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Schepers J, Löser T, Behl C. Lipids and α-Synuclein: adding further variables to the equation. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1455817. [PMID: 39188788 PMCID: PMC11345258 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1455817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of alpha-Synuclein (αSyn) has been connected to several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA), that are collected under the umbrella term synucleinopathies. The membrane binding abilities of αSyn to negatively charged phospholipids have been well described and are connected to putative physiological functions of αSyn. Consequently, αSyn-related neurodegeneration has been increasingly connected to changes in lipid metabolism and membrane lipid composition. Indeed, αSyn aggregation has been shown to be triggered by the presence of membranes in vitro, and some genetic risk factors for PD and DLB are associated with genes coding for proteins directly involved in lipid metabolism. At the same time, αSyn aggregation itself can cause alterations of cellular lipid composition and brain samples of patients also show altered lipid compositions. Thus, it is likely that there is a reciprocal influence between cellular lipid composition and αSyn aggregation, which can be further affected by environmental or genetic factors and ageing. Little is known about lipid changes during physiological ageing and regional differences of the lipid composition of the aged brain. In this review, we aim to summarise our current understanding of lipid changes in connection to αSyn and discuss open questions that need to be answered to further our knowledge of αSyn related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christian Behl
- The Autophagy Lab, Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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2
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Liao Z, Zhang Q, Ren N, Zhao H, Zheng X. Progress in mitochondrial and omics studies in Alzheimer's disease research: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic interventions. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1418939. [PMID: 39040111 PMCID: PMC11260616 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1418939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (Alzheimer's disease, AD) is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by memory loss and cognitive impairment. It is characterized by the formation of tau protein neurofibrillary tangles and β-amyloid plaques. Recent studies have found that mitochondria in neuronal cells of AD patients exhibit various dysfunctions, including reduced numbers, ultrastructural changes, reduced enzyme activity, and abnormal kinetics. These abnormal mitochondria not only lead to the loss of normal neuronal cell function, but are also a major driver of AD progression. In this review, we will focus on the advances of mitochondria and their multi-omics in AD research, with particular emphasis on how mitochondrial dysfunction in AD drives disease progression. At the same time, we will focus on summarizing how mitochondrial genomics technologies have revealed specific details of these dysfunctions and how therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondria may provide new directions for future AD treatments. By delving into the key mechanisms of mitochondria in AD related to energy metabolism, altered kinetics, regulation of cell death, and dysregulation of calcium-ion homeostasis, and how mitochondrial multi-omics technologies can be utilized to provide us with a better understanding of these processes. In the future, mitochondria-centered therapeutic strategies will be a key idea in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuning Liao
- Department of Neurology, Fourth People’s Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Qiying Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jinan Municipal Government Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Na Ren
- Pharmacy Department, Jinan Municipal People’s Government Organs Outpatient Department, Jinan, China
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Qihe County People’s Hospital, Dezhou, China
| | - Xueyan Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Second People’s Hospital, Jinan, China
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3
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Huang HX, Inglese P, Tang J, Yagoubi R, Correia GDS, Horneffer-van der Sluis VM, Camuzeaux S, Wu V, Kopanitsa MV, Willumsen N, Jackson JS, Barron AM, Saito T, Saido TC, Gentlemen S, Takats Z, Matthews PM. Mass spectrometry imaging highlights dynamic patterns of lipid co-expression with Aβ plaques in mouse and human brains. J Neurochem 2024; 168:1193-1214. [PMID: 38372586 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Lipids play crucial roles in the susceptibility and brain cellular responses to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and are increasingly considered potential soluble biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma. To delineate the pathological correlations of distinct lipid species, we conducted a comprehensive characterization of both spatially localized and global differences in brain lipid composition in AppNL-G-F mice with spatial and bulk mass spectrometry lipidomic profiling, using human amyloid-expressing (h-Aβ) and WT mouse brains controls. We observed age-dependent increases in lysophospholipids, bis(monoacylglycerol) phosphates, and phosphatidylglycerols around Aβ plaques in AppNL-G-F mice. Immunohistology-based co-localization identified associations between focal pro-inflammatory lipids, glial activation, and autophagic flux disruption. Likewise, in human donors with varying Braak stages, similar studies of cortical sections revealed co-expression of lysophospholipids and ceramides around Aβ plaques in AD (Braak stage V/VI) but not in earlier Braak stage controls. Our findings in mice provide evidence of temporally and spatially heterogeneous differences in lipid composition as local and global Aβ-related pathologies evolve. Observing similar lipidomic changes associated with pathological Aβ plaques in human AD tissue provides a foundation for understanding differences in CSF lipids with reported clinical stage or disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Xuexia Huang
- Section of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paolo Inglese
- Section of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- National Phenome Centre, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jiabin Tang
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Riad Yagoubi
- Section of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gonçalo D S Correia
- Section of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- National Phenome Centre, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Stephane Camuzeaux
- National Phenome Centre, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Vincen Wu
- Section of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maksym V Kopanitsa
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nanet Willumsen
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Johanna S Jackson
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anna M Barron
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Steve Gentlemen
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Zoltan Takats
- Section of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul M Matthews
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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4
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McGill CJ, Christensen A, Qian W, Thorwald MA, Lugo JG, Namvari S, White OS, Finch CE, Benayoun BA, Pike CJ. Protection against APOE4 -associated aging phenotypes with the longevity-promoting intervention 17α-estradiol in male mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.12.584678. [PMID: 38559059 PMCID: PMC10980056 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.12.584678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The apolipoprotein ε4 allele ( APOE4 ) is associated with decreased longevity, increased vulnerability to age-related declines, and disorders across multiple systems. Interventions that promote healthspan and lifespan represent a promising strategy to attenuate the development of APOE4 -associated aging phenotypes. Here we studied the ability of the longevity-promoting intervention 17α-estradiol (17αE2) to protect against age-related impairments in APOE4 versus the predominant APOE3 genotype using early middle-aged mice with knock-in of human APOE alleles. Beginning at age 10 months, male APOE3 or APOE4 mice were treated for 20 weeks with 17αE2 or vehicle then compared for indices of aging phenotypes body-wide. Across peripheral and neural measures, APOE4 was associated with poorer outcomes. Notably, 17αE2 treatment improved outcomes in a genotype-dependent manner favoring APOE4 mice. These data demonstrate a positive APOE4 bias in 17αE2-mediated healthspan actions, suggesting that longevity-promoting interventions may be useful in mitigating deleterious age-related risks associated with APOE4 genotype.
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5
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Wang J, Zhen Y, Yang J, Yang S, Zhu G. Recognizing Alzheimer's disease from perspective of oligodendrocytes: Phenomena or pathogenesis? CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14688. [PMID: 38516808 PMCID: PMC10958408 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulation of amyloid beta, tau hyperphosphorylation, and microglia activation are the three highly acknowledged pathological factors of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, oligodendrocytes (OLs) were also widely investigated in the pathogenesis and treatment for AD. AIMS We aimed to update the regulatory targets of the differentiation and maturation of OLs, and emphasized the key role of OLs in the occurrence and treatment of AD. METHODS This review first concluded the targets of OL differentiation and maturation with AD pathogenesis, and then advanced the key role of OLs in the pathogenesis of AD based on both clinic and basic experiments. Later, we extensively discussed the possible application of the current progress in the diagnosis and treatment of this complex disease. RESULTS Molecules involving in OLs' differentiation or maturation, including various transcriptional factors, cholesterol homeostasis regulators, and microRNAs could also participate in the pathogenesis of AD. Clinical data point towards the impairment of OLs in AD patients. Basic research further supports the central role of OLs in the regulation of AD pathologies. Additionally, classic drugs, including donepezil, edaravone, fluoxetine, and clemastine demonstrate their potential in remedying OL impairment in AD models, and new therapeutics from the perspective of OLs is constantly being developed. CONCLUSIONS We believe that OL dysfunction is one important pathogenesis of AD. Factors regulating OLs might be biomarkers for early diagnosis and agents stimulating OLs warrant the development of anti-AD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingji Wang
- Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain Diseases)Anhui University of Chinese MedicineHefeiChina
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Clinical Medical Research Center of Anhui ProvinceThe Second Affiliation Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese MedicineHefeiChina
| | - Yilan Zhen
- Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain Diseases)Anhui University of Chinese MedicineHefeiChina
| | - Jun Yang
- Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain Diseases)Anhui University of Chinese MedicineHefeiChina
- The First Affiliation Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese MedicineHefeiChina
| | - Shaojie Yang
- Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain Diseases)Anhui University of Chinese MedicineHefeiChina
| | - Guoqi Zhu
- Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain Diseases)Anhui University of Chinese MedicineHefeiChina
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6
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Cooper O, Hallett P, Isacson O. Upstream lipid and metabolic systems are potential causes of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and dementias. FEBS J 2024; 291:632-645. [PMID: 36165619 PMCID: PMC10040476 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Brain health requires circuits, cells and molecular pathways to adapt when challenged and to promptly reset once the challenge has resolved. Neurodegeneration occurs when adaptability becomes confined, causing challenges to overwhelm neural circuitry. Studies of rare and common neurodegenerative diseases suggest that the accumulation of lipids can compromise circuit adaptability. Using microglia as an example, we review data that suggest increased lipid concentrations cause dysfunctional inflammatory responses to immune challenges, leading to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and dementia. We highlight current approaches to treat lipid metabolic and clearance pathways and identify knowledge gaps towards restoring adaptive homeostasis in individuals who are at-risk of losing cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Cooper
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Penny Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478
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7
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Almeida FC, Patra K, Giannisis A, Niesnerova A, Nandakumar R, Ellis E, Oliveira TG, Nielsen HM. APOE genotype dictates lipidomic signatures in primary human hepatocytes. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100498. [PMID: 38216055 PMCID: PMC10875595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genetic variants are most notably known for their divergent impact on the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. While APOE genotype has been consistently shown to modulate lipid metabolism in a variety of cellular contexts, the effect of APOE alleles on the lipidome in hepatocytes is unknown. In this study, we investigated the contribution of APOE alleles to lipidomic profiles of donor-derived primary human hepatocytes from 77 subjects. Lipidomic data obtained by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were analyzed across ε2/ε3, ε3/ε3, and ε3/ε4 genotypes to reveal how APOE modulates lipid relative levels over age and between groups. Hepatic APOE concentration, measured by ELISA, was assessed for correlation with lipid abundance in subjects grouped as per APOE genotype and sex. APOE genotype-specific differential lipidomic signatures associated with age for multiple lipid classes but did not differ between sexes. Compared to ε2/ε3, ε3/ε4 hepatocytes had higher abundance of acylcarnitines (AC) and acylphosphatidylglycerol (AcylPG) as a class, as well as higher medium and long-chain ACs, AcylPG, phosphatidylglycerol (PG), bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate (BMP), monoacylglycerol (MG) and diacylglycerol (DG) species. The ε3/ε4 hepatocytes also exhibited a higher abundance of medium and long-chain ACs compared to the ε3/ε3 hepatocytes. Only in the ε3/ε4 hepatocytes, APOE concentration was lower and showed a negative correlation with BMP levels, specifically in females. APOE genotype dictates a differential lipidome in primary human hepatocytes. The lipids involved suggest mitochondrial dysfunction with accompanying alterations in neutral lipid storage, reflective of a general disturbance of free fatty acid metabolism in human hepatocytes with the ε4 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco C Almeida
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Department of Neuroradiology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Kalicharan Patra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Giannisis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anezka Niesnerova
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Renu Nandakumar
- Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Ewa Ellis
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, (CLINTEC), Division of Transplantation surgery, Karolinska Institutet and ME Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Tiago Gil Oliveira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Department of Neuroradiology, Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Henrietta M Nielsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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8
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Blumenfeld J, Yip O, Kim MJ, Huang Y. Cell type-specific roles of APOE4 in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:91-110. [PMID: 38191720 PMCID: PMC11073858 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00776-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The ɛ4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE), which translates to the APOE4 isoform, is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD). Within the CNS, APOE is produced by a variety of cell types under different conditions, posing a challenge for studying its roles in AD pathogenesis. However, through powerful advances in research tools and the use of novel cell culture and animal models, researchers have recently begun to study the roles of APOE4 in AD in a cell type-specific manner and at a deeper and more mechanistic level than ever before. In particular, cutting-edge omics studies have enabled APOE4 to be studied at the single-cell level and have allowed the identification of critical APOE4 effects in AD-vulnerable cellular subtypes. Through these studies, it has become evident that APOE4 produced in various types of CNS cell - including astrocytes, neurons, microglia, oligodendrocytes and vascular cells - has diverse roles in AD pathogenesis. Here, we review these scientific advances and propose a cell type-specific APOE4 cascade model of AD. In this model, neuronal APOE4 emerges as a crucial pathological initiator and driver of AD pathogenesis, instigating glial responses and, ultimately, neurodegeneration. In addition, we provide perspectives on future directions for APOE4 research and related therapeutic developments in the context of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Blumenfeld
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Oscar Yip
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Min Joo Kim
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yadong Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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9
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Adaku N, Ostendorf BN, Mei W, Tavazoie SF. Apolipoprotein E2 Stimulates Protein Synthesis and Promotes Melanoma Progression and Metastasis. Cancer Res 2023; 83:3013-3025. [PMID: 37335131 PMCID: PMC10740391 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The secreted lipid transporter apolipoprotein E (APOE) plays important roles in atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease and has been implicated as a suppressor of melanoma progression. The APOE germline genotype predicts human melanoma outcomes, with APOE4 and APOE2 allele carriers exhibiting prolonged and reduced survival, respectively, relative to APOE3 homozygotes. While the APOE4 variant was recently shown to suppress melanoma progression by enhancing antitumor immunity, further work is needed to fully characterize the melanoma cell-intrinsic effects of APOE variants on cancer progression. Using a genetically engineered mouse model, we showed that human germline APOE genetic variants differentially modulate melanoma growth and metastasis in an APOE2>APOE3>APOE4 manner. The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) receptor mediated the cell-intrinsic effects of APOE variants on melanoma progression. Protein synthesis was a tumor cell-intrinsic process differentially modulated by APOE variants, with APOE2 promoting translation via LRP1. These findings reveal a gain-of-function role for the APOE2 variant in melanoma progression, which may aid in predicting melanoma patient outcomes and understanding the protective effect of APOE2 in Alzheimer's disease. SIGNIFICANCE APOE germline variants impact melanoma progression through disparate mechanisms, such as the protein synthesis-promoting function of the APOE2 variant, indicating that germline genetic variants are causal contributors to metastatic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nneoma Adaku
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Benjamin N. Ostendorf
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wenbin Mei
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sohail F. Tavazoie
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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10
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Li Y, Chang J, Chen X, Liu J, Zhao L. Advances in the Study of APOE and Innate Immunity in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD230179. [PMID: 37182889 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive degenerative disease of the nervous system (CNS) with an insidious onset. Clinically, it is characterized by a full range of dementia manifestations including memory impairment, aphasia, loss of speech, loss of use, loss of recognition, impairment of visuospatial skills, and impairment of executive function, as well as changes in personality and behavior. The exact cause of AD has not yet been identified. Nevertheless, modern research indicates that genetic factors contribute to 70% of human's risk of AD. Apolipoprotein (APOE) accounts for up to 90% of the genetic predisposition. APOE is a crucial gene that cannot be overstated. In addition, innate immunity plays a significant role in the etiology and treatment of AD. Understanding the different subtypes of APOE and their interconnections is of paramount importance. APOE and innate immunity, along with their relationship to AD, are primary research motivators for in-depth research and clinical trials. The exploration of novel technologies has led to an increasing trend in the study of AD at the cellular and molecular levels and continues to make more breakthroughs and progress. As of today, there is no effective treatment available for AD around the world. This paper aims to summarize and analyze the role of APOE and innate immunity, as well as development trends in recent years. It is anticipated that APOE and innate immunity will provide a breakthrough for humans to hinder AD progression in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Li
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Chang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Xi Chen
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianwei Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lan Zhao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
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11
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Farsi RM. The Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Alzheimer's: Molecular Defects and Mitophagy-Enhancing Approaches. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13040970. [PMID: 37109499 PMCID: PMC10142261 DOI: 10.3390/life13040970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive and chronic neurodegenerative syndrome, is categorized by cognitive and memory damage caused by the aggregations of abnormal proteins, specifically including Tau proteins and β-amyloid in brain tissue. Moreover, mitochondrial dysfunctions are the principal causes of AD, which is associated with mitophagy impairment. Investigations exploring pharmacological therapies alongside AD have explicitly concentrated on molecules accomplished in preventing/abolishing the gatherings of the abovementioned proteins and mitochondria damages. Mitophagy is the removal of dead mitochondria by the autophagy process. Damages in mitophagy, the manner of diversified mitochondrial degeneracy by autophagy resulting in an ongoing aggregation of malfunctioning mitochondria, were also suggested to support AD. Recently, plentiful reports have suggested a link between defective mitophagy and AD. This treaty highlights updated outlines of modern innovations and developments on mitophagy machinery dysfunctions in AD brains. Moreover, therapeutic and nanotherapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction are also presented in this review. Based on the significant role of diminished mitophagy in AD, we suggest that the application of different therapeutic approaches aimed at stimulating mitophagy in AD would be beneficial for targeting or reducing the mitochondrial dysfunction induced by AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem M Farsi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21462, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Lee S, Devanney NA, Golden LR, Smith CT, Schwartz JL, Walsh AE, Clarke HA, Goulding DS, Allenger EJ, Morillo-Segovia G, Friday CM, Gorman AA, Hawkinson TR, MacLean SM, Williams HC, Sun RC, Morganti JM, Johnson LA. APOE modulates microglial immunometabolism in response to age, amyloid pathology, and inflammatory challenge. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112196. [PMID: 36871219 PMCID: PMC10117631 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The E4 allele of Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is associated with both metabolic dysfunction and a heightened pro-inflammatory response: two findings that may be intrinsically linked through the concept of immunometabolism. Here, we combined bulk, single-cell, and spatial transcriptomics with cell-specific and spatially resolved metabolic analyses in mice expressing human APOE to systematically address the role of APOE across age, neuroinflammation, and AD pathology. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) highlighted immunometabolic changes across the APOE4 glial transcriptome, specifically in subsets of metabolically distinct microglia enriched in the E4 brain during aging or following an inflammatory challenge. E4 microglia display increased Hif1α expression and a disrupted tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and are inherently pro-glycolytic, while spatial transcriptomics and mass spectrometry imaging highlight an E4-specific response to amyloid that is characterized by widespread alterations in lipid metabolism. Taken together, our findings emphasize a central role for APOE in regulating microglial immunometabolism and provide valuable, interactive resources for discovery and validation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangderk Lee
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Nicholas A Devanney
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Lesley R Golden
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Cathryn T Smith
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - James L Schwartz
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Adeline E Walsh
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Harrison A Clarke
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Advanced Spatial Biomolecule Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Danielle S Goulding
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | | | | | - Cassi M Friday
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Amy A Gorman
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Tara R Hawkinson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Advanced Spatial Biomolecule Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Steven M MacLean
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Holden C Williams
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Ramon C Sun
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Advanced Spatial Biomolecule Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Josh M Morganti
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Lance A Johnson
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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13
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Duan R, Hong CG, Chen ML, Wang X, Pang ZL, Xie H, Liu ZZ. Targeting autophagy receptors OPTN and SQSTM1 as a novel therapeutic strategy for osteoporosis complicated with Alzheimer's disease. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 377:110462. [PMID: 36958424 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common degenerative disease among the elderly population. In addition to cognitive impairment, AD is often accompanied by behavioral manifestations. However, little attention has been paid to changes in bone metabolism and related mechanisms in patients with AD. We found that AD mice (APPswe/PS1dE9) had reduced bone density, weakened bone strength, and amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition in the bone tissue. It was further found that targeting autophagy receptors Optineurin (OPTN) and Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) increased bone density and bone strength in AD mice, promoted the clearance of Aβ in the bone tissue, and maintained bone homeostasis. Our study suggests that abnormal Aβ deposition may be the co-pathogenesis of AD and osteoporosis (OP). Targeting OPTN and SQSTM1 has a dual-functional effect of alleviating both AD and OP through selective autophagy that specifically targets Aβ for clearance. Therapeutic strategies targeting autophagy may help guide the treatment of patients with AD complicated with OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Duan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Chun-Gu Hong
- Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Meng-Lu Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Zhi-Lin Pang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Zheng-Zhao Liu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
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14
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Mitophagy in Alzheimer's disease: Molecular defects and therapeutic approaches. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:202-216. [PMID: 35665766 PMCID: PMC9812780 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01631-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunctions are central players in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, impairments in mitophagy, the process of selective mitochondrial degradation by autophagy leading to a gradual accumulation of defective mitochondria, have also been reported to occur in AD. We provide an updated overview of the recent discoveries and advancements on mitophagic molecular dysfunctions in AD-derived fluids and cells as well as in AD brains. We discuss studies using AD cellular and animal models that have unraveled the contribution of relevant AD-related proteins (Tau, Aβ, APP-derived fragments and APOE) in mitophagy failure. In accordance with the important role of impaired mitophagy in AD, we report on various therapeutic strategies aiming at stimulating mitophagy in AD and we summarize the benefits of these potential therapeutic strategies in human clinical trials.
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15
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Insights from multi-omics integration in complex disease primary tissues. Trends Genet 2023; 39:46-58. [PMID: 36137835 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have provided insights into the genetic basis of complex diseases. In the next step, integrative multi-omics approaches can characterize molecular profiles in relevant primary tissues to reveal the mechanisms that underlie disease development. Here, we highlight recent progress in four examples of complex diseases generated by integrative studies: type 2 diabetes (T2D), osteoarthritis, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). High-resolution methodologies such as single-cell and spatial omics techniques will become even more important in the future. Furthermore, we emphasize the urgent need to include as yet understudied cell types and increase the diversity of studied populations.
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16
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de la Monte SM. Malignant Brain Aging: The Formidable Link Between Dysregulated Signaling Through Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Pathways and Alzheimer's Disease (Type 3 Diabetes). J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 95:1301-1337. [PMID: 37718817 PMCID: PMC10896181 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Malignant brain aging corresponds to accelerated age-related declines in brain functions eventually derailing the self-sustaining forces that govern independent vitality. Malignant brain aging establishes the path toward dementing neurodegeneration, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The full spectrum of AD includes progressive dysfunction of neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, and the microvascular systems, and is mechanistically driven by insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) deficiencies and resistances with accompanying deficits in energy balance, increased cellular stress, inflammation, and impaired perfusion, mimicking the core features of diabetes mellitus. The underlying pathophysiological derangements result in mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal protein aggregation, increased oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, aberrant autophagy, and abnormal post-translational modification of proteins, all of which are signature features of both AD and dysregulated insulin/IGF-1-mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. This article connects the dots from benign to malignant aging to neurodegeneration by reviewing the salient pathologies associated with initially adaptive and later dysfunctional mTOR signaling in the brain. Effective therapeutic and preventive measures must be two-pronged and designed to 1) address complex and shifting impairments in mTOR signaling through the re-purpose of effective anti-diabetes therapeutics that target the brain, and 2) minimize the impact of extrinsic mediators of benign to malignant aging transitions, e.g., inflammatory states, obesity, systemic insulin resistance diseases, and repeated bouts of general anesthesia, by minimizing exposures or implementing neuroprotective measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M. de la Monte
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medicine, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Lifespan Academic Institutions, and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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17
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Liao W, Luo H, Ruan Y, Mai Y, Liu C, Chen J, Yang S, Xuan A, Liu J. Identification of candidate genes associated with clinical onset of Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1060111. [PMID: 36605552 PMCID: PMC9808086 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1060111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, with its pathology like beta-amyloid and phosphorylated tau beginning several years before the clinical onset. The aim is to identify genetic risk factors associated with the onset of AD. Methods We collected three microarray data of post-mortem brains of AD patients and the healthy from the GEO database and screened differentially expressed genes between AD and healthy control. GO/KEGG analysis was applied to identify AD-related pathways. Then we distinguished differential expressed genes between symptomatic and asymptomatic AD. Feature importance with logistic regression analysis is adopted to identify the most critical genes with symptomatic AD. Results Data was collected from three datasets, including 184 AD patients and 132 healthy controls. We found 66 genes to be differently expressed between AD and the control. The pathway enriched in the process of exocytosis, synapse, and metabolism and identified 19 candidate genes, four of which (VSNL1, RTN1, FGF12, and ENC1) are vital. Conclusion VSNL1, RTN1, FGF12, and ENC1 may be the essential genes that progress asymptomatic AD to symptomatic AD. Moreover, they may serve as genetic risk factors to identify high-risk individuals showing an earlier onset of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Liao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoyu Luo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Ruan
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingren Mai
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chongxu Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoqing Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Shaoqing Yang,
| | - Aiguo Xuan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Aiguo Xuan,
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Jun Liu,
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18
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Clark C, Rabl M, Dayon L, Popp J. The promise of multi-omics approaches to discover biological alterations with clinical relevance in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1065904. [PMID: 36570537 PMCID: PMC9768448 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1065904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond the core features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, i.e. amyloid pathology, tau-related neurodegeneration and microglia response, multiple other molecular alterations and pathway dysregulations have been observed in AD. Their inter-individual variations, complex interactions and relevance for clinical manifestation and disease progression remain poorly understood, however. Heterogeneity at both pathophysiological and clinical levels complicates diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and drug design and testing. High-throughput "omics" comprise unbiased and untargeted data-driven methods which allow the exploration of a wide spectrum of disease-related changes at different endophenotype levels without focussing a priori on specific molecular pathways or molecules. Crucially, new methodological and statistical advances now allow for the integrative analysis of data resulting from multiple and different omics methods. These multi-omics approaches offer the unique advantage of providing a more comprehensive characterisation of the AD endophenotype and to capture molecular signatures and interactions spanning various biological levels. These new insights can then help decipher disease mechanisms more deeply. In this review, we describe the different multi-omics tools and approaches currently available and how they have been applied in AD research so far. We discuss how multi-omics can be used to explore molecular alterations related to core features of the AD pathologies and how they interact with comorbid pathological alterations. We further discuss whether the identified pathophysiological changes are relevant for the clinical manifestation of AD, in terms of both cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric symptoms, and for clinical disease progression over time. Finally, we address the opportunities for multi-omics approaches to help discover novel biomarkers for diagnosis and monitoring of relevant pathophysiological processes, along with personalised intervention strategies in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland,Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland,*Correspondence: Christopher Clark,
| | - Miriam Rabl
- Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland,University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Dayon
- Nestlé Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland,Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julius Popp
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland,Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland,Old Age Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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19
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Raulin AC, Doss SV, Trottier ZA, Ikezu TC, Bu G, Liu CC. ApoE in Alzheimer’s disease: pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:72. [PMID: 36348357 PMCID: PMC9644639 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide, and its prevalence is rapidly increasing due to extended lifespans. Among the increasing number of genetic risk factors identified, the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene remains the strongest and most prevalent, impacting more than half of all AD cases. While the ε4 allele of the APOE gene significantly increases AD risk, the ε2 allele is protective relative to the common ε3 allele. These gene alleles encode three apoE protein isoforms that differ at two amino acid positions. The primary physiological function of apoE is to mediate lipid transport in the brain and periphery; however, additional functions of apoE in diverse biological functions have been recognized. Pathogenically, apoE seeds amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in the brain with apoE4 driving earlier and more abundant amyloids. ApoE isoforms also have differential effects on multiple Aβ-related or Aβ-independent pathways. The complexity of apoE biology and pathobiology presents challenges to designing effective apoE-targeted therapeutic strategies. This review examines the key pathobiological pathways of apoE and related targeting strategies with a specific focus on the latest technological advances and tools.
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20
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Caldwell AB, Liu Q, Zhang C, Schroth GP, Galasko DR, Rynearson KD, Tanzi RE, Yuan SH, Wagner SL, Subramaniam S. Endotype reversal as a novel strategy for screening drugs targeting familial Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:2117-2130. [PMID: 35084109 PMCID: PMC9787711 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
While amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques are considered a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, clinical trials focused on targeting gamma secretase, an enzyme involved in aberrant Aβ peptide production, have not led to amelioration of AD symptoms or synaptic dysregulation. Screening strategies based on mechanistic, multi-omics approaches that go beyond pathological readouts can aid in the evaluation of therapeutics. Using early-onset Alzheimer's (EOFAD) disease patient lineage PSEN1A246E iPSC-derived neurons, we performed RNA-seq to characterize AD-associated endotypes, which are in turn used as a screening evaluation metric for two gamma secretase drugs, the inhibitor Semagacestat and the modulator BPN-15606. We demonstrate that drug treatment partially restores the neuronal state while concomitantly inhibiting cell cycle re-entry and dedifferentiation endotypes to different degrees depending on the mechanism of gamma secretase engagement. Our endotype-centric screening approach offers a new paradigm by which candidate AD therapeutics can be evaluated for their overall ability to reverse disease endotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Caldwell
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive SciencesUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCalifornia92093USA
| | - Can Zhang
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalCharlestownMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Douglas R. Galasko
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kevin D. Rynearson
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Rudolph E. Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalCharlestownMassachusettsUSA
| | - Shauna H. Yuan
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA,N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and CareDepartment of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; GRECC, Minneapolis VA Health Care SystemMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - Steven L. Wagner
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA,VA San Diego Healthcare SystemLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA,Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA,Department of NanoengineeringUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA,Department of Computer Science and EngineeringUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
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21
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Fernández-Calle R, Konings SC, Frontiñán-Rubio J, García-Revilla J, Camprubí-Ferrer L, Svensson M, Martinson I, Boza-Serrano A, Venero JL, Nielsen HM, Gouras GK, Deierborg T. APOE in the bullseye of neurodegenerative diseases: impact of the APOE genotype in Alzheimer's disease pathology and brain diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:62. [PMID: 36153580 PMCID: PMC9509584 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ApoE is the major lipid and cholesterol carrier in the CNS. There are three major human polymorphisms, apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4, and the genetic expression of APOE4 is one of the most influential risk factors for the development of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuroinflammation has become the third hallmark of AD, together with Amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated aggregated tau protein. This review aims to broadly and extensively describe the differential aspects concerning apoE. Starting from the evolution of apoE to how APOE's single-nucleotide polymorphisms affect its structure, function, and involvement during health and disease. This review reflects on how APOE's polymorphisms impact critical aspects of AD pathology, such as the neuroinflammatory response, particularly the effect of APOE on astrocytic and microglial function and microglial dynamics, synaptic function, amyloid-β load, tau pathology, autophagy, and cell-cell communication. We discuss influential factors affecting AD pathology combined with the APOE genotype, such as sex, age, diet, physical exercise, current therapies and clinical trials in the AD field. The impact of the APOE genotype in other neurodegenerative diseases characterized by overt inflammation, e.g., alpha- synucleinopathies and Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, is also addressed. Therefore, this review gathers the most relevant findings related to the APOE genotype up to date and its implications on AD and CNS pathologies to provide a deeper understanding of the knowledge in the APOE field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalía Fernández-Calle
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sabine C. Konings
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Javier Frontiñán-Rubio
- Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Juan García-Revilla
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Departamento de Bioquímica Y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Lluís Camprubí-Ferrer
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martina Svensson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Isak Martinson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Antonio Boza-Serrano
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Departamento de Bioquímica Y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - José Luís Venero
- Departamento de Bioquímica Y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Henrietta M. Nielsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics at, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar K. Gouras
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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22
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Yoon JH, Seo Y, Jo YS, Lee S, Cho E, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Shin YS, Moon MH, An HJ, Wenk MR, Suh PG. Brain lipidomics: From functional landscape to clinical significance. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadc9317. [PMID: 36112688 PMCID: PMC9481132 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adc9317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are crucial components of cellular function owing to their role in membrane formation, intercellular signaling, energy storage, and homeostasis maintenance. In the brain, lipid dysregulations have been associated with the etiology and progression of neurodegeneration and other neurological pathologies. Hence, brain lipids are emerging as important potential targets for the early diagnosis and prognosis of neurological diseases. This review aims to highlight the significance and usefulness of lipidomics in diagnosing and treating brain diseases. We explored lipid alterations associated with brain diseases, paying attention to organ-specific characteristics and the functions of brain lipids. As the recent advances in brain lipidomics would have been impossible without advances in analytical techniques, we provide up-to-date information on mass spectrometric approaches and integrative analysis with other omic approaches. Last, we present the potential applications of lipidomics combined with artificial intelligence techniques and interdisciplinary collaborative research for treating brain diseases with clinical heterogeneities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyuk Yoon
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsuk Seo
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Suk Jo
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulah Lee
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Cho
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Amaury Cazenave-Gassiot
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Yong-Seung Shin
- Laboratory Solutions Sales, Agilent Technologies Korea Ltd., Seoul, 06621, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Hee Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Joo An
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Markus R. Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
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23
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Ramsden CE, Keyes GS, Calzada E, Horowitz MS, Zamora D, Jahanipour J, Sedlock A, Indig FE, Moaddel R, Kapogiannis D, Maric D. Lipid Peroxidation Induced ApoE Receptor-Ligand Disruption as a Unifying Hypothesis Underlying Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease in Humans. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 87:1251-1290. [PMID: 35466940 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) lacks a unifying hypothesis that can account for the lipid peroxidation observed early in the disease, enrichment of ApoE in the core of neuritic plaques, hallmark plaques and tangles, and selective vulnerability of entorhinal-hippocampal structures. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that 1) high expression of ApoER2 (receptor for ApoE and Reelin) helps explain this anatomical vulnerability; 2) lipid peroxidation of ApoE and ApoER2 contributes to sAD pathogenesis, by disrupting neuronal ApoE delivery and Reelin-ApoER2-Dab1 signaling cascades. METHODS In vitro biochemical experiments; Single-marker and multiplex fluorescence-immunohistochemistry (IHC) in postmortem specimens from 26 individuals who died cognitively normal, with mild cognitive impairment or with sAD. RESULTS ApoE and ApoER2 peptides and proteins were susceptible to attack by reactive lipid aldehydes, generating lipid-protein adducts and crosslinked ApoE-ApoER2 complexes. Using in situ hybridization alongside IHC, we observed that: 1) ApoER2 is strongly expressed in terminal zones of the entorhinal-hippocampal 'perforant path' projections that underlie memory; 2) ApoE, lipid aldehyde-modified ApoE, Reelin, ApoER2, and the downstream Reelin-ApoER2 cascade components Dab1 and Thr19-phosphorylated PSD95 accumulated in the vicinity of neuritic plaques in perforant path terminal zones in sAD cases; 3) several ApoE/Reelin-ApoER2-Dab1 pathway markers were higher in sAD cases and positively correlated with histological progression and cognitive deficits. CONCLUSION Results demonstrate derangements in multiple ApoE/Reelin-ApoER2-Dab1 axis components in perforant path terminal zones in sAD and provide proof-of-concept that ApoE and ApoER2 are vulnerable to aldehyde-induced adduction and crosslinking. Findings provide the foundation for a unifying hypothesis implicating lipid peroxidation of ApoE and ApoE receptors in sAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Ramsden
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Intramural Program of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gregory S Keyes
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Calzada
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark S Horowitz
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daisy Zamora
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jahandar Jahanipour
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrea Sedlock
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fred E Indig
- Confocal Imaging Facility, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Human Neuroscience Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dragan Maric
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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24
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Miranda AM, Ashok A, Chan RB, Zhou B, Xu Y, McIntire LB, Area-Gomez E, Di Paolo G, Duff KE, Oliveira TG, Nuriel T. Effects of APOE4 allelic dosage on lipidomic signatures in the entorhinal cortex of aged mice. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:129. [PMID: 35351864 PMCID: PMC8964762 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01881-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) is the primary genetic risk factor for the late-onset form of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although the reason for this association is not completely understood, researchers have uncovered numerous effects of APOE4 expression on AD-relevant brain processes, including amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation, lipid metabolism, endosomal-lysosomal trafficking, and bioenergetics. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of APOE4 allelic dosage on regional brain lipid composition in aged mice, as well as in cultured neurons. We performed a targeted lipidomic analysis on an AD-vulnerable brain region (entorhinal cortex; EC) and an AD-resistant brain region (primary visual cortex; PVC) from 14-15 month-old APOE3/3, APOE3/4, and APOE4/4 targeted replacement mice, as well as on neurons cultured with conditioned media from APOE3/3 or APOE4/4 astrocytes. Our results reveal that the EC possesses increased susceptibility to APOE4-associated lipid alterations compared to the PVC. In the EC, APOE4 expression showed a dominant effect in decreasing diacylglycerol (DAG) levels, and a semi-dominant, additive effect in the upregulation of multiple ceramide, glycosylated sphingolipid, and bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate (BMP) species, lipids known to accumulate as a result of endosomal-lysosomal dysfunction. Neurons treated with conditioned media from APOE4/4 vs. APOE3/3 astrocytes showed similar alterations of DAG and BMP species to those observed in the mouse EC. Our results suggest that APOE4 expression differentially modulates regional neuronal lipid signatures, which may underlie the increased susceptibility of EC-localized neurons to AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Miguel Miranda
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imagiology, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova Gaia/Espinho, 4434-502, Vila Nova Gaia, Portugal
| | - Archana Ashok
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Robin Barry Chan
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Bowen Zhou
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Yimeng Xu
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Laura Beth McIntire
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Estela Area-Gomez
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Gilbert Di Paolo
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Karen E Duff
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tiago Gil Oliveira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
- Department of Neuroradiology, Hospital de Braga, 4710-243, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Tal Nuriel
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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25
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Talwar P, Kushwaha S, Rawat C, Kaur H, Srivastava A, Agarwal R, Chandna P, Tucci P, Saso L, Kukreti R. Validating a Genomic Convergence and Network Analysis Approach Using Association Analysis of Identified Candidate Genes in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Genet 2021; 12:722221. [PMID: 34956307 PMCID: PMC8696000 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.722221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated an integrated genomic convergence and network analysis approach to identify the candidate genes associated with the complex neurodegenerative disorder, Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we performed a pilot study to validate the in silico approach by studying the association of genetic variants from three identified critical genes, APOE, EGFR, and ACTB, with AD. A total of 103 patients with AD and 146 healthy controls were recruited. A total of 46 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the three genes were genotyped, of which only 19 SNPs were included in the final analyses after excluding non-polymorphic and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium-violating SNPs. Apart from our previously reported APOE ε4, four other SNPs in APOE (rs405509, rs7259620, -rs769449, and rs7256173), one in EGFR (rs6970262), and one in ACTB (rs852423) showed a significant association with AD (p < 0.05). Our results validate the reliability of genomic convergence and network analysis approach in identifying the AD-associated candidate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Talwar
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India
- Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, India
| | - Suman Kushwaha
- Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, India
| | - Chitra Rawat
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Ankit Srivastava
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Delhi, India
| | - Rachna Agarwal
- Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, India
| | | | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer” Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Ritushree Kukreti
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India
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26
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Xu L, Zhang C, Yin H, Gong S, Wu N, Ren Z, Zhang Y. RNA modifications act as regulators of cell death. RNA Biol 2021; 18:2183-2193. [PMID: 34313542 PMCID: PMC8632120 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2021.1925460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, more than one hundred types of RNA modifications have been found, and many of these modifications are reversible and dynamically regulated. RNA modifications can regulate RNA stability and translation and are thus involved in multiple biological activities. Recently, RNA modifications have been shown to have important roles in the regulation of cell death. Cell death is a critical process that maintains tissue homoeostasis and is regulated by multiple pathways in response to specific stimuli. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the roles of RNA modifications in cell death mediation and discuss the prospects of such research.Abbreviations: m6A, N6-Methyladenosine; m6Am, N6,2'-O-Dimethyladenosine; m1A, N1-Methyladenosine; m5C, 5-Methylcytosine; hm5C, 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine; Ψ, pseudouridine; A-to-I, adenosine-to- inosine; hnRNPs, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins; MOMP, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization; DD, death domain; DISC, death-inducing signalling complex; DED, death effector domain; FADD, FAS-associated protein with the death domain; TRADD, TNF receptor-associated protein with death domain; CMA, chaperone- mediated autophagy; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; AD, alzheimer's disease; AML, acute myeloid leukaemia; miR, microRNA; 6-OHDA, 6-hydroxydopamine hydrochloride; R-2HG, R-2-hydroxyglutarate; IRES, internal ribosome entry site; BMSCs, bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells; NPCs, nucleus pulposus cells; HsCG, human chorionic gonadotropin; snoRNAs, small nucleolar RNAs; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; lncRNAs, long noncoding RNAs; TNM, tumour-node-metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hang Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shuai Gong
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Nai Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zeqiang Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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27
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Vigneswaran J, Muthukumar SA, Shafras M, Pant G. An insight into Alzheimer’s disease and its on-setting novel genes. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s41983-021-00420-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAccording to the World Health Organisation, as of 2019, globally around 50 million people suffer from dementia, with approximately another 10 million getting added to the list every year, wherein Alzheimer’s disease (AD) stands responsible for almost a whopping 60–70% for the existing number of cases. Alzheimer’s disease is one of the progressive, cognitive-declining, age-dependent, neurodegenerative diseases which is distinguished by histopathological symptoms, such as formation of amyloid plaque, senile plaque, neurofibrillary tangles, etc. Majorly four vital transcripts are identified in the AD complications which include Amyloid precursor protein (APP), Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), and two multi-pass transmembrane domain proteins—Presenilin 1 and 2. In addition, the formation of the abnormal filaments such as amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau and their tangling with some necessary factors contributing to the formation of plaques, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis which in turn leads to the emergence of AD. Although multiple molecular mechanisms have been elucidated so far, they are still counted as hypotheses ending with neuronal death on the basal forebrain and hippocampal area which results in AD. This review article is aimed at addressing the overview of the molecular mechanisms surrounding AD and the functional forms of the genes associated with it.
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28
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Fitz NF, Wang J, Kamboh MI, Koldamova R, Lefterov I. Small nucleolar RNAs in plasma extracellular vesicles and their discriminatory power as diagnostic biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 159:105481. [PMID: 34411703 PMCID: PMC9382696 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, at its early stage, remains a difficult task. Advanced imaging technologies and laboratory assays to detect Aβ peptides Aβ42 and Aβ40, total and phosphorylated tau in CSF provide a set of biomarkers of developing AD brain pathology and facilitate the diagnostic process. The search for biofluid biomarkers, other than in CSF, and the development of biomarker assays have accelerated significantly and now represent the fastest-growing field in AD research. The goal of this study was to determine the differential enrichment of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) in plasma-derived extracellular vesicles (EV) of AD patients and Cognitively Normal controls (NC). Using RNA-seq, we profiled four significant classes of ncRNAs: miRNAs, snoRNAs, tRNAs, and piRNAs. We report a significant enrichment of SNORDs - a group of snoRNAs, in AD samples compared to NC. To verify the differential enrichment of two clusters of SNORDs - SNORD115 and SNORD116, localized on human chromosome 15q11-q13, we used plasma samples of an independent group of AD patients and NC. We applied ddPCR technique and identified SNORD115 and SNORD116 with a high discriminatory power to differentiate AD samples from NC. The results of our study present evidence that AD is associated with changes in the enrichment of SNORDs, transcribed from imprinted genomic loci, in plasma EV and provide a rationale to further explore the validity of those SNORDs as plasma biomarkers of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas F Fitz
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Jiebiao Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - M Ilyas Kamboh
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Radosveta Koldamova
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America.
| | - Iliya Lefterov
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America.
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29
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Serrano-Pozo A, Li Z, Noori A, Nguyen HN, Mezlini A, Li L, Hudry E, Jackson RJ, Hyman BT, Das S. Effect of APOE alleles on the glial transcriptome in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. NATURE AGING 2021; 1:919-931. [PMID: 36199750 PMCID: PMC9531903 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-021-00123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The roles of APOEε4 and APOEε2-the strongest genetic risk and protective factors for Alzheimer's disease-in glial responses remain elusive. We tested the hypothesis that APOE alleles differentially impact glial responses by investigating their effects on the glial transcriptome from elderly control brains with no neuritic amyloid plaques. We identified a cluster of microglial genes that are upregulated in APOEε4 and downregulated in APOEε2 carriers relative to APOEε3 homozygotes. This microglia-APOE cluster is enriched in phagocytosis-including TREM2 and TYROBP-and proinflammatory genes, and is also detectable in brains with frequent neuritic plaques. Next, we tested these findings in APOE knock-in mice exposed to acute (lipopolysaccharide challenge) and chronic (cerebral β-amyloidosis) insults and found that these mice partially recapitulate human APOE-linked expression patterns. Thus, the APOEε4 allele might prime microglia towards a phagocytic and proinflammatory state through an APOE-TREM2-TYROBP axis in normal aging as well as in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Serrano-Pozo
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhaozhi Li
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Ayush Noori
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Huong N. Nguyen
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aziz Mezlini
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eloise Hudry
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rosemary J. Jackson
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bradley T. Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sudeshna Das
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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30
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Liu CC, Murray ME, Li X, Zhao N, Wang N, Heckman MG, Shue F, Martens Y, Li Y, Raulin AC, Rosenberg CL, Doss SV, Zhao J, Wren MC, Jia L, Ren Y, Ikezu TC, Lu W, Fu Y, Caulfield T, Trottier ZA, Knight J, Chen Y, Linares C, Wang X, Kurti A, Asmann YW, Wszolek ZK, Smith GE, Vemuri P, Kantarci K, Knopman DS, Lowe VJ, Jack CR, Parisi JE, Ferman TJ, Boeve BF, Graff-Radford NR, Petersen RC, Younkin SG, Fryer JD, Wang H, Han X, Frieden C, Dickson DW, Ross OA, Bu G. APOE3-Jacksonville (V236E) variant reduces self-aggregation and risk of dementia. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabc9375. [PMID: 34586832 PMCID: PMC8824726 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abc9375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genetic variants have been shown to modify Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk. We previously identified an APOE3 variant (APOE3-V236E), named APOE3-Jacksonville (APOE3-Jac), associated with healthy brain aging and reduced risk for AD and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Herein, we resolved the functional mechanism by which APOE3-Jac reduces APOE aggregation and enhances its lipidation in human brains, as well as in cellular and biochemical assays. Compared to APOE3, expression of APOE3-Jac in astrocytes increases several classes of lipids in the brain including phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid, and sulfatide, critical for synaptic functions. Mice expressing APOE3-Jac have reduced amyloid pathology, plaque-associated immune responses, and neuritic dystrophy. The V236E substitution is also sufficient to reduce the aggregation of APOE4, whose gene allele is a major genetic risk factor for AD and DLB. These findings suggest that targeting APOE aggregation might be an effective strategy for treating a subgroup of individuals with AD and DLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chen Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Xia Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael G. Heckman
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Francis Shue
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Yuka Martens
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Yonghe Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Sydney V. Doss
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Melissa C. Wren
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Lin Jia
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Yingxue Ren
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Wenyan Lu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Yuan Fu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas Caulfield
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Joshua Knight
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Yixing Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Cynthia Linares
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Xue Wang
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Aishe Kurti
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Yan W. Asmann
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Glenn E. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Kejal Kantarci
- Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Val J. Lowe
- Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Joseph E. Parisi
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tanis J. Ferman
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - John D. Fryer
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Hu Wang
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Carl Frieden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Owen A. Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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Lyu L, Sonik N, Bhattacharya S. An overview of lipidomics utilizing cadaver derived biological samples. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 18:453-461. [PMID: 34130579 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2021.1941894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We present lipidomic studies that have utilized cadaveric biological samples, including tissues and bodily fluids (excluding blood or serum). Analyses of lipids from cadaveric-derived tissues play vital roles in many different fields, such as in anthropogeny to understand food habits of ancient people, in forensics for postmortem analyses, and in biomedical research to study human diseases. AREAS COVERED The goal of the review is to demonstrate how cadavers can be utilized for study of lipidome to get biological insight in different fields. Several important considerations need to be made when analyzing lipids from cadaver samples. For example, what important postmortem changes occur due to environmental or other intrinsic factors that introduce deviations in the observed differences versus true differences? Do these factors affect distinct classes of lipids differently? How do we arrive at a reasonable level of certainty that the observed differences are truly biological rather than artifacts of sample collection, changes during transportation, or variations in analytical procedures? These are pressing questions that need to be addressed when performing lipidomics investigations utilizing postmortem tissues, which inherently presents hurdles and unknowns beginning with harvesting methods, transportation logistics, and at analytical techniques. In our review, we have purposefully omitted blood and serum studies since they pose greater challenges in this regard. Several studies have been carried out with cadaveric tissues and fluids that support the successful use of cases of these samples; however, many control studies are still necessary to provide insight into full potential of the cadaveric tissue and fluid resources. Most importantly, additional control studies will allow us to gain important insights into the opportunities lipidomics presents for biomedical studies of complex human disease and disorders. Another goal of the review is to generate awareness about limitations and pitfalls of use of cadaver materials for study of lipidome. EXPERT OPINION We comment on the current state of lipidomics studies that utilize cadaveric tissues, provide a few pertinent examples, and discuss perspectives on both future technological directions and the applications they will enable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luheng Lyu
- Miami Integrative Metabolomics Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.,Master's Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida USA
| | - Neel Sonik
- Miami Integrative Metabolomics Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.,Master's Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida USA
| | - Sanjoy Bhattacharya
- Miami Integrative Metabolomics Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.,Master's Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida USA
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Fitz NF, Nam KN, Wolfe CM, Letronne F, Playso BE, Iordanova BE, Kozai TDY, Biedrzycki RJ, Kagan VE, Tyurina YY, Han X, Lefterov I, Koldamova R. Phospholipids of APOE lipoproteins activate microglia in an isoform-specific manner in preclinical models of Alzheimer's disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3416. [PMID: 34099706 PMCID: PMC8184801 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23762-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
APOE and Trem2 are major genetic risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD), but how they affect microglia response to Aβ remains unclear. Here we report an APOE isoform-specific phospholipid signature with correlation between human APOEε3/3 and APOEε4/4 AD brain and lipoproteins from astrocyte conditioned media of APOE3 and APOE4 mice. Using preclinical AD mouse models, we show that APOE3 lipoproteins, unlike APOE4, induce faster microglial migration towards injected Aβ, facilitate Aβ uptake, and ameliorate Aβ effects on cognition. Bulk and single-cell RNA-seq demonstrate that, compared to APOE4, cortical infusion of APOE3 lipoproteins upregulates a higher proportion of genes linked to an activated microglia response, and this trend is augmented by TREM2 deficiency. In vitro, lack of TREM2 decreases Aβ uptake by APOE4-treated microglia only, suggesting TREM2-APOE interaction. Our study elucidates phenotypic and transcriptional differences in microglial response to Aβ mediated by APOE3 or APOE4 lipoproteins in preclinical models of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas F Fitz
- Deparment of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kyong Nyon Nam
- Deparment of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cody M Wolfe
- Deparment of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Florent Letronne
- Deparment of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brittany E Playso
- Deparment of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bistra E Iordanova
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Takashi D Y Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Richard J Biedrzycki
- Deparment of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Deparment of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yulia Y Tyurina
- Deparment of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Iliya Lefterov
- Deparment of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Radosveta Koldamova
- Deparment of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Lee JY, Marian OC, Don AS. Defective Lysosomal Lipid Catabolism as a Common Pathogenic Mechanism for Dementia. Neuromolecular Med 2021; 23:1-24. [PMID: 33550528 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-021-08644-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dementia poses an ever-growing burden to health care and social services as life expectancies have grown across the world and populations age. The most common forms of dementia are Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and Lewy body dementia, which includes Parkinson's disease (PD) dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Genomic studies over the past 3 decades have identified variants in genes regulating lipid transporters and endosomal processes as major risk determinants for AD, with the most significant being inheritance of the ε4 allele of the APOE gene, encoding apolipoprotein E. A recent surge in research on lipid handling and metabolism in glia and neurons has established defective lipid clearance from endolysosomes as a central driver of AD pathogenesis. The most prevalent genetic risk factors for DLB are the APOE ε4 allele, and heterozygous loss of function mutations in the GBA gene, encoding the lysosomal catabolic enzyme glucocerebrosidase; whilst heterozygous mutations in the GRN gene, required for lysosomal catabolism of sphingolipids, are responsible for a significant proportion of FTD cases. Homozygous mutations in the GBA or GRN genes produce the lysosomal storage diseases Gaucher disease and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Research from mouse and cell culture models, and neuropathological evidence from lysosomal storage diseases, has established that impaired cholesterol or sphingolipid catabolism is sufficient to produce the pathological hallmarks of dementia, indicating that defective lipid catabolism is a common mechanism in the etiology of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yup Lee
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Oana C Marian
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Anthony S Don
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia. .,NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Li Z, Shue F, Zhao N, Shinohara M, Bu G. APOE2: protective mechanism and therapeutic implications for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:63. [PMID: 33148290 PMCID: PMC7640652 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00413-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations of apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, the major genetic risk modifier for Alzheimer's disease (AD), have yielded significant insights into the pathogenic mechanism. Among the three common coding variants, APOE*ε4 increases, whereas APOE*ε2 decreases the risk of late-onset AD compared with APOE*ε3. Despite increased understanding of the detrimental effect of APOE*ε4, it remains unclear how APOE*ε2 confers protection against AD. Accumulating evidence suggests that APOE*ε2 protects against AD through both amyloid-β (Aβ)-dependent and independent mechanisms. In addition, APOE*ε2 has been identified as a longevity gene, suggesting a systemic effect of APOE*ε2 on the aging process. However, APOE*ε2 is not entirely benign; APOE*ε2 carriers exhibit increased risk of certain cerebrovascular diseases and neurological disorders. Here, we review evidence from both human and animal studies demonstrating the protective effect of APOE*ε2 against AD and propose a working model depicting potential underlying mechanisms. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies designed to leverage the protective effect of APOE2 to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghua Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Francis Shue
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Mitsuru Shinohara
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan.
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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Xu J, Bankov G, Kim M, Wretlind A, Lord J, Green R, Hodges A, Hye A, Aarsland D, Velayudhan L, Dobson RJB, Proitsi P, Legido-Quigley C. Integrated lipidomics and proteomics network analysis highlights lipid and immunity pathways associated with Alzheimer's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:36. [PMID: 32951606 PMCID: PMC7504646 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an urgent need to understand the pathways and processes underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD) for early diagnosis and development of effective treatments. This study was aimed to investigate Alzheimer's dementia using an unsupervised lipid, protein and gene multi-omics integrative approach. METHODS A lipidomics dataset comprising 185 AD patients, 40 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) individuals and 185 controls, and two proteomics datasets (295 AD, 159 MCI and 197 controls) were used for weighted gene co-expression network analyses (WGCNA). Correlations of modules created within each modality with clinical AD diagnosis, brain atrophy measures and disease progression, as well as their correlations with each other, were analyzed. Gene ontology enrichment analysis was employed to examine the biological processes and molecular and cellular functions of protein modules associated with AD phenotypes. Lipid species were annotated in the lipid modules associated with AD phenotypes. The associations between established AD risk loci and the lipid/protein modules that showed high correlation with AD phenotypes were also explored. RESULTS Five of the 20 identified lipid modules and five of the 17 identified protein modules were correlated with clinical AD diagnosis, brain atrophy measures and disease progression. The lipid modules comprising phospholipids, triglycerides, sphingolipids and cholesterol esters were correlated with AD risk loci involved in immune response and lipid metabolism. The five protein modules involved in positive regulation of cytokine production, neutrophil-mediated immunity, and humoral immune responses were correlated with AD risk loci involved in immune and complement systems and in lipid metabolism (the APOE ε4 genotype). CONCLUSIONS Modules of tightly regulated lipids and proteins, drivers in lipid homeostasis and innate immunity, are strongly associated with AD phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Giulia Bankov
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Min Kim
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | | | - Jodie Lord
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Green
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Angela Hodges
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Abdul Hye
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Center for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Latha Velayudhan
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Richard J B Dobson
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Petroula Proitsi
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Cristina Legido-Quigley
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK.
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark.
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Fitz NF, Wolfe CM, Playso BE, Biedrzycki RJ, Lu Y, Nam KN, Lefterov I, Koldamova R. Trem2 deficiency differentially affects phenotype and transcriptome of human APOE3 and APOE4 mice. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:41. [PMID: 32703241 PMCID: PMC7379780 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder influenced by aging and genetic risk factors. The inheritance of APOEε4 and variants of Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) are major genetic risk factors for AD. Recent studies showed that APOE binds to TREM2, thus raising the possibility of an APOE-TREM2 interaction that can modulate AD pathology. METHODS The aim of this study was to investigate this interaction using complex AD model mice - a crossbreed of Trem2ko and APP/PSEN1dE9 mice expressing human APOE3 or APOE4 isoforms (APP/E3 and APP/E4 respectively), and their WT littermates (E3 and E4), and evaluate cognition, steady-state amyloid load, plaque compaction, plaque growth rate, glial response, and brain transcriptome. RESULTS In both, APP/E3 and APP/E4 mice, Trem2 deletion reduced plaque compaction but did not significantly affect steady-state plaque load. Importantly, the lack of TREM2 increased plaque growth that negatively correlated to the diminished microglia barrier, an effect most pronounced at earlier stages of amyloid deposition. We also found that Trem2 deficiency significantly decreased plaque-associated APOE protein in APP/E4 but not in APP/E3 mice in agreement with RNA-seq data. Interestingly, we observed a significant decrease of Apoe mRNA expression in plaque-associated microglia of APP/E4/Trem2ko vs APP/E4 mice. The absence of TREM2, worsened cognitive performance in APP transgenic mice but not their WT littermates. Gene expression analysis identified Trem2 signature - a cluster of highly connected immune response genes, commonly downregulated as a result of Trem2 deletion in all genotypes including APP and WT littermates. Furthermore, we identified sets of genes that were affected in TREM2- and APOE isoform-dependent manner. Among them were Clec7a and Csf1r upregulated in APP/E4 vs APP/E3 mice, a result further validated by in situ hybridization analysis. In contrast, Tyrobp and several genes involved in the C1Q complement cascade had a higher expression level in APP/E3 versus their APP/E4 counterparts. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that lack of Trem2 differentially impacts the phenotype and brain transcriptome of APP mice expressing human APOE isoforms. The changes probably reflect the different effect of APOE isoforms on amyloid deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas F. Fitz
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Cody M. Wolfe
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Brittany E. Playso
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Richard J. Biedrzycki
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Kyong Nyon Nam
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Iliya Lefterov
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Radosveta Koldamova
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
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Cacabelos R. Pharmacogenetic considerations when prescribing cholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:673-701. [PMID: 32520597 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1779700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cholinergic dysfunction, demonstrated in the late 1970s and early 1980s, led to the introduction of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) in 1993 (Tacrine) to enhance cholinergic neurotransmission as the first line of treatment against Alzheimer's disease (AD). The new generation of AChEIs, represented by Donepezil (1996), Galantamine (2001) and Rivastigmine (2002), is the only treatment for AD to date, together with Memantine (2003). AChEIs are not devoid of side-effects and their cost-effectiveness is limited. An option to optimize the correct use of AChEIs is the implementation of pharmacogenetics (PGx) in the clinical practice. AREAS COVERED (i) The cholinergic system in AD, (ii) principles of AD PGx, (iii) PGx of Donepezil, Galantamine, Rivastigmine, Huperzine and other treatments, and (iv) practical recommendations. EXPERT OPINION The most relevant genes influencing AChEI efficacy and safety are APOE and CYPs. APOE-4 carriers are the worst responders to AChEIs. With the exception of Rivastigmine (UGT2B7, BCHE-K), the other AChEIs are primarily metabolized via CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and UGT enzymes, with involvement of ABC transporters and cholinergic genes (CHAT, ACHE, BCHE, SLC5A7, SLC18A3, CHRNA7) in most ethnic groups. Defective variants may affect the clinical response to AChEIs. PGx geno-phenotyping is highly recommended prior to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- Department of Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine , Bergondo, Corunna, Spain
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Keable A, O’Neill R, MacGregor Sharp M, Gatherer M, Yuen HM, Johnston DA, Weller RO, Carare RO. ApoE4 Astrocytes Secrete Basement Membranes Rich in Fibronectin and Poor in Laminin Compared to ApoE3 Astrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124371. [PMID: 32575521 PMCID: PMC7352194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the walls of capillaries and arteries as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is part of the small vessel disease spectrum, related to a failure of elimination of Aβ from the brain. Aβ is eliminated along basement membranes in walls of cerebral capillaries and arteries (Intramural Peri-Arterial Drainage-IPAD), a pathway that fails with age and ApolipoproteinEε4 (ApoE4) genotype. IPAD is along basement membranes formed by capillary endothelial cells and surrounding astrocytes. Here, we examine (1) the composition of basement membranes synthesised by ApoE4 astrocytes; (2) structural differences between ApoE4 and ApoE3 astrocytes, and (3) how flow of Aβ affects Apo3/4 astrocytes. Using cultured astrocytes expressing ApoE3 or ApoE4, immunofluorescence, confocal, correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM), and a millifluidic flow system, we show that ApoE4 astrocytes synthesise more fibronectin, possess smaller processes, and become rarefied when Aβ flows over them, as compared to ApoE3 astrocytes. Our results suggest that basement membranes synthesised by ApoE4 astrocytes favour the aggregation of Aβ, its reduced clearance via IPAD, thus promoting cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
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