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Wang C, Gamage PL, Jiang W, Mudalige T. Excipient-related impurities in liposome drug products. Int J Pharm 2024; 657:124164. [PMID: 38688429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Liposomes are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as drug delivery systems to increase the efficacy and reduce the off-target toxicity of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The liposomes are more complex drug delivery systems than the traditional dosage forms, and phospholipids and cholesterol are the major structural excipients. These two excipients undergo hydrolysis and/or oxidation during liposome preparation and storage, resulting in lipids hydrolyzed products (LHPs) and cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) in the final liposomal formulations. These excipient-related impurities at elevated concentrations may affect liposome stability and exert biological functions. This review focuses on LHPs and COPs, two major categories of excipient-related impurities in the liposomal formulations, and discusses factors affecting their formation, and analytical methods to determine these excipient-related impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changguang Wang
- Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Prabhath L Gamage
- Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Wenlei Jiang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA.
| | - Thilak Mudalige
- Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
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2
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Genaro-Mattos TC, Korade Z, Sahar NE, Angeli JPF, Mirnics K, Peeples ES. Enhancing 7-dehydrocholesterol suppresses brain ferroptosis and tissue injury after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7924. [PMID: 38575644 PMCID: PMC10994918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58579-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIBI) results in part from excess reactive oxygen species and iron-dependent lipid peroxidation (i.e. ferroptosis). The vitamin D precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) may inhibit iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Primary neurons underwent oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) injury and treatment with 7-DHC-elevating medications such as cariprazine (CAR) or vehicle. Postnatal day 9 mice underwent sham surgery or carotid artery ligation and hypoxia and received intraperitoneal CAR. In neurons, CAR administration resulted in significantly increased cell survival compared to vehicle controls, whether administered 48 h prior to or 30 min after OGD, and was associated with increased 7-DHC. In the mouse model, malondialdehyde and infarct area significantly increased after HIBI in the vehicle group, which were attenuated by post-treatment with CAR and were negatively correlated with tissue 7-DHC concentrations. Elevating 7-DHC concentrations with CAR was associated with improved cellular and tissue viability after hypoxic-ischemic injury, suggesting a novel therapeutic avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago C Genaro-Mattos
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68106, USA
| | - Zeljka Korade
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Namood-E Sahar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Jose Pedro Friedmann Angeli
- Rudolf Virchow Zentrum - Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Károly Mirnics
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68106, USA
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Eric S Peeples
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nebraska, Omaha, NE, 68114, USA.
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3
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Olkkonen VM, Gylling H. Oxy- and Phytosterols as Biomarkers: Current Status and Future Perspectives. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1440:353-375. [PMID: 38036889 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols and phytosterols are sterol compounds present at markedly low levels in tissues and serum of healthy individuals. A wealth of evidence suggests that they could be employed as biomarkers for human diseases or for cholesterol absorption.An increasing number of reports suggest circulating or tissue oxysterols as putative biomarkers for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases or cancers. Thus far most of the studies have been carried out on small study populations. To achieve routine biomarker use, large prospective cohort studies are absolutely required. This, again, would necessitate thorough standardization of the oxysterol analytical methodology across the different laboratories, which now employ different technologies resulting in inconsistencies in the measured oxysterol levels. Routine use of oxysterol biomarkers would also necessitate the development of a new targeted analytical methodology suitable for high-throughput platforms.The most important use of phytosterols as biomarkers involves their use as markers for cholesterol absorption. For this to be achieved, (1) their quantitative analyses should be available in routine lipid laboratories, (2) it should be generally acknowledgment that the profile of cholesterol metabolism can reveal the risk of the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD), and (3) screening of the profile of cholesterol metabolism should be included in the ASCVD risk surveys. This should be done e.g. in families with a history of early onset or frequent ASCVD and in young adults aged 18-20 years, to exclude the presence of high cholesterol absorption. Individuals in high cholesterol absorption families need preventive measures from young adulthood to inhibit the possible development and progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesa M Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Helena Gylling
- Heart and Lung Center, Cardiology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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4
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Li A, Xu L. MALDI-IM-MS Imaging of Brain Sterols and Lipids in a Mouse Model of Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.02.560415. [PMID: 37873113 PMCID: PMC10592934 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.560415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by genetic mutations in the DHCR7 gene, encoding the enzyme 3β-hydroxysterol-Δ7-reductase (DHCR7) that catalyzes the last step of cholesterol synthesis. The resulting deficiency in cholesterol and accumulation of its precursor, 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), have a profound impact on brain development, which manifests as developmental delay, cognitive impairment, and behavioral deficits. To understand how the brain regions are differentially affected by the defective Dhcr7, we aim to map the regional distribution of sterols and other lipids in neonatal brains from a Dhcr7-KO mouse model of SLOS, using mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). MSI enables spatial localization of biomolecules in situ on the surface of a tissue section, which is particularly useful for mapping the changes that occur within a metabolic disorder such as SLOS, and in an anatomically complex organ such as the brain. In this work, using MALDI-ion mobility (IM)-MSI, we successfully determined the regional distribution of features that correspond to cholesterol, 7-DHC/desmosterol, and the precursor of desmosterol, 7-dehydrodesmosterol, in WT and Dhcr7-KO mice. Interestingly, we also observed m/z values that match the major oxysterol metabolites of 7-DHC (DHCEO and hydroxy-7-DHC), which displayed similar patterns as 7-DHC. We then identified brain lipids using m/z and CCS at the Lipid Species-level and curated a database of MALDIIM-MS-derived lipid CCS values. Subsequent statistical analysis of regions-of-interest allowed us to identify differentially expressed lipids between Dhcr7-KO and WT brains, which could contribute to defects in myelination, neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, and learning and memory in SLOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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5
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Saraev DD, Wu Z, Kim HYH, Porter NA, Pratt DA. Intramolecular H-Atom Transfers in Alkoxyl Radical Intermediates Underlie the Apparent Oxidation of Lipid Hydroperoxides by Fe(II). ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:2073-2081. [PMID: 37639355 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The one-electron reduction of lipid hydroperoxides by low-valent iron species is believed to be a driver of cellular lipid peroxidation and associated ferroptotic cell death. We investigated reactions of cholesterol 7α-OOH, the primary cholesterol autoxidation product, with Fe2+ to find that 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC, an oxidation product) is the major product under these (reducing) conditions. Mechanistic studies reveal the intervention of a 1,2-H-atom shift upon formation of the 7-alkoxyl radical to yield a ketyl radical that can be oxidized by either Fe3+ or O2 to give 7-KC, the most abundant oxysterol in vivo. We also investigated the corresponding reduction of the isomeric cholesterol 5α-OOH and again found that an oxidation product (5-hydroxycholesten-3-one) predominates under reducing conditions. An intramolecular H-atom shift (this time 1,4-) in the initially formed 5-alkoxyl radical is suggested to yield a ketyl radical that is oxidized to give the observed product. It would appear that a 1,2-H shift also accounts for the predominance of ketones over alcohols when unsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides are exposed to iron-based reductants, which had previously been reported with hematin and demonstrated here with Fe2+. The predominance of 7-KC over the corresponding alcohol is maintained when cholesterol 7α-OOH embedded in phospholipid liposomes is treated with Fe2+ or when ferroptosis is induced in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Our observation that 7-KC accumulates in ferroptotic cells suggests that it may be a good biomarker for ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry D Saraev
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Pvt., Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Zijun Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Pvt., Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Hye-Young H Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Ned A Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Derek A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Pvt., Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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6
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Korade Z, Anderson A, Balog M, Tallman KA, Porter NA, Mirnics K. Chronic Aripiprazole and Trazodone Polypharmacy Effects on Systemic and Brain Cholesterol Biosynthesis. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1321. [PMID: 37759721 PMCID: PMC10526910 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The concurrent use of several medications is a common practice in the treatment of complex psychiatric conditions. One such commonly used combination is aripiprazole (ARI), an antipsychotic, and trazodone (TRZ), an antidepressant. In addition to their effects on dopamine and serotonin systems, both of these compounds are inhibitors of the 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) enzyme. To evaluate the systemic and nervous system distribution of ARI and TRZ and their effects on cholesterol biosynthesis, adult mice were treated with both ARI and TRZ for 21 days. The parent drugs, their metabolites, and sterols were analyzed in the brain and various organs of mice using LC-MS/MS. The analyses revealed that ARI, TRZ, and their metabolites were readily detectable in the brain and organs, leading to changes in the sterol profile. The levels of medications, their metabolites, and sterols differed across tissues with notable sex differences. Female mice showed higher turnover of ARI and more cholesterol clearance in the brain, with several post-lanosterol intermediates significantly altered. In addition to interfering with sterol biosynthesis, ARI and TRZ exposure led to decreased ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA1) and increased DHCR7 protein expression in the cortex. Changes in sterol profile have been also identified in the spleen, liver, and serum, underscoring the systemic effect of ARI and TRZ on sterol biosynthesis. Long-term use of concurrent ARI and TRZ warrants further studies to fully evaluate the lasting consequences of altered sterol biosynthesis on the whole body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeljka Korade
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Allison Anderson
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA;
| | - Marta Balog
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Keri A. Tallman
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA; (K.A.T.); (N.A.P.)
| | - Ned A. Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA; (K.A.T.); (N.A.P.)
| | - Karoly Mirnics
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA;
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7
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Do Q, Zhang R, Hooper G, Xu L. Differential Contributions of Distinct Free Radical Peroxidation Mechanisms to the Induction of Ferroptosis. JACS AU 2023; 3:1100-1117. [PMID: 37124288 PMCID: PMC10131203 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death driven by lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Lipid peroxidation can propagate through either the hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) or peroxyl radical addition (PRA) mechanism. However, the contribution of the PRA mechanism to the induction of ferroptosis has not been studied. In this study, we aim to elucidate the relationship between the reactivity and mechanisms of lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis induction. We found that while some peroxidation-reactive lipids, such as 7-dehydrocholesterol, vitamins D3 and A, and coenzyme Q10, suppress ferroptosis, both nonconjugated and conjugated PUFAs enhanced cell death induced by RSL3, a ferroptosis inducer. Importantly, we found that conjugated PUFAs, including conjugated linolenic acid (CLA 18:3) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA 18:2), can induce or potentiate ferroptosis much more potently than nonconjugated PUFAs. We next sought to elucidate the mechanism underlying the different ferroptosis-inducing potency of conjugated and nonconjugated PUFAs. Lipidomics revealed that conjugated and nonconjugated PUFAs are incorporated into distinct cellular lipid species. The different peroxidation mechanisms predict the formation of higher levels of reactive electrophilic aldehydes from conjugated PUFAs than nonconjugated PUFAs, which was confirmed by aldehyde-trapping and mass spectrometry. RNA sequencing revealed that protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum and proteasome are among the most significantly upregulated pathways in cells treated with CLA 18:3, suggesting increased ER stress and activation of unfolded protein response. These results suggest that protein damage by lipid electrophiles is a key step in ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh Do
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Rutan Zhang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Gavin Hooper
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Libin Xu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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8
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Chattopadhyay A, Sharma A. Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome: A pathophysiological manifestation of the Bloch hypothesis. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1120373. [PMID: 36714259 PMCID: PMC9878332 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1120373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of cholesterol, an essential component of higher eukaryotic membranes, was worked out by Konrad Bloch (and Feodor Lynen) in the 1960s and they received the Nobel Prize around that time in recognition of their pioneering contributions. An elegant consequence of this was a hypothesis proposed by Konrad Bloch (the Bloch hypothesis) which suggests that each subsequent intermediate in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway is superior in supporting membrane function in higher eukaryotes relative to its precursor. In this review, we discuss an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder, known as Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), associated with a defect in the Kandutsch-Russell pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis that results in accumulation of the immediate precursor of cholesterol in its biosynthetic pathway (7-dehydrocholesterol) and an altered cholesterol to total sterol ratio. Patients suffering from SLOS have several developmental, behavioral and cognitive abnormalities for which no drug is available yet. We characterize SLOS as a manifestation of the Bloch hypothesis and review its molecular etiology and current treatment. We further discuss defective Hedgehog signaling in SLOS and focus on the role of the serotonin1A receptor, a representative neurotransmitter receptor belonging to the GPCR family, in SLOS. Notably, ligand binding activity and cellular signaling of serotonin1A receptors are impaired in SLOS-like condition. Importantly, cellular localization and intracellular trafficking of the serotonin1A receptor (which constitute an important determinant of a GPCR cellular function) are compromised in SLOS. We highlight some of the recent developments and emerging concepts in SLOS pathobiology and suggest that novel therapies based on trafficking defects of target receptors could provide new insight into treatment of SLOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitabha Chattopadhyay
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India,*Correspondence: Amitabha Chattopadhyay,
| | - Ashwani Sharma
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
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9
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Balog M, Anderson AC, Heffer M, Korade Z, Mirnics K. Effects of Psychotropic Medication on Somatic Sterol Biosynthesis of Adult Mice. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101535. [PMID: 36291744 PMCID: PMC9599595 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypharmacy is commonly used to treat psychiatric disorders. These combinations often include drugs with sterol biosynthesis inhibiting side effects, including the antipsychotic aripiprazole (ARI), and antidepressant trazodone (TRZ). As the effects of psychotropic medications are poorly understood across the various tissue types to date, we investigated the effects of ARI, TRZ, and ARI + TRZ polypharmacy on the post-lanosterol biosynthesis in three cell lines (Neuro2a, HepG2, and human dermal fibroblasts) and seven peripheral tissues of an adult mouse model. We found that both ARI and TRZ strongly interfere with the function of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase enzyme (DHCR7) and lead to robust elevation in 7-dehydrocholesterol levels (7-DHC) and reduction in desmosterol (DES) across all cell lines and somatic tissues. ARI + TRZ co-administration resulted in summative or synergistic effects across the utilized in vitro and in vivo models. These findings suggest that at least some of the side effects of ARI and TRZ are not receptor mediated but arise from inhibiting DHCR7 enzyme activity. We propose that interference with sterol biosynthesis, particularly in the case of simultaneous utilization of medications with such side effects, can potentially interfere with functioning or development of multiple organ systems, warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Balog
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Allison C Anderson
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Marija Heffer
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Zeljka Korade
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Child Health Research Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Correspondence: (Z.K.); (K.M.)
| | - Karoly Mirnics
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Child Health Research Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Correspondence: (Z.K.); (K.M.)
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10
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Tomita H, Hines KM, Herron JM, Li A, Baggett DW, Xu L. 7-Dehydrocholesterol-derived oxysterols cause neurogenic defects in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. eLife 2022; 11:e67141. [PMID: 36111785 PMCID: PMC9519149 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective 3β-hydroxysterol-Δ7 -reductase (DHCR7) in the developmental disorder, Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), results in a deficiency in cholesterol and accumulation of its precursor, 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC). Here, we show that loss of DHCR7 causes accumulation of 7-DHC-derived oxysterol metabolites, premature neurogenesis from murine or human cortical neural precursors, and depletion of the cortical precursor pool, both in vitro and in vivo. We found that a major oxysterol, 3β,5α-dihydroxycholest-7-en-6-one (DHCEO), mediates these effects by initiating crosstalk between glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and neurotrophin receptor kinase TrkB. Either loss of DHCR7 or direct exposure to DHCEO causes hyperactivation of GR and TrkB and their downstream MEK-ERK-C/EBP signaling pathway in cortical neural precursors. Moreover, direct inhibition of GR activation with an antagonist or inhibition of DHCEO accumulation with antioxidants rescues the premature neurogenesis phenotype caused by the loss of DHCR7. These results suggest that GR could be a new therapeutic target against the neurological defects observed in SLOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Tomita
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Kelly M Hines
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Josi M Herron
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Amy Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - David W Baggett
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
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11
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Allen LB, Mirnics K. Metoprolol Inhibits Developmental Brain Sterol Biosynthesis in Mice. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1211. [PMID: 36139049 PMCID: PMC9496459 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo sterol synthesis is a critical homeostatic mechanism in the brain that begins during early embryonic development and continues throughout life. Multiple medications have sterol-biosynthesis-inhibiting side effects, with potentially detrimental effects on brain health. Using LC-MS/MS, we investigated the effects of six commonly used beta-blockers on brain sterol biosynthesis in vitro using cell lines. Two beta-blockers, metoprolol (MTP) and nebivolol, showed extreme elevations of the highly oxidizable cholesterol precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) in vitro across multiple cell lines. We followed up on the MTP findings using a maternal exposure model in mice. We found that 7-DHC was significantly elevated in all maternal brain regions analyzed as well as in the heart, liver and brain of the maternally exposed offspring. Since DHCR7-inhibiting/7-DHC elevating compounds can be considered teratogens, these findings suggest that MTP utilization during pregnancy might be detrimental for the development of offspring, and alternative beta-blockers should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke B. Allen
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Károly Mirnics
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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12
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Balog M, Anderson A, Genaro-Mattos TC, Korade Z, Mirnics K. Individual and simultaneous treatment with antipsychotic aripiprazole and antidepressant trazodone inhibit sterol biosynthesis in the adult brain. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100249. [PMID: 35839864 PMCID: PMC9386463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypharmacy, or the simultaneous use of multiple drugs to treat a single patient, is a common practice in psychiatry. Unfortunately, data on the health effects of commonly used combinations of medications are very limited. In this study, we therefore investigated the effects and interactions between two commonly prescribed psychotropic medications with sterol inhibiting side effects, trazodone (TRZ), an antidepressant, and aripiprazole (ARI), an antipsychotic. In vitro cell culture experiments revealed that both medications alone disrupted neuronal and astroglial sterol biosynthesis in dose-dependent manners. Furthermore, when ARI and TRZ were combined, exposure resulted in an additive 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) increase, as well as desmosterol (DES) and cholesterol decreases in both cell types. In adult mice, at baseline, we found that the three investigated sterols showed significant differences in distribution across the eight assessed brain regions. Furthermore, experimental mice treated with ARI or TRZ, or a combination of both medications for 8 days, showed strong sterol disruption across all brain regions. We show ARI or TRZ alone elevated 7-DHC and decreased DES levels in all brain regions, but with regional differences. However, the combined utilization of these two medications for 8 days did not lead to additive changes in sterol disturbances. Based on the complex roles of 7-DHC derived oxysterols, we conclude that individual and potentially simultaneous use of medications with sterol biosynthesis-inhibiting properties might have undesired side effects on the adult brain, with as yet unknown long-term consequences on mental or physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Balog
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Allison Anderson
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Thiago C Genaro-Mattos
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Zeljka Korade
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
| | - Karoly Mirnics
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
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13
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Li A, Hines KM, Ross DH, MacDonald JW, Xu L. Temporal changes in the brain lipidome during neurodevelopment of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome mice. Analyst 2022; 147:1611-1621. [PMID: 35293916 PMCID: PMC9018458 DOI: 10.1039/d2an00137c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopment is an intricately orchestrated program of cellular events that occurs with tight temporal and spatial regulation. While it is known that the development and proper functioning of the brain, which is the second most lipid rich organ behind adipose tissue, greatly rely on lipid metabolism and signaling, the temporal lipidomic changes that occur throughout the course of neurodevelopment have not been investigated. Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is a metabolic disorder caused by genetic mutations in the DHCR7 gene, leading to defective 3β-hydroxysterol-Δ7-reductase (DHCR7), the enzyme that catalyzes the last step of the Kandutsch-Russell pathway of cholesterol synthesis. Due to the close regulatory relationship between sterol and lipid homeostasis, we hypothesize that altered or dysregulated lipid metabolism beyond the primary defect of cholesterol biosynthesis is present in the pathophysiology of SLOS. Herein, we applied our HILIC-IM-MS method and LiPydomics Python package to streamline an untargeted lipidomics analysis of developing mouse brains in both wild-type and Dhcr7-KO mice, identifying lipids at Level 3 (lipid species level: lipid class/subclass and fatty acid sum composition). We compared relative lipid abundances throughout development, from embryonic day 12.5 to postnatal day 0 and determined differentially expressed brain lipids between wild-type and Dhcr7-KO mice at specific developmental time points, revealing lipid metabolic pathways that are affected in SLOS beyond the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, such as glycerolipid, glycerophospholipid, and sphingolipid metabolism. Implications of the altered lipid metabolic pathways in SLOS pathophysiology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Kelly M Hines
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Dylan H Ross
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - James W MacDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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14
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Delahunty I, Li J, Jiang W, Lee C, Yang X, Kumar A, Liu Z, Zhang W, Xie J. 7-Dehydrocholesterol Encapsulated Polymeric Nanoparticles As a Radiation-Responsive Sensitizer for Enhancing Radiation Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200710. [PMID: 35304816 PMCID: PMC9068268 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutics that can be activated by radiation in situ to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy are highly desirable. Herein, 7-Dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), a biosynthetic precursor of cholesterol, as a radiosensitizer, exploiting its ability to propagate the free radical chain reaction is explored. The studies show that 7-DHC can react with radiation-induced reactive oxygen species and in turn promote lipid peroxidation, double-strand breaks, and mitochondrial damage in cancer cells. For efficient delivery, 7-DHC is encapsulated into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles, forming 7-DHC@PLGA NPs. When tested in CT26 tumor bearing mice, 7-DHC@PLGA NPs significantly enhanced the efficacy of radiotherapy, causing complete tumor eradication in 30% of the treated animals. After treatment, 7-DHC is converted to cholesterol, causing no detectable side effects or hypercalcemia. 7-DHC@PLGA NPs represent a radiation-responsive sensitizer with great potential in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Delahunty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jianwen Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Chaebin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Xueyuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Weizhong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jin Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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15
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Daggubati V, Raleigh DR, Sever N. Sterol regulation of developmental and oncogenic Hedgehog signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 196:114647. [PMID: 34111427 PMCID: PMC8648856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) family of lipid-modified signaling proteins directs embryonic tissue patterning and postembryonic tissue homeostasis, and dysregulated Hh signaling drives familial and sporadic cancers. Hh ligands bind to and inhibit the tumor suppressor Patched and allow the oncoprotein Smoothened (SMO) to accumulate in cilia, which in turn activates the GLI family of transcription factors. Recent work has demonstrated that endogenous cholesterol and oxidized cholesterol derivatives (oxysterols) bind and modulate SMO activity. Here we discuss the myriad sterols that activate or inhibit the Hh pathway, with emphasis on endogenous 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol and 3β,5α-dihydroxycholest-7-en-6-one, and propose models of sterol regulation of SMO. Synthetic inhibitors of SMO have long been the focus of drug development efforts. Here, we discuss the possible utility of steroidal SMO ligands or inhibitors of enzymes involved in sterol metabolism as cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Daggubati
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Neurological Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David R. Raleigh
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Neurological Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Navdar Sever
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Corresponding author: Navdar Sever, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, LHRRB 405, Boston, MA 02115, USA, , Telephone: (617) 432-1612
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16
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Findakly S, Daggubati V, Garcia G, LaStella SA, Choudhury A, Tran C, Li A, Tong P, Garcia JQ, Puri N, Reiter JF, Xu L, Raleigh DR. Sterol and oxysterol synthases near the ciliary base activate the Hedgehog pathway. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211576. [PMID: 33284321 PMCID: PMC7721912 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202002026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate Hedgehog signals are transduced through the primary cilium, a specialized lipid microdomain that is required for Smoothened activation. Cilia-associated sterol and oxysterol lipids bind to Smoothened to activate the Hedgehog pathway, but how ciliary lipids are regulated is incompletely understood. Here we identified DHCR7, an enzyme that produces cholesterol, activates the Hedgehog pathway, and localizes near the ciliary base. We found that Hedgehog stimulation negatively regulates DHCR7 activity and removes DHCR7 from the ciliary microenvironment, suggesting that DHCR7 primes cilia for Hedgehog pathway activation. In contrast, we found that Hedgehog stimulation positively regulates the oxysterol synthase CYP7A1, which accumulates near the ciliary base and produces oxysterols that promote Hedgehog signaling in response to pathway activation. Our results reveal that enzymes involved in lipid biosynthesis in the ciliary microenvironment promote Hedgehog signaling, shedding light on how ciliary lipids are established and regulated to transduce Hedgehog signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Findakly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Vikas Daggubati
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Galo Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sydney A LaStella
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Abrar Choudhury
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Cecilia Tran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Amy Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Pakteema Tong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jason Q Garcia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Natasha Puri
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - David R Raleigh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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17
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Herron JM, Tomita H, White CC, Kavanagh TJ, Xu L. Benzalkonium Chloride Disinfectants Induce Apoptosis, Inhibit Proliferation, and Activate the Integrated Stress Response in a 3-D in Vitro Model of Neurodevelopment. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1265-1274. [PMID: 33472002 PMCID: PMC8131244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously found that the widely used disinfectants, benzalkonium chlorides (BACs), alter cholesterol and lipid homeostasis in neuronal cell lines and in neonatal mouse brains. Here, we investigate the effects of BACs on neurospheres, an in vitro three-dimensional model of neurodevelopment. Neurospheres cultured from mouse embryonic neural progenitor cells (NPCs) were exposed to increasing concentrations (from 1 to 100 nM) of a short-chain BAC (BAC C12), a long-chain BAC (BAC C16), and AY9944 (a known DHCR7 inhibitor). We found that the sizes of neurospheres were decreased by both BACs but not by AY9944. Furthermore, we observed potent inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis at the step of DHCR7 by BAC C12 but not by BAC C16, suggesting that cholesterol biosynthesis inhibition is not responsible for the observed reduction in neurosphere growth. By using immunostaining and cell cycle analysis, we found that both BACs induced apoptosis and decreased proliferation of NPCs. To explore the mechanisms underlying their effect on neurosphere growth, we carried out RNA sequencing on neurospheres exposed to each BAC at 50 nM for 24 h, which revealed the activation of the integrated stress response by both BACs. Overall, these results suggest that BACs affect neurodevelopment by inducing the integrated stress response in a manner independent of their effects on cholesterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josi M. Herron
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Hideaki Tomita
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Collin C. White
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Terrance J. Kavanagh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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18
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Genaro-Mattos TC, Klingelsmith KB, Allen LB, Anderson A, Tallman KA, Porter NA, Korade Z, Mirnics K. Sterol Biosynthesis Inhibition in Pregnant Women Taking Prescription Medications. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:848-857. [PMID: 33860207 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sterol biosynthesis is a critical homeostatic mechanism of the body. Sterol biosynthesis begins during early embryonic life and continues throughout life. Many commonly used medications, prescribed >200 million times in the United States annually, have a sterol biosynthesis inhibition side effect. Using our high-throughput LC-MS/MS method, we assessed the levels of post-lanosterol sterol intermediates (lanosterol, desmosterol, and 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC)) and cholesterol in 1312 deidentified serum samples from pregnant women. 302 samples showing elevated 7-DHC were analyzed for the presence of 14 medications known to inhibit the 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase enzyme (DHCR7) and increase 7-DHC. Of the 302 samples showing 7-DHC elevation, 43 had detectable levels of prescription medications with a DHCR7-inhibiting side effect. Taking more than one 7-DHC-elevating medication in specific combinations (polypharmacy) might exacerbate the effect on 7-DHC levels in pregnant women, suggesting a potentially additive or synergistic effect. As 7-DHC and 7-DHC-derived oxysterols are toxic, and as DHCR7-inhibiting medications are considered teratogens, our findings raise potential concerns regarding the use of prescription medication with a DHCR7-inhibiting side effect during pregnancy. The use of prescription medications during pregnancy is sometimes unavoidable, but choosing a medication without a DHCR7-inhibiting side effect might lead to a heathier pregnancy and prevent putatively adverse outcomes for the developing offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago C Genaro-Mattos
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, United States
| | - Korinne B Klingelsmith
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, United States
| | - Luke B Allen
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Allison Anderson
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, United States
| | - Keri A Tallman
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37221, United States
| | - Ned A Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37221, United States
| | - Zeljka Korade
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Károly Mirnics
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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19
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Transcriptomic Changes Associated with Loss of Cell Viability Induced by Oxysterol Treatment of a Retinal Photoreceptor-Derived Cell Line: An In Vitro Model of Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052339. [PMID: 33652836 PMCID: PMC7956713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Smith–Lemli–Opitz Syndrome (SLOS) results from mutations in the gene encoding the enzyme DHCR7, which catalyzes conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) to cholesterol (CHOL). Rats treated with a DHCR7 inhibitor serve as a SLOS animal model, and exhibit progressive photoreceptor-specific cell death, with accumulation of 7DHC and oxidized sterols. To understand the basis of this cell type specificity, we performed transcriptomic analyses on a photoreceptor-derived cell line (661W), treating cells with two 7DHC-derived oxysterols, which accumulate in tissues and bodily fluids of SLOS patients and in the rat SLOS model, as well as with CHOL (negative control), and evaluated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for each treatment. Gene enrichment analysis and compilation of DEG sets indicated that endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, DNA damage and repair, and autophagy were all highly up-regulated pathways in oxysterol-treated cells. Detailed analysis indicated that the two oxysterols exert their effects via different molecular mechanisms. Changes in expression of key genes in highlighted pathways (Hmox1, Ddit3, Trib3, and Herpud1) were validated by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. The results extend our understanding of the pathobiology of retinal degeneration and SLOS, identifying potential new druggable targets for therapeutic intervention into these and other related orphan diseases.
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20
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Miyamoto S, Lima RS, Inague A, Viviani LG. Electrophilic oxysterols: generation, measurement and protein modification. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:416-440. [PMID: 33494620 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.1879387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential component of mammalian plasma membranes. Alterations in sterol metabolism or oxidation have been linked to various pathological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Unsaturated sterols are vulnerable to oxidation induced by singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species. This process yields reactive sterol oxidation products, including hydroperoxides, epoxides as well as aldehydes. These oxysterols, in particular those with high electrophilicity, can modify nucleophilic sites in biomolecules and affect many cellular functions. Here, we review the generation and measurement of reactive sterol oxidation products with emphasis on cholesterol hydroperoxides and aldehyde derivatives (electrophilic oxysterols) and their effects on protein modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Miyamoto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alex Inague
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas G Viviani
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Abstract
Trazodone (TRZ) is a commonly prescribed antidepressant with significant off-label use for insomnia. A recent drug screening revealed that TRZ interferes with sterol biosynthesis, causing elevated levels of sterol precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC). Recognizing the well-documented, disruptive effect of 7-DHC on brain development, we designed a study to analyze TRZ effects during pregnancy. Utilizing an in vivo model and human biomaterial, our studies were designed to also account for drug interactions with maternal or offspring Dhcr7 genotype. In a maternal exposure model, we found that TRZ treatment increased 7-DHC and decreased desmosterol levels in brain tissue in newborn pups. We also observed interactions between Dhcr7 mutations and maternal TRZ exposure, giving rise to the most elevated toxic oxysterols in brains of Dhcr7+/- pups with maternal TRZ exposure, independently of the maternal Dhcr7 genotype. Therefore, TRZ use during pregnancy might be a risk factor for in utero development of a neurodevelopmental disorder, especially when the unborn child is of DHCR7+/- genotype. The effects of TRZ on 7-DHC was corroborated in human serum samples. We analyzed sterols and TRZ levels in individuals with TRZ prescriptions and found that circulating TRZ levels correlated highly with 7-DHC. The abundance of off-label use and high prescription rates of TRZ might represent a risk for the development of DHCR7 heterozygous fetuses. Thus, TRZ use during pregnancy is potentially a serious public health concern.
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22
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Do Q, Lee DD, Dinh AN, Seguin RP, Zhang R, Xu L. Development and Application of a Peroxyl Radical Clock Approach for Measuring Both Hydrogen-Atom Transfer and Peroxyl Radical Addition Rate Constants. J Org Chem 2020; 86:153-168. [PMID: 33269585 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The rate-determining step in free radical lipid peroxidation is the propagation of the peroxyl radical, where generally two types of reactions occur: (a) hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) from a donor to the peroxyl radical; (b) peroxyl radical addition (PRA) to a "C═C" double bond. Peroxyl radical clocks have been used to determine the rate constants of HAT reactions (kH), but no radical clock is available to measure the rate constants of PRA reactions (kadd). In this work, we modified the analytical approach on the linoleate-based peroxyl radical clock to enable the simultaneous measurement of both kH and kadd. Compared to the original approach, this new approach involves the use of a strong reducing agent, LiAlH4, to completely reduce both HAT and PRA-derived products and the relative quantitation of total linoleate oxidation products with or without reduction. The new approach was then applied to measuring the kH and kadd values for several series of organic substrates, including para- and meta-substituted styrenes, substituted conjugated dienes, and cyclic alkenes. Furthermore, the kH and kadd values for a variety of biologically important lipids were determined for the first time, including conjugated fatty acids, sterols, coenzyme Q10, and lipophilic vitamins, such as vitamins D3 and A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh Do
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David D Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Andrew N Dinh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ryan P Seguin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Rutan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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23
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Wang Y, Yutuc E, Griffiths WJ. Neuro-oxysterols and neuro-sterols as ligands to nuclear receptors, GPCRs, ligand-gated ion channels and other protein receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:3176-3193. [PMID: 32621622 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is the most cholesterol rich organ in the body containing about 25% of the body's free cholesterol. Cholesterol cannot pass the blood-brain barrier and be imported or exported; instead, it is synthesised in situ and metabolised to oxysterols, oxidised forms of cholesterol, which can pass the blood-brain barrier. 24S-Hydroxycholesterol is the dominant oxysterol in the brain after parturition, but during development, a myriad of other oxysterols are produced, which persist as minor oxysterols after birth. During both development and in later life, sterols and oxysterols interact with a variety of different receptors, including nuclear receptors, membrane bound GPCRs, the oxysterol/sterol sensing proteins INSIG and SCAP, and the ligand-gated ion channel NMDA receptors found in nerve cells. In this review, we summarise the different oxysterols and sterols found in the CNS whose biological activity is transmitted via these different classes of protein receptors. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
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24
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Reactive Sterol Electrophiles: Mechanisms of Formation and Reactions with Proteins and Amino Acid Nucleophiles. CHEMISTRY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 2:390-417. [PMID: 35372835 PMCID: PMC8976181 DOI: 10.3390/chemistry2020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Radical-mediated lipid oxidation and the formation of lipid hydroperoxides has been a focal point in the investigation of a number of human pathologies. Lipid peroxidation has long been linked to the inflammatory response and more recently, has been identified as the central tenet of the oxidative cell death mechanism known as ferroptosis. The formation of lipid electrophile-protein adducts has been associated with many of the disorders that involve perturbations of the cellular redox status, but the identities of adducted proteins and the effects of adduction on protein function are mostly unknown. Both cholesterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), which is the immediate biosynthetic precursor to cholesterol, are oxidizable by species such as ozone and oxygen-centered free radicals. Product mixtures from radical chain processes are particularly complex, with recent studies having expanded the sets of electrophilic compounds formed. Here, we describe recent developments related to the formation of sterol-derived electrophiles and the adduction of these electrophiles to proteins. A framework for understanding sterol peroxidation mechanisms, which has significantly advanced in recent years, as well as the methods for the study of sterol electrophile-protein adduction, are presented in this review.
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25
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Allen LB, Genaro-Mattos TC, Anderson A, Porter NA, Mirnics K, Korade Z. Amiodarone Alters Cholesterol Biosynthesis through Tissue-Dependent Inhibition of Emopamil Binding Protein and Dehydrocholesterol Reductase 24. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1413-1423. [PMID: 32286791 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amiodarone is prescribed for the treatment and prevention of irregular heartbeats. Although effective in clinical practice, the long-term use of amiodarone has many unwanted side effects, including cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic, and neurological toxicities. Our objective was to elucidate effects of amiodarone exposure on the cholesterol metabolism in cultured neuronal and non-neuronal cells and in individuals taking amiodarone. We observed that amiodarone increases distinct cholesterol precursors in different cell types in a dose-dependent manner. In liver and kidney cell lines, amiodarone causes increase in desmosterol levels, and in primary cortical neurons and astrocytes, amiodarone increases zymosterol, zymostenol, and 8-dehydrocholesterol (8-DHC). We conclude that amiodarone inhibits two enzymes in the pathway, emopamil binding protein (EBP) and dehydrocholesterol reductase 24 (DHCR24). Cortical neurons and astrocytes are more sensitive to amiodarone than liver and kidney cell lines. We confirmed the inhibition of EBP enzyme by analyzing the sterol intermediates in EBP-deficient Neuro2a cells versus amiodarone-treated control Neuro2a cells. To determine if the cell culture experiments have clinical relevance, we analyzed serum samples from amiodarone users. We found that in patient serum samples containing detectable amount of amiodarone there are elevated levels of the sterol precursors zymosterol, 8-DHC, and desmosterol. This study illustrates the need for close monitoring of blood biochemistry during prolonged amiodarone use to minimize the risk of side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke B. Allen
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Thiago C. Genaro-Mattos
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, United States
| | - Allison Anderson
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, United States
| | - Ned A. Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Károly Mirnics
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, United States
| | - Zeljka Korade
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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26
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Pfalzer AC, Wages PA, Porter NA, Bowman AB. Striatal Cholesterol Precursors Are Altered with Age in Female Huntington's Disease Model Mice. J Huntingtons Dis 2020; 8:161-169. [PMID: 30958310 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-180321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholesterol is necessary for proper neurodevelopment and neuronal health. The brain relies on neural and astrocytic de novo cholesterol synthesis. Huntington's disease presents with altered levels of cholesterol precursors however it is unknown when the disruption in this molecular pathway occurs and whether Manganese (Mn) may alter these metabolic alterations. OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of Mn exposure on cholesterol biosynthesis in pre-manifest and manifest Huntington's disease mice. METHODS 12-week (pre-manifest) male and female and 42-week old (manifest) female YAC128 and littermate control (WT) mice received 3 subcutaneous Mn or vehicle injections. Animals were sacrificed 24 hours after the final injection and striatum, cerebral cortex and cerebellum were collected to measure cholesterol and cholesterol precursors using LC/MS-MS. RESULTS Striatal desmosterol and cholesterol are increased in pre-manifest HD females compared to age-matched WT female mice. Striatal lanosterol, 8-DHC and desmosterol and cholesterol are reduced in manifest HD females compared to age-and sex-matched WT mice with minimal effects in the cortex and cerebellum. Mn treatment had no effect in the pre-manifest or manifest female brain except reduced lanosterol levels in the cortex of pre-manifest female mice. Neither Mn or HD altered brain cholesterol precursor levels in the pre-manifest HD or WT male mouse. CONCLUSIONS Cholesterol biosynthesis is impaired in early disease stage in female HD mice only and continues throughout disease. These alterations appear largely striatal-specific. Acute systemic exposure to Mn did not significantly alter cholesterol biosynthesis in the striatum at any disease stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Pfalzer
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Phillip A Wages
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ned A Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Aaron B Bowman
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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27
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Seguin RP, Herron JM, Lopez V, Dempsey JL, Xu L. Metabolism of Benzalkonium Chlorides by Human Hepatic Cytochromes P450. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:2466-2478. [PMID: 31730751 PMCID: PMC7269367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) are widely used as disinfectants in cleaning products, medical products, and the food processing industry. Despite a wide range of reported toxicities, limited studies have been conducted on the metabolism of these compounds in animal models and none in human-derived cells or tissues. In this work, we report on the metabolism of BACs in human liver microsomes (HLM) and by recombinant human hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. BAC metabolism in HLM was NADPH-dependent and displayed apparent half-lives that increased with BAC alkyl chain length (C10 < C12 < C14 < C16), suggesting enhanced metabolic stability of the more lipophilic, longer chain BACs. Metabolites of d7-benzyl labeled BAC substrates retained all deuteriums and there was no evidence of N-dealkylation. Tandem mass spectrometry fragmentation of BAC metabolites confirmed that oxidation occurs on the alkyl chain region. Major metabolites of C10-BAC were identified as ω-hydroxy-, (ω-1)-hydroxy-, (ω, ω-1)-diol-, (ω-1)-ketone-, and ω-carboxylic acid-C10-BAC by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry comparison with synthetic standards. In a screen of hepatic CYP isoforms, recombinant CYP2D6, CYP4F2, and CYP4F12 consumed substantial quantities of BAC substrates and produced the major microsomal metabolites. The use of potent pan-CYP4 inhibitor HET0016, the specific CYP2D6 inhibitor quinidine, or both confirmed major contributions of CYP4- and CYP2D6-mediated metabolism in the microsomal disappearance of BACs. Kinetic characterization of C10-BAC metabolite formation in HLM demonstrated robust Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters for ω-hydroxylation (Vmax = 380 pmol/min/mg, Km = 0.69 μM) and (ω-1)-hydroxylation (Vmax = 126 pmol/min/mg, Km = 0.13 μM) reactions. This work illustrates important roles for CYP4-mediated ω-hydroxylation and CYP2D6/CYP4-mediated (ω-1)-hydroxylation during the hepatic elimination of BACs, an environmental contaminant of emerging concern. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CYP-mediated oxidation of C10-BAC mitigates the potent inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis exhibited by this short-chain BAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. Seguin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Josi M. Herron
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health
Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
98195
| | - Vanessa Lopez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Joseph L. Dempsey
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health
Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
98195
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health
Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
98195
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28
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Herron JM, Hines KM, Tomita H, Seguin RP, Cui JY, Xu L. Multi-omics investigation reveals benzalkonium chloride disinfectants alter sterol and lipid homeostasis in the mouse neonatal brain. Toxicol Sci 2019; 171:32-45. [PMID: 31199489 PMCID: PMC6736422 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are critical for neurodevelopment; therefore, disruption of lipid homeostasis by environmental chemicals is expected to have detrimental effects on this process. Previously, we demonstrated that the benzalkonium chlorides (BACs), a class of commonly used disinfectants, alter cholesterol biosynthesis and lipid homeostasis in neuronal cell cultures in a manner dependent on their alkyl chain length. However, the ability of BACs to reach the neonatal brain and alter sterol and lipid homeostasis during neurodevelopment in vivo has not been characterized. Therefore, the goal of this study was to use targeted and untargeted mass spectrometry and transcriptomics to investigate the effect of BACs on sterol and lipid homeostasis, and to predict the mechanism of toxicity of BACs on neurodevelopmental processes. After maternal dietary exposure to 120 mg BAC/kg body weight/day, we quantified BAC levels in the mouse neonatal brain, demonstrating for the first time that BACs can cross the blood-placental barrier and enter the developing brain. Transcriptomic analysis of neonatal brains using RNA sequencing revealed alterations in canonical pathways related to cholesterol biosynthesis, liver X receptor-retinoid X receptor (LXR/RXR) signaling, and glutamate receptor signaling. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed decreases in total sterol levels and downregulation of triglycerides and diglycerides, which were consistent with the upregulation of genes involved in sterol biosynthesis and uptake as well as inhibition of LXR signaling. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that BACs target sterol and lipid homeostasis and provide new insights for the possible mechanisms of action of BACs as developmental neurotoxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josi M Herron
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Kelly M Hines
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Hideaki Tomita
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ryan P Seguin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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29
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Oxysterol research: a brief review. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:517-526. [PMID: 30936243 PMCID: PMC6490702 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we discuss the recent developments in oxysterol research. Exciting results have been reported relating to the involvement of oxysterols in the fields of neurodegenerative disease, especially in Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease; in signalling and development, in particular, in relation to Hedgehog signalling; and in cancer, with a special focus on (25R)26-hydroxycholesterol. Methods for the measurement of oxysterols, essential for understanding their mechanism of action in vivo, and valuable for diagnosing rare diseases of cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolism are briefly considered.
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30
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Maerz LD, Burkhalter MD, Schilpp C, Wittekindt OH, Frick M, Philipp M. Pharmacological cholesterol depletion disturbs ciliogenesis and ciliary function in developing zebrafish. Commun Biol 2019; 2:31. [PMID: 30729178 PMCID: PMC6351647 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with an inherited inability to synthesize sufficient amounts of cholesterol develop congenital malformations of the skull, toes, kidney and heart. As development of these structures depends on functional cilia we investigated whether cholesterol regulates ciliogenesis through inhibition of hydroxymethylglutaryl-Coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA-R), the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. HMG-CoA-R is efficiently inhibited by statins, a standard medication for hyperlipidemia. When zebrafish embryos are treated with statins cilia dysfunction phenotypes including heart defects, left-right asymmetry defects and malformation of ciliated organs develop, which are ameliorated by cholesterol replenishment. HMG-CoA-R inhibition and other means of cholesterol reduction lowered ciliation frequency and cilia length in zebrafish as well as several mammalian cell types. Cholesterol depletion further triggers an inability for ciliary signalling. Because of a reduction of the transition zone component Pi(4,5)P2 we propose that cholesterol governs crucial steps of cilium extension. Taken together, we report that cholesterol abrogation provokes cilia defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars D. Maerz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin D. Burkhalter
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Carolin Schilpp
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Oliver H. Wittekindt
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Manfred Frick
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Melanie Philipp
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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31
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Oxysterols as a biomarker in diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 491:103-113. [PMID: 30685361 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is one of the most important chemical substances as a structural element in human cells, and it is very susceptible to oxidation reactions that form oxysterol. Oxysterols exhibit almost the exact structure as cholesterol and a cholesterol precursor (7-dehydrocholesterol) with an additional hydroxyl, epoxy or ketone moiety. The oxidation reaction is performed via an enzymatic or non-enzymatic mechanism. The wide array of enzymatic oxysterols encountered in the human body varies in origin and function. Oxysterols establish a concentration equilibrium in human body fluids. Disease may alter the equilibrium, and oxysterols may be used as a diagnostic tool. The current review presents the possibility of using non-enzymatic oxysterols and disturbances in enzymatic oxysterol equilibrium in the human body as a potential biomarker for diagnosing and/or monitoring of the progression of various diseases.
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32
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Zielinski ZAM, Pratt DA. H-Atom Abstraction vs Addition: Accounting for the Diverse Product Distribution in the Autoxidation of Cholesterol and Its Esters. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3037-3051. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zosia A. M. Zielinski
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Derek A. Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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33
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Genaro-Mattos TC, Allen LB, Anderson A, Tallman KA, Porter NA, Korade Z, Mirnics K. Maternal aripiprazole exposure interacts with 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase mutations and alters embryonic neurodevelopment. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:491-500. [PMID: 30742019 PMCID: PMC6477890 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0368-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in both copies in the gene encoding 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) cause Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome (SLOS), which is characterized by a toxic elevation in 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC). Aripiprazole (ARI) exposure, independent of genetic mutations, also leads to elevation of 7-DHC. We investigated the combined effect of a single-copy Dhcr7+/- mutation and maternal ARI exposure on the developing offspring brain. We generated a time-pregnant mouse model where WT and Dhcr7+/- embryos were maternally exposed to ARI or vehicle (VEH) from E12 to E19 (5 mg/kg). Levels of cholesterol, its precursors, ARI and its metabolites were measured at P0. We found that ARI and its metabolites were transported across the placenta and reached the brain of offspring. Maternal ARI exposure led to decreased viability of embryos and increased 7-DHC levels, regardless of maternal or offspring Dhcr7 genotype. In addition, Dhcr7+/- pups were more vulnerable to maternal ARI exposure than their WT littermates, and maternal Dhcr7+/- genotype also exacerbated offspring response to ARI treatment. Finally, both 7-DHC levels and 7-DHC/cholesterol ratio is the highest in Dhcr7+/- pups from Dhcr7+/- mothers exposed to ARI, underscoring a potentially dangerous interaction between maternal genotype×embryonic genotype×treatment. Our findings have important clinical implications. SLOS patients should avoid drugs that increase 7-DHC levels such as ARI, trazodone and haloperidol. In addition, treatment with 7-DHC elevating substances might be potentially unsafe for the 1-1.5% of population with single-allele disruptions of the DHCR7 gene. Finally, prenatal and parental genetic testing for DHCR7 should be considered before prescribing sterol-interfering medications during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago C. Genaro-Mattos
- 0000 0001 0666 4105grid.266813.8Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE USA
| | - Luke B. Allen
- 0000 0001 0666 4105grid.266813.8Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE USA
| | - Allison Anderson
- 0000 0001 0666 4105grid.266813.8Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE USA
| | - Keri A. Tallman
- 0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Ned A. Porter
- 0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Zeljka Korade
- 0000 0001 0666 4105grid.266813.8Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE USA
| | - Károly Mirnics
- Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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34
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Weber EJ, Lidberg KA, Wang L, Bammler TK, MacDonald JW, Li MJ, Redhair M, Atkins WM, Tran C, Hines KM, Herron J, Xu L, Monteiro MB, Ramm S, Vaidya V, Vaara M, Vaara T, Himmelfarb J, Kelly EJ. Human kidney on a chip assessment of polymyxin antibiotic nephrotoxicity. JCI Insight 2018; 3:123673. [PMID: 30568031 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.123673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced kidney injury, largely caused by proximal tubular intoxicants, limits development and clinical use of new and approved drugs. Assessing preclinical nephrotoxicity relies on animal models that are frequently insensitive; thus, potentially novel techniques - including human microphysiological systems, or "organs on chips" - are proposed to accelerate drug development and predict safety. Polymyxins are potent antibiotics against multidrug-resistant microorganisms; however, clinical use remains restricted because of high risk of nephrotoxicity and limited understanding of toxicological mechanisms. To mitigate risks, structural analogs of polymyxins (NAB739 and NAB741) are currently in clinical development. Using a microphysiological system to model human kidney proximal tubule, we exposed cells to polymyxin B (PMB) and observed significant increases of injury signals, including kidney injury molecule-1 KIM-1and a panel of injury-associated miRNAs (each P < 0.001). Surprisingly, transcriptional profiling identified cholesterol biosynthesis as the primary cellular pathway induced by PMB (P = 1.22 ×10-16), and effluent cholesterol concentrations were significantly increased after exposure (P < 0.01). Additionally, we observed no upregulation of the nuclear factor (erythroid derived-2)-like 2 pathway, despite this being a common pathway upregulated in response to proximal tubule toxicants. In contrast with PMB exposure, minimal changes in gene expression, injury biomarkers, and cholesterol concentrations were observed in response to NAB739 and NAB741. Our findings demonstrate the preclinical safety of NAB739 and NAB741 and reveal cholesterol biosynthesis as a potentially novel pathway for PMB-induced injury. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a human-on-chip platform used for simultaneous safety testing of new chemical entities and defining unique toxicological pathway responses of an FDA-approved molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lu Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, and
| | - Theo K Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, and
| | | | - Mavis J Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michelle Redhair
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William M Atkins
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Cecilia Tran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kelly M Hines
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Josi Herron
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Maria Beatriz Monteiro
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susanne Ramm
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vishal Vaidya
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Martti Vaara
- Northern Antibiotics Ltd., Espoo, Finland.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Helsinki University Medical School, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Vaara
- Northern Antibiotics Ltd., Espoo, Finland
| | - Jonathan Himmelfarb
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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35
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Fliesler SJ, Xu L. Oxysterols and Retinal Degeneration in a Rat Model of Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome: Implications for an Improved Therapeutic Intervention. Molecules 2018; 23:E2720. [PMID: 30360379 PMCID: PMC6222618 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is an autosomal recessive human disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) reductase (DHCR7), resulting in abnormal accumulation of 7DHC and reduced levels of cholesterol in bodily tissues and fluids. A rat model of the disease has been created by treating normal rats with the DHCR7 inhibitor, AY9944, which causes progressive, irreversible retinal degeneration. Herein, we review the features of this disease model and the evidence linking 7DHC-derived oxysterols to the pathobiology of the disease, with particular emphasis on the associated retinal degeneration. A recent study has shown that treating the rat model with cholesterol plus suitable antioxidants completely prevents the retinal degeneration. These findings are discussed with regard to their translational implications for developing an improved therapeutic intervention for SLOS over the current standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Fliesler
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry and Neuroscience Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
- Research Service, VA Western NY Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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36
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Raleigh DR, Sever N, Choksi PK, Sigg MA, Hines KM, Thompson BM, Elnatan D, Jaishankar P, Bisignano P, Garcia-Gonzalo FR, Krup AL, Eberl M, Byrne EFX, Siebold C, Wong SY, Renslo AR, Grabe M, McDonald JG, Xu L, Beachy PA, Reiter JF. Cilia-Associated Oxysterols Activate Smoothened. Mol Cell 2018; 72:316-327.e5. [PMID: 30340023 PMCID: PMC6503851 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are required for Smoothened to transduce vertebrate Hedgehog signals, but how Smoothened accumulates in cilia and is activated is incompletely understood. Here, we identify cilia-associated oxysterols that promote Smoothened accumulation in cilia and activate the Hedgehog pathway. Our data reveal that cilia-associated oxysterols bind to two distinct Smoothened domains to modulate Smoothened accumulation in cilia and tune the intensity of Hedgehog pathway activation. We find that the oxysterol synthase HSD11β2 participates in the production of Smoothened-activating oxysterols and promotes Hedgehog pathway activity. Inhibiting oxysterol biosynthesis impedes oncogenic Hedgehog pathway activation and attenuates the growth of Hedgehog pathway-associated medulloblastoma, suggesting that targeted inhibition of Smoothened-activating oxysterol production may be therapeutically useful for patients with Hedgehog-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Raleigh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Navdar Sever
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pervinder K Choksi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Monika Abedin Sigg
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kelly M Hines
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bonne M Thompson
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Elnatan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Priyadarshini Jaishankar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paola Bisignano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Francesc R Garcia-Gonzalo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexis Leigh Krup
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Markus Eberl
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eamon F X Byrne
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sunny Y Wong
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael Grabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Philip A Beachy
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Urology and Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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The effect of oxysterols on nerve impulses. Biochimie 2018; 153:46-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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38
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Finno CJ, Estell KE, Winfield L, Katzman S, Bordbari MH, Burns EN, Miller AD, Puschner B, Tran CK, Xu L. Lipid peroxidation biomarkers for evaluating oxidative stress in equine neuroaxonal dystrophy. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1740-1747. [PMID: 30133798 PMCID: PMC6189351 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine neuroaxonal dystrophy/equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (eNAD/EDM) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting genetically predisposed foals maintained on an α-tocopherol (α-TOH) deficient diet. Currently no antemortem diagnostic test for eNAD/EDM is available. HYPOTHESIS Because α-TOH deficiency is associated with increased lipid peroxidation, it was hypothesized that F2 -isoprostanes (F2 IsoP), F4 -neuroprostanes (F4 NP) and oxysterols derived from free radical oxidation would be increased in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and neural tissue of eNAD/EDM affected horses and could serve as potential biomarkers for disease. ANIMALS Isoprostane Study A: 14 Quarter horse foals (10 healthy foals and 4 eNAD/EDM affected foals) at 1 and 6 months of age. Isoprostane Study B: 17 eNAD/EDM affected and 10 unaffected horses ≥ 1-4 years of age. Oxysterol study: eNAD/EDM affected (n = 14, serum; n = 11, CSF; n = 10, spinal cord [SC]) and unaffected horses 1-4 years of age (n = 12, serum; n = 10, CSF; n = 7, SC). PROCEDURES Cerebrospinal fluid [F2 IsoP] and [F4 NP] were assessed using gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Serum, CSF, and cervical SC [oxysterols] were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Results were compared with respective α-TOH concentrations. RESULTS Spinal cord [7-ketocholesterol], [7-hydroxycholesterol], and [7-keto-27-hydrocholesterol] were higher in eNAD/EDM horses whereas [24-ketocholesterol] was lower. No significant difference was found in CSF [F2 IsoP] and [F4 NP], serum [oxysterols] and CSF [oxysterols] between eNAD/EDM affected and unaffected horses. No correlation was found between [F2 IsoP], [F4 NP], or [oxysterols] and respective [α-TOH]. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE In the SC, targeted markers of cholesterol oxidation were significantly increased in horses with eNAD/EDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie J. Finno
- Department of Population Health and ReproductionSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of California‐DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Krista E. Estell
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching HospitalSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of California‐DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Laramie Winfield
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching HospitalSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of California‐DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Scott Katzman
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching HospitalSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of California‐DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Matthew H. Bordbari
- Department of Population Health and ReproductionSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of California‐DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Erin N. Burns
- Department of Population Health and ReproductionSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of California‐DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Andrew D. Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic PathologyCornell University College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew York
| | - Birgit Puschner
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of California‐DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Cecilia K. Tran
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
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39
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Maldonado-Pereira L, Schweiss M, Barnaba C, Medina-Meza IG. The role of cholesterol oxidation products in food toxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:908-939. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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40
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Ramachandra Rao S, Pfeffer BA, Más Gómez N, Skelton LA, Keiko U, Sparrow JR, Rowsam AM, Mitchell CH, Fliesler SJ. Compromised phagosome maturation underlies RPE pathology in cell culture and whole animal models of Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome. Autophagy 2018; 14:1796-1817. [PMID: 29979914 PMCID: PMC6135634 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1490851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of rats with the cholesterol pathway inhibitor AY9944 produces an animal model of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), an autosomal recessive disease caused by defective cholesterol synthesis. This SLOS rat model undergoes progressive and irreversible degeneration of the neural retina, with associated pathological features of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). Here, we provide further insights into the mechanism involved in the RPE pathology. In the SLOS rat model, markedly increased RPE apical autofluorescence is observed, compared to untreated animals, which correlates with increased levels of A2E and other bisretinoids. Utilizing cultured human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)- derived SLOS RPE cells, we found significantly elevated steady-state levels of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) and decreased cholesterol levels (key biochemical hallmarks of SLOS). Western blot analysis revealed altered levels of the macroautophagy/autophagy markers MAP1LC3B-II and SQSTM1/p62, and build-up of ubiquitinated proteins. Accumulation of immature autophagosomes was accompanied by inefficient degradation of phagocytized, exogenously supplied retinal rod outer segments (as evidenced by persistence of the C-terminal 1D4 epitope of RHO [rhodopsin]) in SLOS RPE compared to iPSC-derived normal human control. SLOS RPE cells exhibited lysosomal pH levels and CTSD activity within normal physiological limits, thus discounting the involvement of perturbed lysosomal function. Furthermore, 1D4-positive phagosomes that accumulated in the RPE in both pharmacological and genetic rodent models of SLOS failed to fuse with lysosomes. Taken together, these observations suggest that defective phagosome maturation underlies the observed RPE pathology. The potential relevance of these findings to SLOS and the requirement of cholesterol for phagosome maturation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriganesh Ramachandra Rao
- Departments of Ophthalmology (Ross Eye Institute) and Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY-University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Research Service, VA Western NY Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Bruce A. Pfeffer
- Departments of Ophthalmology (Ross Eye Institute) and Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY-University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Research Service, VA Western NY Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Néstor Más Gómez
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lara A. Skelton
- Departments of Ophthalmology (Ross Eye Institute) and Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY-University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Research Service, VA Western NY Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ueda Keiko
- Departments of Ophthalmology (Harkness Eye Institute) and Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, College of Physicians & Surgeons, NY, NY, USA
| | - Janet R. Sparrow
- Departments of Ophthalmology (Harkness Eye Institute) and Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, College of Physicians & Surgeons, NY, NY, USA
| | - Aryn M. Rowsam
- Departments of Ophthalmology (Ross Eye Institute) and Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY-University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Research Service, VA Western NY Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Claire H. Mitchell
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven J. Fliesler
- Departments of Ophthalmology (Ross Eye Institute) and Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY-University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Research Service, VA Western NY Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA
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41
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Finno CJ, Bordbari MH, Gianino G, Ming-Whitfield B, Burns E, Merkel J, Britton M, Durbin-Johnson B, Sloma EA, McMackin M, Cortopassi G, Rivas V, Barro M, Tran CK, Gennity I, Habib H, Xu L, Puschner B, Miller AD. An innate immune response and altered nuclear receptor activation defines the spinal cord transcriptome during alpha-tocopherol deficiency in Ttpa-null mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 120. [PMID: 29526809 PMCID: PMC5940542 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mice with deficiency in tocopherol (alpha) transfer protein gene develop peripheral tocopherol deficiency and sensory neurodegeneration. Ttpa-/- mice maintained on diets with deficient α-tocopherol (α-TOH) had proprioceptive deficits by six months of age, axonal degeneration and neuronal chromatolysis within the dorsal column of the spinal cord and its projections into the medulla. Transmission electron microscopy revealed degeneration of dorsal column axons. We addressed the potential pathomechanism of α-TOH deficient neurodegeneration by global transcriptome sequencing within the spinal cord and cerebellum. RNA-sequencing of the spinal cord in Ttpa-/- mice revealed upregulation of genes associated with the innate immune response, indicating a molecular signature of microglial activation as a result of tocopherol deficiency. For the first time, low level Ttpa expression was identified in the murine spinal cord. Further, the transcription factor liver X receptor (LXR) was strongly activated by α-TOH deficiency, triggering dysregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis. The aberrant activation of transcription factor LXR suppressed the normal induction of the transcription factor retinoic-related orphan receptor-α (RORA), which is required for neural homeostasis. Thus we find that α-TOH deficiency induces LXR, which may lead to a molecular signature of microglial activation and contribute to sensory neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie J Finno
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | - Matthew H Bordbari
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Giuliana Gianino
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Brittni Ming-Whitfield
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Erin Burns
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Janel Merkel
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Monica Britton
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Erica A Sloma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Marissa McMackin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Gino Cortopassi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Victor Rivas
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Marietta Barro
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Cecilia K Tran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Ingrid Gennity
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Hadi Habib
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Birgit Puschner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
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42
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Genaro-Mattos TC, Tallman KA, Allen LB, Anderson A, Mirnics K, Korade Z, Porter NA. Dichlorophenyl piperazines, including a recently-approved atypical antipsychotic, are potent inhibitors of DHCR7, the last enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 349:21-28. [PMID: 29698737 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While antipsychotic medications provide important relief from debilitating psychotic symptoms, they also have significant adverse side effects, which might have relevant impact on human health. Several research studies, including ours, have shown that commonly used antipsychotics such as haloperidol and aripiprazole affect cholesterol biosynthesis at the conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) to cholesterol. This transformation is promoted by the enzyme DHCR7 and its inhibition causes increases in plasma and tissue levels of 7-DHC. The inhibition of this enzymatic step by mutations in the Dhcr7 gene leads to Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, a devastating human condition that can be replicated in rats by small molecule inhibitors of DHCR7. The fact that two compounds, brexpiprazole and cariprazine, that were recently approved by the FDA have substructural elements in common with the DHCR7 inhibitor aripiprazole, prompted us to evaluate the effect of brexpiprazole and cariprazine on cholesterol biosynthesis. We report that cariprazine affects levels of 7-DHC and cholesterol in cell culture incubations at concentrations as low as 5 nM. Furthermore, a common metabolite of cariprazine and aripiprazole, 2,3-(dichlorophenyl) piperazine, inhibits DHCR7 activity at concentrations comparable to those of the potent teratogen AY9944. The cell culture experiments were corroborated in mice in studies showing that treatment with cariprazine elevated 7-DHC in brain and serum. The consequences of sterol inhibition by antipsychotics in the developing nervous system and the safety of their use during pregnancy remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago C Genaro-Mattos
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Keri A Tallman
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Luke B Allen
- Department of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, UNMC, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Allison Anderson
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Karoly Mirnics
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Zeljka Korade
- Department of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, UNMC, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Ned A Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Nashville, TN, United States.
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43
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Fliesler SJ, Peachey NS, Herron J, Hines KM, Weinstock NI, Ramachandra Rao S, Xu L. Prevention of Retinal Degeneration in a Rat Model of Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1286. [PMID: 29352199 PMCID: PMC5775248 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19592-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome (SLOS) is a recessive human disease caused by defective cholesterol (CHOL) synthesis at the level of DHCR7 (7-dehydrocholesterol reductase), which normally catalyzes the conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) to CHOL. Formation and abnormal accumulation of 7DHC and 7DHC-derived oxysterols occur in SLOS patients and in rats treated with the DHCR7 inhibitor AY9944. The rat SLOS model exhibits progressive and irreversible retinal dysfunction and degeneration, which is only partially ameliorated by dietary CHOL supplementation. We hypothesized that 7DHC-derived oxysterols are causally involved in this retinal degeneration, and that blocking or reducing their formation should minimize the phenotype. Here, using the SLOS rat model, we demonstrate that combined dietary supplementation with CHOL plus antioxidants (vitamins E and C, plus sodium selenite) provides better outcomes than dietary CHOL supplementation alone with regard to preservation of retinal structure and function and lowering 7DHC-derived oxysterol formation. These proof-of-principle findings provide a translational, pre-clinical framework for designing clinical trials using CHOL-antioxidant combination therapy as an improved therapeutic intervention over the current standard of care for the treatment of SLOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Fliesler
- Research Service, VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA. .,Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, and Neuroscience Program, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo- The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA. .,SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Neal S Peachey
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Josi Herron
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kelly M Hines
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nadav I Weinstock
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo- The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sriganesh Ramachandra Rao
- Research Service, VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, and Neuroscience Program, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo- The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA.,SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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44
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Zerbinati C, Iuliano L. Cholesterol and related sterols autoxidation. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 111:151-155. [PMID: 28428001 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a unique lipid molecule providing the building block for membranes, hormones, vitamin D and bile acid synthesis. Metabolism of cholesterol involves several enzymes acting on the sterol nucleus or the isooctyl tail. In the recent years, research interest has been focused on oxysterols, cholesterol derivatives generated by the addition of oxygen to the cholesterol backbone. Oxysterols can be produced enzymatically or by autoxidation. Autoxidation of cholesterol proceeds through type I or type II mechanisms. Type I autoxidation is initiated by free radical species, such as those arising from the superoxide/hydrogen peroxide/hydroxyl radical system. Type II autoxidation occurs stoichiometrically by non-radical highly reactive oxygen species such as singlet oxygen, HOCl, and ozone. The vulnerability of cholesterol towards high reactive species has raised considerable interest for mechanistic studies and for the potential biological activity of oxysterols, as well as for the use of oxysterols as biomarkers for the non-invasive study of oxidative stress in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Zerbinati
- Vascular Biology and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Roma, Latina, Italy
| | - Luigi Iuliano
- Vascular Biology and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Roma, Latina, Italy.
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45
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Korade Z, Genaro-Mattos TC, Tallman KA, Liu W, Garbett KA, Koczok K, Balogh I, Mirnics K, Porter NA. Vulnerability of DHCR7+/- mutation carriers to aripiprazole and trazodone exposure. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:2139-2146. [PMID: 28972118 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m079475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is a recessive disorder caused by mutations in 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR)7 with a heterozygous (HET) carrier frequency of 1-3%. A defective DHCR7 causes accumulation of 7-dehydrocholesterol (DHC), which is a highly oxidizable and toxic compound. Recent studies suggest that several antipsychotics, including the highly prescribed pharmaceuticals, aripiprazole (ARI) and trazodone (TRZ), increase 7-DHC levels in vitro and in humans. Our investigation was designed to compare the effects of ARI and TRZ on cholesterol (Chol) synthesis in fibroblasts from DHCR7+/- human carriers and controls (CTRs). Six matched pairs of fibroblasts were treated and their sterol profile analyzed by LC-MS. Significantly, upon treatment with ARI and TRZ, the total accumulation of 7-DHC was higher in DHCR7-HET cells than in CTR fibroblasts. The same set of experiments was repeated in the presence of 13C-lanosterol to determine residual Chol synthesis, revealing that ARI and TRZ strongly inhibit de novo Chol biosynthesis. The results suggest that DHCR7 carriers have increased vulnerability to both ARI and TRZ exposure compared with CTRs. Thus, the 1-3% of the population who are DHCR7 carriers may be more likely to sustain deleterious health consequences on exposure to compounds like ARI and TRZ that increase levels of 7-DHC, especially during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeljka Korade
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Thiago C Genaro-Mattos
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Keri A Tallman
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | | | - Katalin Koczok
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Genetics, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| | - Istvan Balogh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Genetics, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| | - Karoly Mirnics
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Ned A Porter
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
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46
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Korade Ž, Liu W, Warren EB, Armstrong K, Porter NA, Konradi C. Effect of psychotropic drug treatment on sterol metabolism. Schizophr Res 2017; 187:74-81. [PMID: 28202290 PMCID: PMC5554466 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol metabolism is vital for brain function. Previous work in cultured cells has shown that a number of psychotropic drugs inhibit the activity of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7), an enzyme that catalyzes the final steps in cholesterol biosynthesis. This leads to the accumulation of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC), a molecule that gives rise to oxysterols, vitamin D, and atypical neurosteroids. We examined levels of cholesterol and the cholesterol precursors desmosterol, lanosterol, 7DHC and its isomer 8-dehydrocholesterol (8DHC), in blood samples of 123 psychiatric patients on various antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs, and 85 healthy controls, to see if the observations in cell lines hold true for patients as well. Three drugs, aripiprazole, haloperidol and trazodone increased circulating 7DHC and 8DHC levels, while five other drugs, clozapine, escitalopram/citalopram, lamotrigine, olanzapine, and risperidone, did not. Studies in rat brain verified that haloperidol dose-dependently increased 7DHC and 8DHC levels, while clozapine had no effect. We conclude that further studies should investigate the role of 7DHC and 8DHC metabolites, such as oxysterols, vitamin D, and atypical neurosteroids, in the deleterious and therapeutic effects of psychotropic drugs. Finally, we recommend that drugs that increase 7DHC levels should not be prescribed during pregnancy, as children born with DHCR7 deficiency have multiple congenital malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željka Korade
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UNMC, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Emily B Warren
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, United States
| | - Kristan Armstrong
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, United States
| | - Ned A Porter
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Christine Konradi
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, United States.
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Kloudova A, Guengerich FP, Soucek P. The Role of Oxysterols in Human Cancer. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:485-496. [PMID: 28410994 PMCID: PMC5474130 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol formed in the human body or ingested in the diet. By modulating the activity of many proteins [e.g., liver X receptors (LXRs), oxysterol-binding proteins (OSBPs), some ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters], oxysterols can affect many cellular functions and influence various physiological processes (e.g., cholesterol metabolism, membrane fluidity regulation, intracellular signaling pathways). Therefore, the role of oxysterols is also important in pathological conditions (e.g., atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus type 2, neurodegenerative disorders). Finally, current evidence suggests that oxysterols play a role in malignancies such as breast, prostate, colon, and bile duct cancer. This review summarizes the physiological importance of oxysterols in the human body with a special emphasis on their roles in various tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alzbeta Kloudova
- Department of Toxicogenomics, National Institute of Public Health, Prague 100 42, Czech Republic; Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 100 00, Czech Republic
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Pavel Soucek
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen 323 00, Czech Republic.
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Griffiths WJ, Abdel-Khalik J, Crick PJ, Ogundare M, Shackleton CH, Tuschl K, Kwok MK, Bigger BW, Morris AA, Honda A, Xu L, Porter NA, Björkhem I, Clayton PT, Wang Y. Sterols and oxysterols in plasma from Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome patients. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 169:77-87. [PMID: 26976653 PMCID: PMC5018427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a severe autosomal recessive disorder resulting from defects in the cholesterol synthesising enzyme 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (Δ7-sterol reductase, DHCR7, EC 1.3.1.21) leading to a build-up of the cholesterol precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) in tissues and blood plasma. Although the underling enzyme deficiency associated with SLOS is clear there are likely to be multiple mechanisms responsible for SLOS pathology. In an effort to learn more of the aetiology of SLOS we have analysed plasma from SLOS patients to search for metabolites derived from 7-DHC which may be responsible for some of the pathology. We have identified a novel hydroxy-8-dehydrocholesterol, which is either 24- or 25-hydroxy-8-dehydrocholesterol and also the known metabolites 26-hydroxy-8-dehydrocholesterol, 4-hydroxy-7-dehydrocholesterol, 3β,5α-dihydroxycholest-7-en-6-one and 7α,8α-epoxycholesterol. None of these metabolites are detected in control plasma at quantifiable levels (0.5ng/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Griffiths
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Peter J Crick
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Michael Ogundare
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | | | - Karin Tuschl
- Centre for Translational Omics, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Mei Kwun Kwok
- Centre for Translational Omics, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Brian W Bigger
- Stem Cell & Neurotherapies, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 1PT, UK
| | - Andrew A Morris
- Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Akira Honda
- Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1Chuoh, Ami, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ned A Porter
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter T Clayton
- Centre for Translational Omics, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Yuqin Wang
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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49
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Sharif NF, Korade Z, Porter NA, Harrison FE. Oxidative stress, serotonergic changes and decreased ultrasonic vocalizations in a mouse model of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 16:619-626. [PMID: 28220990 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is an inherited monogenic disorder in which mutations to the 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) reductase (Dhcr7) gene lead to deficits in cholesterol synthesis. As a result, many patients suffer from gross physiological and neurological deficits. The purpose of this study was to identify a potential abnormal behavioral phenotype in a compound mutant mouse model for Smith-Lemli-Opitz disease (Dhcr7 Δ3-5/T93M ) to further validate the model and to provide potential targets for future therapeutic interventions. We also sought to identify some of the underlying changes in brain function that may be responsible for behavioral differences among groups. The Dhcr7 compound mutant mice were smaller than their single mutant littermates. Both single and compound heterozygous mice made fewer ultrasonic vocalizations when separated from the dam, which may suggest a communication deficit in these animals. Striking increases of the highly oxidizable 7-DHC were observed in the compound mutant mice. 7-Dehydrocholesterol is the precursor to cholesterol and builds up because of decreased function of the mutated Dhcr7 enzyme. Additionally, several differences were noted in the serotonergic system including increased expression of the serotonin transporter and increased uptake of serotonin by isolated synaptosomes. We propose that changes to the oxidative environment during development can have a significant impact on the development of serotonergic function and that this contributes to behavioral differences observed in the mutant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F Sharif
- Neuroscience Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Z Korade
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Present address: Department of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - N A Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - F E Harrison
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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50
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Hines KM, Herron J, Xu L. Assessment of altered lipid homeostasis by HILIC-ion mobility-mass spectrometry-based lipidomics. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:809-819. [PMID: 28167702 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d074724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) has proven to be a highly informative technique for the characterization of lipids from cells and tissues. We report the combination of hydrophilic-interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) with traveling-wave IM-MS (TWIM-MS) for comprehensive lipidomics analysis. Main lipid categories such as glycerolipids, sphingolipids, and glycerophospholipids are separated on the basis of their lipid backbones in the IM dimension, whereas subclasses of each category are mostly separated on the basis of their headgroups in the HILIC dimension, demonstrating the orthogonality of HILIC and IM separations. Using our previously established lipid calibrants for collision cross-section (CCS) measurements in TWIM, we measured over 250 CCS values covering 12 lipid classes in positive and negative modes. The coverage of the HILIC-IM-MS method is demonstrated in the analysis of Neuro2a neuroblastoma cells exposed to benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) with C10 or C16 alkyl chains, which we have previously shown to affect gene expression related to cholesterol and lipid homeostasis. We found that BAC exposure resulted in significant changes to several lipid classes, including glycerides, sphingomyelins, phosphatidylcholines, and phosphatidylethanolamines. Our results indicate that BAC exposure modifies lipid homeostasis in a manner that is dependent upon the length of the BAC alkyl chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Hines
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Josi Herron
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195.
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