1
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Cooper O, Hallett P, Isacson O. Upstream lipid and metabolic systems are potential causes of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and dementias. FEBS J 2024; 291:632-645. [PMID: 36165619 PMCID: PMC10040476 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Brain health requires circuits, cells and molecular pathways to adapt when challenged and to promptly reset once the challenge has resolved. Neurodegeneration occurs when adaptability becomes confined, causing challenges to overwhelm neural circuitry. Studies of rare and common neurodegenerative diseases suggest that the accumulation of lipids can compromise circuit adaptability. Using microglia as an example, we review data that suggest increased lipid concentrations cause dysfunctional inflammatory responses to immune challenges, leading to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and dementia. We highlight current approaches to treat lipid metabolic and clearance pathways and identify knowledge gaps towards restoring adaptive homeostasis in individuals who are at-risk of losing cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Cooper
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Penny Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478
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2
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Connolly KJ, Margaria J, Di Biase E, Cooper O, Hallett PJ, Isacson O. Loss of Lipid Carrier ApoE Exacerbates Brain Glial and Inflammatory Responses after Lysosomal GBA1 Inhibition. Cells 2023; 12:2564. [PMID: 37947642 PMCID: PMC10647680 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tightly regulated and highly adaptive lipid metabolic and transport pathways are critical to maintaining brain cellular lipid homeostasis and responding to lipid and inflammatory stress to preserve brain function and health. Deficits in the lipid handling genes APOE and GBA1 are the most significant genetic risk factors for Lewy body dementia and related dementia syndromes. Parkinson's disease patients who carry both APOE4 and GBA1 variants have accelerated cognitive decline compared to single variant carriers. To investigate functional interactions between brain ApoE and GBA1, in vivo GBA1 inhibition was tested in WT versus ApoE-deficient mice. The experiments demonstrated glycolipid stress caused by GBA1 inhibition in WT mice induced ApoE expression in several brain regions associated with movement and dementia disorders. The absence of ApoE in ApoE-KO mice amplified complement C1q elevations, reactive microgliosis and astrocytosis after glycolipid stress. Mechanistically, GBA1 inhibition triggered increases in cell surface and intracellular lipid transporters ABCA1 and NPC1, respectively. Interestingly, the absence of NPC1 in mice also triggered elevations of brain ApoE levels. These new data show that brain ApoE, GBA1 and NPC1 functions are interconnected in vivo, and that the removal or reduction of ApoE would likely be detrimental to brain function. These results provide important insights into brain ApoE adaptive responses to increased lipid loads.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Penelope J. Hallett
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology Harvard Medical School, Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Ole Isacson
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology Harvard Medical School, Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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3
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Valdés J, Marambio-Alfaro Y, Castillo A, Guiñez M, Cooper O. Metal(oid)s content in High-Andean aquatic systems of the Atacama Desert, Chile: environmental assessment of extreme ecosystems. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:33018-33039. [PMID: 36471151 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24294-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The high-Andean mountain of northern Chile host numerous water systems that is in risk due to increased mining activities. Total and dissolved Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn in water, and Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn, As, Mo, Al, and V in sediments of 21 aquatic systems (rivers, saline lakes, salt flats), were studied. The presence of Pb, Cd, and As in waters and sediments could be explained, in part, by mining activities. Waters are not suitable for human consumption or irrigation due to high content of Cu and As and high pH that exceed Chilean water quality guideline values. The use of different background reference values influences noticeably the conclusion related to environmental quality of sediments, measured with different environmental indexes. The local geological background suggest that Cd, Mo, Pb, and As generate some degree of contamination, while the use of unpolluted systems as background suggest that all metals measured in sediments represent a low contamination risk. The use of background values of local unpolluted systems seems to be more realistic than geological formation or Upper Continental Crust reference values to assess the environmental condition. The ecological risk assessment suggests that Cd and As are threat for communities living in these aquatic environments. However, these systems support abundant wildlife, developing unique extreme ecosystems with great potential for non-consumptive use such as special interest tourism and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Valdés
- Laboratorio de Sedimentología y Paleoambientes (LASPAL), Instituto de Ciencias Naturales A. von Humboldt, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile.
| | - Yery Marambio-Alfaro
- Laboratorio de Sedimentología y Paleoambientes (LASPAL), Instituto de Ciencias Naturales A. von Humboldt, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Parménides Limitada, Plaza Wheelwright 1265, Copiapó, Atacama, Chile
| | - Alexis Castillo
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
- J'EAI-CHARISMA UMNG-Colombia, UPCH-Perú, IGP-Peru, UCM-Chile, UCh-Chile, UA-Chile, France
- ANID-Millenium Science Initiative Program Nucleo Milenio UPWELL, La Serena, Chile
| | - Marcos Guiñez
- Departamento de Ciencias Acuáticas y Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Oliver Cooper
- Laboratorio de Sedimentología y Paleoambientes (LASPAL), Instituto de Ciencias Naturales A. von Humboldt, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Magister en Ecología de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
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Lima PC, Hartley-Tassell L, Cooper O, Wynne JW. Searching for the sweet spot of amoebic gill disease of farmed Atlantic salmon: the potential role of glycan-lectin interactions in the adhesion of Neoparamoeba perurans. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:545-557. [PMID: 33675796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
One of the first critical steps in the pathogenesis of amoebic gill disease (AGD) of farmed salmon is the adhesion of the causative amoeba to the host. The current study aimed to investigate the potential involvement of glycan-binding proteins expressed on the extracellular surface of Neoparamoeba perurans in gill tissue recognition and binding. The glycan-binding properties of the surface membrane of N. perurans and the carbohydrate binding profile of Atlantic salmon gill-derived epithelial cells were identified through the use of glycan and lectin microarrays, respectively. The occurrence of specific carbohydrate-mediated binding was then further assessed by in vitro attachment assays using microtitre plates pre-coated with the main glycan candidates. Adhesion assays were also performed in the presence of exogenous saccharides with the aim of blocking glycan-specific binding activity. Comparative analysis of the results from both lectin and glycan arrays showed significant overlap, as some glycans to which binding by the amoeba was seen were reflected as being present on the gill epithelial cells. The two main candidates proposed to be involved in amoeba attachment to the gills are mannobiose and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). Adhesion of amoebae significantly increased by 33.5 and 23% when cells were added to α1,3-Mannobiose-BSA and GalNAc-BSA coated plates. The observed increased in attachment was significantly reduced when the amoebae were incubated with exogenous glycans, further demonstrating the presence of mannobiose- and GalNAc-binding sites on the surfaces of the cells. We believe this study provides the first evidence for the presence of a highly specific carbohydrate recognition and binding system in N. perurans. These preliminary findings could be of extreme importance given that AGD is an external parasitic infestation and much of the current research on the development of alternative treatment strategies relies on either instant amoeba detachment or blocking parasite attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Lima
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Livestock & Aquaculture, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia.
| | - L Hartley-Tassell
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - O Cooper
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - J W Wynne
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Livestock & Aquaculture, Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS 7004, Australia
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5
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Greenman Y, Cooper O, Yaish I, Robenshtok E, Sagiv N, Jonas-Kimchi T, Yuan X, Gertych A, Shimon I, Ram Z, Melmed S, Stern N. Treatment of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas with dopamine agonists. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 175:63-72. [PMID: 27150495 DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA) remains the only pituitary tumor subtype for which no effective medical therapy is available or recommended. We evaluated dopamine agonist (DA) therapy for preventing growth of postsurgical pituitary tumor remnants. DESIGN The study design included historical cohort analysis of clinical results at two pituitary referral centers with different standard practices for postoperative NFPA management: DA therapy or conservative follow-up. METHODS Seventy-nine patients followed for 8.8±6.5 years were treated with DA, initiated upon residual tumor detection on postoperative MRI (preventive treatment (PT) group, n=55), or when tumor growth was subsequently detected during follow-up (remedial treatment (RT) group, n=24). The control group (n=60) received no medication. Tumoral dopamine and estrogen receptor expression assessed by quantitative RT-PCR and immunostaining were correlated with response to treatment. RESULTS Tumor mass decreased, remained stable, or enlarged, respectively, in 38, 49, and 13% of patients in the PT group, and in 0, 53, and 47% of control subjects; shrinkage or stabilization was achieved in 58% of enlarging tumors in the RT group, P < 0.0001.Fifteen-year progression-free survival rate was 0.805, 0.24, and 0.04, respectively, for PT, RT, and control groups (P<0.001). About 42% of patients in the control group required additional surgery or radiotherapy, compared with 38 and 13% subjects in the RT and PT groups, respectively (P=0.002). Outcome measures were not related to NFPA D2R abundance. CONCLUSIONS Dopamine agonist therapy in patients with NFPA is associated with decreased prevalence of residual tumor enlargement after transsphenoidal surgical resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Greenman
- Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and HypertensionTel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel Sackler Faculty of MedicineTel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - O Cooper
- Pituitary CenterCedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - I Yaish
- Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and HypertensionTel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - E Robenshtok
- Institute of Endocrinology and MetabolismRabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel Sackler Faculty of MedicineTel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - N Sagiv
- Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and HypertensionTel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - T Jonas-Kimchi
- Neuroradiology UnitTel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel Sackler Faculty of MedicineTel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - X Yuan
- Department of PathologyCedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - A Gertych
- Department of PathologyCedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - I Shimon
- Institute of Endocrinology and MetabolismRabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel Sackler Faculty of MedicineTel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Z Ram
- Department of NeurosurgeryTel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel Sackler Faculty of MedicineTel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - S Melmed
- Pituitary CenterCedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - N Stern
- Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and HypertensionTel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel Sackler Faculty of MedicineTel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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6
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Hallett PJ, Deleidi M, Astradsson A, Smith GA, Cooper O, Osborn TM, Sundberg M, Moore MA, Perez-Torres E, Brownell AL, Schumacher JM, Spealman RD, Isacson O. Successful function of autologous iPSC-derived dopamine neurons following transplantation in a non-human primate model of Parkinson's disease. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 16:269-74. [PMID: 25732245 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autologous transplantation of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons is a potential clinical approach for treatment of neurological disease. Preclinical demonstration of long-term efficacy, feasibility, and safety of iPSC-derived dopamine neurons in non-human primate models will be an important step in clinical development of cell therapy. Here, we analyzed cynomolgus monkey (CM) iPSC-derived midbrain dopamine neurons for up to 2 years following autologous transplantation in a Parkinson's disease (PD) model. In one animal, with the most successful protocol, we found that unilateral engraftment of CM-iPSCs could provide a gradual onset of functional motor improvement contralateral to the side of dopamine neuron transplantation, and increased motor activity, without a need for immunosuppression. Postmortem analyses demonstrated robust survival of midbrain-like dopaminergic neurons and extensive outgrowth into the transplanted putamen. Our proof of concept findings support further development of autologous iPSC-derived cell transplantation for treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Michela Deleidi
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Arnar Astradsson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Gaynor A Smith
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Oliver Cooper
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Teresia M Osborn
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Maria Sundberg
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Michele A Moore
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Eduardo Perez-Torres
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Anna-Liisa Brownell
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; MGH/HST Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - James M Schumacher
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Roger D Spealman
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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7
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Camp C, Cooper O, Andrez J, Pécaut J, Mazzanti M. CS2activation at uranium(iii) siloxide ate complexes: the effect of a Lewis acidic site. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:2650-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02585g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multimetallic cooperativity plays an important role in U(iii) mediated CS2reduction: the reductive dimerization of CS2occurs preferentially at a heterodimetallic U, K complex while the reductive disproportionation pathway is favoured by the “ate” complex [K(18c6)][U(OSi(OtBu)3)4].
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Camp
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- INAC-SCIB
- RICC
- F-38000 Grenoble
- France
| | - Oliver Cooper
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- INAC-SCIB
- RICC
- F-38000 Grenoble
- France
| | - Julie Andrez
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- INAC-SCIB
- RICC
- F-38000 Grenoble
- France
| | | | - Marinella Mazzanti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimique
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
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8
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Sundberg M, Bogetofte H, Lawson T, Jansson J, Smith G, Astradsson A, Moore M, Osborn T, Cooper O, Spealman R, Hallett P, Isacson O. Improved cell therapy protocols for Parkinson's disease based on differentiation efficiency and safety of hESC-, hiPSC-, and non-human primate iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons. Stem Cells 2014; 31:1548-62. [PMID: 23666606 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The main motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease are due to the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the ventral midbrain (VM). For the future treatment of Parkinson's disease with cell transplantation it is important to develop efficient differentiation methods for production of human iPSCs and hESCs-derived midbrain-type DA neurons. Here we describe an efficient differentiation and sorting strategy for DA neurons from both human ES/iPS cells and non-human primate iPSCs. The use of non-human primate iPSCs for neuronal differentiation and autologous transplantation is important for preclinical evaluation of safety and efficacy of stem cell-derived DA neurons. The aim of this study was to improve the safety of human- and non-human primate iPSC (PiPSC)-derived DA neurons. According to our results, NCAM(+) /CD29(low) sorting enriched VM DA neurons from pluripotent stem cell-derived neural cell populations. NCAM(+) /CD29(low) DA neurons were positive for FOXA2/TH and EN1/TH and this cell population had increased expression levels of FOXA2, LMX1A, TH, GIRK2, PITX3, EN1, NURR1 mRNA compared to unsorted neural cell populations. PiPSC-derived NCAM(+) /CD29(low) DA neurons were able to restore motor function of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned rats 16 weeks after transplantation. The transplanted sorted cells also integrated in the rodent brain tissue, with robust TH+/hNCAM+ neuritic innervation of the host striatum. One year after autologous transplantation, the primate iPSC-derived neural cells survived in the striatum of one primate without any immunosuppression. These neural cell grafts contained FOXA2/TH-positive neurons in the graft site. This is an important proof of concept for the feasibility and safety of iPSC-derived cell transplantation therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sundberg
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
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9
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Hallett PJ, Cooper O, Sadi D, Robertson H, Mendez I, Isacson O. Long-term health of dopaminergic neuron transplants in Parkinson's disease patients. Cell Rep 2014; 7:1755-61. [PMID: 24910427 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the long-term health and function of transplanted dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, the expression of dopamine transporters (DATs) and mitochondrial morphology were examined in human fetal midbrain cellular transplants. DAT was robustly expressed in transplanted dopamine neuron terminals in the reinnervated host putamen and caudate for at least 14 years after transplantation. The transplanted dopamine neurons showed a healthy and nonatrophied morphology at all time points. Labeling of the mitochondrial outer membrane protein Tom20 and α-synuclein showed a typical cellular pathology in the patients' own substantia nigra, which was not observed in transplanted dopamine neurons. These results show that the vast majority of transplanted neurons remain healthy for the long term in PD patients, consistent with clinical findings that fetal dopamine neuron transplants maintain function for up to 15-18 years in patients. These findings are critically important for the rational development of stem-cell-based dopamine neuronal replacement therapies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard University and McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Oliver Cooper
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard University and McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Damaso Sadi
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, and Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University and Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS B3H 3A7, Canada
| | - Harold Robertson
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, and Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University and Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS B3H 3A7, Canada
| | - Ivar Mendez
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, and Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University and Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS B3H 3A7, Canada
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard University and McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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10
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Cooper O, Camp C, Pécaut J, Kefalidis CE, Maron L, Gambarelli S, Mazzanti M. Multimetallic Cooperativity in Uranium-Mediated CO2 Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:6716-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5017624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Cooper
- Service
de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique (SCIB), Institut Nanosciences
et Cryogénie (INAC), CEA, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Clément Camp
- Service
de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique (SCIB), Institut Nanosciences
et Cryogénie (INAC), CEA, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Jacques Pécaut
- Service
de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique (SCIB), Institut Nanosciences
et Cryogénie (INAC), CEA, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Christos E. Kefalidis
- Laboratoire
de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets (LPCNO), Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier (UPS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), 135 Avenue de
Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Maron
- Laboratoire
de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets (LPCNO), Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier (UPS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), 135 Avenue de
Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Serge Gambarelli
- Service
de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique (SCIB), Institut Nanosciences
et Cryogénie (INAC), CEA, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Marinella Mazzanti
- Service
de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique (SCIB), Institut Nanosciences
et Cryogénie (INAC), CEA, F-38054 Grenoble, France
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11
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Sanders LH, Laganière J, Cooper O, Mak SK, Vu BJ, Huang YA, Paschon DE, Vangipuram M, Sundararajan R, Urnov FD, Langston JW, Gregory PD, Zhang HS, Greenamyre JT, Isacson O, Schüle B. LRRK2 mutations cause mitochondrial DNA damage in iPSC-derived neural cells from Parkinson's disease patients: reversal by gene correction. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 62:381-6. [PMID: 24148854 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease associated mutations in leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) impair mitochondrial function and increase the vulnerability of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neural cells from patients to oxidative stress. Since mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage can compromise mitochondrial function, we examined whether LRRK2 mutations can induce damage to the mitochondrial genome. We found greater levels of mtDNA damage in iPSC-derived neural cells from patients carrying homozygous or heterozygous LRRK2 G2019S mutations, or at-risk individuals carrying the heterozygous LRRK2 R1441C mutation, than in cells from unrelated healthy subjects who do not carry LRRK2 mutations. After zinc finger nuclease-mediated repair of the LRRK2 G2019S mutation in iPSCs, mtDNA damage was no longer detected in differentiated neuroprogenitor and neural cells. Our results unambiguously link LRRK2 mutations to mtDNA damage and validate a new cellular phenotype that can be used for examining pathogenic mechanisms and screening therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie H Sanders
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Josée Laganière
- Sangamo BioSciences, Inc., Point Richmond Tech Center, 501 Canal Boulevard, Suite A100, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Oliver Cooper
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Sally K Mak
- The Parkinson's Institute, 675 Almanor Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94025, USA
| | - B Joseph Vu
- Sangamo BioSciences, Inc., Point Richmond Tech Center, 501 Canal Boulevard, Suite A100, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Y Anne Huang
- The Parkinson's Institute, 675 Almanor Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94025, USA
| | - David E Paschon
- Sangamo BioSciences, Inc., Point Richmond Tech Center, 501 Canal Boulevard, Suite A100, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Malini Vangipuram
- The Parkinson's Institute, 675 Almanor Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94025, USA
| | | | - Fyodor D Urnov
- Sangamo BioSciences, Inc., Point Richmond Tech Center, 501 Canal Boulevard, Suite A100, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | | | - Philip D Gregory
- Sangamo BioSciences, Inc., Point Richmond Tech Center, 501 Canal Boulevard, Suite A100, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - H Steve Zhang
- Sangamo BioSciences, Inc., Point Richmond Tech Center, 501 Canal Boulevard, Suite A100, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - J Timothy Greenamyre
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
| | - Birgitt Schüle
- The Parkinson's Institute, 675 Almanor Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94025, USA.
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12
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Cooper O, Seo H, Andrabi S, Guardia-Laguarta C, Graziotto J, Sundberg M, McLean JR, Carrillo-Reid L, Xie Z, Osborn T, Hargus G, Deleidi M, Lawson T, Bogetofte H, Perez-Torres E, Clark L, Moskowitz C, Mazzulli J, Chen L, Volpicelli-Daley L, Romero N, Jiang H, Uitti RJ, Huang Z, Opala G, Scarffe LA, Dawson VL, Klein C, Feng J, Ross OA, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY, Marder K, Surmeier DJ, Wszolek ZK, Przedborski S, Krainc D, Dawson TM, Isacson O. Pharmacological rescue of mitochondrial deficits in iPSC-derived neural cells from patients with familial Parkinson's disease. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:141ra90. [PMID: 22764206 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder caused by genetic and environmental factors that results in degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway in the brain. We analyzed neural cells generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from PD patients and presymptomatic individuals carrying mutations in the PINK1 (PTEN-induced putative kinase 1) and LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) genes, and compared them to those of healthy control subjects. We measured several aspects of mitochondrial responses in the iPSC-derived neural cells including production of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial respiration, proton leakage, and intraneuronal movement of mitochondria. Cellular vulnerability associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in iPSC-derived neural cells from familial PD patients and at-risk individuals could be rescued with coenzyme Q(10), rapamycin, or the LRRK2 kinase inhibitor GW5074. Analysis of mitochondrial responses in iPSC-derived neural cells from PD patients carrying different mutations provides insight into convergence of cellular disease mechanisms between different familial forms of PD and highlights the importance of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in this neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Cooper
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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13
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Abstract
Fetal cell transplantation can improve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients for more than a decade. In some patients, alpha-synuclein aggregates and Lewy bodies have been observed in the transplanted neurons without functional significance. Recently stem cells have emerged as an ethically acceptable source of cells for transplantation but, importantly, the type of stem cell matters. While the lineage restriction of adult neural stem cells limits their clinical applicability for patients with PD, human pluripotent stem cells provide an opportunity to replace specific types of degenerating neurons. Now, cellular reprogramming technology can provide patient-specific neurons for neural transplantation and problems with cell fate specification and safety are resolving. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived neurons are also a unique tool for interpreting the genetic basis for an individual's risk of developing PD into clinically meaningful information. For example, clinical trials for neuroprotective molecules need to be tested in presymptomatic individuals when the neurons can still be protected. Patient-specific neural cells can also be used to identify an individual's responsiveness to drugs and to understand the mechanisms of the disease. Along these avenues of investigation, stem cells are enabling research for new treatments in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Cooper
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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14
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Cooper O, Hallett P, Isacson O. 1.2.2 USING STEM CELLS AND IPS CELLS TO DISCOVER NEW TREATMENTS FOR PARKINSON'S DISEASE. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1353-8020(11)70079-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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15
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Deleidi M, Cooper O, Hargus G, Levy A, Isacson O. Oct4-induced reprogramming is required for adult brain neural stem cell differentiation into midbrain dopaminergic neurons. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19926. [PMID: 21655272 PMCID: PMC3104995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) lose their competency to generate region-specific neuronal populations at an early stage during embryonic brain development. Here we investigated whether epigenetic modifications can reverse the regional restriction of mouse adult brain subventricular zone (SVZ) NSCs. Using a variety of chemicals that interfere with DNA methylation and histone acetylation, we showed that such epigenetic modifications increased neuronal differentiation but did not enable specific regional patterning, such as midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neuron generation. Only after Oct-4 overexpression did adult NSCs acquire a pluripotent state that allowed differentiation into midbrain DA neurons. DA neurons derived from Oct4-reprogrammed NSCs improved behavioural motor deficits in a rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD) upon intrastriatal transplantation. Here we report for the first time the successful differentiation of SVZ adult NSCs into functional region-specific midbrain DA neurons, by means of Oct-4 induced pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Deleidi
- Center for Neuroregeneration Research, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Oliver Cooper
- Center for Neuroregeneration Research, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gunnar Hargus
- Center for Neuroregeneration Research, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Adam Levy
- Center for Neuroregeneration Research, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ole Isacson
- Center for Neuroregeneration Research, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Cooper O, Hargus G, Deleidi M, Blak A, Osborn T, Marlow E, Lee K, Levy A, Perez-Torres E, Yow A, Isacson O. Differentiation of human ES and Parkinson's disease iPS cells into ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons requires a high activity form of SHH, FGF8a and specific regionalization by retinoic acid. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 45:258-66. [PMID: 20603216 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) are caused by the vulnerability to dysfunction and degeneration of ventral midbrain (VM) dopaminergic (DA) neurons. A major limitation for experimental studies of current ES/iPS cell differentiation protocols is the lack of VM DA neurons with a stable phenotype as defined by an expression marker code of FOXA2/TH/β-tubulin. Here we demonstrate a combination of three modifications that were required to produce VM DA neurons. Firstly, early and specific exposure to 10(-)(8)M (low dose) retinoic acid improved the regional identity of neural progenitor cells derived from human ES cells, PD or healthy subject-specific iPS cells. Secondly, a high activity form of human sonic hedgehog established a sizeable FOXA2(+) neural progenitor cell population in vitro. Thirdly, early exposure to FGF8a, rather than Fgf8b, and WNT1 was required for robust differentiation of the FOXA2(+) floor plate-like human neural progenitor cells into FOXA2(+) DA neurons. FOXA2(+) DA neurons were also generated when this protocol was adapted to feeder-free conditions. In summary, this new human ES and iPS cell differentiation protocol using FGF8a, WNT1, low dose retinoic acid and a high activity form of SHH can generate human VM DA neurons that are required for relevant new bioassays, drug discovery and cell based therapies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Cooper
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, NINDS Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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17
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Cooper O, Astradsson A, Hallett P, Robertson H, Mendez I, Isacson O. Lack of functional relevance of isolated cell damage in transplants of Parkinson's disease patients. J Neurol 2009; 256 Suppl 3:310-6. [PMID: 19711122 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-009-5242-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Postmortem analyses from clinical neural transplantation trials of several subjects with Parkinson's disease revealed surviving grafted dopaminergic neurons after more than a decade. A subset of these subjects displayed isolated dopaminergic neurons within the grafts that contained Lewy body-like structures. In this review, we discuss why this isolated cell damage is unlikely to affect the overall graft function and how we can use these observations to help us to understand age-related neurodegeneration and refine our future cell replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Cooper
- Center for Neuroregeneration Research, NINDS Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, MRC 130, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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18
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Isacson O, Hallett P, Astradsson A, Cooper O, Robertson H, Mendez I. O.106 Post-mortem analyses of fetal transplants of dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease patients reveal no or minimal pathology. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1353-8020(09)70121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Abou-Elhamd A, Cooper O, Garcia-Morales C, Wheeler G, Munsterberg A. 13-P092 Klhl31 is regulated by myogenic signals in developing somites and modulates Wnt signaling in vitro and in vivo. Mech Dev 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2009.06.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Abou-Elhamd A, Cooper O, Münsterberg A. Klhl31 is associated with skeletal myogenesis and its expression is regulated by myogenic signals and Myf-5. Mech Dev 2009; 126:852-62. [PMID: 19643178 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Klhl31 is an orthologue of Drosophila Kelch and belongs to a family of Kelch-like proteins in vertebrates. Members of this family contain multiple protein domains, including an amino-terminal broad complex/tram-track/bric-a-brac (BTB) or poxvirus and zinc finger (POZ) domain, carboxy-terminal Kelch repeats and a central linker region. We show that Klhl31 is highly expressed in the developing heart, the somite myotome and later in differentiated skeletal muscle and the myocardium. In developing somites expression of Klhl31 was initiated in the epaxial domain of the myotome, shortly after the skeletal muscle specific bHLH transcription factor, MyoD, was first expressed. Klhl31 remained expressed in skeletal muscle throughout embryonic and fetal development. Tissue ablations and rescue experiments that regulate myogenesis also govern expression of Klhl31 expression in somites. In particular, axial tissues, neural tube, floor plate and notochord, and surface ectoderm, provide combinatorial cues for myogenesis and the appropriate expression of Klhl31. We show that a combination of myogenic signals, Shh and either Wnt-1 or Wnt-6, are sufficient for Klhl31 expression in the dorsal somite. Furthermore, ectopic expression of Myf-5 led to expression of Klhl31 in the developing neural tube, indicating that Klhl31 is a novel and integral part of vertebrate myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Abou-Elhamd
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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21
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Soldner F, Hockemeyer D, Beard C, Gao Q, Bell GW, Cook EG, Hargus G, Blak A, Cooper O, Mitalipova M, Isacson O, Jaenisch R. Parkinson's disease patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells free of viral reprogramming factors. Cell 2009; 136:964-77. [PMID: 19269371 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1050] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from somatic cells of patients represent a powerful tool for biomedical research and may provide a source for replacement therapies. However, the use of viruses encoding the reprogramming factors represents a major limitation of the current technology since even low vector expression may alter the differentiation potential of the iPSCs or induce malignant transformation. Here, we show that fibroblasts from five patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease can be efficiently reprogrammed and subsequently differentiated into dopaminergic neurons. Moreover, we derived hiPSCs free of reprogramming factors using Cre-recombinase excisable viruses. Factor-free hiPSCs maintain a pluripotent state and show a global gene expression profile, more closely related to hESCs than to hiPSCs carrying the transgenes. Our results indicate that residual transgene expression in virus-carrying hiPSCs can affect their molecular characteristics and that factor-free hiPSCs therefore represent a more suitable source of cells for modeling of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Soldner
- The Whitehead Institute, Cambridge Center, MA 02142, USA
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22
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de Chevigny A, Cooper O, Vinuela A, Reske-Nielsen C, Lagace DC, Eisch AJ, Isacson O. Fate mapping and lineage analyses demonstrate the production of a large number of striatal neuroblasts after transforming growth factor alpha and noggin striatal infusions into the dopamine-depleted striatum. Stem Cells 2008; 26:2349-60. [PMID: 18556510 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infusion of transforming growth factor alpha (TGFalpha) into the adult dopamine (DA)-depleted striatum generates a local population of nestin(+)/proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)(+) newborn cells. The precise origin and fate of these new striatal cells are unknown, making it difficult to direct them for neural repair in Parkinson's disease. Experiments in rats using 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to label neural progenitor cells showed that during TGFalpha infusion in the DA-depleted striatum, newborn striatal cells formed a homogeneous population of precursors, with the majority coexpressing nestin, Mash1, Olig2, and epidermal growth factor receptor, consistent with the phenotype of multipotent C cells. Upon TGFalpha pump withdrawal, the subventricular zone (SVZ) was repopulated by neuroblasts. Strikingly, during this period, numerous clusters of doublecortin(+)/polysialylated neuronal cell adhesion molecule(+) neuroblasts were also produced in the ipsilateral medial striatum. In parallel, striatal BrdU(+)/glial fibrillary acidic protein(+) astrocytes were generated, but no BrdU(+)/O4(+)/CNPase(+) oligodendrocytes were generated. Infusion of the neuralizing bone morphogenetic protein antagonist noggin after TGFalpha pump withdrawal increased the neuroblast-to-astrocyte ratio among new striatal cells by blocking glial differentiation but did not alter striatal neurogenesis. At no time or treatment condition were differentiated neurons generated, including DA neurons. Using 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned nestin-CreER(T2)/R26R-YFP mice that allow genetic fate-mapping of SVZ nestin(+) cells, we show that TGFalpha-generated striatal cells originate from SVZ nestin(+) precursors that confirmed data from the rats on the phenotype and fate of striatal nestin(+)/PCNA(+) cells upon TGFalpha withdrawal. This work demonstrates that a large population of multipotent striatal C-like cells can be generated in the DA-depleted striatum that do not spontaneously differentiate into DA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine de Chevigny
- Udall Parkinson Disease Research Center of Excellence, Center for Neuroregeneration Research, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
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23
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Sweetman D, Wagstaff L, Cooper O, Weijer C, Münsterberg A. The migration of paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm cells emerging from the late primitive streak is controlled by different Wnt signals. BMC Dev Biol 2008; 8:63. [PMID: 18541012 PMCID: PMC2435575 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-8-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Co-ordinated cell movement is a fundamental feature of developing embryos. Massive cell movements occur during vertebrate gastrulation and during the subsequent extension of the embryonic body axis. These are controlled by cell-cell signalling and a number of pathways have been implicated. Here we use long-term video microscopy in chicken embryos to visualize the migration routes and movement behaviour of mesoderm progenitor cells as they emerge from the primitive streak (PS) between HH stages 7 and 10. RESULTS We observed distinct cell movement behaviours along the length of the streak and determined that this is position dependent with cells responding to environmental cues. The behaviour of cells was altered by exposing embryos or primitive streak explants to cell pellets expressing Wnt3a and Wnt5a, without affecting cell fates, thus implicating these ligands in the regulation of cell movement behaviour. Interestingly younger embryos were not responsive, suggesting that Wnt3a and Wnt5a are specifically involved in the generation of posterior mesoderm, consistent with existing mouse and zebrafish mutants. To investigate which downstream components are involved mutant forms of dishevelled (dsh) and prickle1 (pk1) were electroporated into the primitive streak. These had differential effects on the behaviour of mesoderm progenitors emerging from anterior or posterior regions of the streak, suggesting that multiple Wnt pathways are involved in controlling cell migration during extension of the body axis in amniote embryos. CONCLUSION We suggest that the distinct behaviours of paraxial and lateral mesoderm precursors are regulated by the opposing actions of Wnt5a and Wnt3a as they leave the primitive streak in neurula stage embryos. Our data suggests that Wnt5a acts via prickle to cause migration of cells from the posterior streak. In the anterior streak, this is antagonised by Wnt3a to generate non-migratory medial mesoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Sweetman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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24
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Abstract
In this review, the authors discuss recent advances in the field of cell therapy for Parkinson disease (PD). They compare and contrast recent clinical trials using fetal dopaminergic neurons. They attribute differences in cell preparation techniques, cell type specification, and immunosuppression as reasons for variable outcome and for some of the side effects observed in these clinical trials. To address ethical, practical, and technical issues related to the use of fetal cell sources, alternative sources of therapeutic dopaminergic neurons are being developed. The authors describe the progress in enrichment and purification strategies of stem cell-derived dopaminergic midbrain neurons. They conclude that recent advances in cell therapy for PD will create a viable long-term treatment option for synaptic repair for this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnar Astradsson
- NINDS Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, Harvard University and McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA
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25
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Cooper O, Sweetman D, Wagstaff L, Münsterberg A. Expression of avianprickle genes during early development and organogenesis. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:1442-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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26
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Baker KL, Daniels SB, Lennington JB, Lardaro T, Czap A, Notti RQ, Cooper O, Isacson O, Frasca S, Conover JC. Neuroblast protuberances in the subventricular zone of the regenerative MRL/MpJ mouse. J Comp Neurol 2006; 498:747-61. [PMID: 16927265 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The MRL mouse is unique in its capacity for regenerative healing of wounds. This regenerative ability includes complete closure, with little scarring, of wounds to the ear pinna and repair of cardiac muscle, without fibrosis, following cryoinjury. Here, we examine whether neurogenic zones within the MRL brain show enhanced regenerative capacity. The largest neurogenic zone in the adult brain, the subventricular zone (SVZ), lies adjacent to the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle and is responsible for replacement of interneuron populations within the olfactory bulb. Initial gross observation of the anterior forebrain in MRL mice revealed enlarged lateral ventricles; however, little neurodegeneration was detected within the SVZ or surrounding tissues. Instead, increased proliferation within the SVZ was observed, based on incorporation of the thymidine analogue bromodeoxyuridine. Closer examination using electron microscopy revealed that a significant number of SVZ astrocytes interpolated within the ependyma and established contact with the ventricle. In addition, subependymal, protuberant nests of cells, consisting primarily of neuroblasts, were found along the anterior SVZ of MRL mice. Whole mounts of the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle stained for the neuroblast marker doublecortin revealed normal formation of chains of migratory neuroblasts along the entire wall and introduction of enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged retrovirus into the lateral ventricles confirmed that newly generated neuroblasts were able to track into the olfactory bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey L Baker
- Center for Regenerative Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, 06269, USA
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27
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Ball EG, Cooper O. THE OXIDATION OF REDUCED TRIPHOSPHOPYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE AS MEDIATED BY THE TRANSHYDROGENASE REACTION AND ITS INHIBITION BY THYROXINE. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 43:357-64. [PMID: 16590019 PMCID: PMC528455 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.43.5.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E G Ball
- DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS
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28
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Sonntag KC, Simantov R, Björklund L, Cooper O, Pruszak J, Kowalke F, Gilmartin J, Ding J, Hu YP, Shen MM, Isacson O. Context-dependent neuronal differentiation and germ layer induction of Smad4-/- and Cripto-/- embryonic stem cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2005; 28:417-29. [PMID: 15737733 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2004.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2003] [Revised: 03/10/2004] [Accepted: 06/02/2004] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) receptors typically elicits mesodermal development, whereas inhibition of this pathway induces neural fates. In vitro differentiated mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells with deletion of the TGF-beta pathway-related factors Smad4 or Cripto exhibited increased numbers of neurons. Cripto-/- ES cells developed into neuroecto-/epidermal cell types, while Smad4-/- cells also displayed mesodermal differentiation. ES cell differentiation into catecholaminergic neurons showed that these ES cells retained their ability to develop into dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons with typical expression patterns of midbrain and hindbrain genes. In vivo, transplanted ES cells to the mouse striatum became small neuronal grafts, or large grafts with cell types from all germ layers independent of their ES cell genotype. This demonstrates that Smad4-/- and Cripto-/- ES cells favor a neural fate in vitro, but also express the mesodermal phenotype, implying that deletion of either Smad4 or Cripto is not sufficient to block nonneuronal tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Christian Sonntag
- Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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29
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Mendez I, Sanchez-Pernaute R, Cooper O, Viñuela A, Ferrari D, Björklund L, Dagher A, Isacson O. Cell type analysis of functional fetal dopamine cell suspension transplants in the striatum and substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 128:1498-510. [PMID: 15872020 PMCID: PMC2610438 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awh510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We report the first post-mortem analysis of two patients with Parkinson's disease who received fetal midbrain transplants as a cell suspension in the striatum, and in one case also in the substantia nigra. These patients had a favourable clinical evolution and positive 18F-fluorodopa PET scans and did not develop motor complications. The surviving transplanted dopamine neurons were positively identified with phenotypic markers of normal control human substantia nigra (n = 3), such as tyrosine hydroxylase, G-protein-coupled inward rectifying current potassium channel type 2 (Girk2) and calbindin. The grafts restored the cell type that provides specific dopaminergic innervation to the most affected striatal regions in the parkinsonian brain. Such transplants were able to densely reinnervate the host putamen with new dopamine fibres. The patients received only 6 months of standard immune suppression, yet by post-mortem analysis 3-4 years after surgery the transplants appeared only mildly immunogenic to the host brain, by analysis of microglial CD45 and CD68 markers. This study demonstrates that, using these methods, dopamine neuronal replacement cell therapy can be beneficial for patients with advanced disease, and that changing technical approaches could have a favourable impact on efficacy and adverse events following neural transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivar Mendez
- Dalhousie University and Queen Elizabeth II Health Science Center, Division of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience, Halifax
| | - Rosario Sanchez-Pernaute
- Harvard University and McLean Hospital, NINDS Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Oliver Cooper
- Harvard University and McLean Hospital, NINDS Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Angel Viñuela
- Harvard University and McLean Hospital, NINDS Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Daniela Ferrari
- Harvard University and McLean Hospital, NINDS Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Lars Björklund
- Harvard University and McLean Hospital, NINDS Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Alain Dagher
- McGill University and Montreal Neurological Institute, McConnel Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ole Isacson
- Harvard University and McLean Hospital, NINDS Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, Belmont, MA, USA
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Cooper O, Isacson O. Intrastriatal transforming growth factor alpha delivery to a model of Parkinson's disease induces proliferation and migration of endogenous adult neural progenitor cells without differentiation into dopaminergic neurons. J Neurosci 2005; 24:8924-31. [PMID: 15483111 PMCID: PMC2613225 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2344-04.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the cell proliferative, neurogenic, and behavioral effects of transforming growth factor alpha (TGFalpha) in a 6-OHDA Parkinson's disease model when compared with naive rats. Intrastriatal TGFalpha infusion induced significant proliferation, hyperplastic nodules, and substantial migratory waves of nestin-positive progenitor cells from the adult subventricular zone (SVZ) of dopamine-denervated rats. Interestingly, SVZ cells in naive rats displayed proliferation but minimal migration in response to the TGFalpha infusion. The cells in the expanded SVZ accumulated cytoplasmic beta-catenin, indicating activation of classical Wnt signaling. However, no evidence of any neuronal differentiation was found of these recruited progenitor cells anywhere examined in the brain. Consequently, no evidence of dopaminergic (DA) neurogenesis was found in the striatum or substantia nigra in any experimental group, and amphetamine-induced behavioral rotations did not improve. In summary, the cells in the TGFalpha-induced migratory cellular wave remain undifferentiated and do not differentiate into midbrain-like DA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Cooper
- Harvard University and McLean Hospital, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA
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Cooper O, Forster C, Parrish D, Dunlea E, Hübler G, Fehsenfeld F, Holloway J, Oltmans S, Johnson B, Wimmers A, Horowitz L. On the life cycle of a stratospheric intrusion and its dispersion into polluted warm conveyor belts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Cooper
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - C. Forster
- Department of Ecology; Technical University of Munich; Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
| | - D. Parrish
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - E. Dunlea
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - G. Hübler
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | - J. Holloway
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - S. Oltmans
- NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - B. Johnson
- NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - A. Wimmers
- Department of Environmental Sciences; University of Virginia; Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | - L. Horowitz
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory; Princeton New Jersey USA
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Sánchez-Pernaute R, Ferree A, Cooper O, Yu M, Brownell AL, Isacson O. Selective COX-2 inhibition prevents progressive dopamine neuron degeneration in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2004; 1:6. [PMID: 15285796 PMCID: PMC483059 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-1-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2004] [Accepted: 05/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence point to a significant role of neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease (PD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. In the present study we examined the protective effect of celecoxib, a selective inhibitor of the inducible form of cyclooxygenase (COX-2), on dopamine (DA) cell loss in a rat model of PD. We used the intrastriatal administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) that induces a retrograde neuronal damage and death, which progresses over weeks. Animals were randomized to receive celecoxib (20 mg/kg/day) or vehicle starting 1 hour before the intrastriatal administration of 6-OHDA. Evaluation was performed in vivo using micro PET and selective radiotracers for DA terminals and microglia. Post mortem analysis included stereological quantification of tyrosine hydroxylase, astrocytes and microglia. 12 days after the 6-OHDA lesion there were no differences in DA cell or fiber loss between groups, although the microglial cell density and activation was markedly reduced in animals receiving celecoxib (p < 0.01). COX-2 inhibition did not reduce the typical astroglial response in the striatum at any stage. Between 12 and 21 days, there was a significant progression of DA cell loss in the vehicle group (from 40 to 65%) that was prevented by celecoxib. Therefore, inhibition of COX-2 by celecoxib appears to be able, either directly or through inhibition of microglia activation to prevent or slow down DA cell degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Sánchez-Pernaute
- McLean Hospital/Harvard University Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew Ferree
- McLean Hospital/Harvard University Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Oliver Cooper
- McLean Hospital/Harvard University Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Meixiang Yu
- McLean Hospital/Harvard University Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna-Liisa Brownell
- McLean Hospital/Harvard University Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ole Isacson
- McLean Hospital/Harvard University Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
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Hillis AE, Wityk RJ, Barker PB, Beauchamp NJ, Gailloud P, Murphy K, Cooper O, Metter EJ. Subcortical aphasia and neglect in acute stroke: the role of cortical hypoperfusion. Brain 2002; 125:1094-104. [PMID: 11960898 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awf113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have hypothesized that most cases of aphasia or hemispatial neglect due to acute, subcortical infarct can be accounted for by concurrent cortical hypoperfusion. To test this hypothesis, we demonstrate: (i) that pure subcortical infarctions are associated with cortical hypoperfusion in subjects with aphasia/neglect; (ii) that reversal of cortical hypoperfusion is associated with resolution of the aphasia; and (iii) that aphasia/neglect strongly predicts cortical ischaemia and/or hypoperfusion. We prospectively evaluated a consecutive series of 115 patients who presented within 24 h of onset or progression of stroke symptoms, with MRI sequences including diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and perfusion weighted imaging (PWI), and detailed testing for aphasia or hemispatial neglect. The association between aphasia or neglect and cortical infarct (or dense ischaemia) on DWI and cortical hypoperfusion indicated by PWI, was evaluated with chi-squared analyses. Fisher exact tests were used for analyses with small samples. Cases of DWI lesion restricted to subcortical white matter and/or grey matter structures (n = 44) were examined for the presence of aphasia or neglect, and for the presence of cortical hypoperfusion. In addition, subjects who received intervention to restore perfusion were evaluated with DWI, PWI, and cognitive tests before and after intervention. Finally, the positive predictive value of the cognitive deficits for identifying cortical abnormalities on DWI and PWI were calculated from all patients. Of the subjects with only subcortical lesions on DWI in this study (n = 44), all those who had aphasia or neglect showed concurrent cortical hypoperfusion. Among the patients who received intervention that successfully restored cortical perfusion, 100% (six out of six) showed immediate resolution of aphasia. In the 115 patients, aphasia and neglect were much more strongly associated with cortical hypoperfusion (chi(2) = 57.3 for aphasia; chi(2) = 28.7 for neglect; d.f. = 1; P < 0.000001 for each), than with cortical infarct/ischaemia on DWI (chi(2) = 8.5 for aphasia; chi(2) = 9.7 for neglect; d.f. = 1; P < 0.005 for each). Aphasia showed a much higher positive predictive value for cortical abnormality on PWI (95%) than on DWI (62%), as did neglect (100% positive predictive value for PWI versus 74% for DWI). From these data we conclude that aphasia and neglect due to acute subcortical stroke can be largely explained by cortical hypoperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Hillis
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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