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Mitroo D, Das DN, Hamilton PD, Kumfer BM, Ravi N. Combustion conditions influence toxicity of flame-generated soot to ocular (ARPE-19) cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 344:123307. [PMID: 38190877 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Soot is a prevalent aerosol found both indoors and outdoors that has several sources, such as natural (e.g., wildfires), civilian (e.g., cooking), or military (e.g., burn pit operation). Additionally, within the sources, factors that influence the physicochemical properties of the soot include combustion temperature, oxygen availability, and fuel type. Being able to reproduce soot in the laboratory and systematically assess its toxicity is important in the pursuit of elucidating pathologies associated with its exposure. Of the organs of interest, we targeted the eye given the scant attention received. Yet, air pollution constituents such as soot have been linked to diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and proliferative vitreoretinopathy. We developed a bench-scale system to synthesize different types of soot, that is, soot with a systematically varied physical attributes or chemical composition. We used common analytical techniques to probe such properties, and used statistical analyses to correlate them with toxicity in vitro using ARPE-19 cells. Within the range of flame conditions studied, we find that soot toxicity increases with increasing oxygen concentration in fuel-rich premixed flames, and weakly increases with decreasing flame temperature. Additionally, soot particles produced in premixed flames are generally smaller in size, exhibit a lesser fractal structure, and are considerably more toxic to ARPE-19 cells than soot particles produced in non-premixed flames.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv Mitroo
- Veterans Research and Education Foundation, St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA
| | - Durgesh N Das
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis MO 63110, USA
| | - Paul D Hamilton
- Veterans Research and Education Foundation, St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA
| | - Benjamin M Kumfer
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Nathan Ravi
- Veterans Research and Education Foundation, St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis MO 63110, USA; Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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2
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Shin HH, Ryu JH. Bio-Inspired Self-Healing, Shear-Thinning, and Adhesive Gallic Acid-Conjugated Chitosan/Carbon Black Composite Hydrogels as Suture Support Materials. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:542. [PMID: 37999183 PMCID: PMC10669539 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8070542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of leakage from anastomotic sites is a significant issue given its potential undesirable complications. The management of anastomotic leakage after gastrointestinal surgery is particularly crucial because it is directly associated with mortality and morbidity in patients. If adhesive materials could be used to support suturing in surgical procedures, many complications caused by leakage from the anastomosis sites could be prevented. In this study, we have developed self-healing, shear-thinning, tissue-adhesive, carbon-black-containing, gallic acid-conjugated chitosan (CB/Chi-gallol) hydrogels as sealing materials to be used with suturing. The addition of CB into Chi-gallol solution resulted in the formation of a crosslinked hydrogel with instantaneous solidification. In addition, these CB/Chi-gallol hydrogels showed enhancement of the elastic modulus (G') values with increased CB concentration. Furthermore, these hydrogels exhibited excellent self-healing, shear-thinning, and tissue-adhesive properties. Notably, the hydrogels successfully sealed the incision site with suturing, resulting in a significant increase in the bursting pressure. The proposed self-healing and adhesive hydrogels are potentially useful in versatile biomedical applications, particularly as suture support materials for surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ho Shin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ji Hyun Ryu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
- Smart Convergence Materials Analysis Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
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3
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Wang W, Luo Z, Liu X, Dai Y, Hu G, Zhao J, Yue T. Heterogeneous aggregation of carbon and silicon nanoparticles with benzo[a]pyrene modulates their impacts on the pulmonary surfactant film. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132340. [PMID: 37597387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled nanoparticles (NPs) can deposit in alveoli where they interact with the pulmonary surfactant (PS) and potentially induce toxicity. Although nano-bio interactions are influenced by the physicochemical properties of NPs, isolated NPs used in previous studies cannot accurately represent those found in atmosphere. Here we used molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the interplay between two types of NPs associated with benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) at the PS film. Silicon NPs (SiNPs), regardless of aggregation and adsorption, directly penetrated through the PS film with minimal disturbance. Meanwhile, BaPs adsorbed on SiNPs were rapidly solubilized by PS, increasing the BaP's bioaccessibility in alveoli. Carbon NPs (CNPs) showed aggregation and adsorption-dependent effects on the PS film. Compared to isolated CNPs, which extracted PS to form biomolecular coronas, aggregated CNPs caused more pronounced PS disruption, especially around irregularly shaped edges. SiNPs in mixture exacerbated the PS perturbation by piercing PS film around the site of CNP interactions. BaPs adsorbed on CNPs were less solubilized and suppressed PS extraction, but aggravated biophysical inhibition by prompting film collapse under compression. These results suggest that for proper assessment of inhalation toxicity of airborne NPs, it is imperative to consider their heterogeneous aggregation and adsorption of pollutants under atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, State of Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yanhui Dai
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Guoqing Hu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, State of Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Tongtao Yue
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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4
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Ryu Y, Roh S, Joung YS. Assessing the cytotoxicity of aerosolized carbon black and benzo[a]pyrene with controlled physical and chemical properties on human lung epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9358. [PMID: 37291179 PMCID: PMC10250308 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35586-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of hazardous particles containing hundreds of inorganic and organic species. Organic components, such as carbon black (CB) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), are known to exhibit diverse genotoxic and carcinogenic effects. The toxicity of CB and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons has been well studied, however the combined toxicity is much less understood. A spray-drying system was used to control the size and chemical composition of PMs. PMs were prepared by loading BaP on three different sized CBs (0.1 μm, 2.5 μm, and 10 μm) to obtain BaP-unloaded CB (CB0.1, CB2.5, and CB10) and BaP-loaded CB (CB0.1-BaP, CB2.5-BaP, and CB10-BaP). We analyzed cell viability, levels of oxidative stress, and pro-inflammatory cytokines using human lung cells (A549 epithelial cells). Cell viability decreased when exposed to all PMs (PM0.1, PM2.5, and PM10), regardless of the presence of BaP. The increase in PM size due to BaP-adsorption to CB resulted in insufficient toxic effects on human lung cells compared to CB alone. Smaller CBs reduced cell viability, leading to reactive oxygen species formation, which can cause damage to cellular structures deliver more harmful substances. Additionally, small CBs were predominant in inducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in A549 epithelial cells. These results indicate that the size of CB is a key factor that immediately affects the inflammation of lung cells, compared to the presence of BaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngri Ryu
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, 100, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonjong Roh
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, 100, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Soo Joung
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, 100, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Rodolpho JMDA, Godoy KFD, Brassolatti P, Fragelli BDDL, Camillo L, Castro CAD, Assis M, Speglich C, Longo E, Anibal FDF. Carbon Black CB-EDA Nanoparticles in Macrophages: Changes in the Oxidative Stress Pathway and in Apoptosis Signaling. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1643. [PMID: 37371738 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of black carbon nanoparticles on J774.A1 murine cells was investigated with the objective of exploring the cytotoxicity of black carbon functionalized with ethylenediamine CB-EDA. The results showed that CB-EDA has a cytotoxic profile for J774.A1 macrophages in a time- and dose-dependent manner. When phagocytosed by the macrophage, CB-EDA triggers a mechanism that leads to apoptosis. In this process, there is an increase in oxidative stress pathways due to the activation of nitric oxide and then ROS. This causes an imbalance in redox function and a disruption of membrane integrity that occurs due to high levels of LDH, in addition to favoring the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in an attempt to modulate the cell. However, these stimuli are not sufficient to repair the cell and the level of mitochondrial integrity is affected, causing a decrease in cell viability. This mechanism may be correlated with the activation of the caspasse-3 pathway, which, when compromised, cleaves and induces cells death via apoptosis, either through early or late apoptosis. In view of this, the potential for cell damage was investigated by analyzing the oxidative and inflammatory profile in the macrophage lineage J774.A1 and identifying potential mechanisms and metabolic pathways connected to these processes when cells were exposed to NP CB-EDA for both 24 h and 48 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joice Margareth de Almeida Rodolpho
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Krissia Franco de Godoy
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Patricia Brassolatti
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Bruna Dias de Lima Fragelli
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Luciana Camillo
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Aparecida de Castro
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Assis
- Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, University Jaume I (UJI), 12006 Castelló, Spain
- Centro de Desenvolvimento de Materiais Funcionais, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Carlos Speglich
- Centro de Pesquisa Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello CENPES/Petrobras, Rio de Janeiro 21941-915, Brazil
| | - Elson Longo
- Centro de Desenvolvimento de Materiais Funcionais, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Freitas Anibal
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
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Nanomaterial-mediated photoporation for intracellular delivery. Acta Biomater 2023; 157:24-48. [PMID: 36584801 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Translocation of extrinsic molecules into living cells is becoming increasingly crucial in biological studies ranging from cell engineering to biomedical applications. The concerns regarding biosafety and immunogenicity for conventional vectors and physical methods yet challenge effective intracellular delivery. Here, we begin with an overview of approaches for trans-membrane delivery up to now. These methods are featured with a relatively mature application but usually encounter low cell survival. Our review then proposes an advanced application for nanomaterial-sensitized photoporation triggered with a laser. We cover the mechanisms, procedures, and outcomes of photoporation-induced intracellular delivery with a highlight on its versatility to different living cells. We hope the review discussed here encourages researchers to further improvement and applications for photoporation-induced intracellular delivery. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE.
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Clérigo F, Ferreira S, Ladeira C, Marques-Ramos A, Almeida-Silva M, Mendes LA. Cytotoxicity Assessment of Nanoplastics and Plasticizers Exposure in In Vitro Lung Cell Culture Systems—A Systematic Review. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10070402. [PMID: 35878307 PMCID: PMC9315584 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10070402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants such as nanoplastics (NPs), as well as manufacturing by-products such as plasticizers, have gained global attention and concern due to their limited biodegradability and their potential impact on human health, in particular the effects on respiratory tissue. In parallel, in vitro cell culture techniques are key to the assessment and characterization of toxic effects and cellular mechanisms in different types of tissues and should provide relevant information to understand the hazardous potential of these emergent contaminants. This systematic review presents the main results on the current knowledge of the effects of NPs and plasticizers on lung cells, as assessed with the use of in vitro cell culture techniques. From the selected studies (n = 10), following the PRISMA approach, it was observed that cell viability was the most frequently assessed endpoint and that most studies focused on epithelial cells and exposures to polystyrene (PS). It was observed that exposure to NPs or plasticizers induces cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner, regardless of the size of the NPs. Furthermore, there is evidence that the characteristics of NPs can affect the toxic response by promoting the association with other organic compounds. As such, further in vitro studies focusing on the combination of NPs with plasticizers will be essential for the understanding of mechanisms of NPs toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Clérigo
- H&TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal; (F.C.); (S.F.); (C.L.); (A.M.-R.); (M.A.-S.)
| | - Sandra Ferreira
- H&TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal; (F.C.); (S.F.); (C.L.); (A.M.-R.); (M.A.-S.)
| | - Carina Ladeira
- H&TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal; (F.C.); (S.F.); (C.L.); (A.M.-R.); (M.A.-S.)
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Marques-Ramos
- H&TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal; (F.C.); (S.F.); (C.L.); (A.M.-R.); (M.A.-S.)
| | - Marina Almeida-Silva
- H&TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal; (F.C.); (S.F.); (C.L.); (A.M.-R.); (M.A.-S.)
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, ao Km 139.7, Bobadela-Loures, 2695-066 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís André Mendes
- H&TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal; (F.C.); (S.F.); (C.L.); (A.M.-R.); (M.A.-S.)
- Animal Ecology Group (GEA), Universidade de Vigo, 36210 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence:
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8
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Indirect mediators of systemic health outcomes following nanoparticle inhalation exposure. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 235:108120. [PMID: 35085604 PMCID: PMC9189040 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The growing field of nanoscience has shed light on the wide diversity of natural and anthropogenic sources of nano-scale particulates, raising concern as to their impacts on human health. Inhalation is the most robust route of entry, with nanoparticles (NPs) evading mucociliary clearance and depositing deep into the alveolar region. Yet, impacts from inhaled NPs are evident far outside the lung, particularly on the cardiovascular system and highly vascularized organs like the brain. Peripheral effects are partly explained by the translocation of some NPs from the lung into the circulation; however, other NPs largely confined to the lung are still accompanied by systemic outcomes. Omic research has only just begun to inform on the complex myriad of molecules released from the lung to the blood as byproducts of pulmonary pathology. These indirect mediators are diverse in their molecular make-up and activity in the periphery. The present review examines systemic outcomes attributed to pulmonary NP exposure and what is known about indirect pathological mediators released from the lung into the circulation. Further focus was directed to outcomes in the brain, a highly vascularized region susceptible to acute and longer-term outcomes. Findings here support the need for big-data toxicological studies to understand what drives these health outcomes and better predict, circumvent, and treat the potential health impacts arising from NP exposure scenarios.
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Di Ianni E, Jacobsen NR, Vogel UB, Møller P. Systematic review on primary and secondary genotoxicity of carbon black nanoparticles in mammalian cells and animals. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2022; 790:108441. [PMID: 36007825 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2022.108441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Carbon black exposure causes oxidative stress, inflammation and genotoxicity. The objective of this systematic review was to assess the contributions of primary (i.e. direct formation of DNA damage) and secondary genotoxicity (i.e., DNA lesions produced indirectly by inflammation) to the overall level of DNA damage by carbon black. The database is dominated by studies that have measured DNA damage by the comet assay. Cell culture studies indicate a genotoxic action of carbon black, which might be mediated by oxidative stress. Many in vivo studies originate from one laboratory that has investigated the genotoxic effects of Printex 90 in mice by intra-tracheal instillation. Meta-analysis and pooled analysis of these results demonstrate that Printex 90 exposure is associated with a slightly increased level of DNA strand breaks in bronchoalveolar lavage cells and lung tissue. Other types of genotoxic damage have not been investigated as thoroughly as DNA strand breaks, although there is evidence to suggest that carbon black exposure might increase the mutation frequency and cytogenetic endpoints. Stratification of studies according to concurrent inflammation and DNA damage does not indicate that carbon black exposure gives rise to secondary genotoxicity. Even substantial pulmonary inflammation is at best only associated with a weak genotoxic response in lung tissue. In conclusion, the review indicates that nanosized carbon black is a weak genotoxic agent and this effect is more likely to originate from a primary genotoxic mechanism of action, mediated by e.g., oxidative stress, than inflammation-driven (secondary) genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Di Ianni
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Nicklas Raun Jacobsen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ulla Birgitte Vogel
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Bygning 202, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Sivarajan R, Kessie DK, Oberwinkler H, Pallmann N, Walles T, Scherzad A, Hackenberg S, Steinke M. Susceptibility of Human Airway Tissue Models Derived From Different Anatomical Sites to Bordetella pertussis and Its Virulence Factor Adenylate Cyclase Toxin. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:797491. [PMID: 35059325 PMCID: PMC8765404 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.797491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the interaction of human pathogens with their host target structures, human tissue models based on primary cells are considered suitable. Complex tissue models of the human airways have been used as infection models for various viral and bacterial pathogens. The Gram-negative bacterium Bordetella pertussis is of relevant clinical interest since whooping cough has developed into a resurgent infectious disease. In the present study, we created three-dimensional tissue models of the human ciliated nasal and tracheo-bronchial mucosa. We compared the innate immune response of these models towards the B. pertussis virulence factor adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) and its enzymatically inactive but fully pore-forming toxoid CyaA-AC-. Applying molecular biological, histological, and microbiological assays, we found that 1 µg/ml CyaA elevated the intracellular cAMP level but did not disturb the epithelial barrier integrity of nasal and tracheo-bronchial airway mucosa tissue models. Interestingly, CyaA significantly increased interleukin 6, interleukin 8, and human beta defensin 2 secretion in nasal tissue models, whereas tracheo-bronchial tissue models were not significantly affected compared to the controls. Subsequently, we investigated the interaction of B. pertussis with both differentiated primary nasal and tracheo-bronchial tissue models and demonstrated bacterial adherence and invasion without observing host cell type-specific significant differences. Even though the nasal and the tracheo-bronchial mucosa appear similar from a histological perspective, they are differentially susceptible to B. pertussis CyaA in vitro. Our finding that nasal tissue models showed an increased innate immune response towards the B. pertussis virulence factor CyaA compared to tracheo-bronchial tissue models may reflect the key role of the nasal airway mucosa as the first line of defense against airborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinu Sivarajan
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Heike Oberwinkler
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Pallmann
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Walles
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Medicine Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Agmal Scherzad
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Hackenberg
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH) Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maria Steinke
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Würzburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Maria Steinke,
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11
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Yue T, Lv R, Xu D, Xu Y, Liu L, Dai Y, Zhao J, Xing B. Competitive and/or cooperative interactions of graphene-family materials and benzo[a]pyrene with pulmonary surfactant: a computational and experimental study. Part Fibre Toxicol 2021; 18:46. [PMID: 34915923 PMCID: PMC8675531 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-021-00436-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airborne nanoparticles can be inhaled and deposit in human alveoli, where pulmonary surfactant (PS) molecules lining at the alveolar air-water interface act as the first barrier against inhaled nanoparticles entering the body. Although considerable efforts have been devoted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying nanoparticle-PS interactions, our understanding on this important issue is limited due to the high complexity of the atmosphere, in which nanoparticles are believed to experience transformations that remarkably change the nanoparticles' surface properties and states. By contrast with bare nanoparticles that have been extensively studied, relatively little is known about the interactions between PS and inhaled nanoparticles which already adsorb contaminants. In this combined experimental and computational effort, we investigate the joint interactions between PS and graphene-family materials (GFMs) with coexisting benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). RESULTS Depending on the BaP concentration, molecular agglomeration, and graphene oxidation, different nanocomposite structures are formed via BaPs adsorption on GFMs. Upon deposition of GFMs carrying BaPs at the pulmonary surfactant (PS) layer, competition and cooperation of interactions between different components determines the interfacial processes including BaP solubilization, GFM translocation and PS perturbation. Importantly, BaPs adsorbed on GFMs are solubilized to increase BaP's bioavailability. By contrast with graphene adhering on the PS layer to release part of adsorbed BaPs, more BaPs are released from graphene oxide, which induces a hydrophilic pore in the PS layer and shows adverse effect on the PS biophysical function. Translocation of graphene across the PS layer is facilitated by BaP adsorption through segregating it from contact with PS, while translocation of graphene oxide is suppressed by BaP adsorption due to the increase of surface hydrophobicity. Graphene extracts PS molecules from the layer, and the resultant PS depletion declines with graphene oxidation and BaP adsorption. CONCLUSION GFMs showed high adsorption capacity towards BaPs to form nanocomposites. Upon deposition of GFMs carrying BaPs at the alveolar air-water interface covered by a thin PS layer, the interactions of GFM-PS, GFM-BaP and BaP-PS determined the interfacial processes of BaP solubilization, GFM translocation and PS perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtao Yue
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Rujie Lv
- College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Dongfang Xu
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Electronic Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Yanhui Dai
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China. .,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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12
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Gad El-Hak HN, Mohamed OE, Nabil ZI. Evaluating the protective role of Deglycyrrhizinated licorice root supplement on bleomycin induced pulmonary oxidative damage. Toxicol Mech Methods 2021; 32:180-193. [PMID: 34488542 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2021.1977881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate the protective effect of licorice supplements in a rat model of Bleomycin-induced lung oxidative damage over a duration of one month. The rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 10 per group). Control group; Bleomycin group (B): rats were IP injected with bleomycin 5 mg/kg twice weekly. Licorice group (L): rats received orally 300 mg/kg licorice extract. Bleomycin and a low dose of Licorice group (BLLG): rats received orally 75 mg/kg licorice daily and injected as the B group. Bleomycin and a middle dose of Licorice group (BMLG): rats received orally 150 mg/kg licorice daily and injected as the Bleomycin group. Bleomycin and a high dose of Licorice group (BHLG): rats received orally 300 mg/kg licorice daily and injected as the Bleomycin group. Treatment with Bleomycin induced inflammation and oxidative damage to the lungs expressed in the disturbance of the measured parameters in the blood serum, the lung tissue, and the broncholavage fluid. In addition to the decreased expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and catalase (CAT) in the lung tissues. Bleomycin caused deformative changes in the histopathological and cellular examination of the lungs especially in the alveolar cells and the interstitial space. On the other hand, treated the bleomycin group with different doses of licorice supplement activates the antioxidant defense mechanism and attenuates the oxidative damage and damage induced to the lung. In conclusion, Deglycyrrhizinated licorice root supplement provided strong antioxidant and protective effects on Bleomycin-induced lung damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba N Gad El-Hak
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Osman E Mohamed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Zohour I Nabil
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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13
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Particle Number Emissions of Gasoline, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Fueled Vehicles at Different Ambient Temperatures. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12070893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are included in the group of promoted transport fuel alternatives for traditional fossil fuels in Europe. Both CNG and LPG fueled vehicles are believed to have low particle number and mass emissions. Here, we studied the solid particle number (SPN) emissions >4 nm, >10 nm and >23 nm of bi-fuel vehicles applying CNG, LPG and gasoline fuels in laboratory at 23 °C and sub-zero (−7 °C) ambient temperature conditions. The SPN23 emissions in CNG or LPG operation modality at 23 °C were below the regulated SPN23 limit of diesel and gasoline direct injection vehicles 6×1011 1/km. Nevertheless, the limit was exceeded at sub-zero temperatures, when sub-23 nm particles were included, or when gasoline was used as a fuel. The key message of this study is that gas-fueled vehicles produced particles mainly <23 nm and the current methodology might not be appropriate. However, only in a few cases absolute SPN >10 nm emission levels exceeded 6×1011 1/km when >23 nm levels were below 6×1011 1/km. Setting a limit of 1×1011 1/km for >10 nm particles would also limit most of the >4 nm SPN levels below 6×1011 1/km.
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Ma J, Liu X, Yang Y, Qiu J, Dong Z, Ren Q, Zuo YY, Xia T, Chen W, Liu S. Binding of Benzo[ a]pyrene Alters the Bioreactivity of Fine Biochar Particles toward Macrophages Leading to Deregulated Macrophagic Defense and Autophagy. ACS NANO 2021; 15:9717-9731. [PMID: 34124884 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Contaminant-bearing fine biochar particles (FBPs) may exert significantly different toxicity profiles from their contaminant-free counterparts. While the role of FBPs in promoting contaminant uptake has been recognized, it is unclear whether the binding of contaminants can modify the biochemical reactivity and toxicological profiles of FBPs. Here, we show that binding of benzo[a]pyrene (B(a)P, a model polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) at environmentally relevant exposure concentrations markedly alters the cytotoxicity of FBPs to macrophages, an important line of innate immune defense against airborne particulate matters (PMs). Specifically, B(a)P-bearing FBPs elicit more severe disruption of the phospholipid membrane, endocytosis, oxidative stress, autophagy, and compromised innate immune defense, as evidenced by blunted proinflammatory effects, compared with B(a)P-free FBPs. Notably, the altered cytotoxicity cannot be attributed to the dissolution of B(a)P from the B(a)P-bearing FBPs, but appears to be related to B(a)P adsorption-induced changes of FBPs bioreactivity toward macrophages. Our findings highlight the significance of environmental chemical transformation in altering the bioreactivity and toxicity of PMs and call for further studies on other types of carbonaceous nanoparticles and additional exposure scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinlei Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Jiahuang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Quanzhong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Y Zuo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Tian Xia
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), California NanoSystems Institute, and Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Le YTH, Youn JS, Moon HG, Chen XY, Kim DI, Cho HW, Lee KH, Jeon KJ. Relationship between Cytotoxicity and Surface Oxidation of Artificial Black Carbon. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11061455. [PMID: 34072737 PMCID: PMC8229741 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The lacking of laboratory black carbon (BC) samples have long challenged the corresponding toxicological research; furthermore, the toxicity tests of engineered carbon nanoparticles were unable to reflect atmospheric BC. As a simplified approach, we have synthesized artificial BC (aBC) for the purpose of representing atmospheric BC. Surface chemical properties of aBC were controlled by thermal treatment, without transforming its physical characteristics; thus, we were able to examine the toxicological effects on A549 human lung cells arising from aBC with varying oxidation surface properties. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, as well as Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, verified the presence of increased amounts of oxygenated functional groups on the surface of thermally-treated aBC, indicating aBC oxidization at elevated temperatures; aBC with increased oxygen functional group content displayed increased toxicity to A549 cells, specifically by decreasing cell viability to 45% and elevating reactive oxygen species levels up to 294% for samples treated at 800 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Thi-Hoang Le
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (Y.T.-H.L.); (H.-W.C.)
- Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Jong-Sang Youn
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Bucheon-si 14662, Korea;
| | - Hi-Gyu Moon
- Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 53212, Korea; (H.-G.M.); (X.-Y.C.); (D.-I.K.)
| | - Xin-Yu Chen
- Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 53212, Korea; (H.-G.M.); (X.-Y.C.); (D.-I.K.)
- Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Dong-Im Kim
- Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 53212, Korea; (H.-G.M.); (X.-Y.C.); (D.-I.K.)
| | - Hyun-Wook Cho
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (Y.T.-H.L.); (H.-W.C.)
| | - Kyu-Hong Lee
- Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 53212, Korea; (H.-G.M.); (X.-Y.C.); (D.-I.K.)
- Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-H.L.); (K.-J.J.)
| | - Ki-Joon Jeon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (Y.T.-H.L.); (H.-W.C.)
- Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-H.L.); (K.-J.J.)
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16
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Gao S, Li T, Pan J, Han D, Lin J, Niu Q, Liu R. Toxic effect and mechanism of ultrafine carbon black on mouse primary splenocytes and two digestive enzymes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 212:111980. [PMID: 33545408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigated the toxic effect and mechanism of ultrafine carbon black (UFCB) on splenocytes and enzymes in the digestive system. It was found that the toxicity of UFCB to splenocytes was dose-dependent. UFCB with a low concentration (<15 μg/mL) had no significant effect on splenocytes while UFCB with high concentration (>15 μg/mL) induced significant oxidative damage with increased content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (134%) and malonaldehyde (MDA) (222.3%) along with the decreased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (55.63%) and catalase (CAT) (87.73%). Analysis combined cellular and molecular levels indicated that UFCB induced splenocyte toxicity through oxidative stress. The interactions of UFCB with two important digestive enzymes, α-amylase and lipase, were also studied respectively. Results showed that the interaction of UFCB and the two enzymes altered the particle size and fluorescence intensity in both experimental systems. The formation of protein corona also resulted in the contraction of the polypeptide skeleton in both enzymes, which further inhibited their activity. Our work provided basic data on the toxicity of UFCB in the spleen and digestive system and fills the gap in the study of UFPs toxicity. CAPSULE: UFCB induced splenocyte toxicity and enzyme dysfunction through oxidative stress and protein corona formation respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichen Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, PR China
| | - Tong Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jie Pan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, PR China
| | - Dengcheng Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jing Lin
- North China Sea Data & Information Service of SOA, 27# Yunling Road, Laoshan, Qingdao 266061, PR China
| | - Qigui Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, PR China
| | - Rutao Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, PR China.
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17
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Ji Y, Wang Y, Shen D, Kang Q, Chen L. Mucin corona delays intracellular trafficking and alleviates cytotoxicity of nanoplastic-benzopyrene combined contaminant. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 406:124306. [PMID: 33109409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics have recently become a worldwide concern as newly emerging airborne pollutants, which can associate with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and form combined contaminant nanoparticles (CCNPs). After being inhaled in the respiratory system, the CCNPs would first encounter the mucous gel layer being rich in mucin. Herein, polystyrene-benzopyrene (PS@Bap) NPs were prepared as CCNPs model and their interaction with mucin and the resultant biological responses were studied. It was observed that mucin corona stably attached to the CCNPs surface, which significantly altered the fate of the CCNPs in lung epithelial cells (A 549 cell line). The mucin corona would 1) stably adsorbed on PS@Bap at the early stages of endocytosis until degraded during the lysosomal transport and maturation process, 2) delay intracellular trafficking of PS@Bap and the progress of Bap detached from PS, 3) enhance uptake of PS@Bap but reduce the cytotoxicity elicited by PS@Bap, as indicated by cell viability, generation of reactive oxygen species, impairment on mitochondrial function, and further cell apoptosis. In addition, in vivo study also verified the enhanced effect of PS on the development of an acute lung inflammatory response induced by Bap. This study highlights the significance of incorporating the effects of mucin for precisely assessing the respiratory system toxicity of nanoplastics based CCNPs in atmospheric environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Ji
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Yunqing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Dazhong Shen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Qi Kang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Lingxin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China.
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18
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das Neves J, Sverdlov Arzi R, Sosnik A. Molecular and cellular cues governing nanomaterial-mucosae interactions: from nanomedicine to nanotoxicology. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 49:5058-5100. [PMID: 32538405 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00948a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal tissues constitute the largest interface between the body and the surrounding environment and they regulate the access of molecules, supramolecular structures, particulate matter, and pathogens into it. All mucosae are characterized by an outer mucus layer that protects the underlying cells from physicochemical, biological and mechanical insults, a mono-layered or stratified epithelium that forms tight junctions and controls the selective transport of solutes across it and associated lymphoid tissues that play a sentinel role. Mucus is a gel-like material comprised mainly of the glycoprotein mucin and water and it displays both hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains, a net negative charge, and high porosity and pore interconnectivity, providing an efficient barrier for the absorption of therapeutic agents. To prolong the residence time, absorption and bioavailability of a broad spectrum of active compounds upon mucosal administration, mucus-penetrating and mucoadhesive particles have been designed by tuning the chemical composition, the size, the density, and the surface properties. The benefits of utilizing nanomaterials that interact intimately with mucosae by different mechanisms in the nanomedicine field have been extensively reported. To ensure the safety of these nanosystems, their compatibility is evaluated in vitro and in vivo in preclinical and clinical trials. Conversely, there is a growing concern about the toxicity of nanomaterials dispersed in air and water effluents that unintentionally come into contact with the airways and the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, deep understanding of the key nanomaterial properties that govern the interplay with mucus and tissues is crucial for the rational design of more efficient drug delivery nanosystems (nanomedicine) and to anticipate the fate and side-effects of nanoparticulate matter upon acute or chronic exposure (nanotoxicology). This review initially overviews the complex structural features of mucosal tissues, including the structure of mucus, the epithelial barrier, the mucosal-associated lymphatic tissues and microbiota. Then, the most relevant investigations attempting to identify and validate the key particle features that govern nanomaterial-mucosa interactions and that are relevant in both nanomedicine and nanotoxicology are discussed in a holistic manner. Finally, the most popular experimental techniques and the incipient use of mathematical and computational models to characterize these interactions are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- José das Neves
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde & INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Roni Sverdlov Arzi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, De-Jur Building, Office 607, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.
| | - Alejandro Sosnik
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, De-Jur Building, Office 607, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.
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Hong J, Moon H, Kim J, Lee BC, Kim GB, Lee H, Kim Y. Differentiation of carbon black from black carbon using a ternary plot based on elemental analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128511. [PMID: 33032213 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbon black (CB) is composed of engineered nanoparticles that are commercially produced by partial combustion of hydrocarbons. It is mainly used as a reinforcing agent in vehicle tires. Although the potential health effects of CB have been investigated extensively, some toxicological reports interchange CB with black carbon (BC), which has similar features, thereby misusing the term. BC is an undesirable byproduct of the incomplete combustion of fuels. Therefore, there is a need to differentiate CB from the unintentionally produced nanomaterials (BC) in nano-toxicity, environmental, and human health studies. To distinguish clearly CB from BC, it is important to find the key parameters from several characteristics of two substances. The fundamental physicochemical properties of commercial CB and naturally formed BC were conducted. Based on the elemental analysis, we found three key factors, which could be used to differentiate the CB from BC. And thus, herein, we propose a ternary plot of the aH/C-log(C/b)-1/H combination for use in differentiating CB from BC. The plot of the 100H/C-log(C/10)-1/H combination of elemental ratios separated the CB domain from the BC domain symmetrically. The effectiveness of the ternary chart was validated using 37 samples (nine samples in this work, 25 sample results taken from references studies, and three samples from the field). Therefore, the ternary plot could be used as a prescreening tool for distinguishing CB from BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Hong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
| | - Haejoo Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
| | - Jisue Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
| | - Byung-Cheun Lee
- Risk Assessment Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22733, South Korea
| | - Geun-Bae Kim
- Risk Assessment Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22733, South Korea
| | - Hyejin Lee
- Risk Assessment Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22733, South Korea
| | - Younghun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea.
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20
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Ji Y, Wang Y, Shen D, Kang Q, Ma J, Chen L. Revisiting the cellular toxicity of benzo[ a]pyrene from the view of nanoclusters: size- and nanoplastic adsorption-dependent bioavailability. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:1016-1028. [PMID: 33393578 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06747d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (Bap) is one of the main organic pollutants in the atmospheric haze that is rich in fine water drops and particulate matters. The understanding of the Bap's form in water is of great importance to unveil its real biological effects toward the respiratory system. To date, various reports have documented its toxicological effects in the molecular form. Herein, we found that Bap existed as self-aggregated nanoclusters of tunable sizes rather than as dissolved molecules in water and different sized nanoclusters illustrated varied cytotoxicity. These findings indicated that the size, which has been ignored in previous studies, is also a dominant parameter similar to the molecular concentration for determining Bap's cytotoxicity. Polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles, as a model for nanoplastics, could adsorb Bap nanoclusters and serve as carriers that enter the cells. The combination effect interestingly altered the cytotoxicity distinction of Bap of different sizes. The intracellular fate of the nanoparticles and subcellular organelle damages were studied to unveil the mechanisms of cytotoxic distinction. Small Bap nanoclusters entered cells faster than their large counterparts. The Bap of the PS@Bap complex was stably adsorbed on PS at the early stages of endocytosis until it was detached during the lysosomal transport and maturation process. The dissociated Bap may bypass the lysosome pathway and be released into the cytosol with a nanocluster structure or relocate into the endoplasmic reticulum. On the other hand, the detached PS preferred to bind to the mitochondria or be excreted out of the cell via the lysosomal pathway. Moreover, the PS@Bap complex resulted in a significant loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential and induced apoptosis through the mitochondria-involved apoptosis pathway. This study provides a new perspective towards the toxicological mechanism of insoluble hydrophobic organic compounds and reveals the environmental significance of nanoplastics for regulating the biological effects of conventional pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Ji
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China. and CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Yunqing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China. and Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Dazhong Shen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Qi Kang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Jiping Ma
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China. and Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China and Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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21
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Kessie DK, Lodes N, Oberwinkler H, Goldman WE, Walles T, Steinke M, Gross R. Activity of Tracheal Cytotoxin of Bordetella pertussis in a Human Tracheobronchial 3D Tissue Model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:614994. [PMID: 33585281 PMCID: PMC7873972 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.614994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis is a highly contagious pathogen which causes whooping cough in humans. A major pathophysiology of infection is the extrusion of ciliated cells and subsequent disruption of the respiratory mucosa. Tracheal cytotoxin (TCT) is the only virulence factor produced by B. pertussis that has been able to recapitulate this pathology in animal models. This pathophysiology is well characterized in a hamster tracheal model, but human data are lacking due to scarcity of donor material. We assessed the impact of TCT and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the functional integrity of the human airway mucosa by using in vitro airway mucosa models developed by co-culturing human tracheobronchial epithelial cells and human tracheobronchial fibroblasts on porcine small intestinal submucosa scaffold under airlift conditions. TCT and LPS either alone and in combination induced blebbing and necrosis of the ciliated epithelia. TCT and LPS induced loss of ciliated epithelial cells and hyper-mucus production which interfered with mucociliary clearance. In addition, the toxins had a disruptive effect on the tight junction organization, significantly reduced transepithelial electrical resistance and increased FITC-Dextran permeability after toxin incubation. In summary, the results indicate that TCT collaborates with LPS to induce the disruption of the human airway mucosa as reported for the hamster tracheal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K. Kessie
- Biocentre, Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nina Lodes
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike Oberwinkler
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - William E. Goldman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Thorsten Walles
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University of Medicine Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Maria Steinke
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roy Gross
- Biocentre, Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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22
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Li J, Wang T, Wang Y, Xu M, Zhang L, Li X, Liu Z, Gao S, Jia Q, Fan Y, Wang Z, Wu N, Zhang X, Dai Y, Kong F, Wang W, Duan H. Particulate matter air pollution and the expression of microRNAs and pro-inflammatory genes: Association and mediation among children in Jinan, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 389:121843. [PMID: 31843406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been associated with increased risk of various diseases, possibly through its effect on inflammatory response. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), an epigenetic mechanism regulating gene expression, can affect the expression of pro-inflammatory genes. However, few epidemiological studies have examined the impact of PM on inflammation-related miRNAs and their target mRNAs, especially among vulnerable population. We recruited 160 and 113 children from areas with different PM level in Jinan, China. We measured benzo[a]pyrene-r-7,t-8,t-9,c-10-tetrahydotetrol-albumin (BPDE-Alb) adducts in serum and the expression of 5 candidate miRNAs involved in inflammation regulation and 7 pro-inflammatory genes predicted to be their targets in leukocytes. Generally, children in the polluted area had higher miRNAs and lower mRNAs expression than those in the control area. An interquartile increase of BPDE-Alb adducts was associated with 12.66 %, 14.13 %, and 12.76 % higher of let-7a, miR-146a-5p, and miR-155-5p, as well as 21.61 %, 20.16 %, and 12.49 % lower of IL-6, CXCL8, and TLR2 mRNAs at false discovery rate<0.05, respectively. Additionally, let-7a, miR-146a-5p, and miR-155-5p were found to mediate the associations of BPDE-Alb adducts with IL-6 and/or TLR2 expression. Our findings suggested that PM exposure might attenuate inflammatory response among children in China, which was partly mediated by miRNAs regulating pro-inflammatory genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Zhong Liu
- Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Sheng Gao
- Inner Mongolia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hohhot, China
| | - Qiang Jia
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yaochun Fan
- Inner Mongolia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhenjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yufei Dai
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fanling Kong
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Wenrui Wang
- Inner Mongolia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hohhot, China
| | - Huawei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
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23
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Perniss A, Latz A, Boseva I, Papadakis T, Dames C, Meisel C, Meisel A, Scholze P, Kummer W, Krasteva-Christ G. Acute nicotine administration stimulates ciliary activity via α3β4 nAChR in the mouse trachea. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 84:106496. [PMID: 32304995 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mucociliary clearance, the continuous removal of mucus-trapped particles by cilia-driven directed transport of the airway lining fluid, is the primary innate defense mechanism of the airways. It is potently activated by acetylcholine (ACh) addressing muscarinic receptors with a currently less defined role of nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChR). We here set out to determine their contribution in driving ciliary activity in an explanted mouse trachea preparation utilizing selected agonists and antagonists and nAChR-subunit deficient mice. Nicotine (100 µM) induced an increase in ciliary beat frequency, accompanied by a sharp, but not long lasting increase in particle transport speed (PTS) on the mucosal surface showing marked desensitization within the next 30 min. Nicotine-induced PTS acceleration was sensitive to the general nAChR inhibitors mecamylamine and d-tubocurarine as well as to the α3β4-nAChR antagonist α-conotoxin AulB, but not to other antagonists primarily addressing α3β2-nAChR or α4-, α7- and α9-containing nAChR. Agonists at α3β*-nAChR (epibatidine, cytisine), but not cotinine mimicked the effect. Tracheas from mice with genetic deletion of nAChR subunits α5, α7, α9, α10, α9/10, and β2 retained full PTS response to nicotine, whereas this was entirely lost in tracheas from mice lacking the β4-subunit. Collectively, our data show that nicotinic stimulation of α3β4-nAChR acutely increases PTS to the same extent as the established strong activator ATP. In view of the marked desensitization observed in the present setting, the physiological relevance of these receptors in adapting mucociliary clearance to rapidly changing endogenous or environmental stimuli remains open.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Perniss
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Ariane Latz
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ivelina Boseva
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tamara Papadakis
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Claudia Dames
- Charité Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Meisel
- Charité Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Meisel
- Charité Berlin, Departments of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Scholze
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kummer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Krasteva-Christ
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; Present address: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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24
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He M, Jiang X, Zou Z, Qin X, Zhang S, Guo Y, Wang X, Tian X, Chen C. Exposure to carbon black nanoparticles increases seizure susceptibility in male mice. Nanotoxicology 2020; 14:595-611. [PMID: 32091294 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2020.1728412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon black nanoparticles (CBNPs) can enter the central nervous system through blood circulation and olfactory nerves, affecting brain development or increasing neurological disease susceptibility. However, whether CBNPs exposure affects seizure is unclear. Herein, mice were exposed to two different doses of CBNPs (21 and 103 μg/animal) based on previous studies and the maximum exposure limitation (4 mg/m3) in occupational workplaces set by the Chinese government. In the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) and kainic acid (KA) seizure models, high-dose CBNPs exposure increased seizure susceptibility in both models and increased spontaneous recurrent seizure (SRS) frequency in the KA model. In vivo local field potential (LFP) recording in KA model mice revealed that both low-dose and high-dose CBNPs exposure increased seizure-like event (SLE) frequency in the SRS interval but shortened SLE duration. Intriguingly, H&E staining and Nissl staining on brain tissue revealed that CBNPs exposure did not cause significant brain tissue morphology or neuronal damage. Detection of inflammatory factors, such as TNF-α, TGF-β1, IL-1β, and IL-6, in brain tissue showed that only high dose of CBNPs exposure increased the expression of cortical TGF-β1. By using the primary cultured neurons, we observed that CBNPs exposure not only significantly decreased the expression of the neuronal marker MAP2 but also enhanced the levels of action potential frequency in the neurons. In general, CBNPs exposure can affect abnormal epileptic discharges during the seizure interval and enhance susceptibility to frequent seizures. Our findings suggest that minimizing CBNPs exposure may be a potential way to prevent or ease seizure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoqing He
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Center of Experimental Teaching for Public Health, Experimental Teaching and Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Zou
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Dongsheng Lung-Brain Diseases Joint Lab, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, China
| | - Chengzhi Chen
- Dongsheng Lung-Brain Diseases Joint Lab, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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25
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Cheng Z, Liang X, Liang S, Yin N, Faiola F. A human embryonic stem cell-based in vitro model revealed that ultrafine carbon particles may cause skin inflammation and psoriasis. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 87:194-204. [PMID: 31791492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution has been linked to many health issues, including skin conditions, especially in children. Among all the atmospheric pollutants, ultrafine particles have been deemed very dangerous since they can readily penetrate the lungs and skin, and be absorbed into the bloodstream. Here, we employed a human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-based differentiation system towards keratinocytes, to test the effects of ultrafine carbon particles, which mimic ambient ultrafine particles, at environment related concentrations. We found that 10 ng/mL to 10 μg/mL ultrafine carbon particles down-regulated the expression of the pluripotency marker SOX2 in hESCs. Moreover, 1 μg/mL to 10 μg/mL carbon particle treatments disrupted the keratinocyte differentiation, and up-regulated inflammation- and psoriasis-related genes, such as IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CCL20, CXCL8, and S100A7 and S100A9, respectively. Overall, our results provide a new insight into the potential developmental toxicity of atmospheric ultrafine particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanwen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoxing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaojun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nuoya Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Francesco Faiola
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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26
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Lodes N, Seidensticker K, Perniss A, Nietzer S, Oberwinkler H, May T, Walles T, Hebestreit H, Hackenberg S, Steinke M. Investigation on Ciliary Functionality of Different Airway Epithelial Cell Lines in Three-Dimensional Cell Culture. Tissue Eng Part A 2019; 26:432-440. [PMID: 31696788 PMCID: PMC7187987 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2019.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional respiratory tissue models have been generated using, for example, human primary airway epithelial cells (hAEC) or respective cell lines. To investigate ciliopathies, such as primary ciliary dyskinesia, the presence of functional kinocilia in vitro is an essential prerequisite. Since access to hAEC of healthy donors is limited, we aimed to identify a respiratory epithelial cell line that is capable to display functional kinocilia on at least 60% of the apical surface. Thus, we cultured four different human respiratory cell lines with human primary airway fibroblasts under airlift conditions, characterized the morphology, and analyzed ciliary function. Only one of the tested cell lines showed beating kinocilia; however, <10% of the whole surface was covered and ciliary beating was undirected. Positive control tissue models using hAEC and fibroblasts displayed expected directed ciliary beating pattern around 11 Hz. Our data show that the available cell lines are not suitable for basic and applied research questions whenever functional kinocilia are required and that, rather, hAEC- or human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived tissue models need to be generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Lodes
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Seidensticker
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Perniss
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, German Center for Lung Research DZL, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah Nietzer
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike Oberwinkler
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Thorsten Walles
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Medicine Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Helge Hebestreit
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Hackenberg
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maria Steinke
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Würzburg, Germany
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27
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Pan J, Li C, Zhang X, Liu R. Hematological effects of ultrafine carbon black on red blood cells and hemoglobin. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 34:e22438. [PMID: 31860784 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The harmful effects of ultrafine particles (UFPs) in the atmosphere have caused widespread concern. Ultrafine carbon black (UFCB) is an important component of UFPs. In this study, we explored the impact of UFCB on the structure, the antioxidant defense system, and the ATPase activity of human red blood cells (hRBCs). It was found that UFCB decreased the activity of SOD (73.58%), CAT (89.79%), and GSH-Px (81.02%), leading to oxidative stress in hRBCs. UFCB had no destructive effect on the structure of hRBCs in 4 hours. ATPase activity increased (119.34%) and UFCB had weakly stimulated the cell membrane. On the molecular level, spectroscopic experiments showed that bovine hemoglobin (BHb) can bind to the UFCB by electrostatic force, leading to the shrinking of the BHb skeleton and increase in microenvironment polarity. This study demonstrates the negative hematological effect of UFCB on hemoglobin and hRBCs and reveals the potential risks in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Pan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment and Health, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chao Li
- Clinical Laboratory of School Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment and Health, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Rutao Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment and Health, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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28
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Hoeng J, Maeder S, Vanscheeuwijck P, Peitsch MC. Assessing the lung cancer risk reduction potential of candidate modified risk tobacco products. Intern Emerg Med 2019; 14:821-834. [PMID: 30767158 PMCID: PMC6722152 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-019-02045-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is the major cause of lung cancer. While the risk of lung cancer increases with the number of cigarettes smoked and the duration of smoking, it also decreases upon smoking cessation. The development of candidate modified risk tobacco products (cMRTP) is aimed at providing smokers who will not quit with alternatives to cigarettes that present less risk of harm and smoking-related disease. It is necessary to assess the risk reduction potential of cMRTPs, including their potential to reduce the risk of lung cancer. Assessing the lung cancer risk reduction potential of cMRTPs is hampered by (i) the absence of clinical risk markers that are predictive of future lung cancer development, (ii) the latency of lung cancer manifestation (decades of smoking), and (iii) the slow reduction in excess risk upon cessation and a fortiori upon switching to a cMRTP. It is, therefore, likely that only long-term epidemiology will provide definitive answers to this question and allow to first verify that a cMRTP reduces the risk of lung cancer and if it does, to quantify the reduction in excess lung cancer risk associated with a cMRTP. For this to be possible, the cMRTP would need to be available in the market and used exclusively by a large portion of current smokers. Here, we propose that a mechanism-based approach represents a solid alternative to show in a pre-market setting that switching to a cMRTP is likely to significantly reduce the risk of lung cancer. This approach is based on the causal chain of events that leads from smoking to disease and leverages both non-clinical and clinical studies as well as the principles of systems toxicology. We also discuss several important challenges inherent to the assessment of cMRTPs as well as key aspects regarding product use behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Serge Maeder
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Manuel C. Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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29
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Raja IS, Song SJ, Kang MS, Lee YB, Kim B, Hong SW, Jeong SJ, Lee JC, Han DW. Toxicity of Zero- and One-Dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1214. [PMID: 31466309 PMCID: PMC6780407 DOI: 10.3390/nano9091214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The zero (0-D) and one-dimensional (1-D) carbon nanomaterials have gained attention among researchers because they exhibit a larger surface area to volume ratio, and a smaller size. Furthermore, carbon is ubiquitously present in all living organisms. However, toxicity is a major concern while utilizing carbon nanomaterials for biomedical applications such as drug delivery, biosensing, and tissue regeneration. In the present review, we have summarized some of the recent findings of cellular and animal level toxicity studies of 0-D (carbon quantum dot, graphene quantum dot, nanodiamond, and carbon black) and 1-D (single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes) carbon nanomaterials. The in vitro toxicity of carbon nanomaterials was exemplified in normal and cancer cell lines including fibroblasts, osteoblasts, macrophages, epithelial and endothelial cells of different sources. Similarly, the in vivo studies were illustrated in several animal species such as rats, mice, zebrafish, planktons and, guinea pigs, at various concentrations, route of administrations and exposure of nanoparticles. In addition, we have described the unique properties and commercial usage, as well as the similarities and differences among the nanoparticles. The aim of the current review is not only to signify the importance of studying the toxicity of 0-D and 1-D carbon nanomaterials, but also to emphasize the perspectives, future challenges and possible directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Su-Jin Song
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Moon Sung Kang
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Yu Bin Lee
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Bongju Kim
- Dental Life Science Research Institute & Clinical Translational Research Center for Dental Science, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Suck Won Hong
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Seung Jo Jeong
- GS Medical Co., Ltd., Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28161, Korea
| | - Jae-Chang Lee
- Bio-Based Chemistry Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Ulsan 44429, Korea.
| | - Dong-Wook Han
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
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Liu X, Tu B, Jiang X, Xu G, Bai L, Zhang L, Meng P, Qin X, Chen C, Zou Z. Lysosomal dysfunction is associated with persistent lung injury in dams caused by pregnancy exposure to carbon black nanoparticles. Life Sci 2019; 233:116741. [PMID: 31398419 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Carbon black nanoparticles (CBNPs) are widely used in industrial field. Sensitive stages such as pregnancy are assumed to be more susceptible to stimulus, however whether pregnancy exposure to CBNPs (PrE-to-CBNPs) would cause long-term toxic effects in dams and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly addressed. The present study is aimed to determine the long-term toxic effects of PrE-to-CBNPs in dams. MATERIALS AND METHODS The pregnant mice were randomly divided into control group, low (21 μg/animal), medium (103 μg/animal) and high (515 μg/animal) CBNPs-treated groups. From gestational day (GD) 9 to GD18, the pregnant mice were intranasal exposed. At 49 days after parturition, lung tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were obtained. Weight change, lung histopathology, lung ultrastructural pathology, cell count in BALF, oxidative stress/inflammatory maker and autophagy/lysosome-related protein expression were determined. KEY FINDINGS PrE-to-CBNPs caused a dose-dependent persistent lung injury in mice even 49 days after parturition, including the deteriorative lung histopathological changes, elevation of oxidative stress marker Nrf-2, HO-1 and CHOP, infiltration of macrophage and increased mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines in the lung tissues and elevation of cells in BALF. However, PrE-to-CBNPs did not induce significant neutrophil infiltration and fibrosis. Moreover, we found that CBNPs could deposit in the lysosomes and decrease cathepsin D (an important hydrolase in lysosome), which might be associated with the dysfunction of lysosome and autophagy. SIGNIFICANCE Our study demonstrated that PrE-to-CBNPs could result in long-term lung injury in dams, and lysosomal dysfunction was probably linked to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Baijie Tu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Center of Experimental Teaching for Public Health, Experimental Teaching and Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Ge Xu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Lulu Bai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Longbin Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Pan Meng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Xia Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Chengzhi Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Dongsheng Lung-Brain Disease Joint Lab, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
| | - Zhen Zou
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Dongsheng Lung-Brain Disease Joint Lab, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
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Aghamiri S, Mehrjardi KF, Shabani S, Keshavarz-Fathi M, Kargar S, Rezaei N. Nanoparticle-siRNA: a potential strategy for ovarian cancer therapy? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:2083-2100. [PMID: 31368405 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the most common causes of mortality throughout the world. Unfortunately, chemotherapy has failed to cure advanced cancers developing multidrug resistance (MDR). Moreover, it has critical side effects because of nonspecific toxicity. Thanks to specific silencing of oncogenes and MDR-associated genes, nano-siRNA drugs can be a great help address the limitations of chemotherapy. Here, we review the current advances in nanoparticle-mediated siRNA delivery strategies such as polymeric- and lipid-based systems, rigid nanoparticles and nanoparticles coupled to specific ligand systems. Nanoparticle-based codelivery of anticancer drugs and siRNA targeting various mechanisms of MDR is a cutting-edge strategy for ovarian cancer therapy, which is completely discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Aghamiri
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technology in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 19839-63113, Iran
| | - Keyvan Fallah Mehrjardi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran.,Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, 1419733151, Iran
| | - Sasan Shabani
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran
| | - Mahsa Keshavarz-Fathi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, 1419733151, Iran.,Students' Scientific Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran
| | - Saeed Kargar
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences & Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1417466191, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1419733151, Iran
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Toxicity of carbon-based nanomaterials: Reviewing recent reports in medical and biological systems. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 307:206-222. [PMID: 31054282 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Application of nanomaterials in our daily life is increasing, day in day out and concerns have raised about their toxicity for human and other organisms. In this manner, carbon-based nanomaterials have been applied to different products due to their unique physicochemical, electrical, mechanical properties, and biological compatibility. But, there are several reports about the negative effects of these materials on biological systems and cellular compartments. This review article describes the various types of carbon-based nanomaterials and methods that use for determining these toxic effects that are reported recently in the papers. Then, extensively discussed the toxic effects of these materials on the human and other living organisms and also their toxicity routs including Neurotoxicity, Hepatotoxicity, Nephrotoxicity, Immunotoxicity, Cardiotoxicity, Genotoxicity and epigenetic toxicity, Dermatotoxicity, and Carcinogenicity.
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Liu X, Wang Y, Shen Z, Wu X, Shi Y, Wang F. A method for assessing carcinogenic risk of air fine particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by considering bioaccessibility in lung fluids. MethodsX 2019; 6:558-566. [PMID: 30976529 PMCID: PMC6439207 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the inhalation carcinogenic risk of PAHs in biochar fine particles using total concentration-based assessment approach and bioaccessibility-based assessment approach. Only limit PAHs in particles can be released in simulated lung fluids, leading to a low bioaccessibility (only ranging from 0.34% to 1.48% for biochar fine particles and from 3.21% to 44.2% for PM2.5), which would significantly affect health risk assessment. Therefore, bioaccessibility should always be favored over more traditional evaluations based on total concentration, while evaluating inhalation health risks of biochar-bound PAHs. To prove the broad applicability of bioaccessibility-based assessment approaches, we also compared health risk of actual atmospheric particles (PM2.5 collected from Nanjing, China) using total concentration-based approaches and bioaccessibility-based approaches. •Proposed bioaccessibility-based approaches for assessing biochar risk are more accurate than traditional total concentration-based approaches;•Proposed bioaccessibility-based approaches can be applied to health risk assessment of actual air particles;•A more practical method was proposed to evaluate the bioaccessibility of PAHs in biochar fine particles or other specific component of atmospheric particle matters: using wet sieving method to prepare fine particles, using volatile organic solvent-drying method to load 14C-PAHs on fine particles, and using desorption experiments to determine bioaccessibility of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yuejiao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Zelin Shen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yu Shi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
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Liu X, Ji R, Shi Y, Wang F, Chen W. Release of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from biochar fine particles in simulated lung fluids: Implications for bioavailability and risks of airborne aromatics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:1159-1168. [PMID: 30577109 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Airborne carbonaceous fine particles, such as soot and biochar, represent a significant fraction of air particulate matter and have received widespread concern due to their health effects. Atmospheric carbonaceous particles can contain high concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and may pose significant health risks when carried into respiratory system from inhalation of particulates. In this study, the bioaccessibility of two PAH compounds, phenanthrene and pyrene, bound to biochar fine particles was assessed by examining their release in two simulated lung fluids: Gamble's solution and artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF). We observed that only 0.47 to 0.75% of biochar-bound PAHs were released in the simulated lung fluids, most likely due to the physical entrapment of PAH molecules in the micropore regimes of biochar, resulting in strong desorption hysteresis, even though apparent desorption equilibrium was reached within 30 min, well within the average clearance time of particulate matter in lung system. The inorganic and organic salts in the simulated lung fluids were found to inhibit the release of PAHs by exerting the pore blockage effect and salting-out effect. Moreover, the low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) in the lung fluids further inhibited PAH release by increasing the micropore volume and surface area of biochar fine particles. When taking into account the inhibited release, the estimated carcinogenic risks of biochar-bound PAHs are typically low, even under extreme conditions wherein both biochar concentrations and PAH loadings on biochar are very high. An important implication is that contaminant bioavailability needs to be taken into account when assessing the risks of the contaminants bound to airborne carbonaceous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Shi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Marchetti S, Longhin E, Bengalli R, Avino P, Stabile L, Buonanno G, Colombo A, Camatini M, Mantecca P. In vitro lung toxicity of indoor PM10 from a stove fueled with different biomasses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:1422-1433. [PMID: 30308911 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biomass combustion significantly contributes to indoor and outdoor air pollution and to the adverse health effects observed in the exposed populations. Besides, the contribution to toxicity of the particles derived from combustion of different biomass sources (pellet, wood, charcoal), as well as their biological mode of action, are still poorly understood. In the present study, we investigate the toxicological properties of PM10 particles emitted indoor from a stove fueled with different biomasses. PM10 was sampled by gravimetric methods and particles were chemically analyzed for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and elemental content. Human lung A549 cells were exposed for 24 h to 1-10 μg/cm2 PM and different biological endpoints were evaluated to comparatively estimate the cytotoxic, genotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of the different PMs. Pellet PM decreased cell viability, inducing necrosis, while charcoal and wood ones mainly induced apoptosis. Oxidative stress-related response and cytochrome P450 enzymes activation were observed after exposure to all the biomasses tested. Furthermore, after pellet exposure, DNA lesions and cell cycle arrest were also observed. The severe genotoxic and pro-necrotic effects observed after pellet exposure were likely the consequence of the high metal content. By administering the chelating agent TPEN, the genotoxic effects were indeed rescued. The higher content in PAHs measured in wood and charcoal PMs was likely the reason of the enhanced expression of metabolizing and oxidative stress-related enzymes, like CYP1B1 and HO-1, and the consequent increase in apoptotic cell death. These data suggest that combustion particles from different biomass sources may impact on lung cells according to different pathways, finally producing different toxicities. This is strictly related to the PM chemical composition, which reflects the quality of the combustion and the fuel in particular. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of particle dimension and the molecular mechanisms behind the harmful effects observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Marchetti
- POLARIS Research Centre, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Longhin
- POLARIS Research Centre, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Rossella Bengalli
- POLARIS Research Centre, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Avino
- DiAAA, University of Molise, via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Luca Stabile
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Via Di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino, FR, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Buonanno
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Via Di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino, FR, Italy; University of Naples "Parthenope", Via Ammiraglio Ferdinando Acton, 38, 80133 Napoli, Italy; Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia.
| | - Anita Colombo
- POLARIS Research Centre, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| | - Marina Camatini
- POLARIS Research Centre, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| | - Paride Mantecca
- POLARIS Research Centre, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy.
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Frey A, Ramaker K, Röckendorf N, Wollenberg B, Lautenschläger I, Gébel G, Giemsa A, Heine M, Bargheer D, Nielsen P. Fate and Translocation of (Nano)Particulate Matter in the Gastrointestinal Tract. BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO NANOSCALE PARTICLES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12461-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Bisig C, Voss C, Petri-Fink A, Rothen-Rutishauser B. The crux of positive controls - Pro-inflammatory responses in lung cell models. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 54:189-193. [PMID: 30290203 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Positive controls are an important feature in experimental studies as they show the responsiveness of the model under investigation. An often applied reagent for a pro-inflammatory stimulus is the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which has been shown to induce a cytokine release by various cell cultures. The effect of LPS in monocultures of 16HBE14o-, a bronchial cell line, and of A549, an alveolar cell line, were compared in submerged and air-liquid interface cultures, as well as in co-cultures of the two epithelial cells with monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells. The protein and mRNA levels of the two most relevant pro-inflammatory mediators, Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) and Interleukin 8 (CXCL8), were measured after 4 h and 24 h exposure. 16HBE14o- cells alone as well as in co-cultures are non-responsive to an LPS stimulus, but an already increased basal expression of both pro-inflammatory mediators after prolonged time in culture was observed. In contrary, A549 in monocultures showed increased CXCL8 production at the gene and protein level after LPS exposure, while TNF-levels were below detection limit. In A549 co-cultured with immune cells both mediators were upregulated. This study shows the importance of a careful evaluation of the culture system used, including the application of positive controls. In addition, the use of co-cultures with immune cells more adequately reflects the inflammatory response upon exposure to toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Bisig
- BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Carola Voss
- BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser
- BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Rodd AL, Castilho CJ, Chaparro CEF, Rangel-Mendez JR, Hurt RH, Kane AB. Impact of emerging, high-production-volume graphene-based materials on the bioavailability of benzo(a)pyrene to brine shrimp and fish liver cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2018; 5:2144-2161. [PMID: 31565225 PMCID: PMC6764784 DOI: 10.1039/c8en00352a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With increasing commercialization of high volume, two-dimensional carbon nanomaterials comes a greater likelihood of environmental release. In aquatic environments, black carbon binds contaminants like aromatic hydrocarbons, leading to changes in their uptake, bioavailability, and toxicity. Engineered carbon nanomaterials can also adsorb pollutants onto their carbon surfaces, and nanomaterial physicochemical properties can influence this contaminant interaction. We used 2D graphene nanoplatelets and isometric carbon black nanoparticles to evaluate the influence of particle morphology and surface properties on adsorption and bioavailability of benzo(a)pyrene, a model aromatic hydrocarbon, to brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) and a fish liver cell line (PLHC-1). Acellular adsorption studies show that while high surface area carbon black (P90) was most effective at a given concentration, 2D graphene nanoplatelets (G550) adsorbed more benzo(a)pyrene than carbon black with comparable surface area (M120). In both biological models, co-exposure to nanomaterials lead to reduced bioavailability, with G550 graphene nanoplatelets cause a greater reduction in bioavailability or response than the M120 carbon black nanoparticles. However, on a mass basis the high surface area P90 carbon black was most effective. The trends in bioavailability and adsorption were consistent across all biological and acellular studies, demonstrating the biological relevance of these results in different models of aquatic organisms. While adsorption is limited by surface area, 2D graphene nanoplatelets adsorb more benzo(a)pyrene than carbon black nanoparticles of similar surface area and charge, demonstrating that both surface area and shape play important roles in the adsorption and bioavailability of benzo(a)pyrene to carbon nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- April L Rodd
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912
| | | | - Carlos EF Chaparro
- Division of Environmental Science, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, 78216, Mexico
| | - J Rene Rangel-Mendez
- Division of Environmental Science, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, 78216, Mexico
| | - Robert H Hurt
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912
| | - Agnes B Kane
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912
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Bierkandt FS, Leibrock L, Wagener S, Laux P, Luch A. The impact of nanomaterial characteristics on inhalation toxicity. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:321-346. [PMID: 30090585 PMCID: PMC6060709 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00242d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last few decades, nanotechnology has evolved into a success story, apparent from a steadily increasing number of scientific publications as well as a large number of applications based on engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Its widespread uses suggest a high relevance for consumers, workers and the environment, hence justifying intensive investigations into ENM-related adverse effects as a prerequisite for nano-specific regulations. In particular, the inhalation of airborne ENMs, being assumed to represent the most hazardous type of human exposure to these kinds of particles, needs to be scrutinized. Due to an increased awareness of possible health effects, which have already been seen in the case of ultrafine particles (UFPs), research and regulatory measures have set in to identify and address toxic implications following their almost ubiquitous occurrence. Although ENM properties differ from those of the respective bulk materials, the available assessment protocols are often designed for the latter. Despite the large benefit ensuing from the application of nanotechnology, many issues related to ENM behavior and adverse effects are not fully understood or should be examined anew. The traditional hypothesis that ENMs exhibit different or additional hazards due to their "nano" size has been challenged in recent years and ENM categorization according to their properties and toxicity mechanisms has been proposed instead. This review summarizes the toxicological effects of inhaled ENMs identified to date, elucidating the modes of action which provoke different mechanisms in the respiratory tract and their resulting effects. By linking particular mechanisms and adverse effects to ENM properties, grouping of ENMs based on toxicity-related properties is supposed to facilitate toxicological risk assessment. As intensive studies are still required to identify these "ENM classes", the need for alternatives to animal studies is evident and advances in cell-based test systems for pulmonary research are presented here. We hope to encourage the ongoing discussion about ENM risks and to advocate the further development and practice of suitable testing and grouping methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank S Bierkandt
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
| | - Lars Leibrock
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
| | - Sandra Wagener
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
| | - Peter Laux
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
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Low Dose Carbon Black Nanoparticle Exposure Does Not Aggravate Allergic Airway Inflammation in Mice Irrespective of the Presence of Surface Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8040213. [PMID: 29614747 PMCID: PMC5923543 DOI: 10.3390/nano8040213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to exogenous noxae, such as particulate matter, can trigger acute aggravations of allergic asthma—a chronic inflammatory airway disease. We tested whether Carbon Black nanoparticles (CBNP) with or without surface polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) aggravate an established allergic airway inflammation in mice. In an ovalbumin mouse model, Printex®90 (P90), P90 coated with benzo[a]pyrene (P90-BaP) or 9-nitroanthracene (P90-9NA), or acetylene soot exhibiting a mixture of surface PAH (AS-PAH) was administered twice (70 µL, 100 µg/mL) during an established allergic airway inflammation. We analyzed the immune cell numbers and chemokine/cytokine profiles in bronchoalveolar lavages, the mRNA expressions of markers for PAH metabolism (Cyp1a1, 1b1), oxidative stress (HO-1, Gr, Gpx-3), inflammation (KC, Mcp-1, IL-6, IL-13, IL-17a), mucin synthesis (Muc5ac, Muc5b), the histology of mucus-producing goblet cells, ciliary beat frequency (CBF), and the particle transport speed. CBNP had a comparable primary particle size, hydrodynamic diameter, and ζ-potential, but differed in the specific surface area (P90 > P90-BaP = P90-9NA = AS-PAH) and surface chemistry. None of the CBNP tested increased any parameter related to inflammation. The unmodified P90, however, decreased the tracheal CBF, decreased the Muc5b in intrapulmonary airways, but increased the tracheal Muc5ac. Our results demonstrated that irrespective of the surface PAH, a low dose of CBNP does not acutely aggravate an established allergic airway inflammation in mice.
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Chaudhuri I, Fruijtier-Pölloth C, Ngiewih Y, Levy L. Evaluating the evidence on genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity of carbon black: a critical review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 48:143-169. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1391746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ishrat Chaudhuri
- Safety, Health and Environment, Cabot Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Len Levy
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK
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Poudel BK, Park JH, Lim J, Byeon JH. Direct fluorescent labeling for efficient biological assessment of inhalable particles. Nanotoxicology 2017; 11:953-963. [PMID: 29058499 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2017.1378748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Labeling of aerosol particles with a radioactive, magnetic, or optical tracer has been employed to confirm particle localization in cell compartments, which has provided useful evidence for correlating toxic effects of inhaled particles. However, labeling requires several physicochemical steps to identify functionalities of the inner or outer surfaces of particles, and moreover, these steps can cause changes in size, surface charge, and bioactivity of the particles, resulting in misinterpretations regarding their toxic effects. This study addresses this challenging issue with a goal of introducing an efficient strategy for constantly supplying labeled aerosol particles in a single-pass configuration without any pre- or post-physicochemical batch treatments of aerosol particles. Carbon black (CB, simulating combustion-generated soot) or calcium carbonate (CC, simulating brake-wear fragments) particles were constantly produced via spark ablation or bubble bursting, respectively. These minute particles were incorporated with fluorescein isothiocyanate-poly(ethylene glycol) 2-aminoethyl ether acetic acid solution at the orifice of a collison atomizer to fabricate hybrid droplets. The droplets successively entered a diffusion dryer containing 254-nm UV irradiation; therefore, the droplets were dynamically stiffened by UV to form fluorescent probes on particles during solvent extraction in the dryer. Particle size distributions, morphologies, and surface charges before and after labeling were measured to confirm fluorescence labeling without significant changes in the properties. In vitro assays, including confocal imaging, were conducted to confirm the feasibility of the labeling approach without inducing significant differences in bioactivity compared with untreated CB or CC particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijay Kumar Poudel
- a School of Mechanical Engineering , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hong Park
- b School of Health Sciences , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA
| | - Jiseok Lim
- a School of Mechanical Engineering , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Byeon
- a School of Mechanical Engineering , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , Republic of Korea
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