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Chen Y, Zhang S, Ye L, Chen H, Yu L, Wu D. An Acute Bout of Exercise Suppresses Appetite via Central Lactate Metabolism. Neuroscience 2023; 510:49-59. [PMID: 36529295 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Exercise has been reported to elicit a transient suppression of appetite. Plasma lactate, which is produced by exercising muscle, is believed to have a critical effect on exercise-induced appetite suppression. However, the underlying mechanisms and signaling steps of central lactate metabolism remain unexplored. After central oxamate administration, C57BL/6J male mice performed 10 high-intensity interval running at 90% Vmax for 4 minutes each, which separated by 2 minutes at 12 m/min. Food intake and the expression of hypothalamic appetite-regulating neuropeptides including proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) were investigated following exercise training. Janus kinase 2 (Jak2)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway was also determined by Western blot. In addition, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) was investigated to explore the effect of central lactate metabolism following exercise. We found that central oxamate administration reversed exercise-induced suppression of food intake, and as well as changes in the expression of POMC and NPY. Moreover, acute exercise led to an increase in the phosphorylation of Jak2 and STAT3 in the hypothalamus, while central lactate inhibition significantly blunted this effect. In addition, HIF-1α expression increased obviously after exercise, while it was attenuated by central oxamate administration. Collectively, our data reveal that central lactate metabolism mediates exercise-induced suppression of appetite and changes in neuropeptides, possibly through enhanced Jak2-STAT3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Siyan Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liu Ye
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lehua Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dandong Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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2
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Della Guardia L, Codella R. Exercise Restores Hypothalamic Health in Obesity by Reshaping the Inflammatory Network. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020297. [PMID: 36829858 PMCID: PMC9951965 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and overnutrition induce inflammation, leptin-, and insulin resistance in the hypothalamus. The mediobasal hypothalamus responds to exercise enabling critical adaptions at molecular and cellular level that positively impact local inflammation. This review discusses the positive effect of exercise on obesity-induced hypothalamic dysfunction, highlighting the mechanistic aspects related to the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise. In HFD-fed animals, both acute and chronic moderate-intensity exercise mitigate microgliosis and lower inflammation in the arcuate nucleus (ARC). Notably, this associates with restored leptin sensitivity and lower food intake. Exercise-induced cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 mediate part of these positive effect on the ARC in obese animals. The reduction of obesity-associated pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g., FFAs, TNFα, resistin, and AGEs), and the improvement in the gut-brain axis represent alternative paths through which regular exercise can mitigate hypothalamic inflammation. These findings suggest that the regular practice of exercise can restore a proper functionality in the hypothalamus in obesity. Further analysis investigating the crosstalk muscle-hypothalamus would help toward a deeper comprehension of the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Della Guardia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Codella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-50330356
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3
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Mannarino S, Santacesaria S, Raso I, Garbin M, Pipolo A, Ghiglia S, Tarallo G, De Silvestri A, Vandoni M, Lucini D, Carnevale Pellino V, Bernardelli G, Gatti A, Rossi V, Calcaterra V, Zuccotti G. Benefits in Cardiac Function from a Remote Exercise Program in Children with Obesity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1544. [PMID: 36674299 PMCID: PMC9861570 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) is a crucial factor in preventing and treating obesity and related complications. In this one-arm pre−post longitudinal prospective study, we evaluated the effects of a 12-week online supervised training program on cardiac morphology, function and blood pressure (BP) in children with obesity. The training program consisted of three sessions per week, each lasting 60 min. Advanced echocardiographic imaging (tissue Doppler and longitudinal strain analysis) was used to detect subclinical changes in heart function. Categorical variables were described as counts and percentages; quantitative variables as the mean and standard deviation (SD) as they were normally distributed (Shapiro−Wilks test). Pre−post comparisons were made with a paired t-test. A total of 27/38 (71%) enrolled patients (18M/9F, 11 ± 2 years) completed the training protocol and were considered in the analysis. At baseline, no hypertensive patient was noted; all echocardiographic variables were within the normal range. After training, we observed a significant reduction in BP parameters, including systolic BP values and Z-score, diastolic BP values, centiles and Z-score, and mean arterial pressure (all p < 0.05). Significant variations in echocardiographic interventricular septum (IVSd) thickness (p = 0.011), IVSd Z-score (p = 0.001), left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic diameter (p = 0.045), LV posterior wall thickness Z-score (p = 0.017), and LV global longitudinal strain (p = 0.016) were detected. No differences in LV diastolic function and right ventricular strain were noted. PA plays a decisive role in improving BP control and has benefits on left ventricle systolic function, representing a strategic approach to limit CV risk. Online exercise could be an excellent method of training in children with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savina Mannarino
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Santacesaria
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Raso
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Garbin
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Andreana Pipolo
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Ghiglia
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Tarallo
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa De Silvestri
- Biometry & Clinical Epidemiology, Scientific Direction, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Vandoni
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Science, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniela Lucini
- BIOMETRA Department, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
- Exercise Medicine Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 20135 Milan, Italy
| | - Vittoria Carnevale Pellino
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Science, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Bernardelli
- Exercise Medicine Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 20135 Milan, Italy
- DISCCO Department, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gatti
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Science, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Virginia Rossi
- Pediatric Unit, Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Calcaterra
- Pediatric Unit, Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Pediatric Unit, Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
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Ozcan S, Ulker N, Bulmus O, Yardimci A, Ozcan M, Canpolat S. The modulatory effects of irisin on asprosin, leptin, glucose levels and lipid profile in healthy and obese male and female rats. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:724-731. [PMID: 32027180 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1722706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main aim of this study was to investigate the effects of irisin on asprosin, leptin, glucose levels and lipid profile in healthy and obese male and female rats. METHODS Irisin was subcutaneously administered with osmotic minipumps at the dose of 100 ng/kg/day for 28 days and then, the serum levels of asprosin, leptin, glucose and lipid profile were investigated. RESULTS Irisin infusion increased asprosin levels in male rats (p = .02) but not in female rats. Irisin inhibited obesity-induced high glucose, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride (TG) and leptin levels in all groups; however, it did not lead to any change in asprosin levels in both obese female and male rats. CONCLUSIONS It was determined that irisin increased serum asprosin levels and decreased LDL, TG, glucose and leptin levels, and this could indicate a protective role of irisin against obesity development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Ozcan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Nazife Ulker
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Bulmus
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Yardimci
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mete Ozcan
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Sinan Canpolat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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McGrath C, Little-Letsinger SE, Sankaran JS, Sen B, Xie Z, Styner MA, Zong X, Chen W, Rubin J, Klett EL, Coleman RA, Styner M. Exercise Increases Bone in SEIPIN Deficient Lipodystrophy, Despite Low Marrow Adiposity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:782194. [PMID: 35145475 PMCID: PMC8822583 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.782194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise, typically beneficial for skeletal health, has not yet been studied in lipodystrophy, a condition characterized by paucity of white adipose tissue, with eventual diabetes, and steatosis. We applied a mouse model of global deficiency of Bscl2 (SEIPIN), required for lipid droplet formation. Male twelve-week-old B6 knockouts (KO) and wild type (WT) littermates were assigned six-weeks of voluntary, running exercise (E) versus non-exercise (N=5-8). KO weighed 14% less than WT (p=0.01) and exhibited an absence of epididymal adipose tissue; KO liver Plin1 via qPCR was 9-fold that of WT (p=0.04), consistent with steatosis. Bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT), unlike white adipose, was measurable, although 40.5% lower in KO vs WT (p=0.0003) via 9.4T MRI/advanced image analysis. SEIPIN ablation's most notable effect marrow adiposity was in the proximal femoral diaphysis (-56% KO vs WT, p=0.005), with relative preservation in KO-distal-femur. Bone via μCT was preserved in SEIPIN KO, though some quality parameters were attenuated. Running distance, speed, and time were comparable in KO and WT. Exercise reduced weight (-24% WT-E vs WT p<0.001) but not in KO. Notably, exercise increased trabecular BV/TV in both (+31%, KO-E vs KO, p=0.004; +14%, WT-E vs WT, p=0.006). The presence and distribution of BMAT in SEIPIN KO, though lower than WT, is unexpected and points to a uniqueness of this depot. That trabecular bone increases were achievable in both KO and WT, despite a difference in BMAT quantity/distribution, points to potential metabolic flexibility during exercise-induced skeletal anabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody McGrath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Sarah E. Little-Letsinger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jeyantt Srinivas Sankaran
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Buer Sen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Zhihui Xie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Martin A. Styner
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Xiaopeng Zong
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Weiqin Chen
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Janet Rubin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- North Carolina Diabetes Research Center (NCDRC), Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Eric L. Klett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- North Carolina Diabetes Research Center (NCDRC), Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Rosalind A. Coleman
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Maya Styner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- North Carolina Diabetes Research Center (NCDRC), Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Maya Styner,
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Pedroso JAB, Dos Santos LBP, Furigo IC, Spagnol AR, Wasinski F, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Donato J. Deletion of growth hormone receptor in hypothalamic neurons affects the adaptation capacity to aerobic exercise. Peptides 2021; 135:170426. [PMID: 33069692 PMCID: PMC7855886 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus mediates important exercise-induced metabolic adaptations, possibly via hormonal signals. Hypothalamic leptin receptor (LepR)- and steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1)-expressing neurons are directly responsive to growth hormone (GH) and deletion of GH receptor (GHR) in these cells impairs neuroendocrine responses during situations of metabolic stress. In the present study, we determined whether GHR ablation in LepR- or SF1-expressing cells modifies acute and chronic metabolic adaptations to exercise. Male mice carrying deletion of GHR in LepR- or SF1-expressing cells were submitted to 8 weeks of treadmill running training. Changes in aerobic performance and exercise-induced metabolic adaptations were determined. Mice carrying GHR deletion in LepR cells showed increased aerobic performance after 8 weeks of treadmill training, whereas GHR ablation in SF1 cells prevented improvement in running capacity. Trained mice carrying GHR ablation in SF1 cells exhibited increased fat mass and reduced cross-sectional area of the gastrocnemius muscle. In contrast, deletion of GHR in LepR cells reduced fat mass and increased gastrocnemius muscle hypertrophy, energy expenditure and voluntary locomotor activity in trained mice. Although glucose tolerance was not significantly affected by targeted deletions, glycemia before and immediately after maximum running tests was altered by GHR ablation. In conclusion, GHR signaling in hypothalamic neurons regulates the adaptation capacity to aerobic exercise in a cell-specific manner. These findings suggest that GH may represent a hormonal cue that informs specific hypothalamic neurons to produce exercise-induced acute and chronic metabolic adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- João A B Pedroso
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Lucas B P Dos Santos
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Isadora C Furigo
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Alexandre R Spagnol
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Farmacologia, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Jose Donato
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil.
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Relative contribution of fat diet and physical inactivity to the development of metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fat liver disease in Wistar rats. Physiol Behav 2020; 225:113040. [PMID: 32603747 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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8
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Tsofliou F, Pitsiladis YP, Lara J, Hadjicharalambous M, Macdonald IA, Wallace MA, Lean MEJ. The effects of moderate alterations in adrenergic activity on acute appetite regulation in obese women: A randomised crossover trial. Nutr Health 2020; 26:311-322. [PMID: 32729763 PMCID: PMC7534026 DOI: 10.1177/0260106020942117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Previous evidence has demonstrated that serum leptin is correlated with appetite in combination with, but not without, modest exercise. Aim: The present experiments investigated the effects of exogenous adrenaline and α/β adrenoceptor blockade in combination with moderate exercise on serum leptin concentrations, appetite/satiety sensations and subsequent food intake in obese women. Methods: A total of 10 obese women ((mean ± SEM), age: 50 (1.9) years, body mass index 36 (4.1) kg/m2, waist 104.8 (4.1) cm) participated in two separate, double-blind randomised experimental trials. Experiment 1: moderate exercise after α/β adrenergic blocker (labetalol, 100 mg orally) versus moderate exercise plus placebo; experiment 2: adrenaline infusion for 20 minutes versus saline infusion. Appetite/satiety and biochemistry were measured at baseline, pre- and immediately post-intervention, then 1 hour post-intervention (i.e., before dinner). Food intake was assessed via ad libitum buffet-style dinner. Results: No differences were found in appetite/satiety, subsequent food intake or serum leptin in any of the studies (experiment 1 or experiment 2). In experiment 1, blood glucose was higher (p < 0.01) and plasma free fatty acids lower (p = 0.04) versus placebo. In experiment 2, plasma free fatty acids (p < 0.05) increased after adrenaline versus saline infusion. Conclusions: Neither inhibition of exercise-induced adrenergic activity by combined α/β adrenergic blockade nor moderate increases in adrenergic activity induced by intravenous adrenaline infusion affected acute appetite regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotini Tsofliou
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, 3526University of Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Department of Rehabilitation and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, 375756Bournemouth University, United Kingdom
| | - Yannis P Pitsiladis
- College of Medical Veterinary and Life Science, Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, 3526University of Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine, University of Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Lara
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, 5995Northumbria University, United Kingdom
| | - Marios Hadjicharalambous
- College of Medical Veterinary and Life Science, Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, 3526University of Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Life & Health Sciences, School of Sciences and Engineering, 121343University of Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ian A Macdonald
- School of Life Sciences, 6123University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, United Kingdom
| | - Mike A Wallace
- University Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, United Kingdom
| | - Mike E J Lean
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, 3526University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
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9
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Hassell Sweatman CZW. Mathematical model of diabetes and lipid metabolism linked to diet, leptin sensitivity, insulin sensitivity and VLDLTG clearance predicts paths to health and type II diabetes. J Theor Biol 2020; 486:110037. [PMID: 31626814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.110037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An original model of diabetes linked to carbohydrate and lipid intake is presented and applied to predict the effects on biomarkers of various diets. The variables (biomarkers) are concentrations of fasting plasma glucose, insulin, leptin, glucagon, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and very low density lipoprotein triglyceride (VLDLTG), as well as muscle lipids, hepatic lipids, pancreatic lipids, fat mass and mass of β-cells. The model predicts isocaloric high carbohydrate low fat (HCLF) diet and low carbohydrate high fat (LCHF) diet trajectories to health which vary in fat mass by at most a few kilograms at steady state. The LCHF trajectories to health are faster than isocaloric HCLF trajectories with respect to fat mass loss, although these trajectories may be slower initially if parameters are adjusting from HCLF values. On LC diets, leptin sensitivity and VLDLTG clearance are thought to increase. Increasing leptin sensitivity and VLDLTG clearance is predicted to lower lipids including fat mass and VLDLTG. The model predicts that changes in VLDLTG due to a change in diet happen rapidly, approaching steady state values after a few weeks, reflecting leptin sensitivity and VLDLTG clearance which are much harder to measure. The model predicts that if only insulin sensitivity increases on a LC diet, steady state fat mass would increase slightly. If leptin and insulin sensitivities increase concurrently, the combined effect could be a decrease in fat mass, consistent with the fact that increasing insulin sensitivity is often associated with fat mass loss in trials. The model predicts trajectories to fat type II diabetes with hypertriglyceridemia due to high carbohydrate moderate fat diets, on which insulin rises before falling, as ectopic fat deposits increase; made fatter and more diabetic by higher lipid consumption. It predicts trajectories to non-diabetic states with raised fat mass, VLDLTG and muscle, hepatic and pancreatic lipids due to moderate carbohydrate high fat diets. The model predicts paths to lean type II diabetes, on a diet of moderate energy but low β-cell replication rate or high death rate.
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10
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Contreras RE, Schriever SC, Pfluger PT. Physiological and Epigenetic Features of Yoyo Dieting and Weight Control. Front Genet 2019; 10:1015. [PMID: 31921275 PMCID: PMC6917653 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and being overweight have become a worldwide epidemic affecting more than 1.9 billion adults and 340 million children. Efforts to curb this global health burden by developing effective long-term non-surgical weight loss interventions continue to fail due to weight regain after weight loss. Weight cycling, often referred to as Yoyo dieting, is driven by physiological counter-regulatory mechanisms that aim at preserving energy, i.e. decreased energy expenditure, increased energy intake, and impaired brain-periphery communication. Models based on genetically determined set points explained some of the weight control mechanisms, but exact molecular underpinnings remained elusive. Today, gene–environment interactions begin to emerge as likely drivers for the obesogenic memory effect associated with weight cycling. Here, epigenetic mechanisms, including histone modifications and DNA methylation, appear as likely factors that underpin long-lasting deleterious adaptations or an imprinted obesogenic memory to prevent weight loss maintenance. The first part summarizes our current knowledge on the physiology of weight cycling by discussing human and murine studies on the Yoyo-dieting phenomenon and physiological adaptations associated with weight loss and weight re-gain. The second part provides an overview on known associations between obesity and epigenetic modifications. We further interrogate the roles of epigenetic mechanisms in the CNS control of cognitive functions as well as reward and addictive behaviors, and subsequently discuss whether such mechanisms play a role in weight control. The final two parts describe major opportunities and challenges associated with studying epigenetic mechanisms in the CNS with its highly heterogenous cell populations, and provide a summary of recent technological advances that will help to delineate whether an obese memory is based upon epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raian E Contreras
- Research Unit Neurobiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Neurobiology of Diabetes, TUM School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sonja C Schriever
- Research Unit Neurobiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Paul T Pfluger
- Research Unit Neurobiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Neurobiology of Diabetes, TUM School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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11
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Musial B, Fernandez‐Twinn DS, Duque‐Guimaraes D, Carr SK, Fowden AL, Ozanne SE, Sferruzzi‐Perri AN. Exercise alters the molecular pathways of insulin signaling and lipid handling in maternal tissues of obese pregnant mice. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14202. [PMID: 31466137 PMCID: PMC6715452 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity during gestation adversely affects maternal and infant health both during pregnancy and for long afterwards. However, recent work suggests that a period of maternal exercise during pregnancy can improve metabolic health of the obese mother and her offspring. This study aimed to identify the physiological and molecular impact of exercise on the obese mother during pregnancy that may lead to improved metabolic outcomes. To achieve this, a 20-min treadmill exercise intervention was performed 5 days a week in diet-induced obese female mice from 1 week before and up to day 17 of pregnancy. Biometric, biochemical and molecular analyses of maternal tissues and/or plasma were performed on day 19 of pregnancy. We found exercise prevented some of the adverse changes in insulin signaling and lipid metabolic pathways seen in the liver, skeletal muscle and white adipose tissue of sedentary-obese pregnant dams (p110β, p110α, AKT, SREBP). Exercise also induced changes in the insulin and lipid signaling pathways in obese dams that were different from those observed in control and sedentary-obese dams. The changes induced by obesity and exercise were tissue-specific and related to alterations in tissue lipid, protein and glycogen content and plasma insulin, leptin and triglyceride concentrations. We conclude that the beneficial effects of exercise on metabolic outcomes in obese mothers may be related to specific molecular signatures in metabolically active maternal tissues during pregnancy. These findings highlight potential metabolic targets for therapeutic intervention and the importance of lifestyle in reducing the burden of the current obesity epidemic on healthcare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Musial
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Denise S. Fernandez‐Twinn
- MRC Metabolic Disease UnitUniversity of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust‐MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s HospitalCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Daniella Duque‐Guimaraes
- MRC Metabolic Disease UnitUniversity of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust‐MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s HospitalCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Sarah K. Carr
- MRC Metabolic Disease UnitUniversity of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust‐MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s HospitalCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Abigail L. Fowden
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Susan E. Ozanne
- MRC Metabolic Disease UnitUniversity of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust‐MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s HospitalCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Amanda N. Sferruzzi‐Perri
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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12
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Anevska K, Mahizir D, Briffa JF, Jefferies AJ, Wark JD, Grills BL, Brady RD, McDonald SJ, Wlodek ME, Romano T. Treadmill Exercise before and during Pregnancy Improves Bone Deficits in Pregnant Growth Restricted Rats without the Exacerbated Effects of High Fat Diet. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061236. [PMID: 31151257 PMCID: PMC6627539 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth restriction programs adult bone deficits and increases the risk of obesity, which may be exacerbated during pregnancy. We aimed to determine if high-fat feeding could exacerbate the bone deficits in pregnant growth restricted dams, and whether treadmill exercise would attenuate these deficits. Uteroplacental insufficiency was induced on embryonic day 18 (E18) in Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats using bilateral uterine vessel ligation (restricted) or sham (control) surgery. The F1 females consumed a standard or high-fat (HFD) diet from 5 weeks, commenced treadmill exercise at 16 weeks, and they were mated at 20 weeks. Femora and plasma from the pregnant dams were collected at post-mortem (E20) for peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), mechanical testing, histomorphometry, and plasma analysis. Sedentary restricted females had bone deficits compared to the controls, irrespective of diet, where such deficits were prevented with exercise. Osteocalcin increased in the sedentary restricted females compared to the control females. In the sedentary HFD females, osteocalcin was reduced and CTX-1 was increased, with increased peak force and bending stress compared to the chow females. Exercise that was initiated before and continued during pregnancy prevented bone deficits in the dams born growth restricted, whereas a HFD consumption had minimal bone effects. These findings further highlight the beneficial effects of exercise for individuals at risk of bone deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Anevska
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Dayana Mahizir
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Jessica F Briffa
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Andrew J Jefferies
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - John D Wark
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
- Bone and Mineral Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.
| | - Brian L Grills
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - Rhys D Brady
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - Mary E Wlodek
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Tania Romano
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
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Shiuchi T, Miyatake Y, Otsuka A, Chikahisa S, Sakaue H, Séi H. Role of orexin in exercise-induced leptin sensitivity in the mediobasal hypothalamus of mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 514:166-172. [PMID: 31029425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Orexin is known as an important neuropeptide in the regulation of energy metabolism. However, the role of orexin in exercise-induced leptin sensitivity in the hypothalamus has been unclear. In this study, we determined the effect of transient treadmill exercise on leptin sensitivity in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) of mice and examined the role of orexin in post-exercise leptin sensitivity. Treadmill running for 45 min increased the orexin neuron activity in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of a submaximal dose of leptin after exercise stimulated the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in MBH of mice post-exercise compared with that in non-exercised mice, although intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of leptin did not enhance STAT3 phosphorylation, even after exercise. Icv injection of an orexin receptor antagonist, SB334867 reduced STAT3 phosphorylation, which was enhanced by icv injection of orexin but not by direct injection of orexin into MBH. Exercise increased the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) in the MBH of mice, while ERK phosphorylation was reduced by SB334867. Leptin injection after exercise increased the leptin level in MBH, whereas icv injection of SB334867 suppressed the increase in the leptin level in MBH of mice. These results indicate that the activation of orexin neurons by exercise may contribute to the enhancement of leptin sensitivity in MBH. This effect may be mediated by increased transportation of circulating leptin into MBH, with the involvement of ERK phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Shiuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Yumiko Miyatake
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Airi Otsuka
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Sachiko Chikahisa
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakaue
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Séi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
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14
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Cordeira J, Monahan D. Voluntary wheel running reduces weight gain in mice by decreasing high-fat food consumption. Physiol Behav 2019; 207:1-6. [PMID: 31028763 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether wheel running for just 30 min on 5 days each week, an exercise routine based on recommended levels of physical activity for adults, regulates body weight and food intake in mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into groups and given ad libitum access to high-fat food and standard chow or standard chow only. For 30 min on 5 days each week, mice were treated with an in-cage running wheel which was either open to allow voluntary exercise or locked and could not rotate for control. Wheel running reduced weight gain and fat mass among mice fed high-fat food and standard chow, but not mice fed standard chow only. Wheel running decreased high-fat food consumption. Standard chow intake was unchanged. Mice provided with a locked running wheel but pair-fed the same amount of food as wheel running mice also displayed reduced weight gain and fat mass. We conclude that voluntary wheel running for 30 min on 5 days each week reduced weight gain and fat mass in mice by preferentially decreasing high-fat food intake. This model of voluntary wheel running can be used to investigate mechanisms underlying the benefits of exercise on body weight and food intake, informing obesity intervention strategies for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Cordeira
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Western Connecticut State University, 181 White Street, Danbury, CT 06810, USA.
| | - Daniel Monahan
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Western Connecticut State University, 181 White Street, Danbury, CT 06810, USA
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15
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Exercise for Prevention and Relief of Cardiovascular Disease: Prognoses, Mechanisms, and Approaches. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:3756750. [PMID: 31093312 PMCID: PMC6481017 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3756750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review is aimed at summarizing the new findings about the multiple benefits of exercise on cardiovascular disease (CVD). We pay attention to the prevalence and risk factors of CVD and mechanisms and recommendations of physical activity. Physical activity can improve insulin sensitivity, alleviate plasma dyslipidemia, normalize elevated blood pressure, decrease blood viscosity, promote endothelial nitric oxide production, and improve leptin sensitivity to protect the heart and vessels. Besides, the protective role of exercise on the body involves not only animal models in the laboratory but also clinical studies which is demonstrated by WHO recommendations. The general exercise intensity for humans recommended by the American Heart Association to prevent CVD is moderate exercise of 30 minutes, 5 times a week. However, even the easiest activity is better than nothing. What is more, owing to the different physical fitness of individuals, a standard exercise training cannot provide the exact treatment for everyone. So personalization of exercise will be an irresistible trend and bring more beneficial effects with less inefficient physical activities. This paper reviews the benefits of exercise contributing to the body especially in CVD through the recent mechanism studies.
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16
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Soares GM, Zangerolamo L, Costa-Júnior JM, Vettorazzi JF, Carneiro EM, Saad ST, Boschero AC, Barbosa-Sampaio HC. Whole-Body ARHGAP21-Deficiency Improves Energetic Homeostasis in Lean and Obese Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:338. [PMID: 31191459 PMCID: PMC6548804 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of Rab-GAP TBC1 domain family member 1 (TBC1D1) reduces body weight and increases energy expenditure in mice. Here, we assessed the possible involvement of GTPase activating protein 21 (ARHGAP21), a Rho-GAP protein, in energy homeostasis. Wild-type and whole-body ARHGAP21-haplodeficient mice were fed either chow or high-fat diet for 10 weeks. These mice were analyzed for body weight, food intake, voluntary physical activity, and energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry. Real-time PCR was performed to determine changes in the expression of hypothalamic-anorexic genes. Whole-body ARHGAP21-haplodeficient mice showed lower body weight and food intake associated with increased energy expenditure. These mice also showed higher expression of hypothalamic-anorexic genes such as POMC and CART. Our data suggest that the reduction in body weight of ARHGAP21-haplodeficient mice was related to alterations in the central nervous system. This suggests a new role for ARHGAP21 in energetic metabolism and prompts us to consider GAP protein members as possible targets for the prevention and treatment of obesity and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Moreira Soares
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lucas Zangerolamo
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jose Maria Costa-Júnior
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jean Franciesco Vettorazzi
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Everardo Magalhães Carneiro
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Sara Teresinha Saad
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Center, University of Campinas, HEMOCENTRO-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Boschero
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Helena Cristina Barbosa-Sampaio
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Helena Cristina Barbosa-Sampaio
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17
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Rathi SS, Raghuaram N, Tekur P, Joshi RR, Ramarao NH. Development and Validation of Integrated Yoga Module for Obesity in Adolescents. Int J Yoga 2018; 11:231-238. [PMID: 30233117 PMCID: PMC6134747 DOI: 10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_38_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Obesity is a growing global epidemic and cause of noncommunicable diseases. Yoga is one of the effective ways to reduce stress which is one of the causes of obesity. Nowadays, children in adolescent age are more prone to get obese due to lack of physical activity making them more sedentary. Aim: To identify the design and validation of Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy Module (IAYTM) for obesity in adolescents. Materials and Methods: First phase – IAYTM for obesity was designed based on the literature review of classical texts and recently published research articles. Second phase – Designed IAYTM was validated by 16 subject matter (yoga) experts. Content-validity ratio (CVR) was analyzed using Lawshe's formula. Results: Yoga practices were designed for Integrated Yoga Module for Obesity in Adolescents. Yoga practices with CVR ≥0.5 and which were validated by 16 yoga experts and approved in faculty group discussion were included in final Integrated Yoga Therapy Module. Conclusion: The yoga practices were designed and validated for IAYTM for obesity in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Padmini Tekur
- Yoga and Life Sciences Department, SVYASA, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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18
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Okauchi H, Hashimoto C, Nakao R, Oishi K. Timing of food intake is more potent than habitual voluntary exercise to prevent diet-induced obesity in mice. Chronobiol Int 2018; 36:57-74. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1516672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Okauchi
- Biological Clock Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Chiaki Hashimoto
- Biological Clock Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Reiko Nakao
- Biological Clock Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Katsutaka Oishi
- Biological Clock Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
- School of Integrative and Global Majors (SIGMA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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19
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Mul JD, Soto M, Cahill ME, Ryan RE, Takahashi H, So K, Zheng J, Croote DE, Hirshman MF, la Fleur SE, Nestler EJ, Goodyear LJ. Voluntary wheel running promotes resilience to chronic social defeat stress in mice: a role for nucleus accumbens ΔFosB. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:1934-1942. [PMID: 29875450 PMCID: PMC6046059 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0103-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating mechanisms by which physical exercise promotes resilience, the brain's ability to cope with prolonged stress exposure while maintaining normal psychological functioning, is a major research challenge given the high prevalence of stress-related mental disorders, including major depressive disorder. Chronic voluntary wheel running (VWR), a rodent model that mimics aspects of human physical exercise, induces the transcription factor ΔFosB in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a key reward-related brain area. ΔFosB expression in NAc modulates stress susceptibility. Here, we explored whether VWR induction of NAc ΔFosB promotes resilience to chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). Male young-adult C57BL/6J mice were single housed for up to 21 d with or without running wheels and then subjected to 10 d of CSDS. Stress-exposed sedentary mice developed a depressive-like state, characterized by anhedonia and social avoidance, whereas stress-exposed mice that had been wheel running showed resilience. Functional inhibition of NAc ΔFosB during VWR, by viral-mediated overexpression of a transcriptionally inactive JunD mutant, reinstated susceptibility to CSDS. Within the NAc, VWR induction of ΔFosB was CREB-dependent, associated with altered dendritic morphology, and medium spiny neuron (MSN) subtype specific in the NAc core and shell subregions. Finally, when mice performed VWR following the onset of CSDS-induced social avoidance, VWR normalized such behavior. These data indicate that VWR promoted resilience to CSDS, and suggest that sustained induction of ΔFosB in the NAc underlies, at least in part, the stress resilience mediated by VWR. These findings provide a potential framework for the development of treatments for stress-associated mental illnesses based on physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joram D Mul
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Metabolism and Reward Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marion Soto
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Michael E Cahill
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Rebecca E Ryan
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kawai So
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jia Zheng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Denise E Croote
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Michael F Hirshman
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Susanne E la Fleur
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Metabolism and Reward Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J Nestler
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham, and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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20
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Devlin M, Robbins A, Cosman M, Moursi C, Cloutier A, Louis L, Van Vliet M, Conlon C, Bouxsein M. Differential effects of high fat diet and diet-induced obesity on skeletal acquisition in female C57BL/6J vs. FVB/NJ Mice. Bone Rep 2018; 8:204-214. [PMID: 29955639 PMCID: PMC6020275 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of obesity on bone metabolism are complex, and may be mediated by consumption of a high fat diet and/or by obesity-induced metabolic dysregulation. To test the hypothesis that both high fat (HF) diet and diet-induced metabolic disease independently decrease skeletal acquisition, we compared effects of HF diet on bone mass and microarchitecture in two mouse strains: diet-induced obesity (DIO)-susceptible C57BL/6J (B6) and DIO-resistant FVB/NJ (FVB). At 3 wks of age we weaned 120 female FVB and B6 mice onto normal (N, 10% Kcal/fat) or HF diet (45% Kcal/fat) and euthanized them at 6, 12 and 20 weeks of age (N = 10/grp). Outcomes included body mass; percent fat and whole-body bone mineral density (WBBMD, g/cm2) via DXA; cortical and trabecular bone architecture at the midshaft and distal femur via μCT; and marrow adiposity via histomorphometry. In FVB HF, body mass, percent body fat, WBBMD and marrow adiposity did not differ vs. N, but trabecular bone mass was lower at 6 wks of age only (p < 0.05), cortical bone geometric properties were lower at 12 wks only, and bone strength was lower at 20 wks of age only in HF vs. N (p < 0.05). In contrast, B6 HF had higher body mass, percent body fat, and leptin vs. N. B6 HF also had higher WBBMD (p < 0.05) at 9 and 12 wks of age but lower distal femur trabecular bone mass at 12 wks of age, and lower body mass-adjusted cortical bone properties at 20 wks of age compared to N (p < 0.05). Marrow adiposity was also markedly higher in B6 HF vs. N. Overall, HF diet negatively affected bone mass in both strains, but was more deleterious to trabecular bone microarchitecture and marrow adiposity in B6 than in FVB mice. These data suggest that in addition to fat consumption itself, the metabolic response to high fat diet independently alters skeletal acquisition in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.J. Devlin
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, United States
| | - A. Robbins
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, United States
| | - M.N. Cosman
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, United States
| | - C.A. Moursi
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, United States
| | - A.M. Cloutier
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, United States
| | - L. Louis
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, United States
| | - M. Van Vliet
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, United States
| | - C. Conlon
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, United States
| | - M.L. Bouxsein
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, United States
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21
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Smith JK. Exercise, Obesity and CNS Control of Metabolic Homeostasis: A Review. Front Physiol 2018; 9:574. [PMID: 29867590 PMCID: PMC5965103 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This review details the manner in which the central nervous system regulates metabolic homeostasis in normal weight and obese rodents and humans. It includes a review of the homeostatic contributions of neurons located in the hypothalamus, the midbrain and limbic structures, the pons and the medullary area postrema, nucleus tractus solitarius, and vagus nucleus, and details how these brain regions respond to circulating levels of orexigenic hormones, such as ghrelin, and anorexigenic hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 and leptin. It provides an insight as to how high intensity exercise may improve homeostatic control in overweight and obese subjects. Finally, it provides suggestions as to how further progress can be made in controlling the current pandemic of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Smith
- Departments of Academic Affairs and Biomedical Science, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
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Abstract
Physical inactivity and increased consumption of energy dense, high fat (HF) foods often leads to a state of positive energy balance. Regular exercise can facilitate the maintenance of a healthy body weight and mediate changes in dietary selection. Past studies using a two-diet choice (chow vs. HF) and voluntary wheel running paradigm found that when a novel HF diet and wheel running are simultaneously introduced, male rats show complete and persistent HF diet avoidance whereas the majority of females show HF diet avoidance for a few days, but then revert to HF diet preference. Ovariectomy (OVX) appears to decrease preference for the HF diet bringing it closer to that of males. Given that estradiol but not progesterone mediates changes in food intake and energy balance, we hypothesized that estradiol signaling is required for the reversal of HF diet avoidance in female rats. Accordingly, Experiment 1 compared the persistency of running-induced HF diet avoidance in males, sham-operated females, and OVX rats with replacement of oil vehicle, estradiol benzoate (E), progesterone (P), or both (E + P). The number of wheel running rats that either avoided or preferred the HF diet varied with hormone treatment. The reversal of HF diet avoidance in running females and OVX E + P rats occurred more rapidly and frequently than male running rats. E + P but not E or P replaced OVX wheel running rats significantly reversed HF diet avoidance. OVX oil rats avoided HF diet to the same extent as male rats for the first 11 days of diet choice and then rapidly increased HF diet intake and began preferring it. This incomplete elimination of sex differences suggests that developmental factors or androgens might play a role in sustaining running-induced HF diet avoidance. Subsequently, Experiment 2 aimed to determine the role of androgens in the persistency of running-associated HF diet avoidance with sham-operated and orchiectomized (GDX) male rats. Both intact and GDX male running rats persistently avoided the HF diet to the same extent. Taken together, these results suggest that activational effects of ovarian hormones play a role in female specific running-induced changes in diet choice patterns. Furthermore, the activational effects of androgens are not required for the expression of HF diet avoidance in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Y Yang
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, M/C 716, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Nu-Chu Liang
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, M/C 716, Champaign, IL 61820, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, M/C 716, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.
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23
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Chen YH, Kuo TT, Kao JH, Huang EYK, Hsieh TH, Chou YC, Hoffer BJ. Exercise Ameliorates Motor Deficits and Improves Dopaminergic Functions in the Rat Hemi-Parkinson's Model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3973. [PMID: 29507426 PMCID: PMC5838260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22462-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the influences of exercise on motor deficits and dopaminergic transmission in a hemiparkinson animal model, we measured the effects of exercise on the ambulatory system by estimating spatio-temporal parameters during walking, striatal dopamine (DA) release and reuptake and synaptic plasticity in the corticostriatal pathway after unilateral 6-OHDA lesions. 6-OHDA lesioned hemiparkinsonian rats were exercised on a fixed speed treadmill for 30 minutes per day. Controls received the same lesion but no exercise. Animals were subsequently analyzed for behavior including gait analysis, rotarod performance and apomorphine induced rotation. Subsequently, in vitro striatal dopamine release was analyzed by using FSCV and activity-dependent plasticity in the corticostriatal pathway was measured in each group. Our data indicated that exercise could improve motor walking speed and increase the apomorphine-induced rotation threshold. Exercise also ameliorated spatiotemporal impairments in gait in PD animals. Exercise increased the parameters of synaptic plasticity formation in the corticostriatal pathway of PD animals as well as the dynamics of dopamine transmission in PD animals. Fixed speed treadmill training 30 minutes per day could ameliorate spatial-temporal gait impairment, improve walking speed, dopamine transmission as well as corticostriatal synaptic plasticity in the unilateral 6-OHDA lesioned rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hao Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C..
| | - Tung-Tai Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Computer and Communication Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jen-Hsin Kao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Eagle Yi-Kung Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tsung-Hsun Hsieh
- Department of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Chou
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Barry J Hoffer
- Graduate Program on Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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24
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Beeler JA, Mourra D. To Do or Not to Do: Dopamine, Affordability and the Economics of Opportunity. Front Integr Neurosci 2018; 12:6. [PMID: 29487508 PMCID: PMC5816947 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2018.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Five years ago, we introduced the thrift hypothesis of dopamine (DA), suggesting that the primary role of DA in adaptive behavior is regulating behavioral energy expenditure to match the prevailing economic conditions of the environment. Here we elaborate that hypothesis with several new ideas. First, we introduce the concept of affordability, suggesting that costs must necessarily be evaluated with respect to the availability of resources to the organism, which computes a value not only for the potential reward opportunity, but also the value of resources expended. Placing both costs and benefits within the context of the larger economy in which the animal is functioning requires consideration of the different timescales against which to compute resource availability, or average reward rate. Appropriate windows of computation for tracking resources requires corresponding neural substrates that operate on these different timescales. In discussing temporal patterns of DA signaling, we focus on a neglected form of DA plasticity and adaptation, changes in the physical substrate of the DA system itself, such as up- and down-regulation of receptors or release probability. We argue that changes in the DA substrate itself fundamentally alter its computational function, which we propose mediates adaptations to longer temporal horizons and economic conditions. In developing our hypothesis, we focus on DA D2 receptors (D2R), arguing that D2R implements a form of “cost control” in response to the environmental economy, serving as the “brain’s comptroller”. We propose that the balance between the direct and indirect pathway, regulated by relative expression of D1 and D2 DA receptors, implements affordability. Finally, as we review data, we discuss limitations in current approaches that impede fully investigating the proposed hypothesis and highlight alternative, more semi-naturalistic strategies more conducive to neuroeconomic investigations on the role of DA in adaptive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff A Beeler
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.,CUNY Neuroscience Consortium, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Devry Mourra
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.,CUNY Neuroscience Consortium, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
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25
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Ruegsegger GN, Sevage JA, Childs TE, Grigsby KB, Booth FW. 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide prevents fat gain following the cessation of voluntary physical activity. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:1474-1485. [PMID: 28786140 DOI: 10.1113/ep086335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? We investigated whether 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR) could prevent acute increases in body fat and changes in omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue following the sudden transition from physical activity to physical inactivity. What is the main finding and its importance? AICAR prevented fat gains following the transition from physical activity to inactivity to levels comparable to rats that remained physically active. AICAR and continuous physical activity produced depot-specific changes in cyclin A1 mRNA and protein that were associated with the prevention of fat gain. These findings suggest that targeting AMP-activated protein kinase signalling could oppose rapid adipose mass growth. The transition from physical activity to inactivity is associated with drastic increases in 'catch-up' fat that in turn foster the development of many obesity-associated maladies. We tested whether 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR) treatment would prevent gains in body fat following the sudden transition from a physically active state to an inactive state by locking a voluntary running wheel. Male Wistar rats were either sedentary (SED) or given wheel access for 4 weeks, at which time rats with wheels continued running (RUN), had their wheel locked (WL) or had WL with daily AICAR injection (WL + AICAR) for 1 week. RUN and WL + AICAR prevented gains in body fat compared with SED and WL (P < 0.001). Cyclin A1 mRNA, a marker of cell proliferation, was decreased in omental, but not subcutaneous adipose tissue, in RUN and WL + AICAR compared with SED and WL groups (P < 0.05). Both cyclin A1 mRNA and protein were positively associated with gains in fat mass (P < 0.05). Cyclin A1 mRNA in omental, but not subcutaneous, adipose tissue was negatively correlated with p-AMPK levels (P < 0.05). Differences in fat gain and omental mRNA and protein levels were independent of changes in food intake and in differences in select hypothalamic mRNAs. These findings suggest that AICAR treatment prevents acute gains in adipose tissue following physical inactivity to levels of rats that continuously run, and that together, continuous physical activity and AICAR could, at least initially in these conditions, exert similar inhibitory effects on adipogenesis in a depot-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph A Sevage
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Thomas E Childs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kolter B Grigsby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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26
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Ramos-Lobo AM, Donato J. The role of leptin in health and disease. Temperature (Austin) 2017; 4:258-291. [PMID: 28944270 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2017.1327003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a master regulator of energy balance and body adiposity. Additionally, leptin exerts important control on glucose homeostasis, thermogenesis, autonomic nervous system and neuroendocrine axes. In metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes mellitus, leptin signaling may be compromised, indicating the important role of this hormone in the etiology and pathophysiological manifestations of these conditions. In the present manuscript, we reviewed important concepts of leptin signaling, as well as about the effects of leptin on several biologic functions. We also discussed the possible therapeutic use of leptin administration and how our current obesogenic environment contributes to the development of leptin resistance. Our objective was to provide a comprehensive and state-of-the-art review about the importance of leptin to maintain the homeostasis and during pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Ramos-Lobo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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27
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Exercise training and high-fat diet elicit endocannabinoid system modifications in the rat hypothalamus and hippocampus. J Physiol Biochem 2017; 73:335-347. [PMID: 28283967 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-017-0557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of chronic exercise on the hypothalamus and hippocampus levels of the endocannabinoids (eCBs) anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and of two AEA congeners and on the expression of genes coding for CB1, CB2 receptors (Cnr1 and Cnr2, respectively), and the enzymes responsible for eCB biosynthesis and degradation, in rats fed with a standard or high-fat diet. Male Wistar rats (n = 28) were placed on a 12-week high-fat (HFD) or standard diet period, followed by 12 weeks of exercise training for half of each group. Tissue levels of eCBs and related lipids were measured by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, and expression of genes coding for CB1 and CB2 receptors and eCB metabolic enzymes was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). HFD induced a significant increase in 2-AG (p < 0.01) in hypothalamus. High-fat diet paired with exercise training had no effect on AEA, 2-AG, and AEA congener levels in the hypothalamus and hippocampus. Cnr1 expression levels were significantly increased in the hippocampus in response to HFD, exercise, and the combination of both (p < 0.05). Our results indicate that eCB signaling in the CNS is sensitive to diet and/or exercise.
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28
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Palmisano BT, Stafford JM, Pendergast JS. High-Fat Feeding Does Not Disrupt Daily Rhythms in Female Mice because of Protection by Ovarian Hormones. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:44. [PMID: 28352249 PMCID: PMC5348546 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity in women is increased by the loss of circulating estrogen after menopause. Shift work, which disrupts circadian rhythms, also increases the risk for obesity. It is not known whether ovarian hormones interact with the circadian system to protect females from obesity. During high-fat feeding, male C57BL/6J mice develop profound obesity and disruption of daily rhythms. Since C57BL/6J female mice did not develop diet-induced obesity (during 8 weeks of high-fat feeding), we first determined if daily rhythms in female mice were resistant to disruption from high-fat diet. We fed female PERIOD2:LUCIFERASE mice 45% high-fat diet for 1 week and measured daily rhythms. Female mice retained robust rhythms of eating behavior and locomotor activity during high-fat feeding that were similar to chow-fed females. In addition, the phase of the liver molecular timekeeping (PER2:LUC) rhythm was not altered by high-fat feeding in females. To determine if ovarian hormones protected daily rhythms in female mice from high-fat feeding, we analyzed rhythms in ovariectomized mice. During high-fat feeding, the amplitudes of the eating behavior and locomotor activity rhythms were reduced in ovariectomized females. Liver PER2:LUC rhythms were also advanced by ~4 h by high-fat feeding, but not chow, in ovariectomized females. Together these data show circulating ovarian hormones protect the integrity of daily rhythms in female mice during high-fat feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T. Palmisano
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John M. Stafford
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Julie S. Pendergast
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- *Correspondence: Julie S. Pendergast,
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29
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Pierard M, Conotte S, Tassin A, Boutry S, Uzureau P, Boudjeltia KZ, Legrand A. Interactions of exercise training and high-fat diet on adiponectin forms and muscle receptors in mice. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:75. [PMID: 27822289 PMCID: PMC5094086 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0138-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by systemic disturbances that increase cardiovascular risk. Adiponectin (Ad) exhibits a cardioprotective function because of its anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic properties. In the bloodstream, this adipocytokine circulates on multimers (Admer), among which high molecular weight (HMW) are the most active forms. Because alterations of Ad plasmatic levels, Admer distribution and receptor (AdipoR) expression have been described in murine models and obese patients, strategies that aim to enhance Ad production or its effect on target tissues are the subject of intense investigations. While exercise training is well known to be beneficial for reducing cardiovascular risk, the contribution of Ad is still controversial. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of exercise training on Ad production, Admer distribution and AdipoR muscle expression in a murine model of MetS. Methods At 6 weeks of age, mice were submitted to a standard (SF) or high-fat high-sugar (HF) diet for 10 weeks. After 2 weeks, the SF- and HF-fed animals were randomly assigned to a training program (SFT, HFT) or not (SFC, HFC). The trained groups were submitted to sessions of running on a treadmill 5 days a week. Results and conclusions The HF mice presented the key problems associated with MetS (increased caloric intake, body weight, glycemia and fat mass), a change in Admer distribution in favor of the less-active forms and increased AdipoR2 expression in muscle. In contrast, exercise training reversed some of the adverse effects of a HF diet (increased glucose tolerance, better caloric intake control) without any modifications in Ad production and Admer distribution. However, increased AdipoR1 muscle expression was observed in trained mice, but this effect was hampered by HF diet. These data corroborate a recent hypothesis suggesting a functional divergence between AdipoR1 and AdipoR2, with AdipoR1 having the predominant protective action on metabolic function. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12986-016-0138-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélany Pierard
- Laboratory of Respiratory Physiology, Pathophysiology and Rehabilitation, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Conotte
- Laboratory of Respiratory Physiology, Pathophysiology and Rehabilitation, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Tassin
- Laboratory of Respiratory Physiology, Pathophysiology and Rehabilitation, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Boutry
- Department of General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium.,Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Pierrick Uzureau
- Experimental Medicine Laboratory, Free University of Brussels, CHU de Charleroi, Belgium
| | | | - Alexandre Legrand
- Laboratory of Respiratory Physiology, Pathophysiology and Rehabilitation, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
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Loyd C, Magrisso IJ, Haas M, Balusu S, Krishna R, Itoh N, Sandoval DA, Perez-Tilve D, Obici S, Habegger KM. Fibroblast growth factor 21 is required for beneficial effects of exercise during chronic high-fat feeding. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:687-98. [PMID: 27445299 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00456.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise is an effective therapy against the metabolic syndrome. However, the molecular pathways underlying the advantageous effects of exercise are elusive. Glucagon receptor signaling is essential for exercise benefits, and recent evidence indicates that a downstream effector of glucagon, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), is implicated in this response. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that FGF21 action is necessary in mediating metabolic effects of exercise. We utilized acute exhaustive treadmill exercise in Wistar rats to identify a putative, concomitant increase in plasma glucagon and FGF21 with the increase in glucose and lactate following exercise. To test the necessity of FGF21 action in the exercise response, we exposed FGF21 congenitally deficient mice (Fgf21(-/-)) and their wild-type (Wt) littermates to chronic high-fat (HF) feeding and inoperable (sedentary) or operable (exercise) voluntary running wheels. Physiological tests were performed to assess the role of FGF21 in the beneficial effect of exercise on glucose metabolism. Wt and Fgf21(-/-) littermates exhibited similar running behavior, and exercise was effective in suppressing weight and fat mass gain and dyslipidemia independently of genotype. However, exercise failed to positively affect hepatic triglyceride content and glucose tolerance in HF diet-fed Fgf21(-/-) mice. Furthermore, Fgf21(-/-) mice exhibited an impaired adaptation to exercise training, including reduced AMP-activated protein kinase activity in skeletal muscle. This study demonstrates that FGF21 action is necessary to achieve the full metabolic benefits of exercise during chronic HF feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Loyd
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - I Jack Magrisso
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Michael Haas
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sowmya Balusu
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Radha Krishna
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Darleen A Sandoval
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Diego Perez-Tilve
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Silvana Obici
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kirk M Habegger
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama;
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31
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Baghaiee B, Botelho Teixeira A, Tartibian B. Moderate aerobic exercise increases SOD-2 gene expression and decreases leptin and malondialdehyde in middle-aged men. Sci Sports 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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32
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The effect of physical exercise on orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides and its role on long-term feeding control. Med Hypotheses 2016; 93:30-3. [PMID: 27372853 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, life-styles changing have led to exacerbated food and caloric intake and a reduction in energy expenditure. Obesity, main outcome of these changes, increases the risk for developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome, the leading cause of death in adult and middle age population. Body weight and energy homeostasis are maintained via complex interactions between orexigenic and anorexigenic neuropeptides that take place predominantly in the hypothalamus. Overeating may disrupt the mechanisms of feeding control, by decreasing the expression of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and increasing orexigenic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP), which leads to a disturbance in appetite control and energy balance. Studies have shown that regular physical exercise might decrease body-weight, food intake and improve the metabolic profile, however until the currently there is no consensus about its effects on the expression of orexigenic/anorexigenic neuropeptides expression. Therefore, we propose that the type and length of physical exercise affect POMC/αMSH and NPY/AgRP systems differently and plays an important role in feeding behavior. Moreover, based on the present reports, we hypothesize that increased POMC/αMSH overcome NPY/AgRP expression decreasing food intake in long term physical exercise and that results in amelioration of several conditions related to overweight and obesity.
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33
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Theriau CF, Shpilberg Y, Riddell MC, Connor MK. Voluntary physical activity abolishes the proliferative tumor growth microenvironment created by adipose tissue in animals fed a high fat diet. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:139-53. [PMID: 27150834 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00862.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms behind the obesity-breast cancer association may be regulated via adipokine secretion by white adipose tissue. Specifically, adiponectin and leptin are altered with adiposity and exert antagonistic effects on cancer cell proliferation. We set out to determine whether altering adiposity in vivo via high fat diet (HFD) feeding changed the tumor growth supporting nature of adipose tissue and whether voluntary physical activity (PA) could ameliorate these HFD-dependent effects. We show that conditioned media (CM) created from the adipose tissue of HFD fed animals caused an increase in the proliferation of MCF7 cells compared with cells exposed to CM prepared from the adipose of lean chow diet fed counterparts. This increased proliferation was driven within the MCF7 cells by an HFD-dependent antagonism between AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathways, decreasing p27 protein levels via reduced phosphorylation at T198 and downregulation of adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1). PA can ameliorate these proliferative effects of HFD-CM on MCF7 cells, increasing p27(T198) by AMPK, reducing pAkt(T308), and increasing AdipoR1, resulting in cell cycle withdrawal in a manner that depends on the PA intensity. High physical activity (>3 km/day) completely abolished the effects of HFD feeding. In addition, AdipoR1 overexpression mimics the effects of exercise, abolishing the proliferative effects of the HFD-CM on MCF7 cells and further enhancing the antiproliferative effects of PA on the HFD-CM. Thus voluntary PA represents a means to counteract the proliferative effects of adipose tissue on breast cancers in obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F Theriau
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Michael C Riddell
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael K Connor
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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34
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Hicks JA, Hatzidis A, Arruda NL, Gelineau RR, De Pina IM, Adams KW, Seggio JA. Voluntary wheel-running attenuates insulin and weight gain and affects anxiety-like behaviors in C57BL6/J mice exposed to a high-fat diet. Behav Brain Res 2016; 310:1-10. [PMID: 27154535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that lifestyle plays a crucial role on the quality of life in individuals, particularly in western societies where poor diet is correlated to alterations in behavior and the increased possibility of developing type-2 diabetes. While exercising is known to produce improvements to overall health, there is conflicting evidence on how much of an effect exercise has staving off the development of type-2 diabetes or counteracting the effects of diet on anxiety. Thus, this study investigated the effects of voluntary wheel-running access on the progression of diabetes-like symptoms and open field and light-dark box behaviors in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet. C57BL/6J mice were placed into either running-wheel cages or cages without a running-wheel, given either regular chow or a high-fat diet, and their body mass, food consumption, glucose tolerance, insulin and c-peptide levels were measured. Mice were also exposed to the open field and light-dark box tests for anxiety-like behaviors. Access to a running-wheel partially attenuated the obesity and hyperinsulinemia associated with high-fat diet consumption in these mice, but did not affect glucose tolerance or c-peptide levels. Wheel-running strongly increased anxiety-like and decreased explorative-like behaviors in the open field and light-dark box, while high-fat diet consumption produced smaller increases in anxiety. These results suggest that voluntary wheel-running can assuage some, but not all, of the physiological problems associated with high-fat diet consumption, and can modify anxiety-like behaviors regardless of diet consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin A Hicks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, 24 Park Ave., Bridgewater, MA 02325, USA
| | - Aikaterini Hatzidis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, 24 Park Ave., Bridgewater, MA 02325, USA
| | - Nicole L Arruda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, 24 Park Ave., Bridgewater, MA 02325, USA
| | - Rachel R Gelineau
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, 24 Park Ave., Bridgewater, MA 02325, USA
| | - Isabella Monteiro De Pina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, 24 Park Ave., Bridgewater, MA 02325, USA
| | - Kenneth W Adams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, 24 Park Ave., Bridgewater, MA 02325, USA
| | - Joseph A Seggio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, 24 Park Ave., Bridgewater, MA 02325, USA.
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Laing BT, Do K, Matsubara T, Wert DW, Avery MJ, Langdon EM, Zheng D, Huang H. Voluntary exercise improves hypothalamic and metabolic function in obese mice. J Endocrinol 2016; 229:109-22. [PMID: 26931136 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Exercise plays a critical role in regulating glucose homeostasis and body weight. However, the mechanism of exercise on metabolic functions associated with the CNS has not been fully understood. C57BL6 male mice (n=45) were divided into three groups: normal chow diet, high-fat diet (HFD) treatment, and HFD along with voluntary running wheel exercise training for 12 weeks. Metabolic function was examined by the Comprehensive Lab Animal Monitoring System and magnetic resonance imaging; phenotypic analysis included measurements of body weight, food intake, glucose and insulin tolerance tests, as well as insulin and leptin sensitivity studies. By immunohistochemistry, the amount changes in the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, neuronal proliferative maker Ki67, apoptosis positive cells as well as pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing neurons in the arcuate area of the hypothalamus was identified. We found that 12 weeks of voluntary exercise training partially reduced body weight gain and adiposity induced by an HFD. Insulin and leptin sensitivity were enhanced in the exercise training group verses the HFD group. Furthermore, the HFD-impaired POMC-expressing neuron is remarkably restored in the exercise training group. The restoration of POMC neuron number may be due to neuroprotective effects of exercise on POMC neurons, as evidenced by altered proliferation and apoptosis. In conclusion, our data suggest that voluntary exercise training improves metabolic symptoms induced by HFD, in part through protected POMC-expressing neuron from HFD and enhanced leptin signaling in the hypothalamus that regulates whole-body energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenton T Laing
- Department of KinesiologyEast Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity InstituteEast Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Khoa Do
- Department of KinesiologyEast Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity InstituteEast Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tomoko Matsubara
- Department of KinesiologyEast Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity InstituteEast Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - David W Wert
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity InstituteEast Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael J Avery
- Department of KinesiologyEast Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erin M Langdon
- Department of KinesiologyEast Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Donghai Zheng
- Department of KinesiologyEast Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity InstituteEast Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA Human Performance LaboratoryCollage of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hu Huang
- Department of KinesiologyEast Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity InstituteEast Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA Human Performance LaboratoryCollage of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA Department of PhysiologyEast Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Heydemann A. An Overview of Murine High Fat Diet as a Model for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:2902351. [PMID: 27547764 PMCID: PMC4983380 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2902351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a worldwide epidemic, which by all predictions will only increase. To help in combating the devastating array of phenotypes associated with T2DM a highly reproducible and human disease-similar mouse model is required for researchers. The current options are genetic manipulations to cause T2DM symptoms or diet induced obesity and T2DM symptoms. These methods to model human T2DM have their benefits and their detractions. As far as modeling the majority of T2DM cases, HFD establishes the proper etiological, pathological, and treatment options. A limitation of HFD is that it requires months of feeding to achieve the full spectrum of T2DM symptoms and no standard protocol has been established. This paper will attempt to rectify the last limitation and argue for a standard group of HFD protocols and standard analysis procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlke Heydemann
- The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- The Center for Cardiovascular Research, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- *Ahlke Heydemann:
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Fernandes L, Calegare BFA, Cavalcante-Silva V, D'Almeida V. Detraining in pregnancy and/or lactation modulates neuropeptidergic hypothalamic systems in offspring mice. Endocrine 2015; 50:715-24. [PMID: 25948073 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0612-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Manipulations in metabolic parameters during pregnancy/lactation can impact the development of short- and long-term energy control mechanisms, which are mainly modulated by neural and hormonal inputs to the hypothalamus. Thus, we tested how mice training and detraining during pregnancy and lactation affect hypothalamus gene expression and change biometric and metabolic profiles of the offspring. Three-month-old female Swiss mice were submitted to an 8-week exercise program (swimming 5 times/week, 1 h/day). Following this physical exercise protocol, these conditioned animals and the control group were submitted to matting. After pregnancy verification, the animals were distributed into four groups: training during pregnancy and lactation (T); detraining after pregnancy confirmation (DP); detraining during lactation (DL); and control (CT), without interventions. After weaning, the offspring of the four groups were derived into these as follows: TO, DPO, DLO, and CTO, respectively. The body weight was lower in conditioned females compared to control at weeks 4-8 of the exercise regimen. No statistical difference in dam's body weight was observed during pregnancy. Related to offspring, at post-natal day 90, the animals were euthanized and DPO and DLO showed decrease in Npy and Cart expression in hypothalamus, and DLO also had increased Lep gene expression in white adipose tissue. Additionally, DPO showed increase in plasma triglycerides levels, total liver weight, and decrease in brown adipose tissue compared to CTO. Together, these results support that detraining during critical periods of development leads to altered gene expression in hypothalamic neuropeptidergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Fernandes
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros, 925, 3rd floor, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil
| | - Bruno F A Calegare
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros, 925, 3rd floor, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Cavalcante-Silva
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros, 925, 3rd floor, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil
| | - Vânia D'Almeida
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros, 925, 3rd floor, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil.
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Efeitos da dieta mediterrânica e exercício físico em indivíduos com doença arterial coronária. Rev Port Cardiol 2015; 34:655-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Noites A, Pinto J, Freitas CP, Melo C, Albuquerque A, Teixeira M, Bastos JM. Effects of the Mediterranean diet and exercise in subjects with coronary artery disease. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE CARDIOLOGIA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repce.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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40
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Acosta W, Meek TH, Schutz H, Dlugosz EM, Vu KT, Garland T. Effects of early-onset voluntary exercise on adult physical activity and associated phenotypes in mice. Physiol Behav 2015; 149:279-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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RODRIGUES BARBARADEALMEIRA, PAULI LUCIANASANTOSSOUZA, DE SOUZA CLAUDIOTEODORO, DA SILVA ADELINOSANCHEZRAMOS, CINTRA DENNYSESPERCORREA, MARINHO RODOLFO, DE MOURA LEANDROPEREIRA, ROPELLE ELOIZECRISTINACHIARREOTTO, BOTEZELLI JOSÉDIEGO, ROPELLE EDUARDOROCHETE, PAULI JOSÉRODRIGO. Acute Exercise Decreases Tribbles Homolog 3 Protein Levels in the Hypothalamus of Obese Rats. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47:1613-23. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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42
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Obici S, Magrisso IJ, Ghazarian AS, Shirazian A, Miller JR, Loyd CM, Begg DP, Krawczewski Carhuatanta KA, Haas MK, Davis JF, Woods SC, Sandoval DA, Seeley RJ, Goodyear LJ, Pothos EN, Mul JD. Moderate voluntary exercise attenuates the metabolic syndrome in melanocortin-4 receptor-deficient rats showing central dopaminergic dysregulation. Mol Metab 2015; 4:692-705. [PMID: 26500841 PMCID: PMC4588435 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Melanocortin-4 receptors (MC4Rs) are highly expressed by dopamine-secreting neurons of the mesolimbic tract, but their functional role has not been fully resolved. Voluntary wheel running (VWR) induces adaptations in the mesolimbic dopamine system and has a myriad of long-term beneficial effects on health. In the present experiments we asked whether MC4R function regulates the effects of VWR, and whether VWR ameliorates MC4R-associated symptoms of the metabolic syndrome. Methods Electrically evoked dopamine release was measured in slice preparations from sedentary wild-type and MC4R-deficient Mc4rK314X (HOM) rats. VWR was assessed in wild-type and HOM rats, and in MC4R-deficient loxTBMc4r mice, wild-type mice body weight-matched to loxTBMc4r mice, and wild-type mice with intracerebroventricular administration of the MC4R antagonist SHU9119. Mesolimbic dopamine system function (gene/protein expression) and metabolic parameters were examined in wheel-running and sedentary wild-type and HOM rats. Results Sedentary obese HOM rats had increased electrically evoked dopamine release in several ventral tegmental area (VTA) projection sites compared to wild-type controls. MC4R loss-of-function decreased VWR, and this was partially independent of body weight. HOM wheel-runners had attenuated markers of intracellular D1-type dopamine receptor signaling despite increased dopamine flux in the VTA. VWR increased and decreased ΔFosB levels in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of wild-type and HOM runners, respectively. VWR improved metabolic parameters in wild-type wheel-runners. Finally, moderate voluntary exercise corrected many aspects of the metabolic syndrome in HOM runners. Conclusions Central dopamine dysregulation during VWR reinforces the link between MC4R function and molecular and behavioral responding to rewards. The data also suggest that exercise can be a successful lifestyle intervention in MC4R-haploinsufficient individuals despite reduced positive reinforcement during exercise training. MC4R-deficiency causes metabolic syndrome. Loss of MC4R signaling decreases voluntary wheel running (VWR). Despite moderate amounts of VWR, MC4R-associated metabolic syndrome is severely attenuated. MC4R-deficiency is associated with mesolimbic dopamine dysregulation during VWR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Obici
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - I Jack Magrisso
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Armen S Ghazarian
- Programs in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Neuroscience, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences and Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alireza Shirazian
- Programs in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Neuroscience, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences and Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonas R Miller
- Programs in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Neuroscience, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences and Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christine M Loyd
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Denovan P Begg
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA ; School of Psychology, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Michael K Haas
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jon F Davis
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Stephen C Woods
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Darleen A Sandoval
- North Campus Research Complex, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Randy J Seeley
- North Campus Research Complex, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Emmanuel N Pothos
- Programs in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Neuroscience, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences and Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joram D Mul
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA ; Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Kadota Y, Toyoda T, Kitaura Y, Adams SH, Shimomura Y. Regulation of hepatic branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex in rats fed a high-fat diet. Obes Res Clin Pract 2015; 7:e439-44. [PMID: 24459688 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Branched-chain α-ketoacid (BCKA) dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC) regulates branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism at the level of BCKA catabolism. It has been demonstrated that the activity of hepatic BCKDC is markedly decreased in type 2 diabetic animal models. In this study, we examined the regulation of hepatic BCKDC in rats with diet-induced obesity (DIO). Rats were fed a control or a 60% of energy high-fat diet (HFD) for twelve weeks. Concentrations of blood components and the activities and protein amounts of hepatic BCKDC and its specific kinase (BDK) were measured. The concentrations of plasma glucose, insulin, and corticosterone were significantly elevated in DIO rats compared to those fed the control diet, suggestive of insulin resistance. Blood BCAA concentrations were not increased. The activity of hepatic BCKDC that was present in the active form in the liver was higher in DIO rats compared to controls, although the total activity and the enzyme amount were not different between two diet groups. The activity of hepatic BDK and the abundance of BDK bound to the BCKDC were decreased in DIO rats. The total amount of hepatic BDK was also significantly decreased in DIO rats. In rats made obese through HFD feeding, in contrast to prior studies in rat models of type 2 diabetes, hepatic BDK was down-regulated and thereby hepatic BCKDC was activated, suggesting that DIO promotes liver BCKA catabolism. In this model there was no evidence that increased blood BCAAs drive DIO-associated insulin resistance, since concentrations of BCAAs were not altered by DIO.
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MESH Headings
- 3-Methyl-2-Oxobutanoate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide)/metabolism
- Amino Acids, Branched-Chain/genetics
- Amino Acids, Branched-Chain/metabolism
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat
- Down-Regulation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Immunoprecipitation
- Insulin/metabolism
- Liver/enzymology
- Male
- Obesity/enzymology
- Obesity/metabolism
- Protein Kinases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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Leibel RL, Seeley RJ, Darsow T, Berg EG, Smith SR, Ratner R. Biologic Responses to Weight Loss and Weight Regain: Report From an American Diabetes Association Research Symposium. Diabetes 2015; 64:2299-309. [PMID: 26106187 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rudolph L Leibel
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, North Campus Research Complex, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Tamara Darsow
- Division of Science and Medicine, American Diabetes Association, Alexandria, VA
| | - Erika Gebel Berg
- Division of Science and Medicine, American Diabetes Association, Alexandria, VA
| | - Steven R Smith
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Sanford-Burnham Institute, Florida Hospital, Winter Park, FL
| | - Robert Ratner
- Division of Science and Medicine, American Diabetes Association, Alexandria, VA
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Abstract
Here we summarize topics covered in an SFN symposium that considered how and why exercise and energy intake affect neuroplasticity and, conversely, how the brain regulates peripheral energy metabolism. This article is not a comprehensive review of the subject, but rather a view of how the authors' findings fit into a broader context. Emerging findings elucidate cellular and molecular mechanisms by which exercise and energy intake modify the plasticity of neural circuits in ways that affect brain health. By enhancing neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity and neuronal stress robustness, exercise and intermittent energy restriction/fasting may optimize brain function and forestall metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, brain-centered glucoregulatory and immunomodulating systems that mediate peripheral health benefits of intermittent energetic challenges have recently been described. A better understanding of adaptive neural response pathways activated by energetic challenges will enable the development and optimization of interventions to reduce the burden of disease in our communities.
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Calorie restriction-mediated restoration of hypothalamic signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation is not effective for lowering the body weight set point in IRS-2 knockout obese mice. Diabetol Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13340-015-0205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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47
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Niwa A, Nishibori M, Hamasaki S, Kobori T, Liu K, Wake H, Mori S, Yoshino T, Takahashi H. Voluntary exercise induces neurogenesis in the hypothalamus and ependymal lining of the third ventricle. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:1653-66. [PMID: 25633473 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-0995-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the adult hypothalamus and ependymal lining of the third ventricle, tanycytes function as multipotential progenitor cells that enable continuous neurogenesis, suggesting that tanycytes may be able to mediate the restoration of homeostatic function after stroke. Voluntary wheel running has been shown to alter neurochemistry and neuronal function and to increase neurogenesis in rodents. In the present study, we found that voluntary exercise improved the survival rate and energy balance of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP/Kpo). We also investigated the effect of exercise on the proliferation and differentiation of hypothalamic cells using immunoreactivity for tanycytes and neural markers. The proliferation of elongated cells, which may be the tanycytes, was enhanced in exercising SHRSP compared to sedentary rats before and after stroke. In addition, the proliferation of cells was correlated with the induction of fibroblast growth factor-2 in the subependymal cells of the third ventricle and in the cerebrospinal fluid. Some of the newborn cells of exercising SHRSP showed differentiation into mature neurons after stroke. Our results suggest that voluntary exercise correlates with hypothalamic neurogenesis, leading to recovery of homeostatic functions in the adult brain after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Niwa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishibori
- Department of Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shinichi Hamasaki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Takuro Kobori
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Keyue Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hidenori Wake
- Department of Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shuji Mori
- Department of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishikawahara, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yoshino
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hideo Takahashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan.
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Standard J, Jiang Y, Yu M, Su X, Zhao Z, Xu J, Chen J, King B, Lu L, Tomich J, Baybutt R, Wang W. Reduced signaling of PI3K-Akt and RAS-MAPK pathways is the key target for weight-loss-induced cancer prevention by dietary calorie restriction and/or physical activity. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:1317-23. [PMID: 25283328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Weight control through either dietary calorie restriction (DCR) or exercise has been associated with cancer prevention in animal models. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully defined. Bioinformatics using genomics, proteomics and lipidomics was employed to elucidate the molecular targets of weight control in a mouse skin cancer model. SENCAR mice were randomly assigned into four groups for 10 weeks: ad-libitum-fed sedentary control, ad-libitum-fed exercise (AE), exercise but pair-fed isocaloric amount of control (PE) and 20% DCR. Two hours after topical TPA treatment, skin epidermis was analyzed by Affymetrix for gene expression, DIGE for proteomics and lipidomics for phospholipids. Body weights were significantly reduced in both DCR and PE but not AE mice versus the control. Among 39,000 transcripts, 411, 67 and 110 genes were significantly changed in DCR, PE and AE, respectively. The expression of genes relevant to PI3K-Akt and Ras-MAPK signaling was effectively reduced by DCR and PE but not AE as measured through GenMAPP software. Proteomics analysis identified ~120 proteins, with 27 proteins significantly changed by DCR, including up-regulated apolipoprotein A-1, a key antioxidant protein that decreases Ras-MAPK activity. Of the total 338 phospholipids analyzed by lipidomics, 57 decreased by PE including 5 phophatidylinositol species that serve as PI3K substrates. Although a full impact has not been determined yet, it appears that the reduction of both Ras-MAPK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways is a cancer preventive target that has been consistently demonstrated by three bioinformatics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Standard
- Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Xiaoyu Su
- Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China 201403
| | - Jianteng Xu
- Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Brenee King
- Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Lizhi Lu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China 310021
| | - John Tomich
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Richard Baybutt
- Department of Applied Health Science, Wheaton College, Wheaton, IL 60187
| | - Weiqun Wang
- Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506.
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Koga S, Kojima A, Ishikawa C, Kuwabara S, Arai K, Yoshiyama Y. Effects of diet-induced obesity and voluntary exercise in a tauopathy mouse model: implications of persistent hyperleptinemia and enhanced astrocytic leptin receptor expression. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 71:180-92. [PMID: 25132556 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasing worldwide, and available drugs have shown limited efficacy. Hence, preventive interventions and treatments for presymptomatic AD are currently considered very important. Obesity rates have also been increasing dramatically and it is an independent risk factor of AD. Therefore, for the prevention of AD, it is important to elucidate the pathomechanism between obesity and AD. We generated high calorie diet (HCD)-induced obese tauopathy model mice (PS19), which showed hyperleptinemia but limited insulin resistance. HCD enhanced tau pathology and glial activation. Conversely, voluntary exercise with a running wheel normalized the serum leptin concentration without reducing body weight, and restored the pathological changes induced by HCD. Thus, we speculated that persistent hyperleptinemia played an important role in accelerating pathological changes in PS19 mice. Leptin primarily regulates food intake and body weight via leptin receptor b (LepRb). Interestingly, the nuclear staining for p-STAT3, which was activated by LepRb, was decreased in hippocampal neurons in HCD PS19 mice, indicating leptin resistance. Meanwhile, astroglial activation and the astrocytic expression of a short LepR isoform, LepRa, were enhanced in the hippocampus of HCD PS19 mice. Real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that leptin increased mRNA levels for pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β and TNF-α in primary cultured astrocytes from wild type and LepRb-deficient mice. These observations suggest that persistent hyperleptinemia caused by obesity induces astrocytic activation, astrocytic leptin hypersensitivity with enhanced LepRa expression, and enhanced inflammation, consequently accelerating tau pathology in PS19 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Koga
- Department of Neurology, School of Graduate Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Ayako Kojima
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorder Research, Clinical Research Center, Chiba-East National Hospital, Japan
| | - Chieko Ishikawa
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorder Research, Clinical Research Center, Chiba-East National Hospital, Japan; Department of Neurology, Chiba-East National Hospital, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuwabara
- Department of Neurology, School of Graduate Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Kimihito Arai
- Department of Neurology, Chiba-East National Hospital, Japan; Department of Neurology, School of Graduate Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Yoshiyama
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorder Research, Clinical Research Center, Chiba-East National Hospital, Japan; Department of Neurology, Chiba-East National Hospital, Japan; Department of Neurology, School of Graduate Medicine, Chiba University, Japan.
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50
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Pendergast JS, Branecky KL, Huang R, Niswender KD, Yamazaki S. Wheel-running activity modulates circadian organization and the daily rhythm of eating behavior. Front Psychol 2014; 5:177. [PMID: 24624109 PMCID: PMC3941004 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of high-fat diet acutely alters the daily rhythm of eating behavior and circadian organization (the phase relationship between oscillators in central and peripheral tissues) in mice. Voluntary wheel-running activity counteracts the obesogenic effects of high-fat diet and also modulates circadian rhythms in mice. In this study, we sought to determine whether voluntary wheel-running activity could prevent the proximate effects of high-fat diet consumption on circadian organization and behavioral rhythms in mice. Mice were housed with locked or freely rotating running wheels and fed chow or high-fat diet for 1 week and rhythms of locomotor activity, eating behavior, and molecular timekeeping (PERIOD2::LUCIFERASE luminescence rhythms) in ex vivo tissues were measured. Wheel-running activity delayed the phase of the liver rhythm by 4 h in both chow- and high-fat diet-fed mice. The delayed liver phase was specific to wheel-running activity since an enriched environment without the running wheel did not alter the phase of the liver rhythm. In addition, wheel-running activity modulated the effect of high-fat diet consumption on the daily rhythm of eating behavior. While high-fat diet consumption caused eating events to be more evenly dispersed across the 24 h-day in both locked-wheel and wheel-running mice, the effect of high-fat diet was much less pronounced in wheel-running mice. Together these data demonstrate that wheel-running activity is a salient factor that modulates liver phase and eating behavior rhythms in both chow- and high-fat-diet fed mice. Wheel-running activity in mice is both a source of exercise and a self-motivating, rewarding behavior. Understanding the putative reward-related mechanisms whereby wheel-running activity alters circadian rhythms could have implications for human obesity since palatable food and exercise may modulate similar reward circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie S Pendergast
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Katrina L Branecky
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Kevin D Niswender
- 3VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System Nashville, TN, USA ; Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shin Yamazaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN, USA
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