletic participants (13 males/14 females) consumed 355 mL of watermelon juice, Gatorade, sugar water, or water. HR and BL were significantly higher post-exercise, and both watermelon juice and sugar water increased postprandial BG. However, there were no significant differences among the supplements in HR recovery, BL, or post-exercise muscle soreness. Watermelon juice prevented increased post-exercise systolic and diastolic BP in females, but not in males. More research is warranted to examine the effect of sex on the efficacy of watermelon consumption for controlling BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Blohm
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Joshua Beidler
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Phil Rosen
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jochen Kressler
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mee Young Hong
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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Trexler ET, Keith DS, Schwartz TA, Ryan ED, Stoner L, Persky AM, Smith-Ryan AE. Effects of Citrulline Malate and Beetroot Juice Supplementation on Blood Flow, Energy Metabolism, and Performance During Maximum Effort Leg Extension Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:2321-2329. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Trexler ET, Keith DS, Lucero AA, Stoner L, Schwartz TA, Persky AM, Ryan ED, Smith-Ryan AE. Effects of Citrulline Malate and Beetroot Juice Supplementation on Energy Metabolism and Blood Flow During Submaximal Resistance Exercise. J Diet Suppl 2019; 17:698-717. [DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2019.1650866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric T. Trexler
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dale S. Keith
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Adam A. Lucero
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington, NZ
| | - Lee Stoner
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Todd A. Schwartz
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Adam M. Persky
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eric D. Ryan
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Abbie E. Smith-Ryan
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Terasawa N, Nakada K. Effect of L-citrulline intake on intermittent short-time high-intensity exercise performance in male collegiate track athletes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.8.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenta Nakada
- Division of Regional Development Studies, Graduate School of Human and Socio-Environmental Studies, Kanazawa University
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The Effect of Watermelon Beverage Ingestion on Fatigue Index in Young-Male, Recreational Football Players. Asian J Sports Med 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.86555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Tsuda Y, Yamaguchi M, Noma T, Okaya E, Itoh H. Combined Effect of Arginine, Valine, and Serine on Exercise-Induced Fatigue in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040862. [PMID: 30999554 PMCID: PMC6549401 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several kinds of amino acids (AAs) are known to affect physiological actions during exercise, little is known about the combined effects of a mixture of several AAs on fatigue during exercise. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of an AA mixture supplement containing arginine, valine, and serine on exercise-induced fatigue in healthy volunteers. These AAs were selected because they were expected to reduce fatigue during exercise by acting the positive effects synergistically. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover trial was conducted. Thirty-nine males ingested an AA mixture containing 3600 mg of arginine, 2200 mg of valine, and 200 mg of serine or a placebo each day for 14 days. On the 14th day, the participants completed an exercise trial on a cycle ergometer at 50% of VO2max for 120 min. After the two-week washout period, the participants repeated the same trial with the other test sample. The participant's feeling of fatigue based on a visual analog scale (VAS) and a rating of perceived exertion (RPE), as well as blood and physical parameters were evaluated. The feeling of fatigue based on VAS and RPE were significantly improved in AA compared to those in placebo. In the blood analysis, the increase in serum total ketone bodies during exercise and plasma tryptophan/branched-chain amino acids were significantly lower in AA than those in placebo. The present study demonstrated that supplementation with an AA mixture containing arginine, valine, and serine reduced the feeling of fatigue during exercise. The AA mixture also changed several blood parameters, which may contribute to the anti-fatigue effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Tsuda
- R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachiouji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan.
| | - Makoto Yamaguchi
- R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachiouji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan.
| | - Teruyuki Noma
- R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachiouji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan.
| | - Eiji Okaya
- R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachiouji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Itoh
- R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachiouji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan.
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A combination of oral L-citrulline and L-arginine improved 10-min full-power cycling test performance in male collegiate soccer players: a randomized crossover trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1075-1084. [PMID: 30847640 PMCID: PMC6469824 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oral L-citrulline (Cit) increases plasma L-arginine (Arg) concentration and the production of nitric oxide (NO). NO dilates blood vessels and potentially improves sports performance. The combination of oral Arg and Cit (Arg + Cit) immediately and synergistically increases plasma Arg and nitrite/nitrate (NOx) concentrations more than either Cit or Arg alone. This prompted us to assess the effects of oral Arg + Cit on 10-min cycling performance in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial. METHODS Twenty-four male soccer players ingested either Cit + Arg or placebo (both 1.2 g/day each) for 6 days. On day 7, they ingested Cit + Arg 1 h before performing a 10-min full-power pedaling test on a bicycle ergometer. Plasma NOx and amino acid levels were measured before and after the test, as well as the participants' subjective perception of physical exertion. RESULTS Power output was significantly greater with Cit + Arg than in the placebo group (242 ± 24 vs. 231 ± 21 W; p < 0.05). Plasma concentrations of post-exercise NOx (p < 0.05), Cit (p < 0.01) and Arg (p < 0.01) were significantly higher in the Cit + Arg than in the placebo group, whereas exercise upregulated plasma NOx concentrations in both groups (p < 0.05). Cit + Arg also gave improved post-exercise subjective perception of "leg muscle soreness" and "ease of pedaling" (both p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Seven days of oral Citrulline (1.2 g/d) and Arginine (1.2 g/d) ingestion improved 10-min cycling performance and the perception of physical exertion in male collegiate soccer players.
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Kandinasti S, Farapti F. Obesitas: Pentingkah Memperhatikan Konsumsi Makanan di Akhir Pekan? AMERTA NUTRITION 2018. [DOI: 10.20473/amnt.v2i4.2018.307-316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of obesity in all age groups has increased in some countries. Epidemiological studies indicated that the intake of energy and macronutrient over the weekend were increasing rather than on weekdays and contributed to the incidence of obesity. Objectives: The aim of this literature review is to analyze the different between intake of energy and macronutrients in weekdays compared to weekend and how it contributes to obesity . Methode: The literature review method used international journal article that was searched using the electronic database such as Medline NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), embases, and google scholar.Result: The results showed that energy and macronutrient intake were increasing over the weekend than on weekdays. Consumption of unhealthy food on weekend such as foods and beverages with high sugar, high fat and alcohol increase the energy and play a role in the incidence of obesity. Conclusion: The health promotion concerning food intake on weekdays and weekend both in terms of quantity and quality is needed for obesity prevention.ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Prevalensi obesitas pada semua kelompok umur meningkat di hampir seluruh negara di dunia. Studi epidemiologi menunjukkan bahwa asupan energi dan zat gizi makro diakhir pekan meningkat dibandingkan hari biasa dan berperan pada kejadian obesitas.Tujuan: Tujuan dari literatur review ini adalah untuk menganalisis perbedaan asupan energi dan zat gizi makro diakhir pekan dibandingkan hari biasa dan bagaimana kontribusinya terhadap obesitas.Metode: Metode yang digunakan adalah metode penelusuran artikel jurnal internasional yang ditelusuri menggunakan electronic database seperti medline NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), embase, dan penelusuran dengan google schoolar.Hasil: Hasil telaah beberapa artikel menunjukan bahwa rata-rata asupan energi dan zat gizi makro mengalami peningkatan saat akhir pekan dibandingkan hari biasa. Konsumsi unhealthy food di akhir pekan seperti makanan dan minuman dengan kandungan tinggi gula, tinggi lemak, dan alkohol tampaknya menyebabkan peningkatan kalori dan berperan pada insiden obesitas.Kesimpulan: Diperlukan upaya pencegahan obesitas melalui promosi kesehatan masyarakat dengan memperhatikan asupan makanan saat hari libur baik dari segi kuantitas maupun kualitasnya.
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Rizal M, Segalita C. Peran Asam Amino Sitrulin dalam Meningkatkan Performa Olahraga Pada Atlet. AMERTA NUTRITION 2018. [DOI: 10.20473/amnt.v2i4.2018.299-306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Citrulline is an ergogenic non-essential amino acid which is able to increase production, efficiency, and use of energy, as well as performance in sport. Purpose: The objective of this literature review was to explain the role of citrulline in improving exercise performance through both aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways. Discussion: The results showed evidence that citrulline has role in improving exercise performance. Several articles indicate that the consumption of citrulline either supplement or watermelon given during certain period or acute before the test might increase VO2max, retard muscle fatigue, and decrease delayed onset muscle soreness. Some studies used 6-8 g citrulline before exercise, but lower dose was used in some other studies. Conclusion: Amino acids citrulline either supplement or watermelon is believed to have role in improving exercise performance in athletes although there is no recommendation dose has been found. ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Sitrulin merupakan asam amino non esensial yang bersifat ergogenik yaitu dapat meningkatkan produksi, efisiensi, dan penggunaan energi serta performa olahraga.Tujuan: Tujuan penulisan kajian pustaka ini adalah untuk menjabarkan peran sitrulin dalam meningkatkan performa olahraga melalui jalur metabolisme baik aerobik maupun anaerobik.Ulasan: Hasil literature review menunjukkan bukti bahwa sitrulin memiliki peran dalam meningkatkan performa olahraga atlet. Beberapa artikel menunjukkan bahwa konsumsi sitrulin baik dalam bentuk suplemen maupun buah semangka yang diberikan selama jangka waktu tertentu maupun sesaat sebelum dilakukan tes latihan fisik mampu meningkatkan VO2max, menunda kelelahan otot, dan mengurangi rasa nyeri otot pasca latihan. Beberapa penelitian menggunakan dosis 6-8 g sitrulin sebelum olahraga, beberapa penelitian lain menggunakan dosis yang lebih rendah.Kesimpulan: Asam amino sitrulin baik dalam bentuk suplemen maupun buah semangka diyakini memiliki peran dalam meningkatkan performa olahraga atlet walaupun rekomendasi dosis baku yang disarankan belum ditemukan.
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Kartaram S, Mensink M, Teunis M, Schoen E, Witte G, Janssen Duijghuijsen L, Verschuren M, Mohrmann K, M'Rabet L, Knipping K, Wittink H, van Helvoort A, Garssen J, Witkamp R, Pieters R, van Norren K. Plasma citrulline concentration, a marker for intestinal functionality, reflects exercise intensity in healthy young men. Clin Nutr 2018; 38:2251-2258. [PMID: 30340895 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Plasma citrulline concentration is considered to be a marker for enterocyte metabolic mass and to reflect its reduction as may occur during intestinal dysfunction. Strenuous exercise can act as a stressor to induce small intestinal injury. Our previous studies suggest that this comprises the intestinal ability to produce citrulline from a glutamine-rich protein bolus. In this study we investigated the effects of different exercise intensities and hydration state on citrulline and iFABP levels following a post-exercise glutamine bolus in healthy young men. METHODS Fifteen healthy young men (20-35 yrs, VO2 max 56.9 ± 3.9 ml kg-1 min-1) performed in a randomly assigned cross-over design, a rest (protocol 1) and four cycle ergometer protocols. The volunteers cycled submaximal at different percentages of their individual pre-assessed maximum workload (Wmax): 70% Wmax in hydrated (protocol 2) and dehydrated state (protocol 3), 50% Wmax (protocol 4) and intermittent 85/55% Wmax in blocks of 2 min (protocol 5). Immediately after 1 h exercise or rest, subjects were given a glutamine bolus with added alanine as an iso-caloric internal standard (7.5 g of each amino acid). Blood samples were collected before, during and after rest or exercise, up to 24 h post onset of the experiment. Amino acids and urea were analysed as metabolic markers, creatine phosphokinase and iFABP as markers of muscle and intestinal damage, respectively. Data were analysed using a multilevel mixed linear statistical model. p values were corrected for multiple testing. RESULTS Citrulline levels already increased before glutamine supplementation during normal hydrated exercise, while this was not observed in the dehydrated and rest protocols. The low intensity exercise protocol (50% Wmax) showed the highest increase in citrulline levels both during exercise (43.83 μmol/L ± 2.63 (p < 0.001)) and after glutamine consumption (50.54 μmol/L ± 2.62) compared to the rest protocol (28.97 μmol/L ± 1.503 and 41.65 μmol/L ± 1.96, respectively, p < 0.05). However, following strenuous exercise at 70% Wmax in the dehydrated state, citrulline levels did not increase during exercise and less after the glutamine consumption when compared to the resting condition and hydrated protocols. In line with this, serum iFABP levels were the highest with the strenuous dehydrated protocol (1443.72 μmol/L ± 249.9, p < 0.001), followed by the high intensity exercise at 70% Wmax in the hydrated condition. CONCLUSIONS Exercise induces an increase in plasma citrulline, irrespective of a glutamine bolus. The extent to which this occurs is dependent on exercise intensity and the hydration state of the subjects. The same holds true for both the post-exercise increase in citrulline levels following glutamine supplementation and serum iFABP levels. These data indicate that citrulline release during exercise and after an oral glutamine bolus might be dependent on the intestinal health state and therefore on intestinal functionality. Glutamine is known to play a major role in intestinal physiology and the maintenance of gut health and barrier function. Together, this suggests that in clinical practice, a glutamine bolus to increase citrulline levels after exercise might be preferable compared to supplementing citrulline itself. To our knowledge this is the first time that exercise workload-related effects on plasma citrulline are reported in relation to intestinal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Kartaram
- Research Group Innovative Testing in Life Sciences and Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Mensink
- Division Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Teunis
- Research Group Innovative Testing in Life Sciences and Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Schoen
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Martie Verschuren
- Research Group Analysis Techniques in the Life Sciences, Avans University of Applied Sciences, Breda, The Netherlands
| | | | - Laura M'Rabet
- Research Group Innovative Testing in Life Sciences and Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Harriet Wittink
- Research Group Lifestyle and Health, University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ardy van Helvoort
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands; School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Renger Witkamp
- Division Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond Pieters
- Research Group Innovative Testing in Life Sciences and Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Immunotoxicology (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Klaske van Norren
- Division Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Kerksick CM, Wilborn CD, Roberts MD, Smith-Ryan A, Kleiner SM, Jäger R, Collins R, Cooke M, Davis JN, Galvan E, Greenwood M, Lowery LM, Wildman R, Antonio J, Kreider RB. ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:38. [PMID: 30068354 PMCID: PMC6090881 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sports nutrition is a constantly evolving field with hundreds of research papers published annually. In the year 2017 alone, 2082 articles were published under the key words ‘sport nutrition’. Consequently, staying current with the relevant literature is often difficult. Methods This paper is an ongoing update of the sports nutrition review article originally published as the lead paper to launch the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition in 2004 and updated in 2010. It presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to optimization of training and performance enhancement through exercise training and nutrition. Notably, due to the accelerated pace and size at which the literature base in this research area grows, the topics discussed will focus on muscle hypertrophy and performance enhancement. As such, this paper provides an overview of: 1.) How ergogenic aids and dietary supplements are defined in terms of governmental regulation and oversight; 2.) How dietary supplements are legally regulated in the United States; 3.) How to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 4.) General nutritional strategies to optimize performance and enhance recovery; and, 5.) An overview of our current understanding of nutritional approaches to augment skeletal muscle hypertrophy and the potential ergogenic value of various dietary and supplemental approaches. Conclusions This updated review is to provide ISSN members and individuals interested in sports nutrition with information that can be implemented in educational, research or practical settings and serve as a foundational basis for determining the efficacy and safety of many common sport nutrition products and their ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA.
| | - Colin D Wilborn
- Exercise & Sport Science Department, University of Mary-Hardin Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
| | | | - Abbie Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Rick Collins
- Collins Gann McCloskey and Barry PLLC, Mineola, NY, USA
| | - Mathew Cooke
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jaci N Davis
- Exercise & Sport Science Department, University of Mary-Hardin Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
| | - Elfego Galvan
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mike Greenwood
- Exercise & Sports Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lonnie M Lowery
- Department of Human Performance & Sport Business, University of Mount Union, Alliance, OH, USA
| | | | - Jose Antonio
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sports Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Villareal MO, Matsukawa T, Isoda H. l-Citrulline Supplementation-Increased Skeletal Muscle PGC-1α Expression Is Associated with Exercise Performance and Increased Skeletal Muscle Weight. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1701043. [PMID: 29797700 PMCID: PMC6099278 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201701043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE l-citrulline has recently been reported as a more effective supplement for promoting intracellular nitric oxide (NO) production compared to l-arginine. Here, the effect of l-citrulline on skeletal muscle and its influence on exercise performance were investigated. The underlying mechanism of its effect, specifically on the expression of skeletal muscle peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), was also elucidated. METHODS AND RESULTS Six-week-old ICR mice were orally supplemented with l-citrulline (250 mg kg-1 ) daily, and their performance in weight-loaded swimming exercise every other day for 15 days, was evaluated. In addition, mice muscles were weighed and evaluated for the expression of PGC-1α and PGC-1α-regulated genes. Mice orally supplemented with l-citrulline had significantly higher gastrocnemius and biceps femoris muscle mass. Although not statistically significant, l-citrulline prolonged the swimming time to exhaustion. PGC-1α upregulation was associated with vascular endothelial growth factor α (VEGFα) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) upregulation. VEGFα and IGF-1 are important for angiogenesis and muscle growth, respectively, and are regulated by PGC-1α. Treatment with NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (l-NAME), a nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor, suppressed the l-citrulline-induced PGC-1α upregulation in vitro. CONCLUSION Supplementation with l-citrulline upregulates skeletal muscle PGC-1α levels resulting in higher skeletal muscle weight that improves time to exhaustion during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra O. Villareal
- Faculty of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukuba City305‐8572Japan
- Alliance for Research on Mediterranean and North AfricaUniversity of TsukubaTsukuba City305‐8572Japan
| | - Toshiya Matsukawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukuba City305‐8572Japan
| | - Hiroko Isoda
- Faculty of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukuba City305‐8572Japan
- Alliance for Research on Mediterranean and North AfricaUniversity of TsukubaTsukuba City305‐8572Japan
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Hwang P, Morales Marroquín FE, Gann J, Andre T, McKinley-Barnard S, Kim C, Morita M, Willoughby DS. Eight weeks of resistance training in conjunction with glutathione and L-Citrulline supplementation increases lean mass and has no adverse effects on blood clinical safety markers in resistance-trained males. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:30. [PMID: 29945625 PMCID: PMC6020314 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Supplementation of combined glutathione (GSH) with L-citrulline in response to a single bout of resistance exercise has been shown to increase plasma nitric oxide metabolites, nitrite and nitrate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which may play a role in muscle protein synthesis. As a result, in response to resistance training (RT) these responses may establish a role for GSH + L-citrulline to increase muscle mass. This study attempted to determine the effects of an 8-week RT program in conjunction with GSH (Setria®) + L-citrulline, L-citrulline-malate, or placebo supplementation on lean mass and its association with muscle strength. The secondary purpose was to assess the safety of such supplementation protocol by assessing clinical chemistry markers. METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, 75 resistance-trained males were randomly assigned to ingest GSH + L-citrulline (GSH + CIT), L-citrulline-malate, or cellulose placebo daily while also participating in 8 weeks of RT. The full dose of each supplement was delivered in capsules that were identical in weight, size, shape, and color. Participants completed testing sessions for body composition and muscle strength before and after 4 and 8 weeks of RT and supplementation. Venous blood samples were obtained before and after 8 weeks. RESULTS Leg press was increased with RT but was not significantly different between groups (p > 0.05); however, bench press strength was not increased with RT (p > 0.05). There were no significant changes in total body mass, fat mass, or total body water during 8 weeks of RT and supplementation. Lean mass increased in both GSH + CIT when compared to PLC; however, the increase was significant only after 4 weeks. Lean mass and strength were positively correlated (p < 0.05) in GSH + CIT, but not CIT-malate or PLC. Neither RT nor supplementation had any significant effects on blood clinical chemistry variables (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Compared to PLC, supplementation of GSH + CIT during resistance training increased lean mass after 4 weeks of RT and was positively associated with muscle strength. However, after 8 weeks of RT there were no significant differences in any of the measured variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hwang
- Exercise and Biochemical Nutritional Lab, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Flor E Morales Marroquín
- Exercise and Biochemical Nutritional Lab, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Josh Gann
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Tom Andre
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | | | - Caelin Kim
- Exercise and Biochemical Nutritional Lab, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Masahiko Morita
- Function Research Group, Healthcare Products Development Center, Kyowa Hakko Bio Co., Ltd., 2, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Darryn S Willoughby
- Exercise and Biochemical Nutritional Lab, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
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Goron A, Moinard C. Amino acids and sport: a true love story? Amino Acids 2018; 50:969-980. [PMID: 29855718 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2591-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Among a plethora of dietary supplements, amino acids are very popular with athletes for several reasons (e.g., to prevent nutritional deficiency, improve muscle function, and decrease muscle damages) whose purpose is to improve performance. However, it is difficult to get a clear idea of which amino acids have real ergogenic impact. Here, we review and analyze the clinical studies evaluating specific amino acids (glutamine, arginine, leucine, etc.) in athletes. Only english-language clinical studies evaluating a specific effect of one amino acid were considered. Despite promising results, many studies have methodological limits or specific flaws that do not allow definitive conclusions. To date, only chronic β-alanine supplementation demonstrated an ergogenic effect in athletes. Much research is still needed to gain evidence-based data before any other specific amino acid can be recommended for use in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Goron
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA), INSERM U 1055 and SFR Environmental and Systems Biology (BEeSy), University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.
| | - Christophe Moinard
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA), INSERM U 1055 and SFR Environmental and Systems Biology (BEeSy), University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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50
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Ashley J, Kim Y, Gonzales JU. Impact of l-citrulline supplementation on oxygen uptake kinetics during walking. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:631-637. [PMID: 29394491 PMCID: PMC5980789 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Supplementation with l-citrulline (Cit) has been shown to improve muscle oxygenation and oxygen uptake kinetics during moderate- to high-intensity cycling in young men. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that Cit would improve oxygen uptake kinetics during walking in older and young adults. In a randomized, double-blind study, 26 (15 women, 11 men) adults between the ages of 20-35 years (n = 15) and 64-86 years (n = 11) completed 7-day periods of taking placebo and Cit (6 g/day) in a crossover manner. Participants walked on a treadmill at 40% heart rate reserve while pulmonary oxygen uptake was measured using indirect calorimetry. Net oxygen cost, mean response time (MRT), and the oxygen deficit were calculated before and after each supplement period. There was no significant change (P > 0.05) in net oxygen cost, MRT, or the oxygen deficit after Cit in older adults, while young adults showed a decrease (P = 0.05) in the oxygen deficit after Cit that tended (P = 0.053) to be different than the change after placebo. Sex-stratified analysis revealed that Cit decreased MRT (P = 0.04, Cohen's d = 0.41) and the oxygen deficit (P < 0.01, Cohen's d = 0.56) in men with the change after Cit being greater than the change after placebo (MRT: -4.5 ± 2.1 vs. 3.4 ± 2.1 s, P = 0.01; deficit: -0.15 ± 0.05 vs. 0.01 ± 0.05 L, P = 0.02). All oxygen uptake parameters were unchanged (P > 0.05) following Cit and placebo in women. Cit does not alter the oxygen cost of moderate-intensity walking in young or older adults, but Cit improved the rate of rise in oxygen uptake at exercise onset in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ashley
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 43011, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Youngdeok Kim
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 43011, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.,Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 43011, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Joaquin U Gonzales
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 43011, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.,Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 43011, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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