Increased isolation of nontuberculous mycobacteria among TB suspects in Northeastern, Tanzania: public health and diagnostic implications for control programmes

Attenuated tuberculin skin test responses associated with Mycobacterium intracellulare sputum colonization in an adolescent TB prevalence survey in Western Kenya

INTRODUCTION

Exposure to Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) varies regionally and may partly explain the disparate outcomes of BCG vaccination and tuberculosis (TB) susceptibility.

METHODS

We examined NTM sputum colonization, associations with clinical characteristics, and tuberculin skin test (TST) responses in an adolescent TB prevalence survey.

RESULTS

Among 5004 adolescents screened, 2281 (45.5 %) were evaluated further. TB and NTM prevalence rates were 0.3 % and 8.0 %, respectively. Among 418 NTM isolates, 103 were unidentifiable, and 315 (75 %) comprised 15 species, the most frequent being M. intracellulare (MAC) (108, 26 %), M. scrofulaceum (96, 23 %) and M. fortuitum (51, 12 %). "NTM colonized" adolescents had less frequent chronic cough and night sweats (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.62, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.44-0.87and aOR 0.61, CI 0.42-0.89 respectively), and lower TST induration (median 11 mm (interquartile range [IQR] 0-16) vs 13 mm (IQR 6-17; p = 0.006)) when compared to "NTM not colonized" participants. MAC, but not M. scrofulaceum or M. fortuitum, was associated with decreased TST induration (median 7.5 mm (IQR 0-15) vs 13 mm (IQR 6-17) among "MAC colonized" vs "not colonized", p = 0.001).

CONCLUSION

We observed high NTM prevalence rates with species-specific associations with TST induration, consistent with a model of species-dependent heterologous immunity among mycobacteria.

In vitro evaluation of the binding activity of novel mouse IgG1 opsonic monoclonal antibodies to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other selected mycobacterial species

Antimicrobial resistance alongside other challenges in tuberculosis (TB) therapeutics have stirred renewed interest in host-directed interventions, including the role of antibodies as adjunct therapeutic agents. This study assessed the binding efficacy of two novel IgG1 opsonic monoclonal antibodies (MABs; GG9 & JG7) at 5, 10, and 25 µg/mL to live cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. avium, M. bovis, M. fortuitum, M. intracellulare, and M. smegmatis American Type Culture Collection laboratory reference strains, as well as clinical susceptible, multi-drug resistant, and extensively drug resistant M. tuberculosis strains using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. These three MAB concentrations were selected from a range of concentrations used in previous optimization (binding and functional) assays. Both MABs bound to all mycobacterial species and sub-types tested, albeit to varying degrees. Statistically significant differences in MAB binding activity were observed when comparing the highest and lowest MAB concentrations (p < 0.05) for both MABs GG9 and JG7, irrespective of the M. tuberculosis resistance profile. Binding affinity increased with an increase in MAB concentration, and optimal binding was observed at 25 µg/mL. JG7 showed better binding activity than GG9. Both MABs also bound to five MOTT species, albeit at varied levels. This non-selective binding to different mycobacterial species suggests a potential role for GG9 and JG7 as adjunctive agents in anti-TB chemotherapy with the aim to enhance bacterial killing.

Detection of non-tuberculous mycobacteria in native wildlife species at conservation risk of Argentina

Introduction

Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) are mainly environmental but can cause opportunistic infections and diseases in humans and animals. Livestock and wild animals can be infected with NTM. In Argentina, there are native wild species facing conservation risks, and they are the focus of protection and reintroduction projects designed to preserve biodiversity in various ecoregions. The aim of this study was to report the presence of NTM in samples collected from four endangered native wild species from nine Argentine provinces, as part of their pre-release health assessment.

Methods

A total of 165 samples from giant anteater, peccary, tapir and pampas deer were obtained, these included either bronchoalveolar or endotracheal lavages, or oropharyngeal, nasopharyngeal or tracheal swabs. Bacteriological culture followed by molecular identification and sequencing were performed.

Results

A total of 27 NTM were detected, including Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis, M. intracellulare, M. terrae, M. gordonense, M. kumamotonense, M. fortuitum, M. saskatchewanense, and M. genavense. Results revealed a 16,36% NTM recovery rate, with the giant anteater showing the highest prevalence among the mammals under study.

Discussion

In Argentina, due to extensive production systems, the interaction between domestic and wild species sharing the same environment is frequent, increasing the exposure of all the species to these NTM. In this way, the transmission of infectious agents from one to another is feasible. Moreover, NTMs might interfere with the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis and paratuberculosis. These findings emphasize the importance of active health surveillance in conservation programs. It highlights the need to address NTM epidemiology in wildlife and its impact on conservation and public health.

Global Epidemiology of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease: A Review

Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) isolation and pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) have continued to increase in most regions of the world, driven mainly by Mycobacterium avium. Single-center studies also support increasing trends as well as a persistent burden of undiagnosed NTM among persons suspected of having tuberculosis (TB), in countries with moderate-to-high TB prevalence. Cumulative exposure to water and soil presents an increased risk to susceptible hosts, and trace metals in water supply are recently recognized risk factors. Establishing standard case definitions for subnational and national surveillance systems with mandatory notification of NTM-PD are needed to allow comparisons within and across countries and regions.

Prevalence of Non-Tuberculosis Mycobacterium Pulmonary Disease in HIV-1 Patients with Presumptive Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Western Kenya

Background

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTMs) are ubiquitous, free-living, environmental saprophytic microorganisms. NTMs belong to the genus Mycobacterium which includes Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). NTMs have lately been a major cause of pulmonary disease (PD) in immuno-compromised individuals including HIV-1 patients. NTMs and MTB appear similar based on microscopy, radiology, and clinical symptoms; consequently, this may lead to misdiagnosis. This study sought to establish the prevalence of NTM pulmonary disease in HIV-1 patients presumed to have pulmonary tuberculosis.

Methods

A cross-sectional analytical laboratory study design was used targeting 617 adult HIV-1 infected patients presenting with presumptive pulmonary TB at Bungoma County Hospital Comprehensive Care Clinic in Western Kenya between July 2021 to June 2022.

Results

A total of 75 (12.2%, 4.6 -9.8 CI) of the participants presented with presumptive MTB and had TB-like symptoms while 542 (87.8%, 12.5 -30.7 CI) were negative. Additionally, 56 (9.1%) were infected with NTMs. HIV-positive participants had a significantly higher prevalence of NTMs 62 (11.8%, 5.6 -9.2 CI) compared to 2 (2.1%, 0.4 -1.8 CI). In HIV + study participants P<0.0001. M. avium was the most prevalent NTM, 25(33.3%), followed by M. fortuitum 20 (26.7%). A significant number of the isolates were M. tuberculosis 10 (13.3%) as well as M. kansasii 8 (10.7%).

Conclusion

There seems to be a high prevalence of NTMPD in HIV-1 patients which is assumed to be pulmonary TB. Differential diagnosis of the mycobacterium species is necessary to help improve disease management and outcomes in this group of patients.

What do the clinical features of positive nontuberculous mycobacteria isolates from patients with HIV/AIDS in China reveal? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

China has a high burden of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections. Immunocompromised populations, such as those with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), are at a higher risk of being infected with NTM than immunocompetent individuals. Yet, there is a paucity of information on the clinical features of positive NTM isolates from patients with HIV/AIDS in China. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of existing studies, comparing them against current expert consensus to provide guidance for clinical practice.

Methods

Two researchers independently searched eight databases (SinoMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, VIP, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science) from inception to 26 December 2022 to retrieve published Chinese- and English-language studies reporting clinical features of NTM-positive isolates among patients with HIV/AIDS in China.

Results

We included 28 studies with 1861 patients. The rate of positive NTM isolates detected from men among all patients was 87.3%. NTM species distribution was mainly Mycobacterium avium complex (64.3%), which was predominant in different regions. The five most common clinical symptoms were fever (68.5%), cough or expectoration (67.0%), appetite loss (49.4%), weight loss (45.5%), and superficial lymphadenectasis (41.1%). The prevalence of laboratory tests were as follows: albumin <35 g/L (55.6%), erythrocyte sedimentation rate >20 mm/h (91.4%), anaemia (59.0%), predominantly mild, CD4+ T cell count ≤50 pieces/μL (70.3%), and CD4+ T cell count 51-200 pieces/μL (22.1%). Lesion manifestations in thoracic imaging mainly included bilateral lung involvement (83.8%), showed stripe shadows (60.3%), patchy shadows (42.9%), nodules (40.6%), and bronchiectasis (38.6%). Accompanied signs included thoracic lymph node enlargement (49.5%). Seventy per cent of symptoms improved after treatment.

Conclusions

Focusing on clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, and thoracic imaging helps with initial screening for NTM infections. Physicians should raise awareness of the diagnosis and treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex, providing guidance for experimental treatment, screening of priority populations for NTM infections, and prophylactic treatment of NTM disease.

Registration

PROSPERO CRD42023388185.

Mutation patterns of resistance genes for macrolides, aminoglycosides, and rifampicin in non-tuberculous mycobacteria isolates from Kenya

BACKGROUND

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) treatment constitutes a macrolide-based antibiotic regimen in combination with aminoglycosides for Rapid-Growing Mycobacteria (RGM), and rifampicin for Slow-Growing Mycobacteria (SGM). Mutations in the anti-NTM drug target regions promote NTM evolution to mutant strains that are insusceptible to NTM drugs leading to treatment failure. We, therefore, described the mutation patterns of anti-NTM drug target genes including rrl, rrs, and rpoB in NTM isolates from Kenya.  Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional study that included 122 NTM obtained from the sputum of symptomatic tuberculosis-negative patients in Kenya. All 122 NTM underwent targeted sequencing of the rrl gene. The 54 RGM were also sequenced for rrs, and the 68 SGM were sequenced for rpoB genes using ABI 3730XL analyzer. The obtained sequences were aligned to their wild-type reference sequences for each gene using Geneious then mutations were identified. Pearson chi-square at a 95% confidence interval tested the association of NTM to mutation patterns for each gene.

RESULTS

NTM harboring mutations associated with resistance to at least one of the antibiotics used in the macrolide-based therapy were 23% (28/122). Of these NTM, 10.4% (12/122) had mutations in the rrl gene with 58.3% (7/12) comprising RGM and 41.7% (5/12) being SGM. Mutation at position 2058 (A2058G, A2058C, A2058T) of the rrl gene was seen for 83.3% (10/12) of NTM, while 16.6% (2/12) harbored a A2059G mutation. Of the 54 RGM included for rrs characterization, 11.1% (6/54) exhibited mutations  at position 1408(A1408G), while 14.7% (10/68) of the SGM had mutations in the rpoB gene at positions S531W, S531L, S531Y, F506L, E509H with M.gastri having multiple mutations at positions D516V, H526D and, S531F.

CONCLUSION

We demonstrated a significant level of mutations associated with drug resistance for macrolides, aminoglycosides, and rifampicin in NTM isolated from symptomatic TB negative patients in Kenya.

Drug resistance profiles and related gene mutations in slow-growing non-tuberculous mycobacteria isolated in regional tuberculosis reference laboratories of Iran: a three year cross-sectional study

There are limited studies on the antibiotic resistance patterns of slowly growing mycobacteria (SGM) species and their related gene mutations in Iran. This study aimed to elucidate the antibiotic susceptibility profiles and the mutations in some genes that are associated with the antibiotic resistance among SGM isolates from Iran. The SGM strains were isolated from sputum samples of suspected tuberculosis (TB) patients. SGM species were identified by standard phenotypic tests and were assigned to species level by amplification and sequencing of the dnaK gene. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of eight antibiotics was determined using broth microdilution method. The mutations in rrl, rpoB, gyrA, and gyrB genes were investigated in clarithromycin, rifampin, and moxifloxacin resistant isolates using sequencing method. A total of 77 SGM isolates including 46 (59.7%) Mycobacterium kansasii, 21 (27.3%) Mycbacterium simiae, and 10 (13%) Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) were detected. The amikacin and linezolid with the susceptibility rates of 97.4% and 1.3% were the most and the least effective antibiotics, respectively. All MAC and M. simiae isolates, and 32 (69.6%) M. kansasii strains had multiple-drug resistance (MDR) profiles. The rrl, rpoB, gyrA, and gyrB genes showed various mutations in resistant isolates. Although the current study showed an association among resistance to the clarithromycin, rifampin, and moxifloxacin with mutations in the relevant genes, further research using the whole-genome sequencing is needed to provide a clearer insight into the molecular origins of drug resistance in SGM isolates.

A glimpse into the genotype and clinical importance of non tuberculous mycobacteria among pulmonary tuberculosis patients: The case of Ethiopia

Laboratory identification of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) species is not regularly performed while, they have a public health importance with a prevalence of more than 5% among pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients in Ethiopia. Hence, this study aimed to identify the NTM species and their clinical significance among PTB patients. A retrospective study was conducted at the Ethiopian Public Health Institution’s (EPHI’s) national TB referral laboratory. Stored NTM isolates were genotyped using GenoType Mycobacterium CM/AS kit (Hain Life science, Germany). Data pertinent to the study was extracted from the EPHI’s database and patients’ medical records. Between January 2 & December 28 of 2017, a total of 3,834 samples were processed from 698 TB patients of whom 50% were female. Among 3,317 samples with mycobacterial culture results 7.3% were NTM and majority of them were identified from smear negative TB patients. M. simiae was the /predominant NTM among the genotyped isolates. All the studied NTM species were not clinically important however, considering the similarity of clinical and radiologic findings between NTM and MTBC infected patients, integrating NTM species identification in the routine TB laboratory diagnosis may augment clinicians’ decision particularly in DR-TB patients. Additional similar prospective study with a larger sample size is recommended. Moreover, urgent improvements on patients’ record keeping practice are required in the studied hospitals.

HIV Prevalence among Injury Patients Compared to Other High-Risk Groups in Tanzania

Sixty-eight percent of persons infected with HIV live in Africa, but as few as 67% of those know their infection status. The emergency department (ED) might be a critical access point to HIV testing. This study sought to measure and compare HIV prevalence in an ED injury population with other clinical and nonclinical populations across Tanzania. Adults (≥18 years) presenting to Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center ED with acute injury of any severity were enrolled in a trauma registry. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to compare HIV prevalence in the trauma registry with other population groups. Further, 759 injury patients were enrolled in the registry; 78.6% were men and 68.2% consented to HIV counseling and testing. The HIV prevalence was 5.02% (tested), 6.25% (self-report), and 5.31% (both). The systematic review identified 79 eligible studies reporting HIV prevalence (tested) in 33 clinical and 12 nonclinical population groups. Notable groups included ED injury patients (3.53%, 95% CI), multiple injury patients (10.67%, 95% CI), and people who inject drugs (17.43%, 95% CI). These findings suggest that ED injury patients might be at higher HIV risk compared to the general population, and the ED is a potential avenue to increasing HIV testing among young adults, particularly men.

Detection of non-tuberculosus mycobacteria (NTMs) in lung samples using 16S rRNA

BACKGROUND

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTMs) cause diseases known as mycobacteriosis and are an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The diagnosis of pulmonary disease caused by NTM is hampered by its clinical similarity with tuberculosis (TB) and by the lack of an accurate and rapid laboratory diagnosis.

OBJECTIVES

Detect DNA from NTMs directly from lung samples using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for amplification of 16S rRNA. Additionally, DNA sequencing (hsp65 and rpoB genes) was used to identify the species of MNTs.

METHODS

A total of 68 sputum samples (54 with suspected NTMs and 14 with TB) from patients treated at a referral hospital were used.

FINDINGS

Of these, 27/54 (50%) were qPCR positive for NTMs and 14/14 TB patients (controls) were qPCR negative with an almost perfect concordance (Kappa of 0.93) with the Mycobacterium spp. culture. Sequencing confirmed the presence of NTM in all positive samples. The most common species was Mycobacterium gordonae (33%), followed by Mycobacterium abscessus (26%), Mycobacterium fortuitum (22%), Mycobacterium avium (15%) and Mycobacterium peregrinum (4%).

MAIN CONCLUSIONS

The qPCR technique for detecting NTMs targeting 16S rRNA has the potential to detect NTMs and rapidly differentiate from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, it is necessary to identify the species to help in the differential diagnosis between disease and contamination, and to guide the choice of the therapeutic scheme.

Surgical site infections by atypical mycobacteria: prevalence and species characterization using MALDI-TOF and molecular LCD chip array

BACKGROUND

Surgical site infection (SSI) is a post-operative complication of high concern with adverse impact on patient prognosis and public health systems. Recently, SSI pathogens have experienced a change in microbial profile with increasing reports of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) as important pathogens.

AIM

of the study The study aimed to detect the prevalence of NTM among cases with SSIs and describe their species using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and PCR-based microarray.

METHODS

The study was conducted with 192 pus samples collected from patients with SSI. Mycobacterial investigations were done in the form of Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) smears for acid-fast bacilli, automated mycobacterial culture to isolate mycobacteria, followed by immunochromatography test to predict NTM. NTM-positive cultures were tested by MALDI -TOF MS and PCR-based microarray to reach species-level identification.

RESULTS

Mycobacterial growth was found in 11/192 samples (5.7%) and identified as 4 NTM and 7 M. tuberculosis isolates with prevalence of 2.1% and 3.64%, respectively. The NTM species were described by MALDI-TOF as M. abscessus, M. porcinum, M. bacteremicum, and M. gordonae. Microarray agreed with MALDI-TOF in identifying one isolate (M. abscessus), while two isolates were classified as belonging to broad groups and one isolate failed to be identified.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of NTM among SSI was found to be low, yet have to be considered in the diagnosis of mycobacteria. Employing advanced technologies in diagnosis is recommended to guide for appropriate treatment.

Surgical Treatment of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease and a Combination of Nontuberculous Mycobacterium Pulmonary Disease and Pulmonary Tuberculosis

OBJECTIVES

Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTMPD) is an important health system problem worldwide. Surgical treatment experience is limited, and the safety of such operations is still unclarified. Therefore, improving our knowledge of NTMPD is important.

DESIGN

In this retrospective observational study, we analyzed the medical records of 2,432 patients operated on from January 2011 through December 2017 in our hospital. There were 20 patients with NTMPD in group 1 and 23 patients with combined NTMPD and pulmonary tuberculosis in group 2. Patients received antibiotic treatment before and after surgery as per Russian Federal clinical guidelines and individual drug susceptibility.

RESULTS

Postoperative complications occurred in 2 (10%) cases in group 1 and 4 (17.4%) in group 2, and intraoperative complications occurred in 2 (8.7%) cases in group 2. There was no 30-day mortality in both groups. After 1 year, all 40 traced patients had neither bacterial excretion nor cavities in the lungs. After 3 years and 5 years, the efficacy among 32 and 13 traced patients was 100%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Modern surgery for small NTMPD forms is safe - helping improve outcomes for ineffective antibiotic treatment. Combined surgery and antibiotic treatment are acceptable in both the short and long term.

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria isolation from presumptive tuberculosis patients in Lambaréné, Gabon

OBJECTIVE

The prevalence of clinical cases of pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is increasing worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the proportion and the NTM species isolated from presumptive tuberculosis patients in Lambaréné, Gabon.

METHOD

From January 2018 to December 2020, sputum samples from presumptive TB patients were analysed at the tuberculosis reference laboratory of the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné. Two sputum samples were collected per patient, and culture was performed using Bactec MGIT 960. The GenoType Mycobacterium CM/AS was used for NTM isolates confirmation and species differentiation.

RESULTS

Among 1363 sputum samples analysed, 285 (20.9%) were Auramin acid fast bacilli (AFB) smear-positive. NTM were isolated in 137/1363 (10%) of the samples. The most prevalent NTM species was Mycobacterium intracellulare (n=74; 54%).

CONCLUSION

These results show the presence of NTM among presumptive TB patients in Gabon, which could potentially complicate TB diagnosis. This presents a new public health challenge, and emphasises the need to consider NTM in planning the prevention and management of tuberculosis control.

Cytomegalovirus viremia is associated with poor outcomes in AIDS patients with disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial disease

Both cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia and disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease are common opportunistic infections in AIDS patients. Whether concurrent CMV viremia is associated with mortality in patients with AIDS and disseminated NTM disease is unknown. Subjects were patients with AIDS and disseminated NTM disease seen at a single center from January 2015 to April 2021. Data were retrospectively collected. Differences in demographics and clinical characteristics and hospitalization survival rates were compared between patients with disseminated NTM and with CMV viremia or not. Subjects were 113 AIDS patients with disseminated NTM who were seen at this Hospital from January 2015 to April 2021. Twenty-six of the patients had CMV viremia and 87 did not. The median age was 36 years (interquartile range [IQR] 29-42) and 108 patients were male (96%). The median CD4 count was 7 cells/µL (IQR 3-17). The median plasma CMV viral load was 9,245 IU/mL (IQR 3147-45725). The serum albumin of patients with CMV viremia was significantly lower than that of patients without CMV viremia (P = 0.03). Compared to patients without CMV viremia (81.6%), patients with CMV viremia had a significantly poorer prognosis (P = 0.01). Cox regression analysis indicated that the risk of a poor prognosis in patients with CMV viremia was 4.7 times higher than that in patients without CMV viremia (P = 0.003), and patients with CD8 more than 250/μL had a better prognosis (P = 0.02). CMV viremia increases the risk of a poor prognosis in patients with AIDS and a disseminated NTM infection. A routine CMV DNA test should be performed on patients with AIDS and disseminated NTM disease in order to reduce the risk of death.

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Isolates from Presumptive Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients Attending A Tertiary Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Background

Mycobacterial infections are known to cause a public health problem globally. The burden of pulmonary disease from nontuberculous mycobacteria is reportedly on the rise in different parts of the world despite the fact that there is limited data about the disease in sub-Saharan Africa including Ethiopia. Hence, we aimed to assess the magnitude of M. tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) among presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis patients attending St. Paul's hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to September 20/2016. Morning sputum specimens were collected, processed and cultured in Lowenstein Jensen medium and BACTEC MGIT 960 media. The nontuberculous mycobacteria were further confirmed and characterized by Genotype CM/AS assays. The socio-demographic, clinical and chest x-ray data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 20.

Results

Out of 275 presumptive tuberculosis patients enrolled in the study, 29(10.5%) were culture positive for Mycobacteria. Of these, 3(10.3%) were found to be NTM and 26(89.6%) were Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Of the NTM, two were unidentified and one typed as M.peregrinum. There was no co-isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and nontuberculous mycobacteria. Overall, 6(23.1%) Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates were resistant to at least one anti-tuberculosis drug. Of these, two were multidrug resistant tuberculosis cases (7.7%) detected from previously treated patients.

Conclusion

Relatively low magnitude of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and nontuberculous mycobacteria isolates were seen in the study area. Therefore, further study using a large sample size is needed to be done to consider nontuberculous mycobacteria infection as a differential diagnosis in presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis patients.

Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Humans, Animals, and Water in Zambia: A Systematic Review

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are environmental opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals that are emerging with a serious public health impact particularly in individuals with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndromes. Recent scientific evidence is shifting from NTMs being known as traditional environmental organisms to serious pathogenic organisms in both animals and humans. In humans, factors attributable to this rise have been linked mainly to Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome pandemic. In recent years there has been an increase in multidrug resistant Tuberculosis in Zambia and it is thought that NTMs could possibly be the cause. This study was therefore formulated to review available information on the prevalence of NTM in humans, animals and the environment, species distribution, zoonotic potential and public health importance in Zambia. This review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. A literature search was done in PubMed and Google scholar using predefined search terms such as ‘nontuberculous mycobacteria’, ‘atypical mycobacteria’, ‘mycobacteria other than mycobacterium tuberculosis’ and ‘Zambia’, in combination with Boolean operators (AND, OR). This particular systematic review draws findings based on literature search between 2000 and 2020. Through literature search 243 papers were identified, 23 duplicates were identified and removed and 206 articles were excluded as they did not meet the inclusion criteria. The full text of the remaining 14 articles were considered for this review. The overall prevalence of NTM in humans was 24.39%, in water 21.5%, in animals 16.05% of which the prevalence in cattle was 14.81% and Kafue Lechwe 1.23%. Mycobacterium intracellulare was the most common isolated nontuberculous mycobacteria in humans and cattle while Mycobacterium gordonae was the most common in water, and Mycobacterium stomatepiae sp Nov in Kafue Lechwe. Nontuberculous mycobacteria are an emerging public health threat in Zambia both in humans and animals and this calls for the need for molecular information on the zoonotic transmission of nontuberculous mycobacteria. Increased awareness of nontuberculous mycobacteria diseases among clinicians and laboratory personnel is crucial for patient management and an essential step for facilitating the identification of nontuberculous mycobacteria species in laboratories.

Prevalence of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease in the Changchun District of China

Rates of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease are rapidly increasing throughout the globe. NTM disease, as an emerging infectious disease, it is very important to summarize and analyze the prevalence and main pathogenic bacteria. However, there is no relevant report in Changchun district. In the present report, 8765 clinical samples were collected between January 2017 and December 2019, we reviewed patient electronic medical records and thereby summarized the causative species associated with NTM disease in the Changchun district of China. Of 8765 clinical samples, 1987 samples yielded positive cultures. Of these cultures, 1868 (94.01%) were Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 37 (1.86%) were Mycobacterium bovis, and 82 (4.13%) were NTM. A total of 84 NTM strains were isolated from these 82 cultures, with Mycobacterium intracellulare being the most prevalent isolate therein (44.05%). NTM infection status was associated with location of residence [OR (95% CI) 3.92 (1.20-12.8)]. No apparent correlations were observed between cultured NTM species and patient clinical symptoms. Bronchiectasis was the most prevalent radiographic finding associated with NTM cases [OR (95% CI) 9.00 (1.27-63.89)]. In summary, NTM disease is a growing threat to global public health, and researchers and clinicians should thus focus on the appropriate identification of NTM species and the differentiation between NTM infections and tuberculosis.

[Tuberculosis and HIV coinfection complicated by nosocomial infection caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae: about 4 cases in a Department of Infectious diseases in Mali]

Nosocomial infections are a real global public health problem. Pulmonary tuberculosis and HIV co-infection increases the incidence of nosocomial infections because of immunosuppression and iterative hospitalizations. We here report four cases of patients aged 28, 36, 42 and 52 years co-infected with HIV and tuberculosis (multifocal tuberculosis in 2 patients, miliary tuberculosis, bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis), all with CD4 < 100 cells/mm³. During the intensive-phase, patients received antitubercular drugs and antiretroviral therapy (ART). They had been admitted to the Department of Infectious Diseases at the G-Point University Hospital with productive cough and/or hyperthermia following hospital stay greater than 48 hours. Patients' history revealed that one patient had not been compliant with tuberculosis treatment because of adverse reactions classified as minor. There had been no clinical improvement in the three remaining patients despite their optimal compliance to different treatments. Cytobacteriological examination of sputum and/or testing of the feeding tubes, blood cultures and specific samples allowed to identify multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. The clinical course of these patients was favorable under specific antibiotic therapy. Nosocomial infections may be misinterpreted and associated with poor therapeutic response in patients receiving TB treatment. Cytobacteriological examination of the biological fluids should be systematic in patients co-infected with HIV and tuberculosis and hospitalized for at least 48 hours, in whom pulmonary signs and/or fever persist despite their good compliance to treatment.

Incidence of nontuberculous mycobacterial disease and coinfection with tuberculosis in a tuberculosis-endemic region: A population-based retrospective cohort study

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection may interfere in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) in TB-endemic regions. However, the population-based incidence of NTM disease and NTM-TB coinfection remains unclear.We used Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database to identify new diagnoses of NTM disease and TB from 2005 to 2013 and calculated the incidence rate and the proportion of NTM-TB coinfection. The patients with NTM disease or TB were determined by the use of disease codes from International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, laboratory mycobacterium examination codes, and antimycobacterial therapy receipts.From 2005 to 2013, the age-adjusted incidence rate of NTM disease increased from 5.3 to 14.8 per 100,000 people per year and the age-adjusted incidence rate of NTM-TB coinfection was around 1.2 to 2.2 per 100,000 people per year. The proportion of NTM-TB coinfection among patients with confirmed TB was 2.8%. Male and older patients had a significantly higher incidence of NTM disease. The effects of urbanization and socioeconomic status (SES) on the incidences of TB and NTM disease were different. Rural living and lower SES were significantly associated with increasing the incidence of confirmed TB but not with that of NTM disease. For NTM disease, those living in the least urbanized area had significantly lower incidence rate ratio than in the highest urbanized area. The incidence of NTM-TB coinfection was higher in older patients and compared with patients aged < 45 years, the incidence rate ratio of the patients aged> 74 years was 12.5.In TB-endemic Taiwan, the incidence of NTM disease increased from 2005 to 2013. Male gender and old age were risk factors for high incidence of NTM disease. SES did not have a significant effect on the incidence of NTM disease, but rural living was associated with lower incidence of NTM disease. In TB-endemic areas, NTM-TB coinfection could disturb the diagnosis of TB and treatment, especially in elderly patients.

Isolation of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Southeast Asian and African Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Children With Suspected Tuberculosis

We enrolled 427 human immunodeficiency virus-infected children (median age, 7.3 years), 59.2% severely immunodeficient, with suspected tuberculosis in Southeast Asian and African settings. Nontuberculous mycobacteria were isolated in 46 children (10.8%); 45.7% of isolates were Mycobacterium avium complex. Southeast Asian origin, age 5-9 years, and severe immunodeficiency were independently associated with nontuberculous mycobacteria isolation.

CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION

NCT01331811.

Isolation, identification and associated risk factors of non-tuberculous mycobacteria infection in humans and dromedary camels in Samburu County, Kenya

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria are of public health significance, and zoonotic infection is attributed to the sociocultural practice of consumption of raw milk and the close human-livestock contact in pastoral communities. This study aimed at isolation, identification of mycobacteria from human sputum and camel milk and risk factors assessment in Samburu East, Kenya. Six hundred and twelve camels and 48 people presumed to have tuberculosis (TB) from 86 households in Wamba and Waso regions were screened. Camels were categorized into Somali, Turkana and Rendile breeds. Single intradermal comparative tuberculin test (SICTT) was used as a herd-screening test on lactating camels and a milk sample collected from reactive camels. Sputum samples were collected from eligible members of participating households. A standard questionnaire on possible risk factors for both humans and camels was administered to respective household heads or their representatives. Total camel skin test reactors were 238/612 (38.9%). Milk and sputum samples were analysed at KEMRI/TB research laboratory for microscopy, GeneXpert^® , culture and identification. Isolates were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing at Inqaba biotec in South Africa. Sixty-four isolates were acid-fast bacilli (AFB) positive of which M. fortuitum (3), M. szulgai (20), M. monacense (5), M. lehmanni (4), M. litorale (4), M. elephantis (3), M. duvalii (3), M. brasiliensis (1), M. arcueilense (1) and M. lentiflavum (1) were from milk; M. fortuitum (1), M. szulgai (2) and M. litorale (1) were from humans. Risk factors included the following: Turkana breed (OR = 3.4; 95% CI: 1.2-9.3), replacements from outside the County (OR = 2.1; 95% CI: 0.3-12.3), presence of other domestic species (small stock; OR = 4.6) and replacement from within the herd (OR = 3.2; 95% CI: 0.7-14.7). Zoonotic risk practices included raw milk consumption, shared housing and handling camels. Monitoring of zoonotic NTM through surveillance and notification systems is required.

Of tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections - a comparative analysis of epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment

Pulmonary diseases due to mycobacteria cause significant morbidity and mortality to human health. In addition to tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), recent epidemiological studies have shown the emergence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) species in causing lung diseases in humans. Although more than 170 NTM species are present in various environmental niches, only a handful, primarily Mycobacterium avium complex and M. abscessus, have been implicated in pulmonary disease. While TB is transmitted through inhalation of aerosol droplets containing Mtb, generated by patients with symptomatic disease, NTM disease is mostly disseminated through aerosols originated from the environment. However, following inhalation, both Mtb and NTM are phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages in the lungs. Subsequently, various immune cells are recruited from the circulation to the site of infection, which leads to granuloma formation. Although the pathophysiology of TB and NTM diseases share several fundamental cellular and molecular events, the host-susceptibility to Mtb and NTM infections are different. Striking differences also exist in the disease presentation between TB and NTM cases. While NTM disease is primarily associated with bronchiectasis, this condition is rarely a predisposing factor for TB. Similarly, in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected individuals, NTM disease presents as disseminated, extrapulmonary form rather than as a miliary, pulmonary disease, which is seen in Mtb infection. The diagnostic modalities for TB, including molecular diagnosis and drug-susceptibility testing (DST), are more advanced and possess a higher rate of sensitivity and specificity, compared to the tools available for NTM infections. In general, drug-sensitive TB is effectively treated with a standard multi-drug regimen containing well-defined first- and second-line antibiotics. However, the treatment of drug-resistant TB requires the additional, newer class of antibiotics in combination with or without the first and second-line drugs. In contrast, the NTM species display significant heterogeneity in their susceptibility to standard anti-TB drugs. Thus, the treatment for NTM diseases usually involves the use of macrolides and injectable aminoglycosides. Although well-established international guidelines are available, treatment of NTM disease is mostly empirical and not entirely successful. In general, the treatment duration is much longer for NTM diseases, compared to TB, and resection surgery of affected organ(s) is part of treatment for patients with NTM diseases that do not respond to the antibiotics treatment. Here, we discuss the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment modalities available for TB and NTM diseases of humans.

CapitalBio Mycobacterium real-time polymerase chain reaction detection test: Rapid diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial infection

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the accuracy of the CapitalBio Mycobacterium real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) detection test for pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection.

METHODS

This study analyzed 2,460 samples from patients with suspected pulmonary mycobacterial infection collected between 01 June 2018 and 31 July 2019. It aimed to determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and area under the curve (AUC) of the CapitalBio Mycobacterium detection test for MTB and NTM infections, and to evaluate its diagnostic accuracy compared with mycobacterial culture.

RESULTS

The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and AUC of the CapitalBio Mycobacterium detection test for MTB was 83.0%, 79.9%, 80.8%, 82.2%, and 0.81, respectively. This was similar to the diagnostic accuracy of Xpert MTB/RIF for MTB and was significantly higher than that of smear. For pulmonary NTM infection, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and AUC of the test was 82.0%, 99.6%, 94.1%, 98.5%, and 0.91, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of the CapitalBio Mycobacterium detection test was also significantly higher than that of smear for NTM.

CONCLUSIONS

The CapitalBio Mycobacterium detection test had good diagnostic accuracy for MTB and NTM infections. This is of great significance for the differential diagnosis of early pulmonary mycobacterial infection.

Nontuberculous mycobacteria in patients with suspected tuberculosis and the genetic diversity of Mycobacterium avium in the extreme south of Brazil

Objective:

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are a heterogeneous group of bacteria that are widely distributed in nature and associated with opportunistic infections in humans. The aims of this study were to identify NTM in patients with suspected tuberculosis who presented positive cultures and to evaluate the genetic diversity of strains identified as Mycobacterium avium.

Methods:

We studied pulmonary and extrapulmonary samples obtained from 1,248 patients. The samples that tested positive on culture and negative for the M. tuberculosis complex by molecular identification techniques were evaluated by detection of the hsp65 and rpoB genes and sequencing of conserved fragments of these genes. All strains identified as M. avium were genotyped using the eight-locus mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable-number tandem-repeat method.

Results:

We found that NTM accounted for 25 (7.5%) of the 332 mycobacteria isolated. Of those 25, 18 (72%) were M. avium, 5 (20%) were M. abscessus, 1 (4%) was M. gastri, and 1 (4%) was M. kansasii. The 18 M. avium strains showed high diversity, only two strains being genetically related.

Conclusions:

These results highlight the need to consider the investigation of NTM in patients with suspected active tuberculosis who present with positive cultures, as well as to evaluate the genetic diversity of M. avium strains.

Dps protein is related to resistance of Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. massiliense against stressful conditions

Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. massiliense (Mycma) belongs to the Mycobacterium abscessus complex and is a rapidly growing non-tuberculous mycobacterium. The chronic pulmonary, skin, and soft tissue infections that it causes may be difficult to treat due to its intrinsic resistance to the commonly used antimicrobial drugs, making it a serious world public health problem. Iron is an essential nutrient for the growth of microorganisms; nonetheless, it can be toxic when in excess. Thus, bacteria require an iron homeostasis mechanism to succeed in different environments. DNA-binding proteins from starved cells (Dps) are miniferritins with the property to act as additional iron storage proteins but also can bind to DNA, protecting it against hydroxyl radical. Annotation of the Mycma genome revealed the gene mycma_03135 with 79% sequential identity when compared to MSMEG_3242 gene from M. smegmatis mc² 155, which codifies for a known Dps. Recombinant Dps from M. abscessus (rMaDps) was produced in Escherichia coli, purified in soluble form and shown to form high mass oligomers in solution with ferroxidase activity, DNA binding, and protection against damage. The expression of the mycma_03135 gene was induced during Mycma growth in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Additionally, the expression of rMaDps by E. coli conferred greater resistance to H₂O₂. Thus, this study is the first to identify and characterize a Dps from M. abscessus. KEY POINTS: Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. massiliense express a miniferritin protein (Dps). Mycma Dps binds to DNA and protects against oxidative stress.

Optimizing Laboratory Diagnostic Services for Infectious Meningitis in the Meningitis Belt of sub-Saharan Africa

For longer than a century, the "meningitis belt" of sub-Saharan Africa has experienced the largest-ever global meningitis epidemic. Whereas HIV-associated immunosuppression drives higher susceptibility to environmental infectious organisms with tropism for the central nervous system (CNS), most diagnostic laboratories in the belt stick to N. meningitidis, H. influenzae, and S. pneumoniae. Cryptococcus neoformans has been the leading cause of death (incidence, 89%; death, 75%). To establish whether diagnostic services target geographically important pathogens, there is a need to know the current spectrum of etiology. Given Africa's agro-silvo-pastoralism, the One Health diagnostic approach is recommended. Considering  multipathogen detection capacity, needed speed for corticosteroid therapy decision, and susceptibility/resistance to antimicrobials with improved CNS penetration, proposed laboratory categorization will help neurologists to choose suitable services.

One Health approach in the prevention and control of mycobacterial infections in Tanzania: lessons learnt and future perspectives

BACKGROUND

One Health (OH) is an integrated approach, formed inclusive of using multiple disciplines to attain optimal health for humans, animals, and the environment. The increasing proximity between humans, livestock, and wildlife, and its role in the transmission dynamics of mycobacterial infections, necessitates an OH approach in the surveillance of zoonotic diseases. The challenge remains as humans, livestock, and wildlife share resources and interact at various interfaces. Therefore, this review explores the potential of the OH approach to understand the impact of mycobacterial infections in Tanzania in terms of lessons learnt and future perspectives.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Available literature on OH and mycobacterial infections in Tanzania was searched in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Articles on mycobacterial infections in Tanzania, published between 1997 to 2017, were retrieved to explore the information on OH and mycobacterial infections.

MAIN BODY

The studies conducted in Tanzania had have reported a wide diversity of mycobacterial species in humans and animals, which necessitates an OH approach in surveillance of diseases for better control of infectious agents and to safeguard the health of humans and animals. The close proximity between humans and animals increases the chances of inter-specific transmission of infectious pathogens, including drug-resistant mycobacteria. In an era where HIV co-infection is also the case, opportunistic infection by environmental non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), commonly known as mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT) may further exacerbate the impact of drug resistance. NTM from various sources have greatest potential for diverse strains among which are resistant strains due to continued evolutional changes.

CONCLUSION

A collaborative interdisciplinary approach among professionals could help in solving the threats posed by mycobacterial infections to public health, particularly by the spread of drug-resistant strains.

Comprehensive subspecies identification of 175 nontuberculous mycobacteria species based on 7547 genomic profiles

The prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) pulmonary diseases has been increasing worldwide. NTM consist of approximately 200 species and distinguishing between them at the subspecies level is critical to treatment. In this study, we sequenced 63 NTM genomes, 27 of which were newly determined, by hybrid assembly using sequencers from Illumina and Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT). This analysis expanded the available genomic data to 175 NTM species and redefined their subgenus classification. We also developed a novel multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) database based on 184 genes from 7547 assemblies and an identification software, mlstverse, which can also be used for detecting other bacteria given a suitable MLST database. This method showed the highest sensitivity and specificity amongst conventional methods and demonstrated the capacity for rapid detection of NTM, 10 min of sequencing of the ONT MinION being sufficient. Application of this methodology could improve disease epidemiology and increase the cure rates of NTM diseases.

A cross-sectional epidemiological investigation of nontuberculous mycobacteria of public health importance in slaughter camels in Samburu County, Kenya

The diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in camels at slaughter houses heavily relies on post mortem (PM) meat inspection to detect granulomatous lesions; however, the sensitivity of this technique is not perfect. The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize mycobacteria associated with suspect TB pathological lesions at PM. At PM, 1600 camels were examined in two county slaughterhouses. One hundred and thirty two, 8.25% (132/1600) (Binomial CI 95% 6.95-9.71%), suspect granulomatous lesions were found. Twenty seven, 1.69% (27/1600) (Binomial CI 95% 1.11-2.45%), were confirmed as acid-fast bacilli (AFB) using Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining after culture. Speciation using the GenoType® Mycobacterium assay (Hain Lifesciences, Nehren, Germany) found a majority isolates to be Mycobacterium fortuitum (17), the other species identified included M. szulgai (2), M. scrofulaceum (3), M. marinum (1), M. intracellulare (1), M. gordonae (1), and 2 unidentified mycobacteria species. The types of lesions observed were nodular, caseous masses involving whole organs or cavities, and purulent masses. The highest proportion of suspect lesions were observed in the right, left bronchial lymph nodes, and the mediastinal lymph nodes (59.54%), followed by the retropharyngeal lymph nodes (12.21%), the medial lobe (10.67%), and the left lateral and quadrate lobes of the lungs (17.58%). The 6-7 age category had higher odds (OR = 2.5) of culture positivity. It was concluded that a variety of NTM species of medical importance were associated with TB lesions in the thoracic lymph nodes and lungs. There is need to unravel the public health significance of these mycobacteria.

Soft tissue infection caused by Mycolicibacter kumamotonensis

Mycolicibacter kumamotonensis (M. kumamotonensis), formerly Mycobacterium kumamotonense, is a nontuberculous mycobacteria species, which was first separated from Mycobacterium terrae complex in 2006. Reports about infections caused by M. kumamotonensis are extremely rare, with most of them being lung infection. Here, we report the case of a 68-year-old man with a hobby of gardening who developed swelling in his right middle finger. He underwent surgical debridement at a previous hospital and was diagnosed with nontuberculous mycobacteria infection based on positive findings of acid-fast staining of pus obtained from the surgical specimen. He was treated with rifampicin, ethambutol, and clarithromycin, but the swelling worsened. Therefore, he was referred to our hospital for further examination and treatment. We performed a second debridement and added isoniazid to the treatment regimen, but the swelling continued to worsen. We then administered levofloxacin, but his condition did not change. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and DNA sequencing analysis confirmed M. kumamotonensis as the causative bacterium. Since the finger swelling did not improve, the patient underwent a third debridement and amikacin was added to the treatment regimen. Finally, the infection was controlled. He completed amikacin therapy and will continue treatment with the other five antibiotics for a total of 24 months. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient with M. kumamotonensis soft tissue infection. We consider this case might provide important insights into the diagnosis and treatment of soft tissue infections caused by M. kumamotonensis.

The importance of non-tuberculous mycobacteria identification in Chinese patients infected with HIV

The increased co-incidence of tuberculosis (TB) and AIDS is compounded by the emergence of opportunistic infections with non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in patients with HIV/AIDS, and the treatment for these infections differs from that for TB. The high frequency of NTM strains found in patients infected with HIV raises concerns about accurate species identification before deciding proper treatment. A total of 101 isolates from 2014, 137 from 2015, and 162 from 2016 were subjected to 16S rDNA sequencing to identify the species. Forty-one (41/101, 40.6%) were identified as NTM in 2014, 64 (64/137, 46.7%) were identified as NTM in 2015, and 72 (72/162, 44.4%) were identified as NTM in 2016 in Chinese patients infected with HIV. The species of Mycobacteria isolates needs to be rapidly and accurately identified to determine appropriate antibiotic therapy, and this is especially true for patients infected with HIV.

Mycobacterium avium: an overview

Mycobacterium avium is an environmental microorganism found in soil and water sources worldwide. It is the most prevalent species of nontuberculous mycobacteria that causes infectious diseases, especially in immunocompromised individuals. This review discusses and highlights key topics about M. avium, such as epidemiology, pathogenicity, glycopeptidolipids, laboratory identification, genotyping, antimicrobial therapy and antimicrobial resistance. Additionally, the main comorbidities associated with M. avium infection are discussed.

Evaluation of six decontamination procedures for isolation of Mycobacterium avium complex from avian feces

Culture is considered the gold standard for definitive diagnosis of mycobacterial infections. However, consensus about the most suitable culture procedure for isolation of nontuberculous mycobacteria is lacking. The study compared the recoveries of mycobacteria after decontamination of spiked and fresh avian feces with 4% sodium hydroxide (NaOH), 12% sulfuric acid (H2SO4), or 1% cetylperidinium chloride (CPC), with and without mixture of three antibiotics, namely vancomycin (VAN, 100 μg/ml), nalidixic acid (NAL, 100 μg/ml), and amphotericin B (AMB, 100 μg/ml). The antibiotic mixture was referred to as VNA. Decontamination procedures were evaluated using two (n = 2) avian fecal samples spiked with 106, 104, and 102 CFU/ml of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (ATCC 15769) and fresh avian feces (n = 42). M. avium subsp. avium was detected on the culture media from spiked samples (106 and 104 CFU/ml) decontaminated with NaOH, NaOH-VNA, H2SO4, and H2SO4 -VNA for 2-6 weeks. These bacteria were detected in 2-4 weeks when using CPC and CPC-VNA. M. avium subsp. avium cannot be isolated on culture media from spiked samples (102 CFU/ml) decontaminated with any decontaminating agent. Two mycobacterial isolates, namely, Mycobacterium terrae and M. engbaekii, were isolated from field samples decontaminated with NaOH and CPC-VNA. With regard to the contamination rate, the use of CPC-VNA showed lower contamination rates (5.5% and 19.0%) from spiked and field samples than those of the other methods (NaOH: 22.2% and 59.5%, NaOH-VNA: 16.7% and 21.4%, H2SO4: 11.1% and 40.5%, H2SO4-VNA: 5.5% and 21.4%, and CPC: 66.7% and 50%). In conclusion, the decontamination of fecal samples following a two-step procedure with 1% CPC and VNA can ensure high recovery rate of many mycobacteria with the lowest contamination in cultures.

Isolation and characterization of nontuberculous mycobacteria from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Ghana

OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND

Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) species are assuming public health importance in pulmonary diseases; they are increasingly being isolated, and importantly, most NTMs do not respond to routine tuberculosis (TB) drugs. This study aimed to identify NTMs isolated from pulmonary TB cases and also determine their susceptibility to streptomycin (STR), isoniazid (INH), and rifampicin (RIF).

METHODS

A total of 1755 mycobacterial isolates, obtained between August 2012 and July 2014, from 2036 smear-positive pulmonary cases were identified using polymerase chain reaction amplification of IS6110, and hsp65 gene sequencing analysis. Drug susceptibility testing (DST) was then performed for the identified NTMs against STR, INH, and RIF using microplate Alamar blue assay. The results were analyzed against patients' biodata for statistical associations.

RESULTS

Of the 1755 analyzed isolates, we identified 43 (2.5%) NTMs, which included 18 (41.9%) Mycobacterium intracellulare, 13 (30.2%) Mycobacterium avium subs. paratuberculosis, 5 (11.3%) Mycobacterium abscessus, 3 (7.0%) each of Mycobacterium mucogenicum and Mycobacterium colombiense, and 1 (2.3%) Mycobacterium simiae. Patients infected with NTMs (52.0%) were more likely to be human immunodeficiency virus-positive (P = 0.001, odds ratio = 6.6, 95% confidence interval = 2.7-16.2) than those infected with M. tuberculosis complex (5.8%). All the 43 (100%) NTMs were resistant to INH, whereas 32 (74%) and 19 (44%) were resistant to RIF and STR, respectively. Furthermore, 16 (37.2%) NTMs were resistant to all three drugs, 20 were resistant to INH and RIF, and 3 were resistant to STR and INH. All the M. abscessus isolates were resistant to all the three drugs, whereas all the M. avium isolates were resistant to INH and RIF, but only three were resistant to STR. Among the M. intracellulare isolates, 8, 18, and 15 isolates were resistant to STR, INH, and RIF, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The observed high-resistance level to INH and RIF supports the need for rapid species identification and DST of nonresponding TB cases before retreatment.

[Prevalence and risk factors associated to tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections in HIV-positive patients in Bogotá]

INTRODUCTION

Tuberculosis is one of the most widely distributed infectious diseases worldwide. It is the most common cause of mortality among AIDS patients. In Colombia, 12,918 tuberculosis cases were notified, and 926 deaths were reported in 2015.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the prevalence and risk factors associated to mycobacterial infections in HIVpositive patients in two public hospitals from Bogotá.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A prospective and descriptive study was carried out by an active search for tuberculosis cases and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections in HIV-positive patients. We considered demographic, social, clinical, and personal habits as variables. Statistical analyses were done using Stata 13™ software.

RESULTS

Three hundred and fifty six patients were included, 81.2% were men and 18.8% were women; the mean age was 36.5 years. Tuberculosis infection had a frequency of 19.9% (95% CI: 15.9-24.5%) and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection had a 3.9% frequency (95% CI: 2.16-6.5%). Bivariate analysis showed a statistically significant association between tuberculosis infection and CD4+ T cell counts (p=0.003), viral load (p=0.008), antiretroviral therapy (p=0.014), and body mass index (BMI) <18 kg/m2 (p=0.000). In non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections there was a statistically significantassociation with BMI (p=0.027) and CD4+ T cell counts (p=0.045).

CONCLUSION

Factors associated with an impaired immune system caused by HIV infection are an important risk factor for developing tuberculosis. The lack of antiretroviral therapy and the BMI were also important risk factors for tuberculosis.

Higher-than-expected prevalence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria in HIV setting in Botswana: Implications for diagnostic algorithms using Xpert MTB/RIF assay

Background

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) can cause pulmonary infection and disease especially among people living with HIV (PLHIV). PLHIV with NTM disease may clinically present with one of the four symptoms consistent with tuberculosis (TB). We describe the prevalence of NTM and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) isolated among PLHIV who presented for HIV care and treatment.

Methods

All PLHIV patients presenting for HIV care and treatment services at 22 clinical sites in Botswana were offered screening for TB and were recruited. Patients who had ≥1 TB symptom were asked to submit sputa for Xpert MTB/RIF and culture. Culture growth was identified as NTM and MTBC using the SD-Bioline TB Ag MPT64 Kit and Ziehl Neelsen microscopy. NTM and MTBC isolates underwent species identification by the Hain GenoType CM and AS line probe assays.

Results

Among 16, 259 PLHIV enrolled 3068 screened positive for at least one TB symptom. Of these, 1940 submitted ≥1 sputum specimen, 427 (22%) patients had ≥1 positive-culture result identified phenotypically for mycobacterial growth. Of these 247 and 180 patients were identified as having isolates were NTM and MTBC, respectively. Of the 247 patients identified with isolates containing NTM; 19 were later excluded as not having NTM based on additional genotypic testing. Among the remaining 408 patients 228 (56%, 95% confidence interval, 46–66%) with NTM. M. intracellulare was the most common isolated (47.8%). Other NTMs commonly associated with pulmonary disease included M. malmoense (3.9%), M. avium (2.2%), M. abscessus (0.9%) and M. kansasii (0.4%). After excluding NTM isolates that were non-speciated and M. gordonae 154 (67.5%) of the NTM isolates were potential pathogens.

Conclusions

In the setting of HIV care and treatment, over-half (56%) of a positive sputum culture among PLHIV with TB symptoms was NTM. Though we were not able to distinguish in our study NTM disease and colonization, the study suggests culture and species identification for PLHIV presenting with TB symptoms remains important to facilitate NTM diagnosis and hasten time to appropriate treatment.

Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria isolated from Pulmonary samples in sub-Saharan Africa - A Systematic Review and Meta Analyses

Pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease epidemiology in sub-Saharan Africa is not as well described as for pulmonary tuberculosis. Earlier reviews of global NTM epidemiology only included subject-level data from one sub-Saharan Africa country. We systematically reviewed the literature and searched PubMed, Embase, Popline, OVID and Africa Wide Information for articles on prevalence and clinical relevance of NTM detection in pulmonary samples in sub-Saharan Africa. We applied the American Thoracic Society/Infectious Disease Society of America criteria to differentiate between colonisation and disease. Only 37 articles from 373 citations met our inclusion criteria. The prevalence of pulmonary NTM colonization was 7.5% (95% CI: 7.2%–7.8%), and 75.0% (2325 of 3096) occurred in males, 16.5% (512 of 3096) in those previously treated for tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium complex predominated (27.7% [95% CI: 27.2–28.9%]). In seven eligible studies, 27.9% (266 of 952) of participants had pulmonary NTM disease and M. kansasii with a prevalence of 69.2% [95% CI: 63.2–74.7%] was the most common cause of pulmonary NTM disease. NTM species were unidentifiable in 29.2% [2,623 of 8,980] of isolates. In conclusion, pulmonary NTM disease is a neglected and emerging public health disease and enhanced surveillance is required.

High rates of nontuberculous mycobacteria isolation from patients with presumptive tuberculosis in Iran

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) can cause disease which can be indistinguishable from tuberculosis (TB), posing a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income settings. We aimed to investigate the mycobacterial agents associated with presumptive clinical pulmonary TB in Iran. A total of 410 mycobacterial isolates, obtained between March 2014 and January 2016, from 7600 clinical samples taken from consecutive cases of presumptive diagnosis of TB were identified. Phenotypic and molecular tests were used to identify the isolated organisms to the species level. Single-locus and multilocus sequence analysis based on 16S rRNA, rpoB, hsp65 and ITS locus were used to confirm the results. Of 410 consecutive strains isolated from suspected TB subjects, 62 isolates (15.1%) were identified as NTM. Patients with positive NTM cultures met American Thoracic Society diagnostic criteria for NTM disease. Mycobacterium simiae was the most frequently encountered (38.7%), followed by Mycobacterium fortuitum (19.3%), M. kansasii (17.7%) and M. avium complex (8.0%). Isolation of NTM, including M. simiae, from suspected TB cases is a serious public health problem and merits further attention by health authorities, physicians and microbiologists.

Disseminated Mycobacterium kansasii infection with cutaneous lesions in an immunocompetent patient

A case of disseminated Mycobacterium kansasii infection involving the skin and soft tissue in a 57-year-old male farmer who presented with recurrent fever, respiratory syndromes, and skin lesions is reported. The positive findings of syndromes, laboratory examinations, and identification of M. kansasii in puncture fluid indicated the diagnosis of disseminated M. kansasii infection involving the skin and soft tissue, lungs, and mediastinal lymph nodes. After applying the standard HRE regimen (isoniazid 300mg/day, rifampicin 600mg/day, and ethambutol 750mg/day), the patient's temperature normalized and his symptoms improved gradually. No notable adverse drug reactions occurred and the skin lesions had healed after 4 months of follow-up. Disseminated M. kansasii infections occur mainly in immunocompromised patients. Moreover, disseminated infections with skin lesions is rare in immunocompetent patients. Following a review of the literature, only eight similar cases were identified as of disseminated M. kansasii infection with cutaneous lesions, and thecase presented here appears to be the second involving an immunocompetent individual. Special attention should be paid to a persistent and chronic rash following a chronic respiratory syndrome in order to exclude skin disease caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria.

Assessment of sputum smear-positive but culture-negative results among newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Tanzania

Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in technology-limited countries is widely achieved by smear microscopy, which has limited sensitivity and specificity. The frequency and clinical implication of smear-positive but culture-negative among presumptive TB patients remains unclear. A cross-sectional substudy was conducted which aimed to identify the proportion of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections among 94 “smear-positive culture-negative” patients diagnosed between January 2013 and June 2016 in selected health facilities in Tanzania. Out of 94 sputa, 25 (26.60%) were GeneXpert® mycobacteria TB positive and 11/94 (11.70%) repeat-culture positive; 5 were Capilia TB-Neo positive and confirmed by GenoType MTBC to be Mycobacterium tuberculosis/Mycobacterium canettii. The remaining 6 Capilia TB-Neo negative samples were genotyped by GenoType® CM/AS, identifying 3 (3.19%) NTM, 2 Gram positive bacteria, and 1 isolate testing negative, together, making a total of 6/94 (6.38%) confirmed false smear-positives. Twenty-eight (29.79%) were confirmed TB cases, while 60 (63.83%) remained unconfirmed cases. Out of 6 (6.38%) patients who were HIV positive, 2 patients were possibly coinfected with mycobacteria. The isolation of NTM and other bacteria among smear-positive culture-negative samples and the presence of over two third of unconfirmed TB cases emphasize the need of both advanced differential TB diagnostic techniques and good clinical laboratory practices to avoid unnecessary administration of anti-TB drugs.

Infection Sources of a Common Non-tuberculous Mycobacterial Pathogen, Mycobacterium avium Complex

Numerous studies have revealed a continuous increase in the worldwide incidence and prevalence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) diseases, especially pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) diseases. Although it is not clear why NTM diseases have been increasing, one possibility is an increase of mycobacterial infection sources in the environment. Thus, in this review, we focused on the infection sources of pathogenic NTM, especially MAC. The environmental niches for MAC include water, soil, and dust. The formation of aerosols containing NTM arising from shower water, soil, and pool water implies that these niches can be infection sources. Furthermore, genotyping has shown that clinical isolates are identical to environmental ones from household tap water, bathrooms, potting soil, and garden soil. Therefore, to prevent and treat MAC diseases, it is essential to identify the infection sources for these organisms, because patients with these diseases often suffer from reinfections and recurrent infections with them. In the environmental sources, MAC and other NTM organisms can form biofilms, survive within amoebae, and exist in a free-living state. Mycobacterial communities are also likely to occur in these infection sources in households. Water distribution systems are a transmission route from natural water reservoirs to household tap water. Other infection sources include areas with frequent human contact, such as soil and bathrooms, indicating that individuals may carry NTM organisms that concomitantly attach to their household belongings. To explore the mechanisms associated with the global spread of infection and MAC transmission routes, an epidemiological population-wide genotyping survey would be very useful. A good example of the power of genotyping comes from M. avium subsp. hominissuis, where close genetic relatedness was found between isolates of it from European patients and pigs in Japan and Europe, implying global transmission of this bacterium. It is anticipated that whole genome sequencing technologies will improve NTM surveys so that the mechanisms for the global spread of MAC disease will become clearer in the near future. Better understanding of the niches exploited by MAC and its ecology is essential for preventing MAC infections and developing new methods for its effective treatment and elimination.

García-Basteiro A, Augusto OJ, Fraile O, Bulo H, Ira T, Gondo K, van Ingen J, Naniche D, Sacarlal J, Alonso PL. High Rates of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria Isolation in Mozambican Children with Presumptive Tuberculosis

INTRODUCTION

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) can cause disease which can be clinically and radiologically undistinguishable from tuberculosis (TB), posing a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in high TB settings. We aim to describe the prevalence of NTM isolation and its clinical characteristics in children from rural Mozambique.

METHODS

This study was part of a community TB incidence study in children <3 years of age. Gastric aspirate and induced sputum sampling were performed in all presumptive TB cases and processed for smear testing using fluorochrome staining and LED Microscopy, liquid and solid culture, and molecular identification by GenoType® Mycobacterium CM/AS assays.

RESULTS

NTM were isolated in 26.3% (204/775) of children. The most prevalent NTM species was M. intracellulare (N = 128), followed by M. scrofulaceum (N = 35) and M. fortuitum (N = 9). Children with NTM were significantly less symptomatic and less likely to present with an abnormal chest radiograph than those with M. tuberculosis. NTM were present in 21.6% of follow-up samples and 25 children had the same species isolated from ≥2 separate samples. All were considered clinically insignificant and none received specific treatment. Children with NTM isolates had equal all cause mortality and likelihood of TB treatment as those with negative culture although they were less likely to have TB ruled out.

CONCLUSIONS

NTM isolation is frequent in presumptive TB cases but was not clinically significant in this patient cohort. However, it can contribute to TB misdiagnosis. Further studies are needed to understand the epidemiology and the clinical significance of NTM in children.