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Cai H, Chang T, Li Y, Jia Y, Li H, Zhang M, Su P, Zhang L, Xiang W. Circular DDX10 is associated with ovarian function and assisted reproductive technology outcomes through modulating the proliferation and steroidogenesis of granulosa cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:9592-9612. [PMID: 33742605 PMCID: PMC8064152 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
circRNAs are present in human ovarian tissue, but how they regulate ovarian function remains unknown. In the current study, we investigated the levels of circRNAs in granulosa cells (GCs) derived from human follicular fluid, explored their correlation with female ovarian reserve function and clinical outcomes of assisted reproduction technique (ART), and investigated their effects on the biological functions of GC cell lines (COV434) in vitro. We identified that the levels of circDDX10 in GCs decreased gradually with aging (P < 0.01) and was positively correlated with AMH (r = 0.45, P < 0.01) and AFC (r = 0.32, P < 0.01), but not with FSH and estradiol (P > 0.05). Additionally, circDDX10 was related to the number of oocytes obtained, and good quality embryo rates. Silencing circDDX10 in GCs could markedly up-regulate the expression of apoptosis-related factors, reduce cell proliferation activity, inhibit the expression of steroid hormone synthesis-related factors, and prohibit the synthesis of estradiol. On the contrary, over-expression of circDDX10 had the opposite effect. circDDX10 is expected to become a novel biomarker for predicting the outcomes of ART, and may participate in the regulation of ovarian function by affecting the proliferation and apoptosis of GCs and steroid hormone synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcai Cai
- Institute of Reproductive Health/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China.,Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianli Chang
- Institute of Reproductive Health/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yamin Li
- Institute of Reproductive Health/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yinzhao Jia
- Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Huiying Li
- Institute of Reproductive Health/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Mengdi Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Health/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Su
- Institute of Reproductive Health/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Health/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Wenpei Xiang
- Institute of Reproductive Health/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
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Suriyakalaa U, Ramachandran R, Doulathunnisa JA, Aseervatham SB, Sankarganesh D, Kamalakkannan S, Kadalmani B, Angayarkanni J, Akbarsha MA, Achiraman S. Upregulation of Cyp19a1 and PPAR-γ in ovarian steroidogenic pathway by Ficus religiosa: A potential cure for polycystic ovary syndrome. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113540. [PMID: 33152430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Quite a few plants are in use to treat female infertility and associated problems. Availing the cues from traditional knowledge, phytochemical studies and ethnopharmacological evidences, the aphrodisiac plant Ficus religiosa (F. religiosa) is widely in use to cure infertility in women. For instance, the juice of leaf and aerial root of F. religiosa is reported to normalize the dysregulated menstrual cycle in women. Besides, it is believed that regular circumambulation of F. religiosa during the early hours of the morning helps women in alleviating infertility which could be attributed to the potential phytovolatiles released from F. religiosa. However, the evidences for therapeutic potential of F. religiosa in treating female infertility are arbitrary and mostly anecdotal. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was aimed at examining if extracts of fresh and/or dry leaf of F. religiosa would cure polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in the rat model. METHODS Rats were divided into seven groups; control (Group I), PCOS-induced (P.O, Letrozole -1 mg/kg BW for 21 days) and untreated (Group II), PCOS-induced and treated with the leaf extracts of F. religiosa (Groups III-VI), and, PCOS-induced and treated with pioglitazone (Group VII). The estrous intervals, body and organ weights (ovary and uterus), and serum hormones (testosterone, luteinizing hormone [LH], estrogen, and progesterone) were measured, and the expression of Cyp19a1 (aromatase), and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) were assessed in the experimental rats. The levels of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD), and antioxidants (MDA, GSH, GPx, SOD, and CAT) were also quantified. Besides, the putative volatile compounds in the esterified leaf extracts were identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULTS Letrozole treatment induced irregular estrous and altered weight of organs and hormonal milieu, which were reverted to normal in leaf extracts-treated PCOS-induced rats. Remarkably, fresh leaf treatment up-regulated Cyp19a1and PPAR-γ and increased the levels of 3β-HSD and 17β-HSD. We found 3-acetoxy-3-hydroxy-propionic acid in fresh and dry leaf extracts, which we attribute to efficacy of the extracts in alleviating PCOS. CONCLUSION Put together, our findings suggest the leaves of F. religiosa as potential in alleviating PCOS, mainly due to the presence of putative volatile molecules. Further screening of the leaves of F. religiosa is recommended to identify other key molecules and to develop a systematic therapeutic intervention for PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udhayaraj Suriyakalaa
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamilnadu, India; Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamilnadu, India; PG and Research Department of Biotechnology, Hindusthan College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, 641028, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Rajamanickam Ramachandran
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamilnadu, India; Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Jaffar Ali Doulathunnisa
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Smilin Bell Aseervatham
- PG and Research Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, 620002, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Devaraj Sankarganesh
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamilnadu, India; Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio- and Chemical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, 626126, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Balamuthu Kadalmani
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Jayaraman Angayarkanni
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Shanmugam Achiraman
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamilnadu, India.
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Kratz EM, Kokot I, Dymicka-Piekarska V, Piwowar A. Sirtuins-The New Important Players in Women's Gynecological Health. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:84. [PMID: 33435147 PMCID: PMC7827899 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The participation of sirtuins in the regulation of oxidative stress and inflammation lies at the basis of their possible modes of action and is related to their expression in various cell structures; their location in the mitochondria and blood plasma has been indicated as of primary importance. Despite many existing studies, research on sirtuins continues to present an opportunity to discover new functions and dependencies, especially when it comes to women's gynecological health. Sirtuins have a significant role in both the formation and the course of many gynecological diseases. Their role is particularly important and well documented in the course of the development of cancer within the female reproductive organs; however, disturbances observed in the ovary and oocyte as well as in follicular fluid are also widely investigated. Additionally, sirtuins take part in some gynecological disturbances as regulative factors in pathways associated with insulin resistance, glucose and lipids metabolism disorders. In this review, we would like to summarize the existing knowledge about sirtuins in the manner outlined above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Maria Kratz
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Izabela Kokot
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Violetta Dymicka-Piekarska
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona Street 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Piwowar
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Xu D, He H, Jiang X, Hua R, Chen H, Yang L, Cheng J, Duan J, Li Q. SIRT2 plays a novel role on progesterone, estradiol and testosterone synthesis via PPARs/LXRα pathways in bovine ovarian granular cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 185:27-38. [PMID: 30009951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SIRT2 has been shown to possess NAD+-dependent deacetylase and desuccinylase enzymatic activities, it also regulates metabolism homeostasis in mammals. Previous data has suggested that resveratrol, a potential activator of Sirtuins, played a stimulation role in steroidogenesis. Unfortunately, to date, the physiological roles of SIRT2 in ovarian granular cells (GCs) are largely unknown. Here, we studied the function and molecular mechanisms of SIRT2 on steroid hormone synthesis in GCs from Qinchuan cattle. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting showed that SIRT2 was expressed not only in GCs and cumulus cells, but also in oocytes and theca cells. We found that the secretion of progesterone was induced, whereas that of estrogen and testosterone secretion was suppressed by treatment with the SIRT2 inhibitor (Thiomyristoyl or SirReal2) or siRNA. Additionally, the PPARs/LXRα signaling pathways were suppressed by SIRT2 siRNA or inhibitors. The mRNA expression of CYP17, aromatase and StAR was suppressed, but the abundance of CYP11A1 mRNA was induced by SIRT2 inhibition. Furthermore, the PPARα agonist or PPARγ antagonist could mimic the effects of SIRT2 inhibition on hormones levels and gene expression associated with steroid hormone biosynthesis. In turn, those effects were abolished by the LXRα agonist (LXR-623). Together, these data support the hypothesis that SIRT2 regulates steroid hormone synthesis via the PPARs/LXRα pathways in GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejun Xu
- Northwest A&F University, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China. -
| | - Huanshan He
- Northwest A&F University, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Xiaohan Jiang
- Northwest A&F University, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Rongmao Hua
- Northwest A&F University, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Huali Chen
- Northwest A&F University, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Li Yang
- Northwest A&F University, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Jianyong Cheng
- Northwest A&F University, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Jiaxin Duan
- Northwest A&F University, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Qingwang Li
- Northwest A&F University, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Szymanska M, Blitek A. Prostacyclin synthesis and prostacyclin receptor expression in the porcine corpus luteum: evidence for a luteotropic role in vitro†. Biol Reprod 2018; 100:162-174. [DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Szymanska
- Department of Hormonal Action Mechanisms, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Blitek
- Department of Hormonal Action Mechanisms, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
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Nepelska M, Odum J, Munn S. Adverse Outcome Pathway: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Activation and Reproductive Toxicity—Development and Application in Assessment of Endocrine Disruptors/Reproductive Toxicants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Nepelska
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate F–Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Chemical Safety and Alternative Methods, Ispra, Italy
| | - Jenny Odum
- Regulatory Science Associates, Kip Marina, Inverkip, Renfrewshire, England
| | - Sharon Munn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate F–Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Chemical Safety and Alternative Methods, Ispra, Italy
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Funahashi R, Sakamoto T, Taguchi N, Naiki R, Terashima R, Kawaminami M, Kurusu S. Possible role of PPARγ in the negative regulation of ovulatory cascade and luteal development in rats. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1043-1051. [PMID: 28529269 PMCID: PMC5487780 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a member of a nuclear receptor family, has been shown to be implicated in various reproductive processes. Here, we evaluated possible roles of PPARγ in ovulation and luteal development in a gonadotropins-primed immature rat model. Immunoreactive PPARγ was expressed in granulosa cells of eCG-stimulated mature follicles, and its expression level decreased following ovulatory hCG stimulus. Intra-bursal treatment with rosiglitazone (a PPARγ agonist) simultaneously with subcutaneously administered hCG blocked the induction of cyclooxygenase-2 and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) in preovulatory follicles. Consistently, tissue levels of their respective products, prostaglandin (PG) E2 and progesterone (P4), were reduced, leading to significantly decreased ovulation rate. GW9662, a PPARγ antagonist, was almost ineffective to alter those values. Local treatment with rosiglitazone 24 hr after hCG administration caused reductions in the size, StAR expression and P4 secretion of corpus luteum 48 hr later. Obtained data are possible functional evidence with rats for granulosa cell PPARγ as a negative regulator of PG and P4 synthesis during follicle rupture and transformation to luteal tissue. LH/hCG-induced decreases in PPARγ expression and its activity would be an early component in the proper induction of following ovulatory cascade and luteal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Funahashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Takanobu Sakamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Norihito Taguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Naiki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Ryota Terashima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Mitsumori Kawaminami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Shiro Kurusu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
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Mitwally MFM, Witchel SF, Casper RF. Troglitazone: A Possible Modulator of Ovarian Steroidogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107155760200900308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Selma F. Witchel
- Reproductive Sciences Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert F. Casper
- Reproductive Sciences Division, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Toronto, Room 876, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
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The influence of ovariectomy on anti-convulsant effect of pioglitazone in mice. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2015; 22:159-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Zaree M, Shahnazi V, Fayezi S, Darabi M, Mehrzad-Sadaghiani M, Darabi M, Khani S, Nouri M. Expression Levels of PPARγ and CYP-19 in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Primary Granulosa Cells: Influence of ω-3 Fatty Acid. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FERTILITY & STERILITY 2015; 9:197-204. [PMID: 26246878 PMCID: PMC4518488 DOI: 10.22074/ijfs.2015.4240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The omega-3 fatty acid (ω-3 fatty acid) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is currently used in the clinic as a nutritional supplement in the treatment of poly- cystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). The present study was designed to investigate the ef- fect of EPA on the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and cytochrome P450 aromatase (encoded by the CYP-19) in primary cultured granulosa cells (GC) from patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF), and also to compare these effects with those in GC of PCOS patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental study, human GC were isolated, pri- mary cultured in vitro, exposed to a range of concentrations of the EPA and in- vestigated with respect to gene expression levels of PPARγ and CYP-19 using real time-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The participants (n=30) were the patients admitted to the IVF Center in February-March 2013 at Alzahra Hospital, Tabriz, Iran, who were divided into two groups as PCOS (n=15) and non-PCOS (n=15) women (controls). RESULTS All doses of the EPA significantly induced PPARγ mRNA gene expression level as compared to the control recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (rFSH) alone condi- tion. High doses of EPA in the presence of rFSH produced a stimulatory effect on expres- sion level of PPARγ (2.15-fold, P=0.001) and a suppressive effect (0.56-fold, P=0.01) on the expression level of CYP-19, only in the PCOS GC. CONCLUSION EPA and FSH signaling pathway affect differentially on the gene ex- pression levels of PPARγ and CYP-19 in PCOS GC. Altered FSH-induced PPARγ activity in PCOS GC may modulate the CYP-19 gene expression in response to EPA, and possibly modulates the subsequent steroidogenesis of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Zaree
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahideh Shahnazi
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Alzahra Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shabnam Fayezi
- Students Research Committee, Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Darabi
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Alzahra Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahzad Mehrzad-Sadaghiani
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Alzahra Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoud Darabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sajjad Khani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Alzahra Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Rak-Mardyła A, Karpeta A. Rosiglitazone stimulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma expression and directly affects in vitro steroidogenesis in porcine ovarian follicles. Theriogenology 2014; 82:1-9. [PMID: 24681211 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Rosiglitazone is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) synthetic activator from the group of thiazolidinediones often used in the treatment of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and other forms of insulin resistance. The present in vitro study assessed the direct effects of rosiglitazone at 25 and 50 μM doses on PPARγ gene expression, steroid secretion (progesterone [P4], androstenedione [A4], testosterone [T], and estradiol), and protein expression of PPARγ, 3βHSD, CYP17, 17βHSD, CYP19 by porcine ovarian follicles from prepubertal and cycling animals. We analyzed also steroid enzymatic activity by conversion of pregnen-3β-ol-20-one to P4, P4 to A4, and A4 to T. Our results indicated that rosiglitazone increased significantly PPARγ expression, P4 secretion, 3βHSD activity, and protein expression. Rosiglitazone decreased A4 and T secretion by reducing the expression and activity of CYP17 and 17βHSD and did not change estradiol secretion and CYP19. Similarly results was observed both in prepubertal and cycling pigs. Our results indicate that these direct effects of rosiglitazone on ovarian steroidogenesis provide a framework for testing several potential new mechanisms of PPAR-γ actions on porcine ovarian function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Rak-Mardyła
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Anna Karpeta
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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Shiue YL, Chen LR, Tsai CJ, Yeh CY, Huang CT. Emerging roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the pituitary gland in female reproduction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gmbhs.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Metformin enhances the action of insulin on porcine granulosa-lutein cells in vitro. Anim Reprod Sci 2012; 136:100-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Rosiglitazone and pioglitazone alter aromatase kinetic properties in human granulosa cells. PPAR Res 2011; 2011:926438. [PMID: 22220166 PMCID: PMC3246782 DOI: 10.1155/2011/926438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that, in human granulosa cells, thiazolidinediones rosiglitazone and pioglitazone inhibit estrogen synthesis by interfering with androgen binding to aromatase, without an effect on aromatase mRNA or protein expression. In the current paper, we explore the effects of rosiglitazone and pioglitazone on the aromatase enzyme kinetic properties in human granulosa cells. The cells were incubated with various concentrations of testosterone or androstenedione, with or without rosiglitazone or pioglitazone. Estradiol and estrone concentrations in the conditioned tissue culture medium were measured by radioimmunoassay or immunosorbent assay. When testosterone was used as substrate, rosiglitazone or pioglitazone inhibited the Vmax by 35% (P < 0.001) and 24% (P < 0.001), respectively. When androstenedione was used as substrate, both rosiglitazone or pioglitazone inhibited Vmax by 13% (P < 0.007). We conclude that rosiglitazone or pioglitazone has no effect on Km but inhibits Vmax of aromatase in human granulosa cells, therefore, acting as noncompetitive inhibitors.
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Role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase, and adiponectin in the ovary. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:176275. [PMID: 18288279 PMCID: PMC2225459 DOI: 10.1155/2008/176275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms controlling the interaction between energy balance and reproduction are the subject of intensive investigations. The integrated control of these systems is probably a multifaceted phenomenon involving an array of signals governing energy homeostasis, metabolism, and fertility. Two fuel sensors, PPARs, a superfamily of nuclear receptors and the kinase AMPK, integrate energy control and lipid and glucose homeostasis. Adiponectin, one of the adipocyte-derived factors mediate its actions through the AMPK or PPARs pathway. These three molecules are expressed in the ovary, raising questions about the biological actions of fuel sensors in fertility and the use of these molecules to treat fertility problems. This review will highlight the expression and putative role of PPARs, AMPK, and adiponectin in the ovary, particularly during folliculogenesis, steroidogenesis, and oocyte maturation.
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PPAR Gamma: Coordinating Metabolic and Immune Contributions to Female Fertility. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:243791. [PMID: 18309368 PMCID: PMC2246065 DOI: 10.1155/2008/243791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) regulates cellular functions such as adipogenesis and immune cell activation. However, new information has indicated additional roles of PPARG directing the cyclic changes that occur within ovarian tissue of female mammals, including those that facilitate the release of oocytes each estrous cycle. In addition to ovarian PPARG expression and function, many PPARG actions within adipocytes and macrophages have additional direct and indirect implications for ovarian function and female fertility. This encompasses the regulation of lipid uptake and transport, insulin sensitivity, glucose metabolism, and the regulation of inflammatory mediator synthesis and release. This review discusses the developing links between PPARG activity and female reproductive function, and highlights several mechanisms that may facilitate such a relationship.
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Huang S, Zhao P, Yang L, Chen Y, Yan J, Duan E, Qiao J. Fractalkine is expressed in the human ovary and increases progesterone biosynthesis in human luteinised granulosa cells. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011; 9:95. [PMID: 21718473 PMCID: PMC3141648 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-9-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence from rodent ovaries has demonstrated expression of fractalkine and the existence of fractalkine receptor, and showed that there is a significant increase in steroidogenesis in response to fractalkine, yet the role of fractalkine and CX3CR1 in the human ovary is still unknown. This study aimed to determine the expression levels of fractalkine and CX3CR1 in the human ovary and to investigate their roles in sexual hormone biosynthesis by human luteinising granulosa cells. This is the first detailed report of fractalkine and CX3CR1 expression and function in the human ovary. METHODS Fractalkine and CX3CR1 expression levels were measured by immunohistochemistry using ovarian tissue from pathological specimens from five individuals. Granulosa cells were obtained from patients during IVF treatment. They were cultured and treated with increasing doses of hCG with or without fractalkine. Media were collected to detect estradiol and progesterone by chemiluminescence. StAR, 3-βHSD and CYP11A expression were determined in granulosa cells treated with or without fractalkine by real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS Fractalkine and CX3CR1 were expressed in the human ovary and in luteinising granulosa cells. However, fractalkine expression was stronger in luteinising granulosa cells. Treatment with fractalkine augmented hCG stimulation of progesterone production in a dose-dependent manner with concomitant increases in transcript levels for key steroidogenic enzymes (StAR, 3-βHSD and CYP11A) but had no effect on estradiol biosynthesis (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Fractalkine and CX3CR1 were found to express in human ovary and luteinising granulosa cells. Fractalkine can increase the biosynthesis of progesterone in a dose-dependent manner by enhancing transcript levels of key steroidogenic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Huang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Reproductive Medical Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liying Yang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Reproductive Medical Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yan
- Reproductive Medical Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Enkui Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Qiao
- Reproductive Medical Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Faut M, Elia EM, Parborell F, Cugnata NM, Tesone M, Motta AB. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and early folliculogenesis during an acute hyperandrogenism condition. Fertil Steril 2011; 95:333-7. [PMID: 20813360 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.07.1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute hyperandrogenism decreases serum P levels and induces early apoptosis of antral follicles by a mechanism mediated by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma system and independent of the steroidogenic acute regulator protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Faut
- Laboratorio de Fisio-patología Ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Puttabyatappa M, Vandevoort CA, Chaffin CL. hCG-induced down-regulation of PPARγ and liver X receptors promotes periovulatory progesterone synthesis by macaque granulosa cells. Endocrinology 2010; 151:5865-72. [PMID: 20926582 PMCID: PMC2999485 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
An ovulatory stimulus induces the rapid and dramatic increase in progesterone synthesis by the primate ovarian follicle. However, little is known about the early events leading to the shift from estrogen to progesterone production. Because steroidogenesis represents an aspect of cholesterol metabolism, it was hypothesized that transcription factors regulating cholesterol balance would be among the earliest to change in response to an ovulatory stimulus. Granulosa cells were isolated from rhesus monkey follicles following controlled ovarian stimulation protocols before or up to 24 hr after an ovulatory human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) bolus. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARG) and the liver X receptors [nuclear receptor (NR)1H2, NR1H3] decreased within 3 hr of hCG, as did the reverse cholesterol transporters ATP-binding cassette (ABC)A1 and ABCG1. Treatment of granulosa cells isolated before an ovulatory stimulus with hCG and rosiglitizone resulted in an increase in NR1H3 and ABCG1, and decreased steroidogenic acute regulatory (STAR) protein and scavenger receptor-BI (SCARB1). A liver X receptor agonist attenuated hCG-induced progesterone synthesis in vitro and increased the expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1, and suppressed STAR, P450 side-chain cleavage A1, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3B, and SCARB1. These data suggest that an initial action of LH/CG on the primate preovulatory follicle is to rapidly reduce the expression of PPARG, resulting in reduced NR1H3 with the consequence shifting the balance from cholesterol efflux via ABCA1 and ABCG1 to cholesterol uptake (SCARB1) and metabolism (STAR, P450 side-chain cleavage A1, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3B). That the regulation of PPARG and the liver X receptors occurs within 3 hr strongly indicates that early events in the primate luteinizing follicle are critical to successful ovulation and luteal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muraly Puttabyatappa
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Couto JA, Saraiva KLA, Barros CD, Udrisar DP, Peixoto CA, Vieira JSBC, Lima MC, Galdino SL, Pitta IR, Wanderley MI. Effect of chronic treatment with Rosiglitazone on Leydig cell steroidogenesis in rats: in vivo and ex vivo studies. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2010; 8:13. [PMID: 20144211 PMCID: PMC2829566 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-8-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study was designed to examine the effect of chronic treatment with rosiglitazone - thiazolidinedione used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus for its insulin sensitizing effects - on the Leydig cell steroidogenic capacity and expression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) in normal adult rats. METHODS Twelve adult male Wistar rats were treated with rosiglitazone (5 mg/kg) administered by gavage for 15 days. Twelve control animals were treated with the vehicle. The ability of rosiglitazone to directly affect the production of testosterone by Leydig cells ex vivo was evaluated using isolated Leydig cells from rosiglitazone-treated rats. Testosterone production was induced either by activators of the cAMP/PKA pathway (hCG and dbcAMP) or substrates of steroidogenesis [22(R)-hydroxy-cholesterol (22(R)-OH-C), which is a substrate for the P450scc enzyme, and pregnenolone, which is the product of the P450scc-catalyzed step]. Testosterone in plasma and in incubation medium was measured by radioimmunoassay. The StAR and P450scc expression was detected by immunocytochemistry. RESULTS The levels of total circulating testosterone were not altered by rosiglitazone treatment. A decrease in basal or induced testosterone production occurred in the Leydig cells of rosiglitazone-treated rats. The ultrastructural and immunocytochemical analysis of Leydig cells from rosiglitazone-treated rats revealed cells with characteristics of increased activity as well as increased StAR and P450scc expression, which are key proteins in androgen biosynthesis. However, a number of rosiglitazone-treated cells exhibited significant mitochondrial damage. CONCLUSION The results revealed that the Leydig cells from rosiglitazone-treated rats showed significant reduction in testosterone production under basal, hCG/dbcAMP- or 22 (R)-OH-C/pregnenolone-induced conditions, although increased labeling of StAR and P450scc was detected in these cells by immunocytochemistry. The ultrastructural study suggested that the lower levels of testosterone produced by these cells could be due to mitochondrial damage induced by rosiglitazone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaína A Couto
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, 52.171-900, Brazil
| | - Karina LA Saraiva
- Ultrastructure Laboratory, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (FIOCRUZ) and Center for Strategic Technologies of the Northeast (CETENE), Recife, 50.670-901, Brazil
| | - Cleiton D Barros
- Department of Antibiotics, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, 50.670-901, Brazil
| | - Daniel P Udrisar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, 50.670-901, Brazil
| | - Christina A Peixoto
- Ultrastructure Laboratory, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (FIOCRUZ) and Center for Strategic Technologies of the Northeast (CETENE), Recife, 50.670-901, Brazil
| | - Juliany SB César Vieira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, 50.670-901, Brazil
| | - Maria C Lima
- Department of Antibiotics, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, 50.670-901, Brazil
| | - Suely L Galdino
- Department of Antibiotics, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, 50.670-901, Brazil
| | - Ivan R Pitta
- Department of Antibiotics, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, 50.670-901, Brazil
| | - Maria I Wanderley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, 50.670-901, Brazil
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Chen Q, Sun X, Chen J, Cheng L, Wang J, Wang Y, Sun Z. Direct rosiglitazone action on steroidogenesis and proinflammatory factor production in human granulosa-lutein cells. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2009; 7:147. [PMID: 20003221 PMCID: PMC2797791 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-7-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian granulosa cells are the predominant source of estradiol and progesterone biosynthesis in vivo. Rosiglitazone, a synthetic agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma), is applied as the treatment of insulin resistance including women with PCOS. The aim of the study was to investigate the direct effects of rosiglitazone on steroidogenesis and proinflammatory factor production in human granulosa-lutein cells (GLCs). METHODS Primary human GLCs were separated during in vitro fertilization and cultured in the presence of rosiglitazone, GW9662 (an antagonist of PPAR gamma) and hCG. The mRNA expression of key steroidogenic factors including 3beta- hydroxysteriod dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD), cytochrome P-450 scc (CYP11A1), cytochrome P-450 aromatase (CYP19A1), and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Estradiol and progesterone levels in GLCs cultures were measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay, and the proinflammtory factors (TNFalpha and IL-6) in conditioned culture media were measured by ELISA. RESULTS PPAR gamma mRNA levels increased up to 3.24 fold by rosiglitazone at the concentration of 30 microM compared to control (P<0.05). hCG alone or hCG with rosiglitazone had no significant effects on PPAR gamma mRNA levels. The CYP19A1 mRNA level at exposure to rosiglitazone alone showed a drop, but was not significantly reduced comparing to control. The expression levels of enzymes 3beta-HSD and CYP11A1 in all treatments did not alter significantly. The StAR mRNA expression at exposure to rosiglitazone was significantly increased comparing to control (P<0.05). The media concentrations of E2 and progesterone by rosiglitazone treatment showed a declining trend comparing to control or cotreatment with hCG, which did not reach significance. Most importantly, treatment with rosiglitazone decreased TNFalpha secretion in a statistically significant manner compared with control (P<0.05). The concentration of IL-6 following rosiglitazone exposure did not significantly decrease comparing to control. CONCLUSION In cultured GLCs, rosiglitazone stimulated StAR expression, but did not significantly affect steroidogenic enzymes, as well as E2 and progesterone production. Moreover, rosiglitazone significantly decreased the production of TNFalpha in human GLCs, suggesting that PPAR gamma may play a role in the regulation of GLCs functions through inhibiting proinflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuju Chen
- NPFPC Key Laboratory of Contraceptives and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, PR China.
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23
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He J, Cheng Q, Xie W. Minireview: Nuclear receptor-controlled steroid hormone synthesis and metabolism. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 24:11-21. [PMID: 19762543 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones are essential in normal physiology whereas disruptions in hormonal homeostasis represent an important etiological factor for many human diseases. Steroid hormones exert most of their functions through the binding and activation of nuclear hormone receptors (NRs or NHRs), a superfamily of DNA-binding and often ligand-dependent transcription factors. In recent years, accumulating evidence has suggested that NRs can also regulate the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroid hormones. This review will focus on the recent progress in our understanding of the regulatory role of NRs in hormonal homeostasis and the implications of this regulation in physiology and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhan He
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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24
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Activation of PPARγ by Rosiglitazone does not negatively impact male sex steroid hormones in diabetic rats. PPAR Res 2009; 2009:101857. [PMID: 19536350 PMCID: PMC2696180 DOI: 10.1155/2009/101857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activation decreased serum testosterone (T) in women with hyperthecosis and/or polycystic ovary syndrome and reduced the conversion of androgens to estradiol (E2) in female rats. This implies modulation of female sex steroid hormones by PPARγ. It is not clear if PPARγ modulates sex steroid hormones in diabetic males. Because PPARγ activation by thiazolidinedione increased insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes, understanding the long term impact of PPARγ activation on steroid sex hormones in males is critical. Our objective was to determine the effect of PPARγ activation on serum and intratesticular T, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and E2 concentrations in male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats treated with the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone (a thiazolidinedione). Treatment for eight weeks increased PPARγ mRNA and protein in the testis and elevated serum adiponectin, an adipokine marker for PPARγ activation. PPARγ activation did not alter serum or intratesticular T concentrations. In contrast, serum T level but not intratesticular T was reduced by diabetes. Neither diabetes nor PPARγ activation altered serum E2 or gonadotropins FSH and LH concentrations. The results suggest that activation of PPARγ by rosiglitazone has no negative impact on sex hormones in male ZDF rats.
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Minge CE, Bennett BD, Norman RJ, Robker RL. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist rosiglitazone reverses the adverse effects of diet-induced obesity on oocyte quality. Endocrinology 2008; 149:2646-56. [PMID: 18276752 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and its physiological consequences are increasingly prevalent among women of reproductive age and are associated with infertility. To investigate, female mice were fed a high-fat diet until the onset of insulin resistance, followed by assessments of ovarian gene expression, ovulation, fertilization, and oocyte developmental competence. We report defects to ovarian function associated with diet-induced obesity (DIO) that result in poor oocyte quality, subsequently reduced blastocyst survival rates, and abnormal embryonic cellular differentiation. To identify critical cellular mediators of ovarian responses to obesity induced insulin resistance, DIO females were treated for 4 d before mating with an insulin-sensitizing pharmaceutical: glucose and lipid-lowering AMP kinase activator, 5-aminoimidazole 4-carboxamide-riboside, 30 mg/kg.d; sodium salicylate, IkappaK inhibitor that reverses insulin resistance, 50 mg/kg.d; or peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma agonist rosiglitazone, 10 mg/kg.d. 5-aminoimidazole 4-carboxamide-riboside or sodium salicylate treatment did not have significant effects on the reproductive parameters examined. However, embryonic development to the blastocyst stage was significantly improved when DIO mice were treated with rosiglitazone, effectively repairing development rates. Rosiglitazone also normalized DIO-associated abnormal blastomere allocation to the inner cell mass. Such improvements to oocyte quality were coupled with weight loss, improved glucose metabolism, and changes in ovarian mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-regulated genes, Cd36, Scarb1, and Fabp4 cholesterol transporters. These studies demonstrate that peri-conception treatment with select insulin-sensitizing pharmaceuticals can directly influence ovarian functions and ultimately exert positive effects on oocyte developmental competence. Improved blastocyst quality in obese females treated with rosiglitazone before mating indicates that peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma is a key target for metabolic regulation of ovarian function and oocyte quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cadence E Minge
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Jensterle M, Janez A, Vrtovec B, Meden-Vrtovec H, Pfeifer M, Prezelj J, Kocjan T. Decreased androgen levels and improved menstrual pattern after angiotensin II receptor antagonist telmisartan treatment in four hypertensive patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: case series. Croat Med J 2008; 48:864-70. [PMID: 18074422 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2007.6.864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe 4 consecutive hypertensive women with polycystic ovary syndrome, classified according to the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) criteria, treated with telmisartan 40 mg/d for six months. Blood pressure, menstrual pattern, body mass index (BMI), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and androstenedione were recorded and measured before and after telmisartan treatment. Obese hypertensive polycystic ovary syndrome patients had a decrease in systolic blood pressure. Marked drop-off in serum androgen concentrations was observed in all four patients. Three patients improved their menstrual cyclicity. The improvements were independent of changes in weight. The reduction of androgen concentrations and improvement in menstrual pattern was achieved despite a non-significant change of fasting insulin levels in patients, who were not considered severely insulin resistant at baseline. These findings may provide a new basis for a proper choice of the antihypertensive drug in hypertensive women with polycystic ovary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Jensterle
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska 7, 1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Antoine HJ, Pall M, Trader BC, Chen YDI, Azziz R, Goodarzi MO. Genetic variants in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma influence insulin resistance and testosterone levels in normal women, but not those with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2006; 87:862-9. [PMID: 17141766 PMCID: PMC1925257 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) Pro12Ala and silent exon 6 (His447His) polymorphisms with the clinical features of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN Patients with PCOS and control subjects were genotyped for Pro12Ala and His447His. Associations between genotype, diagnosis, and hormonal/metabolic parameters were assessed. SETTING Subjects were recruited from the reproductive endocrinology clinic at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama. Control subjects were recruited from the surrounding community. Genotyping was performed at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. PATIENT(S) Participants included 285 white women with PCOS and 187 controls. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The Pro12Ala and His447His genotypes, and hormonal and metabolic phenotypes. RESULT(S) The Pro12Ala and His447His genotypes did not influence risk of PCOS or its component phenotypes in patients with PCOS. In controls, Pro12Ala did not influence measures of insulin resistance or androgen production. However, carriers of the His447His T-allele had significantly decreased free and total T levels, and a significantly decreased homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance. Furthermore, haplotypes in controls bearing the His447His T-allele were also associated with decreased T. CONCLUSION(S) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma does not appear to be an important modifier gene in PCOS. In controls, however, the His447His T-allele may be in linkage disequilibrium with a functional variant that influences insulin resistance and T production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heath J. Antoine
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Marita Pall
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Belynda C. Trader
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Yii-Der I. Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center 90048, the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Department of Medicine, the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Ricardo Azziz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Department of Medicine, the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Mark O. Goodarzi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center 90048, the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Department of Medicine, the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
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Cataldo NA, Abbasi F, McLaughlin TL, Basina M, Fechner PY, Giudice LC, Reaven GM. Metabolic and ovarian effects of rosiglitazone treatment for 12 weeks in insulin-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2005; 21:109-20. [PMID: 16155076 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dei289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin sensitizers have favourable metabolic and ovarian effects in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This study examined rosiglitazone, a thiazolidinedione, in PCOS. METHODS In a prospective, open-label study, the effects of rosiglitazone on metabolism and ovarian function were examined in 42 non-diabetic women with PCOS classified according to the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development criteria and insulin resistance (IR) by steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) > or =10 mmol/l on octreotide-modified insulin suppression testing. Participants were randomized to rosiglitazone 2, 4 or 8 mg daily for 12 weeks. Endpoints included ovulation and menstrual pattern; serum testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and LH; and changes in IR and glucose-insulin responses on 8 h mixed-meal profile. RESULTS After rosiglitazone 8 mg daily for 12 weeks, SSPG declined and insulinaemia fell by 46%; lower doses gave lesser effects. Serum LH, total and free testosterone were unchanged; SHBG increased. With rosiglitazone, ovulation occurred in 23/42 women (55%), without significant dose dependence. Both before and during treatment, ovulators on rosiglitazone had lower circulating insulin and free testosterone and higher SHBG than non-ovulators. Testosterone declined only in a subgroup of ovulators with early vaginal bleeding after starting rosiglitazone. CONCLUSIONS Rosiglitazone in insulin-resistant PCOS promoted ovulation and dose-dependently decreased IR and insulinaemia; ovulators had lower circulating insulin and testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Cataldo
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Matsushita M, Tamura K, Osada S, Kogo H. Effect of troglitazone on the excess testosterone and LH secretion in thyroidectomized, insulin-resistant, type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. Endocrine 2005; 27:301-5. [PMID: 16230788 DOI: 10.1385/endo:27:3:301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study suggested that hypothyroidism in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes elevates their serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels and ovarian LH receptor messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. The present study assessed the effects of troglitazone (Tro), an insulin-sensitizing agent, on these hypothyroidism-induced hormonal changes in GK rats. GK and normal (Wistar strain) female rats were thyroidectomized (Tx) and then injected with 5 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) for 5 d starting 1 wk after thyroidectomy (the control groups). In the test groups, Tx GK and Wistar rats were injected with both eCG and Tro (100 mg kg-1) po for 5 d. Tro treatment had no effect on the elevated LH serum levels in eCG-treated Tx GK rats but suppressed their enhanced serum testosterone levels as well as significantly decreasing their LH receptor mRNA expression. Tro lowered testosterone and LH receptor mRNA levels in cultured theca cells. These results indicate that Tro lowers the elevated testosterone secretion and ovarian LH receptor mRNA expression that is induced in GK rats by Tx and gonadotropin treatment, which suggests that insulin resistance may be involved in enhancing testosterone production and LH receptor expression in the ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Matsushita
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1, Horinouchi, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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Simard J, Ricketts ML, Gingras S, Soucy P, Feltus FA, Melner MH. Molecular biology of the 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/delta5-delta4 isomerase gene family. Endocr Rev 2005; 26:525-82. [PMID: 15632317 DOI: 10.1210/er.2002-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta(5)-Delta(4) isomerase (3beta-HSD) isoenzymes are responsible for the oxidation and isomerization of Delta(5)-3beta-hydroxysteroid precursors into Delta(4)-ketosteroids, thus catalyzing an essential step in the formation of all classes of active steroid hormones. In humans, expression of the type I isoenzyme accounts for the 3beta-HSD activity found in placenta and peripheral tissues, whereas the type II 3beta-HSD isoenzyme is predominantly expressed in the adrenal gland, ovary, and testis, and its deficiency is responsible for a rare form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Phylogeny analyses of the 3beta-HSD gene family strongly suggest that the need for different 3beta-HSD genes occurred very late in mammals, with subsequent evolution in a similar manner in other lineages. Therefore, to a large extent, the 3beta-HSD gene family should have evolved to facilitate differential patterns of tissue- and cell-specific expression and regulation involving multiple signal transduction pathways, which are activated by several growth factors, steroids, and cytokines. Recent studies indicate that HSD3B2 gene regulation involves the orphan nuclear receptors steroidogenic factor-1 and dosage-sensitive sex reversal adrenal hypoplasia congenita critical region on the X chromosome gene 1 (DAX-1). Other findings suggest a potential regulatory role for STAT5 and STAT6 in transcriptional activation of HSD3B2 promoter. It was shown that epidermal growth factor (EGF) requires intact STAT5; on the other hand IL-4 induces HSD3B1 gene expression, along with IL-13, through STAT 6 activation. However, evidence suggests that multiple signal transduction pathways are involved in IL-4 mediated HSD3B1 gene expression. Indeed, a better understanding of the transcriptional factors responsible for the fine control of 3beta-HSD gene expression may provide insight into mechanisms involved in the functional cooperation between STATs and nuclear receptors as well as their potential interaction with other signaling transduction pathways such as GATA proteins. Finally, the elucidation of the molecular basis of 3beta-HSD deficiency has highlighted the fact that mutations in the HSD3B2 gene can result in a wide spectrum of molecular repercussions, which are associated with the different phenotypic manifestations of classical 3beta-HSD deficiency and also provide valuable information concerning the structure-function relationships of the 3beta-HSD superfamily. Furthermore, several recent studies using type I and type II purified enzymes have elegantly further characterized structure-function relationships responsible for kinetic differences and coenzyme specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Simard
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, T3-57, Laval University Medical Center (CHUL) Research Center, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Québec City, Québec, Canada.
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Coffler MS, Patel K, Dahan MH, Yoo RY, Malcom PJ, Chang RJ. Enhanced granulosa cell responsiveness to follicle-stimulating hormone during insulin infusion in women with polycystic ovary syndrome treated with pioglitazone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:5624-31. [PMID: 14671144 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-030745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are known to exhibit insulin resistance with compensatory hyperinsulinemia. To determine the role of hyperinsulinemia on follicle function in PCOS, we examined 24-h estradiol (E(2)) responses to recombinant human FSH (r-hFSH), 75 IU, before and during insulin infusion both before and after administration of pioglitazone (30 mg/d) in seven PCOS women. Each subject underwent two 10-h hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps at rates of 30 (low dose) and 200 (high dose) mU/m(2).min, respectively. During both low- and high-dose insulin infusions, E(2) responses to r-hFSH were unaltered compared with that observed in the absence of insulin. Pioglitazone administration for 5 months improved insulin sensitivity as indicated by significantly (P < 0.05) increased glucose infusion rates during the clamp studies. At 3 months of treatment, r-hFSH-stimulated E(2) responses were not different from those observed before treatment. With pioglitazone treatment, E(2) responses to r-hFSH remained unchanged during low-dose insulin infusion, whereas a highly significant (P < 0.02) increased response was noted with the high-dose hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. In addition to a greater magnitude of response, peak levels of E(2) were sustained longer compared with that seen before treatment. The data indicate that granulosa cell responsiveness to FSH was enhanced by insulin after improved insulin sensitivity induced by pioglitazone. These findings are consistent with the possibility that PCOS granulosa cells are insulin resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickey S Coffler
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Froment P, Fabre S, Dupont J, Pisselet C, Chesneau D, Staels B, Monget P. Expression and functional role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma in ovarian folliculogenesis in the sheep. Biol Reprod 2003; 69:1665-74. [PMID: 12890736 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.017244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARgamma) is a nuclear receptor that is activated by fatty acids and derivatives and the antidiabetic glitazones, which plays a role in the control of lipid and glucose homeostasis. In the present work, we tested the hypothesis that PPARgamma plays a role in reproductive tissues by studying its expression and function in the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovary axis in the sheep. PPARgamma 1 and PPARgamma 2 proteins and mRNAs were detected in whole ovine pituitary and ovary but not in hypothalamic extracts. In situ hybridization on ovarian section localized PPARgamma mRNA in the granulosa layer of follicles. Interestingly, PPARgamma expression was higher in small antral (1-3 mm diameter) than in preovulatory follicles (>5 mm diameter) (P < 0.001) and was not correlated with healthy status. To assess the biological activity of ovarian PPARgamma, ovine granulosa cells were transfected with a reporter construct driven by PPARgamma-responsive elements. Addition of rosiglitazone, a PPARgamma ligand, stimulated reporter gene expression, showing that endogenous PPARgamma is functional in ovine granulosa cells in vitro. Moreover, rosiglitazone inhibited granulosa cell proliferation (P < 0.05) and increased the secretion of progesterone in vitro (P < 0.05). This stimulation effect was stronger in granulosa cells from small than from large follicles. In contrast, rosiglitazone had no effect on LH, FSH, prolactin and growth hormone secretion by ovine pituitary cells in vitro. Overall, these data suggest that PPARgamma ligands might stimulate follicular differentiation in vivo likely through a direct action on granulosa cells rather than by modulating pituitary hormone secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Froment
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 6073 INRA-CNRS-Université F. Rabelais de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
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Freeman DA, Romero A. Effects of troglitazone on intracellular cholesterol distribution and cholesterol-dependent cell functions in MA-10 Leydig tumor cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:307-13. [PMID: 12826273 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00234-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Troglitazone treatment of MA-10 Leydig tumor cells resulted in cellular cholesteryl esters decreasing and cell free cholesterol increasing. This was not an effect unique to this chemical entity; rosiglitazone and pioglitazone caused these changes also. The excess free cholesterol was recovered largely in the cholesterol oxidase susceptible, plasma membrane cholesterol pool. This effect of troglitazone probably is not mediated by activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors since it immediately reversed with washing and did not occur at all in cells treated with the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor agonist, 15-deoxy Delta 12,14 prostaglandin J-2. Plasma membrane cholesterol esterification was inhibited by troglitazone in a dose-dependent manner. Plasma membrane cholesterol esterification was inhibited half-maximally by 14 microM troglitazone and by more than 90% by 40 microM troglitazone. This effect was not unique for MA-10 cells. Similar results were found using fibroblasts. Troglitazone was not simply inhibiting internalization of plasma membrane cholesterol. Dibutyryl-cAMP stimulation of troglitazone-treated cells resulted in more progesterone synthesis than in stimulated control cells; moreover, radioactive plasma membrane cholesterol was readily converted into progesterone in troglitazone-treated cells. Studies of LDL uptake in troglitazone-treated cells indicated that intracellular membranes were cholesterol replete. Troglitazone inhibited plasma membrane cholesterol esterification with kinetics similar to 58-035, a known inhibitor of the acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltranserase (ACAT) enzyme. It is not likely an ACAT inhibitor since troglitazone did not block incorporation of exogenous free fatty acids into cholesteryl esters. Thus, it appears that troglitazone prevented presentation of free fatty acid to the ACAT enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale A Freeman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 800 Zorn Avenue, Louisville, KY 40206, USA.
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Mansfield R, Galea R, Brincat M, Hole D, Mason H. Metformin has direct effects on human ovarian steroidogenesis. Fertil Steril 2003; 79:956-62. [PMID: 12749437 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(02)04925-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the possibility of direct effects of metformin on ovarian steroidogenesis. DESIGN Cultured ovarian cells. SETTING Academic research environment. PATIENT(S) Women undergoing bilateral salpingoophorectomy for benign gynecological disease. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Estradiol and P were measured in granulosa cell (GC) conditioned medium and androstenedione (A) and P in theca conditioned medium. RESULT(S) The effect of addition of metformin alone to GCs was variable, but significant inhibition of both P and E2 was seen (range 0%-30%). Metformin dose-dependently inhibited gonadotrophin and insulin-stimulated P and E2 production (range 25%-50%). In theca, metformin inhibited A production (0%-40%) with no effect on P. In the presence of insulin, A was inhibited dose-dependently and P increased by a similar magnitude. CONCLUSION(S) These results demonstrate a direct effect of metformin on ovarian steroidogenesis. The inhibitory effects on androgen production in particular would be beneficial in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Mansfield
- St. George's Hospital Medical School, Tooting, London, United Kingdom
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35
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Cui Y, Miyoshi K, Claudio E, Siebenlist UK, Gonzalez FJ, Flaws J, Wagner KU, Hennighausen L. Loss of the peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma ) does not affect mammary development and propensity for tumor formation but leads to reduced fertility. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:17830-5. [PMID: 11884400 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m200186200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is expressed in many cell types including mammary epithelium, ovary, macrophages, and B- and T-cells. PPARgamma has an anti-proliferative effect in pre-adipocytes and mammary epithelial cells, and treatment with its ligands reduced the progression of carcinogen-induced mammary tumors in mice. Because PPARgamma-null mice die in utero it has not been possible to study its role in development and tumorigenesis in vivo. To investigate whether PPARgamma is required for the establishment and physiology of different cell types, a cell-specific deletion of the gene was carried out in mice using the Cre-loxP recombination system. We deleted the PPARgamma gene in mammary epithelium using WAP-Cre transgenic mice and in epithelial cells, B- and T-cells, and ovary cells using MMTV-Cre mice. The presence of PPARgamma was not required for functional development of the mammary gland during pregnancy and for the establishment of B- and T-cells. In addition, no increase in mammary tumors was observed. However, loss of the PPARgamma gene in oocytes and granulosa cells resulted in impaired fertility. These mice have normal populations of follicles, they ovulate and develop corpora lutea. Although progesterone levels are decreased and implantation rates are reduced, the exact cause of the impaired fertility remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhi Cui
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, NIDDK, the Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Immune Activation Section, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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36
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Komar CM, Curry TE. Localization and expression of messenger RNAs for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in ovarian tissue from naturally cycling and pseudopregnant rats. Biol Reprod 2002; 66:1531-9. [PMID: 11967220 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod66.5.1531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural and functional development of the corpus luteum (CL) involves tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, lipid metabolism, and steroid production. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have been shown to play a role in these as well as in a multitude of other cellular processes. To examine the expression of mRNA corresponding to the PPAR family members (alpha, delta, and gamma) in luteal tissue, ovaries were collected from gonadotropin-treated, immature rats on Days 1, 4, 8, and 14 of pseudopregnancy and from adult, cycling animals on each day of the estrous cycle. Ovaries were processed for in situ hybridization or RNA isolation for analysis by RNase protection assay. The expression of PPARgamma mRNA was abundant in granulosa cells of developing follicles during both pseudopregnancy and the estrous cycle and was low to undetectable in CL from pseudopregnant rats. However, luteal tissue in cycling animals, especially CL remaining from previous cycles, had high levels of PPARgamma mRNA. The PPARalpha mRNA was localized mainly in the theca and stroma, and PPARdelta mRNA was expressed throughout the ovary. Levels of mRNA for PPARgamma decreased between Days 1 and 4 of pseudopregnancy, and PPARalpha mRNA levels were lower on the day of estrus compared to pro- and metestrus (P < 0.05). The PPARdelta mRNA levels remained steady throughout the estrous cycle and pseudopregnancy. These data illustrate a difference in the luteal expression of mRNA for PPARgamma between the adult, cycling rat and the immature, gonadotropin-treated rat. This differential pattern of expression may be related to the difference in timing of the preovulatory prolactin surge, because the gonadotropin-primed animals would not experience a prolactin surge coincident with the LH surge, as occurs in adult, cycling animals. Additionally, the expression pattern of PPARdelta mRNA indicates that it may be involved in cellular functions involved with maintaining basal ovarian function, whereas PPARalpha may play a role in lipid metabolism in the theca and stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Komar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0293, USA.
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37
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Veldhuis JD, Zhang G, Garmey JC. Troglitazone, an insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinedione, represses combined stimulation by LH and insulin of de novo androgen biosynthesis by thecal cells in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87:1129-33. [PMID: 11889176 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.87.3.8308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (anovulatory hyperandrogenism) is marked by adolescent onset of systemic hyperinsulinism, oligoovulation, hirsutism, excessive LH and androgen secretion, and variable reduction in fertility. Insulin and LH are believed to act in concert to promote ovarian androgen hypersecretion in this disorder. Administration of troglitazone, an insulin-sensitizing agent and putative PPAR gamma agonist, can decrease hyperinsulinism, suppress T production, and ameliorate oligoovulation in some women with this endocrinopathy. The present study tests the hypothesis that troglitazone directly inhibits de novo androgen biosynthesis stimulated jointly by LH and insulin in primary cultures of (porcine) thecal cells. We show that troglitazone dose-dependently antagonizes LH/insulin's combined stimulation of androstenedione and T production by thecal cells in vitro. Consistent steroidogenic inhibition of 80-95% was achieved at drug concentrations of 3-6.8 microM (P < 0.001). Exposure of thecal cells to the thiazolidinedione derivative also blocked bihormonally stimulated accumulation of CYP17 (cytochrome P450 17 alpha-hydroxylase/C(17-20) lyase) gene expression, as reflected by decreased accumulation of cognate heterogeneous nuclear RNA and mRNA (by 30-65%; P < 0.05). Moreover, troglitazone suppressed LH/insulin-induced phosphorylation of the 52-kDa immunoprecipitated CYP17 enzyme by 88% (P < 0.001). A putative natural agonist of PPAR gamma nuclear transcription, 15-deoxy-delta-12,14-prostaglandin J(2), also inhibited LH/insulin-driven androstenedione biosynthesis and CYP17 gene expression in thecal cells. In conclusion, a synthetic thiazolidinedione (troglitazone) and a natural ligand of PPAR gamma (15-deoxy-delta-12,14-prostaglandin J(2)) effectively impede the concerted stimulation by LH and insulin of in vitro thecal cell androgen production, CYP17 gene expression, and CYP17 protein phosphorylation. This ensemble of inhibitory actions on LH/insulin-stimulated steroidogenesis offers a plausible mechanistic basis for at least part of the observed clinical efficacy of troglitazone in mitigating androgen excess in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes D Veldhuis
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Institutes of Health Specialized Cooperative Center in Reproductive Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
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Fleming R, Hopkinson ZE, Wallace AM, Greer IA, Sattar N. Ovarian function and metabolic factors in women with oligomenorrhea treated with metformin in a randomized double blind placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87:569-74. [PMID: 11836287 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.87.2.8261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Women with oligomenorrhea and polycystic ovaries show a high incidence of ovulation failure perhaps linked to insulin resistance and related metabolic features. A number of reports show that the biguanide metformin improves ovarian function. However, in these trials the quality of evidence supporting ovulation is suboptimal, and few studies have been placebo-controlled. The aim of our study was to use a double-blind, placebo-controlled approach with detailed assessment of ovarian activity (two blood samples per week) to assess the validity of this therapeutic approach in this group of women. Of the 94 patients randomized, 2 withdrew before treatment commenced, 47 received placebo, and 45 received metformin (850 mg, twice a day). The numbers discontinuing the study prematurely were higher in the treatment group (n = 15) than the placebo group (n = 5; P < 0.05). The ovulation frequency assessed by the ratio of luteal phase weeks to observation weeks was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in the treated group (23%) compared with the placebo (13%), and the time to first ovulation was significantly (P < 0.05) shorter [23.6 d; 95% confidence interval (CI), 17, 30; compared with 41.8 d; 95% CI, 28, 56]. The proportion of patients failing to ovulate during the placebo-treatment period was higher (P < 0.05) in the placebo group, and the majority of ovulations were characterized by normal progesterone concentrations in both groups. The effect of metformin on follicular maturation was rapid, because the E2 circulating concentration increased over the first week of treatment only in the metformin group. Significant (P < 0.01) weight loss (and leptin reduction) was recorded in the metformin group, whereas the placebo group actually increased weight (P < 0.05). A significant increase in circulating high-density lipoprotein was observed only in the metformin-treated group. Metabolic risk factor benefits of metformin treatment were not observed in the morbidly obese subgroup of patients (body mass index > 37). No change in fasting glucose concentrations, fasting insulin, or insulin responses to glucose challenge was recorded after 14-wk metformin or placebo therapy. There was an inverse relationship between body mass and treatment efficacy. We show in a large randomized placebo-controlled trial that metformin treatment improves ovulation frequency in women with abnormal ovarian function and polycystic ovaries significantly but to a modest degree, and protracted treatment improves cardiovascular risk factors. These data support a beneficial effect of metformin in improving ovarian function in women with oligomenorrhea and polycystic ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Fleming
- University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, G31 2ER, United Kingdom.
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Nestler JE, Stovall D, Akhter N, Iuorno MJ, Jakubowicz DJ. Strategies for the use of insulin-sensitizing drugs to treat infertility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2002; 77:209-15. [PMID: 11821072 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(01)02963-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin resistance and its compensatory hyperinsulinemia play a key pathogenic role in the infertility of the polycystic ovary syndrome. Numerous studies indicate that insulin-sensitizing drugs can be used to enhance spontaneous ovulation and the induction of ovulation in the syndrome. The aim of this review is to summarize the studies in which insulin-sensitizing drugs were used to increase ovulation rate or improve fertility in women with the PCOS and to translate the information into practical guidelines for the use of these drugs by reproductive endocrinologists. DESIGN Review and critique of studies in which an insulin-sensitizing drug was used to increase ovulation rate or improve infertility in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Ovulation rate and pregnancy rate. RESULT(S) Studies have demonstrated that insulin-sensitizing drugs can increase spontaneous ovulation, enhance the induction of ovulation with clomiphene citrate, and increase clinical pregnancy rates. CONCLUSION(S) An algorithmic approach is provided for the use of insulin-sensitizing drugs to treat the anovulation and infertility of women with the polycystic ovary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Nestler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0111, USA.
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40
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Schoppee PD, Garmey JC, Veldhuis JD. Putative activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma impairs androgen and enhances progesterone biosynthesis in primary cultures of porcine theca cells. Biol Reprod 2002; 66:190-8. [PMID: 11751282 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod66.1.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian theca cells are the predominant source of gonadotropin-stimulated androgen biosynthesis in vivo. Troglitazone (TG), a synthetic agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and a thiazolidinedione used to treat insulin resistance, decreases serum androgen concentrations in women with hyperthecosis and/or polycystic ovary syndrome. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we demonstrated the presence of PPARgamma mRNA in the porcine ovary. Since activation of ovarian PPARgamma may alter hormone-stimulated steroidogenesis in vitro, we cultured porcine theca cells for 48 h in the presence of two different PPARgamma ligands, TG and 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2). Putative TG-mediated activation of PPARgamma resulted in a 53%-69% decrease in LH- and/or insulin-stimulated androstenedione and testosterone accumulation. Although TG reduced 3-isobutylmethylxanthine-enhanced LH-stimulated cAMP accumulation by 74%-78%, it did not alter basal cAMP concentrations. Exposure to 8Br-cAMP did not overcome the TG-induced inhibition of androgen accumulation. In contrast, TG administration amplified basal and hormone-stimulated progesterone accumulation, particularly in the presence of insulin, without altering levels of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. The putative natural PPARgamma ligand, 15d-PGJ2, inhibited androgen biosynthesis and stimulated progesterone production. RT-PCR-based amplification of cytochrome P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage (CYP11A) and cytochrome P450 17alpha-hydroxylase/C-17,20-lyase (CYP17) transcripts indicated that TG moderately enhanced expression of these genes. However, TG did not affect CYP17 protein expression. We conclude that putative ligand-mediated activation of PPARgamma decreases LH- and/or insulin-driven theca cell androgen production by impairing the ability of CYP17 to synthesize androstenedione from available progestins. The corresponding augmentation of progesterone production could suggest that PPARgamma activation induces theca cell differentiation toward a progestin-synthesizing phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela D Schoppee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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41
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Brunmair B, Gras F, Neschen S, Roden M, Wagner L, Waldhäusl W, Fürnsinn C. Direct thiazolidinedione action on isolated rat skeletal muscle fuel handling is independent of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma-mediated changes in gene expression. Diabetes 2001; 50:2309-15. [PMID: 11574413 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.50.10.2309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are believed to induce insulin sensitization by modulating gene expression via agonistic stimulation of the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma). We have shown earlier that the TZD troglitazone inhibits mitochondrial fuel oxidation in isolated rat skeletal muscle. In the present study, rat soleus muscle strips were exposed to TZDs to examine whether the inhibition of fuel oxidation is mediated by PPAR-gamma activation. Our findings consistently indicated direct, acute, and PPAR-gamma-independent TZD action on skeletal muscle fuel metabolism. Rapid stimulation of lactate release by 20 micromol/l troglitazone within 30 min suggested that direct TZD action on skeletal muscle in vitro does not rely on changes in gene expression rates (12.6 +/- 0.6 [control] vs. 16.0 +/- 0.8 micromol. g(-1). h(-1) [troglitazone]; P < 0.01). This conclusion was supported by the failure of actinomycin D and cycloheximide to block the effects of troglitazone. Mitochondrial fuel oxidation was consistently inhibited by six different TZDs (percent inhibition of CO(2) production from palmitate after 25 h: troglitazone, -61 +/- 2%; pioglitazone, -43 +/- 7%; rosiglitazone, -22 +/- 6%; BM13.1258, -47 +/- 9%; BM15.2054, -51 +/- 4%; and T-174, -59 +/- 4% [P < 0.005 each]), but not by PPAR-gamma agonistic compounds not belonging to the TZD class (JTT-501, -5 +/- 7% [NS]; prostaglandin J(2), 17 +/- 7% [P < 0.05]), which further argues against dependence on PPAR-gamma activation. In summary, our findings provided good evidence that direct inhibition of mitochondrial fuel oxidation in isolated skeletal muscle is a group-specific effect of TZDs and is independent of PPAR-gamma-mediated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Brunmair
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Vienna, Austria
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Gasic S, Nagamani M, Green A, Urban RJ. Troglitazone is a competitive inhibitor of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme in the ovary. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 184:575-9. [PMID: 11262455 DOI: 10.1067/mob.2001.111242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Troglitazone is a potent inhibitor of progesterone release from porcine granulosa cells. This is associated with a marked increase in pregnenolone secretion, implicating inhibition of the 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme. This study determined whether troglitazone is a direct inhibitor of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. STUDY DESIGN Homogenates of porcine granulosa cells underwent classic enzyme kinetic analysis through Lineweaver-Burke and Dixon plotting. Human ovarian homogenates were also assayed for the effects of troglitazone on 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme activity. Enzyme kinetics data were analyzed by the HyperKinetics software program. Analysis of variance was used to determine statistical significance for human ovarian homogenate experiments. RESULTS In porcine granulosa cells Lineweaver-Burke analysis found that troglitazone inhibition of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme activity was competitive in nature, with 5 microg/mL troglitazone increasing the apparent Michaelis constant from 1.3 to 4.3 micromol/L (no change in maximum velocity). Dixon plot analysis demonstrated that the inhibition constant for troglitazone of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is approximately 6.5 microg/mL, which is in the same order of magnitude as its therapeutic concentration in blood. Troglitazone also significantly decreased the activity of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in homogenates of human ovarian tissue. CONCLUSION We conclude that troglitazone can inhibit steroidogenesis in the ovary by direct competitive inhibition of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gasic
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 77555-1060, USA
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Mu YM, Yanase T, Nishi Y, Waseda N, Oda T, Tanaka A, Takayanagi R, Nawata H. Insulin sensitizer, troglitazone, directly inhibits aromatase activity in human ovarian granulosa cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 271:710-3. [PMID: 10814527 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian granulosa cells synthesize estrogens from androgens, which are catalyzed by aromatase cytochrome P450 (P450arom). Troglitazone (Tro), one of the insulin-sensitizing compounds, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), is a ligand for peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and is effective in the treatment of both non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) as well as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PPARgamma exerts a transcriptional activity as a PPARgamma:RXR heterodimer. In this study, we investigated the effects of Tro and/or RXR ligand, LG100268 (LG) on the aromatase activity in cultured human ovarian granulosa cells obtained from patients who underwent in vitro fertilization. Human ovarian granulosa cells expressed PPARgamma mRNA assessed by RT-PCR. The treatment of the granulosa cells with Tro for 24 h resulted in a dramatic inhibition of the aromatase activity in a dose-dependent manner. While the treatment with LG alone also inhibited the aromatase activity, the combined treatment with both Tro and LG caused a much more reduction in the aromatase activity. The changes in the aromatase activity by Tro and/or LG were associated with comparable changes in P450arom mRNA assessed by RT-PCR. These results suggest that Tro directly inhibit the aromatase activity in human granulosa cells probably via nuclear receptor system PPARgamma:RXR heterodimer. The findings may provide a biochemical basis for the decrease in the blood concentrations of estrogens which is observed after the in vivo administration of Tro and may also possibly be useful as a novel therapy for estrogen-dependent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Mu
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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Poretsky L, Cataldo NA, Rosenwaks Z, Giudice LC. The insulin-related ovarian regulatory system in health and disease. Endocr Rev 1999; 20:535-82. [PMID: 10453357 DOI: 10.1210/edrv.20.4.0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Poretsky
- Department of Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Strauss
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
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