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Su Y, Ren J, Zhang J, Zheng J, Zhang Q, Tian Y, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Zhang W. Lactobacillus paracasei JY062 Alleviates Glucolipid Metabolism Disorders via the Adipoinsular Axis and Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2024; 16:267. [PMID: 38257160 PMCID: PMC10819581 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycolipid metabolic disorders (GLMD) refer to a series of metabolic disorders caused by abnormal processes of glucose and lipid synthesis, decomposition, and absorption in the body, leading to glucose and lipid excess, insulin resistance, and obesity. Probiotic intervention is a new strategy to alleviate metabolic syndrome. Lactobacillus paracasei JY062 (L. paracasei JY062) was separated from the Tibet-fermented dairy products. The results demonstrated a strong ability to relieve blood glucose disorders, blood lipid disorders, and tissue damage. The LPH group had the best effect, significantly decreasing the total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), leptin, insulin, and free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations and increasing the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, adiponectin, and GLP-1 level compared to HFD-group mice. L. paracasei JY062 could activate the APN-AMPK pathway, increased AdipoQ, AMPK GLUT-4, and PGC-1α mRNA expression and decreased SREBP-1c, ACC, and FAS mRNA expression. L. paracasei JY062 intervention decreased the relative abundance of harmful bacteria, increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria, and restored the imbalance of gut microbiota homeostasis caused by a high-glucose-fat diet. L. paracasei JY062 alleviated glucolipid metabolism disorders via the adipoinsular axis and gut microbiota. This study provided a theoretical basis for probiotics to ameliorate glucolipid metabolism disorders by regulating the adipoinsular axis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.S.); (J.R.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Y.T.); (Y.Z.); (Y.J.)
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Umbayev B, Saliev T, Safarova (Yantsen) Y, Yermekova A, Olzhayev F, Bulanin D, Tsoy A, Askarova S. The Role of Cdc42 in the Insulin and Leptin Pathways Contributing to the Development of Age-Related Obesity. Nutrients 2023; 15:4964. [PMID: 38068822 PMCID: PMC10707920 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related obesity significantly increases the risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and certain cancers. The insulin-leptin axis is crucial in understanding metabolic disturbances associated with age-related obesity. Rho GTPase Cdc42 is a member of the Rho family of GTPases that participates in many cellular processes including, but not limited to, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, vesicle trafficking, cell polarity, morphology, proliferation, motility, and migration. Cdc42 functions as an integral part of regulating insulin secretion and aging. Some novel roles for Cdc42 have also been recently identified in maintaining glucose metabolism, where Cdc42 is involved in controlling blood glucose levels in metabolically active tissues, including skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, pancreas, etc., which puts this protein in line with other critical regulators of glucose metabolism. Importantly, Cdc42 plays a vital role in cellular processes associated with the insulin and leptin signaling pathways, which are integral elements involved in obesity development if misregulated. Additionally, a change in Cdc42 activity may affect senescence, thus contributing to disorders associated with aging. This review explores the complex relationships among age-associated obesity, the insulin-leptin axis, and the Cdc42 signaling pathway. This article sheds light on the vast molecular web that supports metabolic dysregulation in aging people. In addition, it also discusses the potential therapeutic implications of the Cdc42 pathway to mitigate obesity since some new data suggest that inhibition of Cdc42 using antidiabetic drugs or antioxidants may promote weight loss in overweight or obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bauyrzhan Umbayev
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (Y.S.); (A.Y.); (F.O.); (A.T.); (S.A.)
| | - Timur Saliev
- S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan;
| | - Yuliya Safarova (Yantsen)
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (Y.S.); (A.Y.); (F.O.); (A.T.); (S.A.)
| | - Aislu Yermekova
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (Y.S.); (A.Y.); (F.O.); (A.T.); (S.A.)
| | - Farkhad Olzhayev
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (Y.S.); (A.Y.); (F.O.); (A.T.); (S.A.)
| | - Denis Bulanin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan;
| | - Andrey Tsoy
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (Y.S.); (A.Y.); (F.O.); (A.T.); (S.A.)
| | - Sholpan Askarova
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (Y.S.); (A.Y.); (F.O.); (A.T.); (S.A.)
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Kim J, Oh CM, Kim H. The Interplay of Adipokines and Pancreatic Beta Cells in Metabolic Regulation and Diabetes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2589. [PMID: 37761031 PMCID: PMC10526203 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between adipokines and pancreatic beta cells, often referred to as the adipo-insular axis, plays a crucial role in regulating metabolic homeostasis. Adipokines are signaling molecules secreted by adipocytes that have profound effects on several physiological processes. Adipokines such as adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and visfatin influence the function of pancreatic beta cells. The reciprocal communication between adipocytes and beta cells is remarkable. Insulin secreted by beta cells affects adipose tissue metabolism, influencing lipid storage and lipolysis. Conversely, adipokines released from adipocytes can influence beta cell function and survival. Chronic obesity and insulin resistance can lead to the release of excess fatty acids and inflammatory molecules from the adipose tissue, contributing to beta cell dysfunction and apoptosis, which are key factors in developing type 2 diabetes. Understanding the complex interplay of the adipo-insular axis provides insights into the mechanisms underlying metabolic regulation and pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. By elucidating the molecular mediators involved in this interaction, new therapeutic targets and strategies may emerge to reduce the risk and progression of diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and its associated complications. This review summarizes the interactions between adipokines and pancreatic beta cells, and their roles in the pathogenesis of diabetes and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea;
| | - Chang-Myung Oh
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyeongseok Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35105, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35105, Republic of Korea
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Robledo F, González-Hodar L, Tapia P, Figueroa AM, Ezquer F, Cortés V. Spheroids derived from the stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue self-organize in complex adipose organoids and secrete leptin. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:70. [PMID: 37024989 PMCID: PMC10080976 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03262-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) harbors multipotent cells with potential therapeutic relevance. We developed a method to form adipose spheroids (AS) from the SVF with complex organoid structure and enhanced leptin secretion upon insulin stimulation. METHODS SVF was generated from the interscapular brown adipose tissue of newborn mice. Immunophenotype and stemness of cultured SVF were determined by flow cytometry and in vitro differentiation, respectively. Spheroids were generated in hanging drops and non-adherent plates and compared by morphometric methods. The adipogenic potential was compared between preadipocyte monolayers and spheroids. Extracellular leptin was quantified by immunoassay. Lipolysis was stimulated with isoprenaline and quantified by colorimetric methods. AS viability and ultrastructure were determined by confocal and transmission electron microscopy analyses. RESULTS Cultured SVF contained Sca1 + CD29 + CD44 + CD11b- CD45- CD90- cells with adipogenic and chondrogenic but no osteogenic potential. Culture on non-adherent plates yielded the highest quantity and biggest size of spheroids. Differentiation of AS for 15 days in a culture medium supplemented with insulin and rosiglitazone resulted in greater Pparg, Plin1, and Lep expression compared to differentiated adipocytes monolayers. AS were viable and maintained leptin secretion even in the absence of adipogenic stimulation. Glycerol release after isoprenaline stimulation was higher in AS compared to adipocytes in monolayers. AS were composed of outer layers of unilocular mature adipocytes and an inner structure composed of preadipocytes, immature adipocytes and an abundant loose extracellular matrix. CONCLUSION Newborn mice adipose SVF can be efficiently differentiated into leptin-secreting AS. Prolonged stimulation with insulin and rosiglitazone allows the formation of structurally complex adipose organoids able to respond to adrenergic lipolytic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fermín Robledo
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes, and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lila González-Hodar
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes, and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Tapia
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes, and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana-María Figueroa
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes, and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Ezquer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Cortés
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes, and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Fernández-Foren A, Sosa C, Abecia JA, Meneses C, Meikle A. Metabolic memory determines oviductal gene expression of underfed ewes during early gestation. Theriogenology 2023; 198:123-130. [PMID: 36584633 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to investigate the oviduct environment by studying oviduct gene expression after undernutrition in day-5 pregnant ewes with different initial (i) BCS, and its association with the number of embryos recovered. Thirty-six ewes were divided into 2 groups with different iBCS: iBCS ≥2.75 (n = 19; high, H) and iBCS ≤2.25 (n = 17; low, L), and were randomly assigned to two nutritional treatments for 20 days: 1.5 (control, C) or 0.5 (underfed, U) times the daily maintenance requirements. Thus, the final four groups were: high-iBCS control (HC, n = 9), high-iBCS underfed (HU, n = 10), low-iBCS control (LC, n = 9) and low-iBCS underfed (LU, n = 8). Samples of oviduct were collected and the expression of target genes was quantified using real-time PCR. While high-iBCS control ewes presented more ADIPOR1 mRNA than the high-iBCS underfed group (P < 0.05) and low-iBCS control ewes (P = 0.01), high-iBCS underfed group presented higher ADIPOR2 gene expression than low-iBCS underfed ewes (P < 0.01) evidencing a differential oviductal gene expression for these receptors. In high-iBCS ewes, control animals presented higher IGFBP2 gene expression than underfed ewes (P < 0.05), associated these results with a poor oviductal environment. High-iBCS underfed ewes presented higher IGFBP4 gene expression than high-iBCS control ewes (P < 0.05). Stepwise regression models, using various combinations of data on metabolic and reproductive hormones, and oviduct gene expression as independent variables, identified a set of variables that accounted for 75% of the variation in the number of embryos recovered. In conclusion, the oviductal gene expression depends on body reserves and nutritional treatment, and the effect is gene-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fernández-Foren
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Metabolismo Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Ruta 8, Km. 18, intersección Ruta 102, CP, 13000, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - C Sosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - J A Abecia
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales (IUCA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - C Meneses
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Metabolismo Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Ruta 8, Km. 18, intersección Ruta 102, CP, 13000, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A Meikle
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Metabolismo Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Ruta 8, Km. 18, intersección Ruta 102, CP, 13000, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Liu J, Liu Z, Sun W, Luo L, An X, Yu D, Wang W. Role of sex hormones in diabetic nephropathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1135530. [PMID: 37143724 PMCID: PMC10151816 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1135530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common microvascular complication in diabetes and one of the leading causes of end-stage renal disease. The standard treatments for patients with classic DN focus on blood glucose and blood pressure control, but these treatments can only slow the progression of DN instead of stopping or reversing the disease. In recent years, new drugs targeting the pathological mechanisms of DN (e.g., blocking oxidative stress or inflammation) have emerged, and new therapeutic strategies targeting pathological mechanisms are gaining increasing attention. A growing number of epidemiological and clinical studies suggest that sex hormones play an important role in the onset and progression of DN. Testosterone is the main sex hormone in males and is thought to accelerate the occurrence and progression of DN. Estrogen is the main sex hormone in females and is thought to have renoprotective effects. However, the underlying molecular mechanism by which sex hormones regulate DN has not been fully elucidated and summarized. This review aims to summarize the correlation between sex hormones and DN and evaluate the value of hormonotherapy in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Liu
- Public Research Platform, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Weixia Sun
- Nephrology Department, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ling Luo
- Public Research Platform, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xingna An
- Public Research Platform, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Dehai Yu
- Public Research Platform, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Dehai Yu, ; Wanning Wang,
| | - Wanning Wang
- Nephrology Department, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Dehai Yu, ; Wanning Wang,
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Andlib N, Sajad M, Kumar R, Thakur SC. Abnormalities in sex hormones and sexual dysfunction in males with diabetes mellitus: A mechanistic insight. Acta Histochem 2023; 125:151974. [PMID: 36455338 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2022.151974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a considerate metabolic disorder that can lead to a series of complications, involving the malfunctioning of the reproductive system of males. It has been observed that there is a gradual rise in male diabetic patients and almost half of the diabetic males have low semen quality and decrease reproductive function. In diabetic conditions, prolonged hyperglycemia leads to oxidative stress, diabetic neuropathy, and insulin resistance. Insulin resistance and its deficiency can impair the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, gonads, and perigonads. This causes a decrease in the secretion of gonadal steroids such as GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone), FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), and Testosterone. Moreover, it also causes damage to the testicles, spermatogenic and stromal cells, seminiferous tubules, and various structural injuries to male reproductive organs. During spermatogenesis, glucose metabolism plays an important role, because the fundamental activities of cells and their specific features, such as motility and mature sperm fertilization activity, are maintained by glucose metabolism. All these activities can influence the fertility and reproductive health of males. But the glucose metabolism is primarily disrupted in diabetic conditions. Until now, there has been no medicine focusing on the reproductive health of diabetic people. In this chapter, we review the consequences of diabetes on the reproductive system of males and all the pathways involved in the dysfunction of the reproductive system. This will help interpret the effects of DM on male reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Andlib
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India; Department of Reproductive Biomedicine, The National Institute of Health, and Family Welfare, Baba Gang Nath Marg, Munirka, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Mohd Sajad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India; Department of Reproductive Biomedicine, The National Institute of Health, and Family Welfare, Baba Gang Nath Marg, Munirka, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Reproductive Biomedicine, The National Institute of Health, and Family Welfare, Baba Gang Nath Marg, Munirka, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sonu Chand Thakur
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
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Liu J, Lai F, Hou Y, Zheng R. Leptin signaling and leptin resistance. MEDICAL REVIEW (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2022; 2:363-384. [PMID: 37724323 PMCID: PMC10388810 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2022-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
With the prevalence of obesity and associated comorbidities, studies aimed at revealing mechanisms that regulate energy homeostasis have gained increasing interest. In 1994, the cloning of leptin was a milestone in metabolic research. As an adipocytokine, leptin governs food intake and energy homeostasis through leptin receptors (LepR) in the brain. The failure of increased leptin levels to suppress feeding and elevate energy expenditure is referred to as leptin resistance, which encompasses complex pathophysiological processes. Within the brain, LepR-expressing neurons are distributed in hypothalamus and other brain areas, and each population of the LepR-expressing neurons may mediate particular aspects of leptin effects. In LepR-expressing neurons, the binding of leptin to LepR initiates multiple signaling cascades including janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (AKT), extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK), and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling, etc., mediating leptin actions. These findings place leptin at the intersection of metabolic and neuroendocrine regulations, and render leptin a key target for treating obesity and associated comorbidities. This review highlights the main discoveries that shaped the field of leptin for better understanding of the mechanism governing metabolic homeostasis, and guides the development of safe and effective interventions to treat obesity and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Futing Lai
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujia Hou
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruimao Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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Mohanraj J, D’Souza UJA, Fong SY, Karkada IR, Jaiprakash H. Association between Leptin (G2548A) and Leptin Receptor (Q223R) Polymorphisms with Plasma Leptin, BMI, Stress, Sleep and Eating Patterns among the Multiethnic Young Malaysian Adult Population from a Healthcare University. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148862. [PMID: 35886710 PMCID: PMC9316401 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Relative leptin resistance in childhood to absolute leptin resistance in maturity suggests sleep, eating behaviour, and the psychological state as probable causes. The current body of research provides inconclusive evidence linking G2548A and Q223R to obesity. Furthermore, we could find very little data that have observed the association between the environment and gene polymorphism, especially in the multiethnic population that exists in Malaysia. This study searched for a possible link between sleeping habits, eating behaviour, and stress indicators with plasma leptin and its genetic variation in young adult Malaysian healthcare students. The study involved 185 first- and second-year medical and dental students from a healthcare university. Polymerase Chain Reaction−Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism(PCR-RFLP) determined the genotype, Enzyme Linked Immunoabsorbant Assay (ELISA) tested the serum leptin, and a self-administered questionnaire evaluated sleep, eating behaviour, and psychological condition. Gender and ethnicity are linked to fasting plasma leptin levels (p < 0.001). Plasma leptin also affects stress, anxiety, and sadness. Leptin (LEP) and Leptin Receptor (LEPR) polymorphisms were not associated with BMI, plasma leptin, sleep, eating behaviour, or psychological state. Young adult Malaysian Indians were obese and overweight, while Chinese were underweight. These findings imply overweight and obese participants were in stage I of leptin resistance and lifestyle change or leptin therapy could prevent them from becoming cripplingly obese as they age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaiprakash Mohanraj
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; or
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
| | - Urban J. A. D’Souza
- Department of Physiology, Father Muller College of Allied Health Sciences, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore 575002, India;
| | - Siat Yee Fong
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - Ivan Rolland Karkada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, MAHSA Universiti, Jenjarom 42610, Malaysia;
| | - Heethal Jaiprakash
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
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10
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Essential Amino Acids-Rich Diet Decreased Adipose Tissue Storage in Adult Mice: A Preliminary Histopathological Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142915. [PMID: 35889872 PMCID: PMC9316883 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Excess body adipose tissue accumulation is a common and growing health problem caused by an unbalanced diet and/or junk food. Although the effects of dietary fat and glucose on lipid metabolism regulation are well known, those of essential amino acids (EAAs) have been poorly investigated. Our aim was to study the influence of a special diet containing all EAAs on retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (rpWAT) and interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) of mice. Methods: Two groups of male Balb/C mice were used. The first was fed with a standard diet. The second was fed with an EAAs-rich diet (EAARD). After 3 weeks, rpWAT and BAT were removed and prepared for subsequent immunohistochemical analysis. Results: EAARD, although consumed significantly less, moderately reduced body weight and BAT, but caused a massive reduction in rpWAT. Conversely, the triceps muscle increased in mass. In rpWAT, the size of adipocytes was very small, with increases in leptin, adiponectin and IL-6 immunostaining. In BAT, there was a reduction in lipid droplet size and a simultaneous increase in UCP-1 and SIRT-3. Conclusions: A diet containing a balanced mixture of free EAA may modulate body adiposity in mice, promoting increased thermogenesis.
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11
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Metabolic memory determines gene expression in liver and adipose tissue of undernourished ewes. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Trim WV, Walhin JP, Koumanov F, Bouloumié A, Lindsay MA, Travers RL, Turner JE, Thompson D. The Impact of Long-term Physical Inactivity on Adipose Tissue Immunometabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:177-191. [PMID: 34480570 PMCID: PMC8684473 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Adipose tissue and physical inactivity both influence metabolic health and systemic inflammation, but how adipose tissue responds to chronic physical inactivity is unknown. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to characterize the impact of chronic physical inactivity on adipose tissue in healthy, young males. METHODS We collected subcutaneous adipose tissue from 20 healthy, young men before and after 60 days of complete bed rest with energy intake reduced to maintain energy balance and fat mass. We used RNA sequencing, flow cytometry, ex vivo tissue culture, and targeted protein analyses to examine adipose tissue phenotype. RESULTS Our results indicate that the adipose tissue transcriptome, stromal cellular compartment, and insulin signaling protein abundance are largely unaffected by bed rest when fat mass is kept stable. However, there was an increase in the circulating concentration of several adipokines, including plasma leptin, which was associated with inactivity-induced increases in plasma insulin and absent from adipose tissue cultured ex vivo under standardized culture conditions. CONCLUSION Physical inactivity-induced disturbances to adipokine concentrations such as leptin, without changes to fat mass, could have profound metabolic implications outside a clinical facility when energy intake is not tightly controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- William V Trim
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism (CNEM), Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Jean-Philippe Walhin
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism (CNEM), Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Francoise Koumanov
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism (CNEM), Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | - Mark A Lindsay
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Rebecca L Travers
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism (CNEM), Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - James E Turner
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism (CNEM), Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Dylan Thompson
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism (CNEM), Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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13
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Barberi C, Di Natale V, Assirelli V, Bernardini L, Candela E, Cassio A. Implicating factors in the increase in cases of central precocious puberty (CPP) during the COVID-19 pandemic: Experience of a tertiary centre of pediatric endocrinology and review of the literature. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1032914. [PMID: 36531478 PMCID: PMC9747748 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1032914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual development is a complex mechanism activated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Over the last one hundred years there has been a decline in the age at puberty onset in industrialised countries. Some Italian studies showed an increase in diagnoses of Central Precocious Puberty (CPP) during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is thus supposed that in this period there was an increased impact of factors that can influence pubertal development. Our retrospective monocentric study aimed to confirm the existence of this phenomenon and analysed possible related factors. We retrospectively evaluated clinical, laboratory, radiological and ultrasound (US) data of 154 girls referred to our Tertiary Centre of Paediatric Endocrinology from January 2019 to April 2021 for different forms of Precocious Puberty. We subdivided the cases into subgroups according to the final diagnosis: CPP, Early Puberty (EP), isolated thelarche and isolated pubarche. The observation period was subdivided into: Period 1, before lockdown (1 January 2019 - 8 March 2020) and Period 2, lockdown and the following months (9 March 2020 - 30 April 2021). Period 2 was further divided into "restrictive lockdown period" (Period 2.1) (March 2020 - 14 June 2020, in which the schools were closed) and "less restrictive lockdown period" (Period 2.2) (15 June 2020 - 30 April 2021). We analysed data regarding the use of electronic devices before and during lockdown in a group of girls with CPP diagnosed in Period 2 and we compared the data with that of a control group. Our data show an increase in the number of new diagnoses of CPP during lockdown and in the following months, compared with the previous period. We also detected a higher use of PCs and smartphones in girls with CPP diagnosed in Period 2, compared with the control group. The percentage of the presence of endometrial rhyme detected during the pelvic ultrasound was higher in girls with CPP in Period 2, compared with the previous period. Based on our data we assume there was an environmental effect on pubertal timing that calls our attention to factors such as food, use of electronic devices and stress. We will need further studies to better understand this data.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Barberi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - V. Di Natale
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Bologna, Program of Endocrine Metabolic Diseases, Unit of Pediatrics, Bologna, Italy
| | - V. Assirelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Pediatric School of University of Bologna, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - L. Bernardini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Pediatric School of University of Bologna, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - E. Candela
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Pediatric School of University of Bologna, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - A. Cassio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Bologna, Program of Endocrine Metabolic Diseases, Bologna, Italy
- *Correspondence: A. Cassio,
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14
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Lee A, Mason ML, Lin T, Kumar SB, Kowdley D, Leung JH, Muhanna D, Sun Y, Ortega-Anaya J, Yu L, Fitzgerald J, DeVries AC, Nelson RJ, Weil ZM, Jiménez-Flores R, Parquette JR, Ziouzenkova O. Amino Acid Nanofibers Improve Glycemia and Confer Cognitive Therapeutic Efficacy to Bound Insulin. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:pharmaceutics14010081. [PMID: 35056977 PMCID: PMC8778970 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes poses a high risk for debilitating complications in neural tissues, regulating glucose uptake through insulin-dependent and predominantly insulin-independent pathways. Supramolecular nanostructures provide a flexible strategy for combinatorial regulation of glycemia. Here, we compare the effects of free insulin to insulin bound to positively charged nanofibers comprised of self-assembling amino acid compounds (AACs) with an antioxidant-modified side chain moiety (AAC2) in both in vitro and in vivo models of type 1 diabetes. Free AAC2, free human insulin (hINS) and AAC2-bound-human insulin (AAC2-hINS) were tested in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced mouse model of type 1 diabetes. AAC2-hINS acted as a complex and exhibited different properties compared to free AAC2 or hINS. Mice treated with the AAC2-hINS complex were devoid of hypoglycemic episodes, had improved levels of insulin in circulation and in the brain, and increased expression of neurotransmitter taurine transporter, Slc6a6. Consequently, treatment with AAC2-hINS markedly advanced both physical and cognitive performance in mice with STZ-induced and genetic type 1 diabetes compared to treatments with free AAC2 or hINS. This study demonstrates that the flexible nanofiber AAC2 can serve as a therapeutic platform for the combinatorial treatment of diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aejin Lee
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.L.); (S.B.K.); (D.K.); (J.H.L.); (D.M.)
| | - McKensie L. Mason
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.L.M.); (T.L.); (Y.S.); (J.R.P.)
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.L.M.); (T.L.); (Y.S.); (J.R.P.)
| | - Shashi Bhushan Kumar
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.L.); (S.B.K.); (D.K.); (J.H.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Devan Kowdley
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.L.); (S.B.K.); (D.K.); (J.H.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Jacob H. Leung
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.L.); (S.B.K.); (D.K.); (J.H.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Danah Muhanna
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.L.); (S.B.K.); (D.K.); (J.H.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Yuan Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.L.M.); (T.L.); (Y.S.); (J.R.P.)
| | - Joana Ortega-Anaya
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.O.-A.); (R.J.-F.)
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Julie Fitzgerald
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.F.); (A.C.D.); (Z.M.W.)
| | - A. Courtney DeVries
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.F.); (A.C.D.); (Z.M.W.)
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Randy J. Nelson
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
| | - Zachary M. Weil
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.F.); (A.C.D.); (Z.M.W.)
| | - Rafael Jiménez-Flores
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.O.-A.); (R.J.-F.)
| | - Jon R. Parquette
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.L.M.); (T.L.); (Y.S.); (J.R.P.)
| | - Ouliana Ziouzenkova
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.L.); (S.B.K.); (D.K.); (J.H.L.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-614-292-5034
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15
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Gerosa L, Lombardi G. Bone-to-Brain: A Round Trip in the Adaptation to Mechanical Stimuli. Front Physiol 2021; 12:623893. [PMID: 33995117 PMCID: PMC8120436 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.623893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides the classical ones (support/protection, hematopoiesis, storage for calcium, and phosphate) multiple roles emerged for bone tissue, definitively making it an organ. Particularly, the endocrine function, and in more general terms, the capability to sense and integrate different stimuli and to send signals to other tissues, has highlighted the importance of bone in homeostasis. Bone is highly innervated and hosts all nervous system branches; bone cells are sensitive to most of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and neurohormones that directly affect their metabolic activity and sensitivity to mechanical stimuli. Indeed, bone is the principal mechanosensitive organ. Thanks to the mechanosensing resident cells, and particularly osteocytes, mechanical stimulation induces metabolic responses in bone forming (osteoblasts) and bone resorbing (osteoclasts) cells that allow the adaptation of the affected bony segment to the changing environment. Once stimulated, bone cells express and secrete, or liberate from the entrapping matrix, several mediators (osteokines) that induce responses on distant targets. Brain is a target of some of these mediator [e.g., osteocalcin, lipocalin2, sclerostin, Dickkopf-related protein 1 (Dkk1), and fibroblast growth factor 23], as most of them can cross the blood-brain barrier. For others, a role in brain has been hypothesized, but not yet demonstrated. As exercise effectively modifies the release and the circulating levels of these osteokines, it has been hypothesized that some of the beneficial effects of exercise on brain functions may be associated to such a bone-to-brain communication. This hypothesis hides an interesting clinical clue: may well-addressed physical activities support the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases?
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy.,Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
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16
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Mankiewicz JL, Deck CA, Taylor JD, Douros JD, Borski RJ. Epinephrine and glucose regulation of leptin synthesis and secretion in a teleost fish, the tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 302:113669. [PMID: 33242479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Acute stress is regulated through the sympathetic adrenergic axis where catecholamines mobilize energy stores including carbohydrates as a principal element of the endocrine stress response. Leptin is a cytokine critical for regulating energy expenditure in vertebrates and is stimulated by various stressors in fish such as fasting, hyperosmotic challenge, and hypoxia. However, little is known about the regulatory interactions between leptin and the endocrine stress axis in fishes and other ectothermic vertebrates. We evaluated the actions of epinephrine and glucose in regulating leptin A (LepA) in vivo and in vitro in tilapia. Using hepatocyte incubations and a homologous LepA ELISA, we show that LepA synthesis and secretion decline as ambient glucose levels increase (10-25 mM). By contrast, bolus glucose administration in tilapia increases lepa mRNA levels 14-fold at 6 h, suggesting systemic factors regulated by glucose may counteract the direct inhibitory effects of glucose on hepatic lepa mRNA observed in vitro. Epinephrine stimulated glucose and LepA secretion from hepatocytes in a dose-dependent fashion within 15 min but had little effect on lepa mRNA levels. An in vivo injection of epinephrine into tilapia stimulated a rapid rise in blood glucose which was followed by a 4-fold increase in hepatic lepa mRNA levels at 2.5 and 6 h. Plasma LepA was also elevated by 6 h relative to controls. Recombinant tilapia LepA administration in vivo did not have any significant effect on plasma epinephrine levels. The results of this study demonstrate LepA is negatively regulated by rises in extracellular glucose at the level of the hepatocyte but stimulated by hyperglycemia in vivo. Further, epinephrine increases LepA. This, along with previous work demonstrating a hyperglycemic and glycogenolytic effect of LepA in tilapia, suggests that epinephrine may stimulate leptin secretion to augment and fine tune glucose mobilization and homeostasis as part of the integrated, adaptive stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Mankiewicz
- North Carolina State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Courtney A Deck
- North Carolina State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Jordan D Taylor
- North Carolina State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Jonathan D Douros
- Duke University, Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Russell J Borski
- North Carolina State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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17
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Pereira S, Cline DL, Glavas MM, Covey SD, Kieffer TJ. Tissue-Specific Effects of Leptin on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:1-28. [PMID: 33150398 PMCID: PMC7846142 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of leptin was intrinsically associated with its ability to regulate body weight. However, the effects of leptin are more far-reaching and include profound glucose-lowering and anti-lipogenic effects, independent of leptin's regulation of body weight. Regulation of glucose metabolism by leptin is mediated both centrally and via peripheral tissues and is influenced by the activation status of insulin signaling pathways. Ectopic fat accumulation is diminished by both central and peripheral leptin, an effect that is beneficial in obesity-associated disorders. The magnitude of leptin action depends upon the tissue, sex, and context being examined. Peripheral tissues that are of particular relevance include the endocrine pancreas, liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissues, immune cells, and the cardiovascular system. As a result of its potent metabolic activity, leptin is used to control hyperglycemia in patients with lipodystrophy and is being explored as an adjunct to insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes. To fully understand the role of leptin in physiology and to maximize its therapeutic potential, the mechanisms of leptin action in these tissues needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pereira
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Daemon L Cline
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Maria M Glavas
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Scott D Covey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Timothy J Kieffer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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18
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Wallis N, Raffan E. The Genetic Basis of Obesity and Related Metabolic Diseases in Humans and Companion Animals. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1378. [PMID: 33233816 PMCID: PMC7699880 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the most prevalent health conditions in humans and companion animals globally. It is associated with premature mortality, metabolic dysfunction, and multiple health conditions across species. Obesity is, therefore, of importance in the fields of medicine and veterinary medicine. The regulation of adiposity is a homeostatic process vulnerable to disruption by a multitude of genetic and environmental factors. It is well established that the heritability of obesity is high in humans and laboratory animals, with ample evidence that the same is true in companion animals. In this review, we provide an overview of how genes link to obesity in humans, drawing on a wealth of information from laboratory animal models, and summarise the mechanisms by which obesity causes related disease. Throughout, we focus on how large-scale human studies and niche investigations of rare mutations in severely affected patients have improved our understanding of obesity biology and can inform our ability to interpret results of animal studies. For dogs, cats, and horses, we compare the similarities in obesity pathophysiology to humans and review the genetic studies that have been previously reported in those species. Finally, we discuss how veterinary genetics may learn from humans about studying precise, nuanced phenotypes and implementing large-scale studies, but also how veterinary studies may be able to look past clinical findings to mechanistic ones and demonstrate translational benefits to human research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleanor Raffan
- Anatomy Building, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK;
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19
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Hur J, West KP, Shamim AA, Rashid M, Labrique AB, Wu LS, Ali H, Ullah B, Schulze KJ, Klemm RD, Christian P. Thinness and fecundability: Time to pregnancy after adolescent marriage in rural Bangladesh. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2020; 16:e12985. [PMID: 32207581 PMCID: PMC7296800 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Undernutrition may affect fecundability, but few studies have quantified this relationship. In rural Bangladesh, where newlywed couples face strong pressures to become pregnant, we assessed fecundability, estimated by time to pregnancy (TTP), and its association with preconceptional thinness among nulligravid, newlywed female adolescents. During 2001-2002, 5,516 newlywed women aged 12-19 years participated in a home-based, 5-weekly surveillance system for 5-6 years to enrol pregnant women into an antenatal vitamin A or β-carotene supplementation trial. Thinness was defined as a left mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) ≤21.5 versus >21.5 cm. At each visit, staff obtained a monthly history of menstruation. Report of amenorrhea prompted a human chorionic gonadotropin urine test to confirm pregnancy. We derived hazard ratios (with 95% confidence intervals [CI]) for pregnancy and Kaplan-Meier curves for TTP. Ages of women at marriage and pregnancy detection (mean ± standard deviation) were 15.3 ± 1.9 and 17.0 ± 1.9 years, respectively. A total of 82.7% of thinner and 87.3% of better nourished women became pregnant. The unadjusted and multivariable relative hazard of ever becoming pregnant was 0.84 (95% CI [0.78, 0.89]) and 0.86 (95% CI [0.81, 0.92]), respectively, and TTP was 12 weeks longer (median [95% CI]: 63 [58-68] vs. 51 [49-54]) in women whose MUAC was ≤21.5 versus >21.5 cm. In rural Bangladesh, thin adolescent newlywed girls have a lower probability of becoming pregnant and experience a longer time to pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Hur
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Keith P. West
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMaryland
| | | | | | - Alain B. Labrique
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Lee S.F. Wu
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMaryland
| | | | - Barkat Ullah
- Department of NutritionUniversity of California, DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Kerry J. Schulze
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Rolf D.W. Klemm
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Parul Christian
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMaryland
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20
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Zlatska AV, Vasyliev RG, Gordiienko IM, Rodnichenko AE, Morozova MA, Vulf MA, Zubov DO, Novikova SN, Litvinova LS, Grebennikova TV, Zlatskiy IA, Syroeshkin AV. Effect of the deuterium on efficiency and type of adipogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells in vitro. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5217. [PMID: 32251307 PMCID: PMC7089999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61983-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we performed an adipogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in vitro with different deuterium content (natural, low and high) in the culture medium during differentiation process with parallel analysis of the gene expression, metabolic activity and cell viability/toxicity. After ADSCs differentiation into adipocytes we have done the analysis of differentiation process efficiency and determined a type of resulting adipocytes (by morphology, gene expression, UCP1 protein detection and adipokine production analysis). We have found that high (5 × 105 ppm) deuterium content significantly inhibit in vitro adipogenic differentiation of human ADSCs compared to the groups with natural (150 ppm) and low (30 ppm) deuterium content. Importantly, protocol of differentiation used in our study leads to white adipocytes development in groups with natural (control) and high deuterium content, whereas deuterium-depleted differentiation medium leads to brown-like (beige) adipocytes formation. We have also remarked the direct impact of deuterium on the cellular survival and metabolic activity. Interesting, in deuterium depleted-medium, the cells had normal survival rate and high metabolic activity, whereas the inhibitory effect of deuterated medium on ADSCs differentiation at least was partly associated with deuterium cytotoxicity and inhibitory effect on metabolic activity. The inhibitory effect of deuterium on metabolic activity and the subsequent decrease in the effectiveness of adipogenic differentiation is probably associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, deuterium could be considered as an element that affects the substance chirality. These findings may be the basis for the development of new approaches in the treatment of obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes through the regulation of adipose-derived stem cell differentiation and adipocyte functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alona V Zlatska
- State Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine NAMS of Ukraine, 67 Vyshgorodska Str., Kyiv, 04114, Ukraine.,Biotechnology Laboratory ilaya.regeneration, Medical Company ilaya, 9 I. Kramskogo Str., Kyiv, 03115, Ukraine
| | - Roman G Vasyliev
- State Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine NAMS of Ukraine, 67 Vyshgorodska Str., Kyiv, 04114, Ukraine
| | - Inna M Gordiienko
- Biotechnology Laboratory ilaya.regeneration, Medical Company ilaya, 9 I. Kramskogo Str., Kyiv, 03115, Ukraine.,R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology NAS of Ukraine, 45 Vasylkivska Str., Kyiv, 03022, Ukraine
| | - Anzhela E Rodnichenko
- State Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine NAMS of Ukraine, 67 Vyshgorodska Str., Kyiv, 04114, Ukraine
| | - Maria A Morozova
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Maria A Vulf
- Immanuel Kant Baltic federal University (IKBFU), 6 Gaidara St, Kaliningrad, 236001, Russian Federation
| | - Dmytro O Zubov
- State Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine NAMS of Ukraine, 67 Vyshgorodska Str., Kyiv, 04114, Ukraine
| | - Svitlana N Novikova
- State Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine NAMS of Ukraine, 67 Vyshgorodska Str., Kyiv, 04114, Ukraine
| | - Larisa S Litvinova
- Immanuel Kant Baltic federal University (IKBFU), 6 Gaidara St, Kaliningrad, 236001, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana V Grebennikova
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation.,Federal Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology named Gamalei, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Igor A Zlatskiy
- State Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine NAMS of Ukraine, 67 Vyshgorodska Str., Kyiv, 04114, Ukraine. .,Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation.
| | - Anton V Syroeshkin
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
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21
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Uceda DE, Zhu XY, Woollard JR, Ferguson CM, Patras I, Carlson DF, Asirvatham SJ, Lerman A, Lerman LO. Accumulation of Pericardial Fat Is Associated With Alterations in Heart Rate Variability Patterns in Hypercholesterolemic Pigs. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2020; 13:e007614. [PMID: 32189516 DOI: 10.1161/circep.119.007614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart rate variability (HRV) and pulse rate variability are indices of autonomic cardiac modulation. Increased pericardial fat is associated with worse cardiovascular outcomes. We hypothesized that progressive increases in pericardial fat volume and inflammation prospectively dampen HRV in hypercholesterolemic pigs. METHODS WT (wild type) or PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin-like/kexin type-9) gain-of-function Ossabaw mini-pigs were studied in vivo before and after 3 and 6 months of a normal diet (WT-normal diet, n=4; PCSK9-normal diet, n=6) or high-fat diet (HFD; WT-HFD, n=3; PCSK9-HFD, n=6). The arterial pulse waveform was obtained from an arterial telemetry transmitter to analyze HRV indices, including SD (SD of all pulse-to-pulse intervals over a single 5-minute period), root mean square of successive differences, proportion >50 ms of normal-to-normal R-R intervals, and the calculated ratio of low-to-high frequency distributions (low-frequency power/high-frequency power). Pericardial fat volumes were evaluated using multidetector computed tomography and its inflammation by gene expression of TNF (tumor necrosis factor)-α. Plasma lipid panel and norepinephrine level were also measured. RESULTS At diet completion, hypercholesterolemic PCSK9-HFD had significantly (P<0.05 versus baseline) depressed HRV (SD of all pulse-to-pulse intervals over a single 5-minute period, root mean square of successive differences, proportion >50 ms, high-frequency power, low-frequency power), and both HFD groups had higher sympathovagal balance (SD of all pulse-to-pulse intervals over a single 5-minute period/root mean square of successive differences, low-frequency power/high-frequency power) compared with normal diet. Pericardial fat volumes and LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol concentrations correlated inversely with HRV and directly with sympathovagal balance, while sympathovagal balance correlated directly with plasma norepinephrine. Pericardial fat TNF-α expression was upregulated in PCSK9-HFD, colocalized with nerve fibers, and correlated inversely with root mean square of successive differences and proportion >50 ms. CONCLUSIONS Progressive pericardial fat expansion and inflammation are associated with a fall in HRV in Ossabaw mini-pigs, implying aggravated autonomic imbalance. Hence, pericardial fat accumulation is associated with alterations in HRV and the autonomic nervous system. Visual Overview: A visual overview is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingo E Uceda
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (D.E.U., X.-Y.Z., J.R.W., C.M.F., I.P., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (D.E.U., X.-Y.Z., J.R.W., C.M.F., I.P., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - John R Woollard
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (D.E.U., X.-Y.Z., J.R.W., C.M.F., I.P., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Christopher M Ferguson
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (D.E.U., X.-Y.Z., J.R.W., C.M.F., I.P., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Ioannis Patras
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (D.E.U., X.-Y.Z., J.R.W., C.M.F., I.P., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Samuel J Asirvatham
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases (S.J.A., A.L., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases (S.J.A., A.L., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (D.E.U., X.-Y.Z., J.R.W., C.M.F., I.P., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Department of Cardiovascular Diseases (S.J.A., A.L., L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Héliès-Toussaint C, Fouché E, Naud N, Blas-Y-Estrada F, Del Socorro Santos-Diaz M, Nègre-Salvayre A, Barba de la Rosa AP, Guéraud F. Opuntia cladode powders inhibit adipogenesis in 3 T3-F442A adipocytes and a high-fat-diet rat model by modifying metabolic parameters and favouring faecal fat excretion. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:33. [PMID: 32024512 PMCID: PMC7076822 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-2824-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is a major public health concern worldwide. A sedentary life and a nutritional transition to processed foods and high-calorie diets are contributing factors to obesity. The demand for nutraceutical foods, such as herbal weight-loss products, which offer the potential to counteract obesity, has consequently increased. We hypothesised that Opuntia cladodes consumption could assist weight management in an obesity prevention context. Methods This study was designed to explore the anti-adipogenic effects of lyophilised Opuntia cladode powders (OCP) in an in vitro cellular model for adipocyte differentiation and an in vivo high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity rat model. Two OCP were tested, one from wild species O. streptacantha and the second from the most known species O. ficus-indica. Results Pre-adipocytes 3 T3-F442A were treated by OCP during the differentiation process by insulin. OCP treatment impaired the differentiation in adipocytes, as supported by the decreased triglyceride content and a low glucose uptake, which remained comparable to that observed in undifferentiated controls, suggesting that an anti-adipogenic effect was exerted by OCP. Sprague–Dawley rats were fed with a normal or HFD, supplemented or not with OCP for 8 weeks. OCP treatment slightly reduced body weight gain, liver and abdominal fat weights, improved some obesity-related metabolic parameters and increased triglyceride excretion in the faeces. Taken together, these results showed that OCP might contribute to reduce adipogenesis and fat storage in a HFD context, notably by promoting the faecal excretion of fats. Conclusions Opuntia cladodes may be used as a dietary supplement or potential therapeutic agent in diet-based therapies for weight management to prevent obesity. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Héliès-Toussaint
- INRA, ToxAlim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Edwin Fouché
- INRA, ToxAlim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Naud
- INRA, ToxAlim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Blas-Y-Estrada
- INRA, ToxAlim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Maria Del Socorro Santos-Diaz
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado (CienciasQuímicas), UniversidadAutónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Anne Nègre-Salvayre
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | | | - Françoise Guéraud
- INRA, ToxAlim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Stolzenbach F, Valdivia S, Ojeda-Provoste P, Toledo F, Sobrevia L, Kerr B. DNA methylation changes in genes coding for leptin and insulin receptors during metabolic-altered pregnancies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Diverse repertoire of human adipocyte subtypes develops from transcriptionally distinct mesenchymal progenitor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:17970-17979. [PMID: 31420514 PMCID: PMC6731669 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906512116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell sequencing technologies have revealed an unexpectedly broad repertoire of cells required to mediate complex functions in multicellular organisms. Despite the multiple roles of adipose tissue in maintaining systemic metabolic homeostasis, adipocytes are thought to be largely homogenous with only 2 major subtypes recognized in humans so far. Here we report the existence and characteristics of 4 distinct human adipocyte subtypes, and of their respective mesenchymal progenitors. The phenotypes of these distinct adipocyte subtypes are differentially associated with key adipose tissue functions, including thermogenesis, lipid storage, and adipokine secretion. The transcriptomic signature of "brite/beige" thermogenic adipocytes reveals mechanisms for iron accumulation and protection from oxidative stress, necessary for mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration upon activation. Importantly, this signature is enriched in human supraclavicular adipose tissue, confirming that these cells comprise thermogenic depots in vivo, and explain previous findings of a rate-limiting role of iron in adipose tissue browning. The mesenchymal progenitors that give rise to beige/brite adipocytes express a unique set of cytokines and transcriptional regulators involved in immune cell modulation of adipose tissue browning. Unexpectedly, we also find adipocyte subtypes specialized for high-level expression of the adipokines adiponectin or leptin, associated with distinct transcription factors previously implicated in adipocyte differentiation. The finding of a broad adipocyte repertoire derived from a distinct set of mesenchymal progenitors, and of the transcriptional regulators that can control their development, provides a framework for understanding human adipose tissue function and role in metabolic disease.
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25
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Flier JS. Starvation in the Midst of Plenty: Reflections on the History and Biology of Insulin and Leptin. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1-16. [PMID: 30357355 PMCID: PMC6270967 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Insulin and leptin are critical metabolic hormones that play essential but distinct roles in regulating the physiologic switch between the fed and starved states. The discoveries of insulin and leptin, in 1922 and 1994, respectively, arose out of radically different scientific environments. Despite the dearth of scientific tools available in 1922, insulin's discovery rapidly launched a life-saving therapy for what we now know to be type I diabetes, and continually enhanced insulin therapeutics are now effectively applied to both major forms of this increasingly prevalent disease. In contrast, although the discovery of leptin provided deep insights into the regulation of central nervous system energy balance circuits, as well as an effective therapy for an extremely rare form of obesity, its therapeutic impact beyond that has been surprisingly limited. Despite an enormous accumulated body of information, many important questions remain unanswered about the mechanisms of action and role in disease of both hormones. Additionally, although many decades apart, both discoveries reveal the complexities inherent to scientific collaboration and the assignment of credit, even when the efforts are spectacularly successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Flier
- Department of Medicine and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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26
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Effect of prenatal zinc supplementation on adipose tissue-derived hormones and neonatal weight, height and head circumference in women with impaired glucose tolerance test: randomized clinical controlled trial. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-018-0707-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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27
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Neumann UH, Kwon MM, Baker RK, Kieffer TJ. Leptin contributes to the beneficial effects of insulin treatment in streptozotocin-diabetic male mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E1264-E1273. [PMID: 30300012 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00159.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It was long thought that the only hormone capable of reversing the catabolic consequences of diabetes was insulin. However, various studies have demonstrated that the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin can robustly lower blood glucose levels in rodent models of insulin-deficient diabetes. In addition, it has been suggested that some of the metabolic manifestations of insulin-deficient diabetes are due to hypoleptinemia as opposed to hypoinsulinemia. Because insulin therapy increases leptin levels, we sought to investigate the contribution of leptin to the beneficial effects of insulin therapy. To do this, we tested insulin therapy in streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic mice that were either on an ob/ ob background or that were given a leptin antagonist to determine if blocking leptin action would blunt the glucose-lowering effects of insulin therapy. We found that STZ diabetic ob/ ob mice have a diminished blood glucose-lowering effect in response to insulin therapy compared with STZ diabetic controls and exhibited more severe weight loss post-STZ injection. In addition, STZ diabetic mice administered a leptin antagonist through daily injection or plasmid expression respond less robustly to insulin therapy as assessed by both fasting blood glucose levels and blood glucose levels during an oral glucose tolerance test. However, leptin antagonism did not prevent the insulin-induced reduction in β-hydroxybutyrate and triglyceride levels. Therefore, we conclude that elevated leptin levels can contribute to the glucose-lowering effect of insulin therapy in insulin-deficient diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula H Neumann
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada
| | - Michelle M Kwon
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada
| | - Robert K Baker
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada
| | - Timothy J Kieffer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada
- Department of Surgery, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada
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Parafati M, Lascala A, La Russa D, Mignogna C, Trimboli F, Morittu VM, Riillo C, Macirella R, Mollace V, Brunelli E, Janda E. Bergamot Polyphenols Boost Therapeutic Effects of the Diet on Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Induced by "Junk Food": Evidence for Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111604. [PMID: 30388763 PMCID: PMC6267059 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Wrong alimentary behaviors and so-called “junk food” are a driving force for the rising incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among children and adults. The “junk food” toxicity can be studied in “cafeteria” (CAF) diet animal model. Young rats exposed to CAF diet become obese and rapidly develop NAFLD. We have previously showed that bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau) flavonoids, in the form of bergamot polyphenol fraction (BPF), effectively prevent CAF diet-induced NAFLD in rats. Here, we addressed if BPF can accelerate therapeutic effects of weight loss induced by a normocaloric standard chow (SC) diet. 21 rats fed with CAF diet for 16 weeks to induce NAFLD with inflammatory features (NASH) were divided into three groups. Two groups were switched to SC diet supplemented or not with BPF (CAF/SC±BPF), while one group continued with CAF diet (CAF/CAF) for 10 weeks. BPF had no effect on SC diet-induced weight loss, but it accelerated hepatic lipid droplets clearance and reduced blood triglycerides. Accordingly, BPF improved insulin sensitivity, but had little effect on leptin levels. Interestingly, the inflammatory parameters were still elevated in CAF/SC livers compared to CAF/CAF group after 10 weeks of dietary intervention, despite over 90% hepatic fat reduction. In contrast, BPF supplementation decreased hepatic inflammation by reducing interleukin 6 (Il6) mRNA expression and increasing anti-inflammatory Il10, which correlated with fewer Kupffer cells and lower inflammatory foci score in CAF/SC+BPF livers compared to CAF/SC group. These data indicate that BPF mediates a specific anti-inflammatory activity in livers recovering from NASH, while it boosts lipid-lowering and anti-diabetic effects of the dietary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Parafati
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
- Interregional Research Center for Food Safety and Health, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Antonella Lascala
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
- Interregional Research Center for Food Safety and Health, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Daniele La Russa
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Chiara Mignogna
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Francesca Trimboli
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Valeria Maria Morittu
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Concetta Riillo
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Rachele Macirella
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
- Interregional Research Center for Food Safety and Health, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Elvira Brunelli
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Elzbieta Janda
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Campus Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
- Interregional Research Center for Food Safety and Health, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
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Abstract
High secretion of interleukin (IL)-6 from white adipose tissue may contribute to metabolic complications in obesity. We have recently shown that IL-6-type cytokine signaling in adipocytes is involved in the development of obesity-associated hepatic insulin resistance and steatosis. In addition, we revealed that adipocyte-specific IL-6 signaling ameliorates glucose metabolism in obesity via enhancing insulin secretion. Mechanistically, IL-6 induces the release of free fatty acid (FFA) and leptin from adipocytes thereby affecting liver metabolism and pancreatic β-cell function, respectively. This commentary further discusses the role of adipocyte-specific IL-6-type cytokine signaling in the regulation of FFA and leptin release. In particular, we outline depot-specific differences in IL-6-induced basal release of the two aforementioned factors. Moreover, we provide evidence that insulin's effect on the release of FFA and leptin is adipose depot-dependent. We conclude that adipose depot-specific targeting of the IL-6 signaling pathway may be a novel approach to blunt obesity-associated metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Wueest
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children’s Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Konrad
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children’s Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Marques-Oliveira GH, Silva TM, Lima WG, Valadares HMS, Chaves VE. Insulin as a hormone regulator of the synthesis and release of leptin by white adipose tissue. Peptides 2018; 106:49-58. [PMID: 29953915 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Leptin and its receptor are widely distributed in several tissues, mainly in white adipose tissue. The serum leptin is highly correlated with body mass index in rodents and humans, being documented that leptin levels reduces in the fasting state and increase during refeeding, similarly to insulin release by pancreatic islets. Insulin appears to increase leptin mRNA and protein expression and its release by adipocytes. Some studies have suggested that insulin acts through the activation of the transcription factors: sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), CCAAT enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBP-α) and specificity protein 1 (Sp1). Insulin stimulates the release of preformed and newly synthesized leptin by adipocytes through its signaling cascade. Its effects are blocked by inhibitors of the insulin signaling pathway, as well as by inhibitors of protein synthesis and agents that increase the intracellular cAMP. The literature data suggest that chronic hyperinsulinemia increases serum leptin levels in humans and rodents. In this review, we summarized the most updated knowledge on the effects of insulin on serum leptin levels, presenting the cell mechanisms that control leptin synthesis and release by the white adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thaís Marques Silva
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - William Gustavo Lima
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Valéria Ernestânia Chaves
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Moon YH, Cho WK, Lee SS. Investigation of blood biomarkers related to meat quality and quantity in Hanwoo steers. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018; 31:1923-1929. [PMID: 29879807 PMCID: PMC6212733 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study was conducted to investigate the correlation between blood components and carcass traits, and to find the biomarkers related to meat quality and quantity in Hanwoo steers. Methods One hundred twenty-six Hanwoo steers (8 to 9 months of age, body weight of 185.6±24.38 kg) were used to find the correlation between blood compositions and carcass traits. The steers were fed concentrate and rice straw (30 steers) or total mixed rations (96 steers) during the whole experimental period. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein at the growing (8 to 12 months), fattening (13 to 23 months) and finishing phases (24 to 30 months). Steers were slaughtered at 30 to 31 months of age (body weight of 701.6±60.45 kg) and the carcass traits were evaluated. Blood metabolites and hormones were analyzed and the correlation coefficients and regression equations with carcass traits were determined. Results Average concentrations of retinol, leptin and insulin were 1.10 IU, 30.34 ng, and 35.35 ng per mL of blood plasma, respectively. Retinol has negative correlations (p<0.01) with insulin and leptin. Blood insulin and total protein decreased with the age of steers, but retinol, aspartic acid transaminase (AST), glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride increased. In the finishing phase, significant (p<0.01) negative correlations occurred between blood retinol content and marbling score, and between blood AST content and longissimus muscle area of 13th rib, and the following regression equations were obtained: Marbling score (1–9) = −0.009×retinol (IU/100 mL)+ 9.125 (R2 = 0.643), Longissimus muscle area (cm2) = −0.250× AST(U/L)+112.498 (R2 = 0.450). Conclusion It is possible to make highly marbled beef by controlling the blood retinol content during the fattening and finishing phases of Hanwoo steers. Accordingly, blood retinol and AST could be biomarkers for determining beef quality and quantity, respectively, prior to slaughter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yea Hwang Moon
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 660-758, Korea
| | - Woong Ki Cho
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program) and Institute of Agriculture & Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Sung Sill Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program) and Institute of Agriculture & Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
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English AM, Waters SM, Cormican P, Byrne CJ, Fair S, Kenny DA. Effect of early calf-hood nutrition on the transcriptomic profile of subcutaneous adipose tissue in Holstein-Friesian bulls. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:281. [PMID: 29690861 PMCID: PMC5916831 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4681-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adipose tissue is a major endocrine organ and is thought to play a central role in the metabolic control of reproductive function in cattle. Plane of nutrition during early life has been shown to influence the timing of puberty in both male and female cattle, though the exact biological mechanisms involved are currently unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of early calf-hood nutrition on the transcriptomic profile of subcutaneous adipose tissue in Holstein-Friesian bulls to identify possible downstream effects on reproductive physiology. Results Holstein-Friesian bull calves with a mean (±S.D.) age and bodyweight of 19 (±8.2) days and 47.5 (±5.3) kg, respectively, were assigned to either a high (n = 10) or low (n = 10) plane of nutrition. Calves were fed in order to achieve an overall growth rate of 1.08 and 0.57 kg/day for the high and low plane of nutrition treatments, respectively. At 126 days of age, the bulls were euthanized, subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were harvested and RNAseq analysis was performed. There were 674 genes differentially expressed in adipose tissue of calves on the low compared with the high plane of nutrition (P < 0.05; FDR < 0.05; fold change > 2.0). High plane of nutrition positively altered the expression of genes across an array of putative biological processes but the most dominant cellular processes affected were cellular energy production and branched chain amino acid degradation. A high plane of nutrition caused upregulation of genes such as leptin (LEP) and adiponectin (ADIPOQ), which are known to directly affect reproductive function. Conclusions These results provide an insight into the effect of augmenting the plane of nutrition of Holstein-Friesian bull calves in the prepubertal period on the transcriptome of adipose tissue. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4681-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie English
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, C15 PW93, Ireland.,Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Sineád M Waters
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, C15 PW93, Ireland
| | - Paul Cormican
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, C15 PW93, Ireland
| | - Colin J Byrne
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, C15 PW93, Ireland.,School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Dublin, D04 N2E5, Ireland
| | - Seán Fair
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - David A Kenny
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, C15 PW93, Ireland. .,School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Dublin, D04 N2E5, Ireland.
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Wang X, Villar VA, Tiu A, Upadhyay KK, Cuevas S. Dopamine D2 receptor upregulates leptin and IL-6 in adipocytes. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:607-614. [PMID: 29472382 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m081000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted by the adipose tissue. Dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) have anti-inflammatory effects in the brain and kidney tissues. Mouse and human adipocytes express D2R; D2R protein was 10-fold greater in adipocytes from human visceral tissue than subcutaneous tissue. However, the function of D2R in adipocytes is not well understood. 3T3-L1 cells were treated with D2-like receptor agonist quinpirole, and immunoblot and quantitative PCR were performed. Quinpirole increased the protein and mRNA expression of leptin and IL-6, but not adiponectin and visfatin (24 h). It also increased the mRNA expression of TNF-α , MCP1, and NFkB-p50. An acute increase in the protein expression of leptin and TNF-α was also found in the cells treated with quinpirole. The leptin concentration in the culture media was increased by quinpirole-bathing the 3T3-L1 adipocytes. These quinpirole effects on leptin and IL-6 expression were prevented by the D2R antagonist L741,626. Similarly, siRNA-mediated silencing of Drd2 decreased the leptin, IL-6, mRNA, and protein expressions. The D2R-mediated increase in leptin expression was prevented by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002. Acute quinpirole treatment in C57Bl/6J mice increased serum leptin concentration and leptin mRNA in visceral adipocyte tissue but not in subcutaneous adipocytes, confirming the stimulatory effect of D2R on leptin in vivo. Our results suggest that the stimulation of D2R increases leptin production and may have a tissue-specific pro-inflammatory effect in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Van Anthony Villar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Andrew Tiu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Kiran K Upadhyay
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607
| | - Santiago Cuevas
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington DC 20010.
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A Mechanism Coupling Systemic Energy Sensing to Adipokine Secretion. Dev Cell 2017; 43:83-98.e6. [PMID: 29017032 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Adipocytes sense systemic nutrient status and systemically communicate this information by releasing adipokines. The mechanisms that couple nutritional state to adipokine release are unknown. Here, we investigated how Unpaired 2 (Upd2), a structural and functional ortholog of the primary human adipokine leptin, is released from Drosophila fat cells. We find that Golgi reassembly stacking protein (GRASP), an unconventional secretion pathway component, is required for Upd2 secretion. In nutrient-rich fat cells, GRASP clusters in close proximity to the apical side of lipid droplets (LDs). During nutrient deprivation, glucagon-mediated increase in calcium (Ca2+) levels, via calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) phosphorylation, inhibits proximal GRASP localization to LDs. Using a heterologous cell system, we show that human leptin secretion is also regulated by Ca2+ and CaMKII. In summary, we describe a mechanism by which increased cytosolic Ca2+ negatively regulates adipokine secretion and have uncovered an evolutionarily conserved molecular link between intracellular Ca2+ levels and energy homeostasis.
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Ribeiro HQT, Coqueiro AY, Lima VBDS, Martins CEC, Tirapegui J. Leucine and resistance training improve hyperglycemia, white adipose tissue loss, and inflammatory parameters in an experimental model of type 1 diabetes. Nutr Health 2017; 24:19-27. [PMID: 29019279 DOI: 10.1177/0260106017733908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of white adipose tissue (WAT), associated with type 1 diabetes (DM1), contributes to increased chronic systemic inflammation. AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of leucine supplementation and resistance training (RT) in attenuating WAT loss and improving inflammatory parameters and glucose metabolism in DM1 rats. METHODS Thirty-two male Wistar rats were distributed into four groups: DA (sedentary and supplemented with non-essential amino acids (NEAA)), DL (sedentary and supplemented with leucine), DTA (submitted to RT and supplemented with NEAA) and DTL (submitted to RT and supplemented with leucine). DM1 was induced by streptozotocin (STZ). An 8-week period of RT consisted of climbing a ladder with a progressively increased load, and supplementation was offered in the feed. RESULTS Glycemia, polyphagia and polydipsia were lower in DL, DTA and DTL groups compared with the DA group by approximately 20% ( p<.0001), 28% ( p=.004) and 64% ( p<.0001), respectively. Weight of total WAT and retroperitoneal adipose tissue (RPAT) were higher by approximately 21% ( p=.01) and 54% ( p=.0004), respectively, in DL, DTA and DTL groups compared with DA. However, gene expression of adiponectin and leptin in RPAT was only increased by RT (DTA and DTL) compared with DA and DL by approximately 93% ( p<.0001) and 78% ( p=.0002), respectively. Similarly, the levels of adiponectin in the serum, tissue IL-10 (RPAT) and serum IL-10 were only increased in DTA and DTL compared with DA and DL by approximately 31% ( p=.03), 45% ( p=.0009) and 35% ( p=.003), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Both interventions, isolated or together, reduced hyperglycemia and excessive loss of WAT, but RT was the main factor responsible for attenuating inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Quintas Teixeira Ribeiro
- 1 Department of Physical Education, Anhanguera Faculty, Osasco, São Paulo, Brazil.,2 Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Audrey Yule Coqueiro
- 2 Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Batista de Sousa Lima
- 2 Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Julio Tirapegui
- 2 Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Liu X, Cao G, Zhou J, Yao X, Fang B. The effects of Bacillus coagulans-fermented and non-fermented Ginkgo biloba on abdominal fat deposition and meat quality of Peking duck. Poult Sci 2017; 96:2264-2273. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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D'souza AM, Neumann UH, Glavas MM, Kieffer TJ. The glucoregulatory actions of leptin. Mol Metab 2017; 6:1052-1065. [PMID: 28951828 PMCID: PMC5605734 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The hormone leptin is an important regulator of metabolic homeostasis, able to inhibit food intake and increase energy expenditure. Leptin can also independently lower blood glucose levels, particularly in hyperglycemic models of leptin or insulin deficiency. Despite significant efforts and relevance to diabetes, the mechanisms by which leptin acts to regulate blood glucose levels are not fully understood. Scope of review Here we assess literature relevant to the glucose lowering effects of leptin. Leptin receptors are widely expressed in multiple cell types, and we describe both peripheral and central effects of leptin that may be involved in lowering blood glucose. In addition, we summarize the potential clinical application of leptin in regulating glucose homeostasis. Major conclusions Leptin exerts a plethora of metabolic effects on various tissues including suppressing production of glucagon and corticosterone, increasing glucose uptake, and inhibiting hepatic glucose output. A more in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of the glucose-lowering actions of leptin may reveal new strategies to treat metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M D'souza
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ursula H Neumann
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Maria M Glavas
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Timothy J Kieffer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Gómez-Cardona EE, Hernández-Domínguez EE, Velarde-Salcedo AJ, Pacheco AB, Diaz-Gois A, De León-Rodríguez A, Barba de la Rosa AP. 2D-DIGE as a strategy to identify serum biomarkers in Mexican patients with Type-2 diabetes with different body mass index. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46536. [PMID: 28425473 PMCID: PMC5397846 DOI: 10.1038/srep46536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes(T2D) are the most prevalent and serious metabolic diseases affecting people worldwide. However racial and ethnic disparities seems to be a risk factor for their development. Mexico has been named as one of the largest populations with the highest prevalence of diabetes and obesity. The aim of this study was to identify novel T2D-associated proteins in Mexican patients. Blood samples were collected from 62 Mexican patients with T2D and they were grouped according to their body mass index(BMI). A panel of 10 diabetes and obesity serum markers was determined using MAGPIX. A comparative proteomics study was performed using two-dimensional difference in-gel electrophoresis(2D-DIGE) followed by mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS). We detected 113 spots differentially accumulated, in which 64 unique proteins were identified, proteins that were involved in metabolism pathways, molecular transport, and cellular signalling. Four proteins(14-3-3, ApoH, ZAG, and OTO3) showing diabetes-related variation and also changes in relation to obesity were selected for further validation by western blotting. Our results reveal new diabetes related proteins present in the Mexican population. These could provide additional insight into the understanding of diabetes development in Mexican population and may also be useful candidate biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik E Gómez-Cardona
- IPICyT, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C. Camino a la Presa San Jose No. 2055, Lomas 4a sección, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 78216, Mexico
| | - Eric E Hernández-Domínguez
- IPICyT, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C. Camino a la Presa San Jose No. 2055, Lomas 4a sección, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 78216, Mexico
| | - Aída J Velarde-Salcedo
- IPICyT, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C. Camino a la Presa San Jose No. 2055, Lomas 4a sección, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 78216, Mexico
| | - Alberto-Barrera- Pacheco
- IPICyT, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C. Camino a la Presa San Jose No. 2055, Lomas 4a sección, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 78216, Mexico
| | - Agustín Diaz-Gois
- Juridiscción Sanitaria No. 1, Centros de Salud San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Antonio De León-Rodríguez
- IPICyT, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C. Camino a la Presa San Jose No. 2055, Lomas 4a sección, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 78216, Mexico.,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Ana P Barba de la Rosa
- IPICyT, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C. Camino a la Presa San Jose No. 2055, Lomas 4a sección, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 78216, Mexico
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Tsubai T, Noda Y, Ito K, Nakao M, Seino Y, Oiso Y, Hamada Y. Insulin elevates leptin secretion and mRNA levels via cyclic AMP in 3T3-L1 adipocytes deprived of glucose. Heliyon 2016; 2:e00194. [PMID: 27896318 PMCID: PMC5121139 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Leptin plays an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes, yet the regulatory mechanisms of this hormone have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to clarify the roles of insulin and glucose in leptin secretion and mRNA production using inhibitors of insulin signal transduction in adipocytes cultured under glucose-free or normal conditions. Methods Differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were stimulated with insulin in combination with inhibitors for phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, and phosphodiesterase 3B (PDE3B), as well as epinephrine and a cyclic AMP (cAMP) analog under glucose-free or normal conditions. After 8 h of stimulation, leptin protein levels in the media and leptin mRNA expression levels in the adipocytes were measured. Results Insulin significantly increased the secretion and mRNA levels of leptin under the depletion of glucose. Glucose augmented basal leptin secretion without insulin, while glucose nullified insulin-induced leptin mRNA upregulation. The PI3K inhibitor BEZ-235, the Akt inhibitor MK-2206, and the PDE3B inhibitor cilostazol attenuated the insulin stimulation of leptin secretion, but did not suppress the insulin-induced leptin mRNA upregulation with glucose depletion. In contrast to the glucose-free condition, insulin failed to upregulate leptin mRNA in the presence of glucose. The cAMP analog dibutyryl cAMP and epinephrine decreased both leptin secretion and mRNA regardless of glucose supplementation. Conclusion Insulin alone stimulates leptin secretion and elevates leptin mRNA levels via cAMP under the lack of glucose metabolism, while glucose is a significant and ambivalent effector on the insulin effects of leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Tsubai
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University; Omori 2-1723, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463-8521, Japan
- Division of Clinical Science and Neuropsychopharmacology, Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University; 150, Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Noda
- Division of Clinical Science and Neuropsychopharmacology, Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University; 150, Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuma Ito
- Division of Clinical Science and Neuropsychopharmacology, Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University; 150, Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakao
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University; Omori 2-1723, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463-8521, Japan
| | - Yusuke Seino
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; 65, Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Yutaka Oiso
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; 65, Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Yoji Hamada
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; 65, Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
- Corresponding author at: Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466–8550, Japan.
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Abstract
AbstractThe present study was designed to examine the pattern of changes in plasma leptin concentration during the early stage of young ruminants. Five crossbred lambs weaned at 45 days were housed individually in pens. The lambs were offered timothy hay, rolled barley and soya-bean meal to meet a 200 g daily gain, and were given free access to water and mineral block. Blood samples were collected just before the morning feeding and at 30-min intervals for 6 h after the morning feeding beginning at 0·5 months after weaning and thereafter monthly for the next 6 months. Plasma leptin level increased dramatically from 0·5 to 3 months after weaning. Thereafter, it dropped to a similar level to that at 2 months after weaning and remained at that level. Moreover, plasma leptin level was not affected by feeding, and no variation throughout the day of sampling was observed. Plasma insulin levels showed similarity to changes in plasma leptin levels. Plasma insulin levels were positively correlated (r = 0·63) with plasma leptin levels. This study shows that plasma leptin level dramatically increases after weaning. Additionally, it suggests that insulin contributes to the increase of leptin with growth in lambs.
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Baldauff NH, Tfayli H, Dong W, Arena VC, Gurtunca N, Pietropaolo M, Becker DJ, Libman IM. Relationship of adiponectin and leptin with autoimmunity in children with new-onset type 1 diabetes: a pilot study. Pediatr Diabetes 2016; 17:249-56. [PMID: 25754190 PMCID: PMC5944363 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore racial differences in adiponectin, and leptin and their relationship with islet autoimmunity in children with new-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS Medical records were reviewed from a cohort of new-onset clinically diagnosed T1D subjects matched by race, age, gender, and year of diagnosis. Sera were available for 156 subjects (77 African American (AA), 79 Caucasian (C), 48% male, age of 11.1 ± 3.8 yr) and assayed for adiponectin and leptin prior to (D0), 3, 5 d, and 2-4 months (M3) after insulin therapy and islet autoantibodies to GAD, IA2, insulin, and ICA were measured at onset. RESULTS Adiponectin levels increased significantly following insulin therapy by day 5 (D5) (D0: 13.7 ± 7.2 vs. D5: 21.3 ± 9.9 µg/mL, p < 0.0001), but no further significant increase from D5 to M3. At DO, AA had lower adiponectin levels (10.5 vs. 15.7 µg/mL, p = 0.01), were more often overweight than C (55 vs. 18%, BMI ≥ 85th‰) and fewer had positive autoantibodies (72 vs. 87%, p = 0.05). Racial differences in adipocytokines disappeared after adjustment for BMI. At M3, subjects with more number of positive autoantibodies had higher adiponectin levels (p = 0.043) and adiponectin/leptin ratio (ALR) (p = 0.01), and lower leptin levels (p = 0.016). CONCLUSION Adiponectin levels increased acutely with insulin therapy. Significantly lower adiponectin levels in AA were related to greater adiposity and not race. These pilot data showing those with the fewest autoantibodies had the lowest adiponectin levels, supporting the concept that insulin-resistant subjects may present with clinical T1D at earlier stages of β-cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Hecht Baldauff
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA USA 15224
| | - Hala Tfayli
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA USA 15224. Currently at the American University of Beirut Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
| | - Wenxiu Dong
- Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA USA 15261
| | - Vincent C. Arena
- Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA USA, 15261
| | - Nursen Gurtunca
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA USA 15224
| | - Massimo Pietropaolo
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Dorothy J. Becker
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA USA 15224
| | - Ingrid M Libman
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA USA 15224
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Stern JH, Rutkowski JM, Scherer PE. Adiponectin, Leptin, and Fatty Acids in the Maintenance of Metabolic Homeostasis through Adipose Tissue Crosstalk. Cell Metab 2016; 23:770-84. [PMID: 27166942 PMCID: PMC4864949 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 651] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism research has made tremendous progress over the last several decades in establishing the adipocyte as a central rheostat in the regulation of systemic nutrient and energy homeostasis. Operating at multiple levels of control, the adipocyte communicates with organ systems to adjust gene expression, glucoregulatory hormone exocytosis, enzymatic reactions, and nutrient flux to equilibrate the metabolic demands of a positive or negative energy balance. The identification of these mechanisms has great potential to identify novel targets for the treatment of diabetes and related metabolic disorders. Herein, we review the central role of the adipocyte in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis, highlighting three critical mediators: adiponectin, leptin, and fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Stern
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Joseph M Rutkowski
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Webber ES, Bonci A, Krashes MJ. The elegance of energy balance: Insight from circuit-level manipulations. Synapse 2016; 69:461-74. [PMID: 26126768 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms of energy balance were first examined using very powerful neuroscience techniques such as lesions and electrical stimulation. This early work identified the hypothalamus as a key structure involved in hunger and feeding; however, neural resolution of cell-defined populations contributing to appetite regulation remained elusive. Recent innovations in neuroscience have produced constructs that allow for a high degree of specificity in loss- and gain-of-function manipulations in molecularly circumscribed neural subsets as well as monosynaptic circuit mapping and in vivo neurophysiology. These complimentary techniques have provided researchers an unprecedented amount of empirical agility. As a result, cell populations in two subregions of the hypothalamus have emerged as key players in the physiological control of feeding behavior. The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus contain neural populations that have a direct role in the promotion of hunger and satiety. These include neurons that express agouti-related peptide, pro-opiomelanocortin, single-minded homolog 1 protein, and the melanocortin-4 receptor. This review focuses on how these neural subsets communicate with one another, link up to build elaborate networks, and ultimately contribute to alterations in food intake. The continuing advancement of neuroscience tools, as well as a multimodal integration of findings, will be critical in illuminating an exhaustive and clinically relevant hunger circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Webber
- Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Antonello Bonci
- National Institute of Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael J Krashes
- Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,National Institute of Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Gwóźdź K, Szkudelski T, Szkudelska K. Characteristics of metabolic changes in adipocytes of growing rats. Biochimie 2016; 125:195-203. [PMID: 27060433 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adipocytes, cells of white fat tissue, store energy in the form of lipids and have also endocrine functions. Disturbances in adipocyte metabolism lead to decreased or excessive fat tissue accumulation and are associated with numerous diseases. Pathologic alterations in adipose tissue are known to develop with age, however, changes in young, growing subjects are poorly elucidated. In the present study, glucose transport and metabolism, hyperpolarization of the inner mitochondrial membrane and the lipolytic activity were compared in the epididymal adipocytes of 8-week-old and 16-week-old rats. It was demonstrated that glucose conversion to lipids, glucose transport and oxidation was decreased in the adipocytes of the older animals. These effects were accompanied by increase in lactate release and by decrease in hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane. Lipolytic response to epinephrine was increased (at lower concentrations of the hormone) or reduced (at higher concentration) in the adipocytes of the older rats. However, induction of lipolysis by the direct activation of protein kinase A induced similar response. It was also demonstrated that inhibition of phosphodiesterase 3B or adenosine A1 receptor blocking caused lower lipolysis in the cells of the older rats. Moreover, antilipolytic action of insulin was impaired in the adipocytes of these rats, probably due to changes in the initial steps of the insulin signaling pathway. However, the use of the pharmacologic inhibitor of protein kinase A instead of insulin resulted in similar antilipolysis in both groups of cells. These results show that, in spite of relatively small age difference, substantial changes in adipose tissue metabolism develop in these animals. Decreased response to insulin action seems to be particularly relevant finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Gwóźdź
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Szkudelski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szkudelska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland.
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Röder PV, Wu B, Liu Y, Han W. Pancreatic regulation of glucose homeostasis. Exp Mol Med 2016; 48:e219. [PMID: 26964835 PMCID: PMC4892884 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2016.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to ensure normal body function, the human body is dependent on a tight control of its blood glucose levels. This is accomplished by a highly sophisticated network of various hormones and neuropeptides released mainly from the brain, pancreas, liver, intestine as well as adipose and muscle tissue. Within this network, the pancreas represents a key player by secreting the blood sugar-lowering hormone insulin and its opponent glucagon. However, disturbances in the interplay of the hormones and peptides involved may lead to metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) whose prevalence, comorbidities and medical costs take on a dramatic scale. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to uncover and understand the mechanisms underlying the various interactions to improve existing anti-diabetic therapies and drugs on the one hand and to develop new therapeutic approaches on the other. This review summarizes the interplay of the pancreas with various other organs and tissues that maintain glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, anti-diabetic drugs and their impact on signaling pathways underlying the network will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia V Röder
- Metabolism in Human Diseases Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Metabolism in Human Diseases Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore. E-mail: or
| | - Bingbing Wu
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yixian Liu
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weiping Han
- Metabolism in Human Diseases Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- Metabolism in Human Diseases Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore. E-mail: or
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Garcia NF, Silva CPVD, Ferreira MJ, Oharomari LK, Rocha T, Moraes CD. 7-week aerobic exercise training reduces adipocyte area and improves insulin sensitivity in Wistar rats fed a highly palatable diet. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742016000100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nádia F. Garcia
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Brazil
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Abreu AP, Kaiser UB. Pubertal development and regulation. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2016; 4:254-264. [PMID: 26852256 PMCID: PMC5192018 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00418-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Puberty marks the end of childhood and is a period when individuals undergo physiological and psychological changes to achieve sexual maturation and fertility. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis controls puberty and reproduction and is tightly regulated by a complex network of excitatory and inhibitory factors. This axis is active in the embryonic and early postnatal stages of life and is subsequently restrained during childhood, and its reactivation culminates in puberty initiation. The mechanisms underlying this reactivation are not completely known. The age of puberty onset varies between individuals and the timing of puberty initiation is associated with several health outcomes in adult life. In this Series paper, we discuss pubertal markers, epidemiological trends of puberty initiation over time, and the mechanisms whereby genetic, metabolic, and other factors control secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone to determine initiation of puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Abreu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Imbalanced insulin action in chronic over nutrition: Clinical harm, molecular mechanisms, and a way forward. Atherosclerosis 2016; 247:225-82. [PMID: 26967715 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The growing worldwide prevalence of overnutrition and underexertion threatens the gains that we have made against atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and other maladies. Chronic overnutrition causes the atherometabolic syndrome, which is a cluster of seemingly unrelated health problems characterized by increased abdominal girth and body-mass index, high fasting and postprandial concentrations of cholesterol- and triglyceride-rich apoB-lipoproteins (C-TRLs), low plasma HDL levels, impaired regulation of plasma glucose concentrations, hypertension, and a significant risk of developing overt type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition, individuals with this syndrome exhibit fatty liver, hypercoagulability, sympathetic overactivity, a gradually rising set-point for body adiposity, a substantially increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and--crucially--hyperinsulinemia. Many lines of evidence indicate that each component of the atherometabolic syndrome arises, or is worsened by, pathway-selective insulin resistance and responsiveness (SEIRR). Individuals with SEIRR require compensatory hyperinsulinemia to control plasma glucose levels. The result is overdrive of those pathways that remain insulin-responsive, particularly ERK activation and hepatic de-novo lipogenesis (DNL), while carbohydrate regulation deteriorates. The effects are easily summarized: if hyperinsulinemia does something bad in a tissue or organ, that effect remains responsive in the atherometabolic syndrome and T2DM; and if hyperinsulinemia might do something good, that effect becomes resistant. It is a deadly imbalance in insulin action. From the standpoint of human health, it is the worst possible combination of effects. In this review, we discuss the origins of the atherometabolic syndrome in our historically unprecedented environment that only recently has become full of poorly satiating calories and incessant enticements to sit. Data are examined that indicate the magnitude of daily caloric imbalance that causes obesity. We also cover key aspects of healthy, balanced insulin action in liver, endothelium, brain, and elsewhere. Recent insights into the molecular basis and pathophysiologic harm from SEIRR in these organs are discussed. Importantly, a newly discovered oxide transport chain functions as the master regulator of the balance amongst different limbs of the insulin signaling cascade. This oxide transport chain--abbreviated 'NSAPP' after its five major proteins--fails to function properly during chronic overnutrition, resulting in this harmful pattern of SEIRR. We also review the origins of widespread, chronic overnutrition. Despite its apparent complexity, one factor stands out. A sophisticated junk food industry, aided by subsidies from willing governments, has devoted years of careful effort to promote overeating through the creation of a new class of food and drink that is low- or no-cost to the consumer, convenient, savory, calorically dense, yet weakly satiating. It is past time for the rest of us to overcome these foes of good health and solve this man-made epidemic.
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Yook JS, Kim KA, Park JE, Lee SH, Cha YS. Microalgal Oil Supplementation Has an Anti-Obesity Effect in C57BL/6J Mice Fed a High Fat Diet. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2015; 20:230-7. [PMID: 26770909 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2015.20.4.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of microalgal oil (MO) on body weight management in C57BL/6J mice. Obesity was induced for 8 weeks and animals were orally supplemented with the following for 8 additional weeks: beef tallow (BT), corn oil, fish oil (FO), microalgal oil (MO), or none, as a high fat diet control group (HD). A normal control group was fed with a normal diet. After completing the experiment, the FO and MO groups showed significant decreases in body weight gain, epididymal fat pad weights, serum triglycerides, and total cholesterol levels compared to the HD and BT groups. A lower mRNA expression level of lipid anabolic gene and higher levels of lipid catabolic genes were observed in both FO and MO groups. Serum insulin and leptin concentrations were lower in the MO group. These results indicated that microalgal oil has an anti-obesity effect that can combat high fat diet-induced obesity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Seon Yook
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 Plus, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 54896, Korea
| | - Kyung-Ah Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Songwon University, Gwanju 61756, Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Park
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 Plus, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 54896, Korea
| | - Seon-Hwa Lee
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 Plus, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 54896, Korea
| | - Youn-Soo Cha
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 Plus, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 54896, Korea
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