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Daniels M, Margolis LM, Rood JC, Lieberman HR, Pasiakos SM, Karl JP. Comparative analysis of circulating metabolomic profiles identifies shared metabolic alterations across distinct multistressor military training exercises. Physiol Genomics 2024; 56:457-468. [PMID: 38738316 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00008.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Military training provides insight into metabolic responses under unique physiological demands that can be comprehensively characterized by global metabolomic profiling to identify potential strategies for improving performance. This study identified shared changes in metabolomic profiles across three distinct military training exercises, varying in magnitude and type of stress. Blood samples collected before and after three real or simulated military training exercises were analyzed using the same untargeted metabolomic profiling platform. Exercises included a 2-wk survival training course (ST, n = 36), a 4-day cross-country ski march arctic training (AT, n = 24), and a 28-day controlled diet- and exercise-induced energy deficit (CED, n = 26). Log2-fold changes of greater than ±1 in 191, 121, and 64 metabolites were identified in the ST, AT, and CED datasets, respectively. Most metabolite changes were within the lipid (57-63%) and amino acid metabolism (18-19%) pathways and changes in 87 were shared across studies. The largest and most consistent increases in shared metabolites were found in the acylcarnitine, fatty acid, ketone, and glutathione metabolism pathways, whereas the largest decreases were in the diacylglycerol and urea cycle metabolism pathways. Multiple shared metabolites were consistently correlated with biomarkers of inflammation, tissue damage, and anabolic hormones across studies. These three studies of real and simulated military training revealed overlapping alterations in metabolomic profiles despite differences in environment and the stressors involved. Consistent changes in metabolites related to lipid metabolism, ketogenesis, and oxidative stress suggest a potential common metabolomic signature associated with inflammation, tissue damage, and suppression of anabolic signaling that may characterize the unique physiological demands of military training.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The extent to which metabolomic responses are shared across diverse military training environments is unknown. Global metabolomic profiling across three distinct military training exercises identified shared metabolic responses with the largest changes observed for metabolites related to fatty acids, acylcarnitines, ketone metabolism, and oxidative stress. These changes also correlated with alterations in markers of tissue damage, inflammation, and anabolic signaling and comprise a potential common metabolomic signature underlying the unique physiological demands of military training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Daniels
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States
| | - Lee M Margolis
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jennifer C Rood
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
| | - Harris R Lieberman
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, United States
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - J Philip Karl
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, United States
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2
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Hernández-Saavedra D, Hinkley JM, Baer LA, Pinckard KM, Vidal P, Nirengi S, Brennan AM, Chen EY, Narain NR, Bussberg V, Tolstikov VV, Kiebish MA, Markunas C, Ilkayeva O, Goodpaster BH, Newgard CB, Goodyear LJ, Coen PM, Stanford KI. Chronic exercise improves hepatic acylcarnitine handling. iScience 2024; 27:109083. [PMID: 38361627 PMCID: PMC10867450 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Exercise mediates tissue metabolic function through direct and indirect adaptations to acylcarnitine (AC) metabolism, but the exact mechanisms are unclear. We found that circulating medium-chain acylcarnitines (AC) (C12-C16) are lower in active/endurance trained human subjects compared to sedentary controls, and this is correlated with elevated cardiorespiratory fitness and reduced adiposity. In mice, exercise reduced serum AC and increased liver AC, and this was accompanied by a marked increase in expression of genes involved in hepatic AC metabolism and mitochondrial β-oxidation. Primary hepatocytes from high-fat fed, exercise trained mice had increased basal respiration compared to hepatocytes from high-fat fed sedentary mice, which may be attributed to increased Ca2+ cycling and lipid uptake into mitochondria. The addition of specific medium- and long-chain AC to sedentary hepatocytes increased mitochondrial respiration, mirroring the exercise phenotype. These data indicate that AC redistribution is an exercise-induced mechanism to improve hepatic function and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Hernández-Saavedra
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - J. Matthew Hinkley
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - Lisa A. Baer
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kelsey M. Pinckard
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Pablo Vidal
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Shinsuke Nirengi
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Andrea M. Brennan
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Christina Markunas
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Departments of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Medicine, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Olga Ilkayeva
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Departments of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Medicine, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Bret H. Goodpaster
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - Christopher B. Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Departments of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Medicine, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Laurie J. Goodyear
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Paul M. Coen
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - Kristin I. Stanford
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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3
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Pan Y, Li Y, Chhetri JK, Liu P, Li B, Liu Z, Shui G, Ma L. Dysregulation of acyl carnitines, pentose phosphate pathway and arginine and ornithine metabolism are associated with decline in intrinsic capacity in Chinese older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res 2024; 36:36. [PMID: 38345670 PMCID: PMC10861606 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-023-02654-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrinsic capacity is the combination of individual physical and mental abilities, reflecting the aging degree of the older adults. However, the mechanisms and metabolic characteristics of the decline in intrinsic capacity are still unclear. AIMS To identify metabolic signatures and associated pathways of decline in intrinsic capacity based on the metabolite features. METHODS We recruited 70 participants aged 77.19 ± 8.31 years. The five domains of intrinsic capacity were assessed by Short Physical Performance Battery (for mobility), Montreal cognition assessment (for cognition), 30-Item Geriatric Depression Scale (for psychology), self-reported hearing/visual impairment (for sensory) and Nutritional risk screening (for vitality), respectively. The serum samples of participants were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics, followed by metabolite set enrichment analysis and metabolic pathway analysis. RESULTS There were 50 participants with a decline in intrinsic capacity in at least one of the domains. A total of 349 metabolites were identified from their serum samples. Overall, 24 differential metabolites, 5 metabolite sets and 13 pathways were associated with the decline in intrinsic capacity. DISCUSSION Our results indicated that decline in intrinsic capacity had unique metabolomic profiles. CONCLUSION The specific change of acyl carnitines was observed to be a feature of decline in intrinsic capacity. Dysregulation of the pentose phosphate pathway and of arginine and ornithine metabolism was strongly associated with the decline in intrinsic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Pan
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Jagadish K Chhetri
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Pan Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Bowen Li
- LipidALL Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou, 213022, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zuyun Liu
- Center for Clinical Big Data and Analytics, Second Affiliated Hospital and Department of Big Data in Health Science, School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lina Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
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Hinkley JM, Yu G, Standley RA, Distefano G, Tolstikov V, Narain NR, Greenwood BP, Karmacharya S, Kiebish MA, Carnero EA, Yi F, Vega RB, Goodpaster BH, Gardell SJ, Coen PM. Exercise and ageing impact the kynurenine/tryptophan pathway and acylcarnitine metabolite pools in skeletal muscle of older adults. J Physiol 2023; 601:2165-2188. [PMID: 36814134 PMCID: PMC10278663 DOI: 10.1113/jp284142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise-induced perturbation of skeletal muscle metabolites is a probable mediator of long-term health benefits in older adults. Although specific metabolites have been identified to be impacted by age, physical activity and exercise, the depth of coverage of the muscle metabolome is still limited. Here, we investigated resting and exercise-induced metabolite distribution in muscle from well-phenotyped older adults who were active or sedentary, and a group of active young adults. Percutaneous biopsies of the vastus lateralis were obtained before, immediately after and 3 h following a bout of endurance cycling. Metabolite profile in muscle biopsies was determined by tandem mass spectrometry. Mitochondrial energetics in permeabilized fibre bundles was assessed by high resolution respirometry and fibre type proportion was assessed by immunohistology. We found that metabolites of the kynurenine/tryptophan pathway were impacted by age and activity. Specifically, kynurenine was elevated in muscle from older adults, whereas downstream metabolites of kynurenine (kynurenic acid and NAD+ ) were elevated in muscle from active adults and associated with cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle oxidative capacity. Acylcarnitines, a potential marker of impaired metabolic health, were elevated in muscle from physically active participants. Surprisingly, despite baseline group difference, acute exercise-induced alterations in whole-body substrate utilization, as well as muscle acylcarnitines and ketone bodies, were remarkably similar between groups. Our data identified novel muscle metabolite signatures that associate with the healthy ageing phenotype provoked by physical activity and reveal that the metabolic responsiveness of muscle to acute endurance exercise is retained [NB]:AUTHOR: Please ensure that the appropriate material has been provide for Table S2, as well as for Figures S1 to S7, as also cited in the text with age regardless of activity levels. KEY POINTS: Kynurenine/tryptophan pathway metabolites were impacted by age and physical activity in human muscle, with kynurenine elevated in older muscle, whereas downstream products kynurenic acid and NAD+ were elevated in exercise-trained muscle regardless of age. Acylcarnitines, a marker of impaired metabolic health when heightened in circulation, were elevated in exercise-trained muscle of young and older adults, suggesting that muscle act as a metabolic sink to reduce the circulating acylcarnitines observed with unhealthy ageing. Despite the phenotypic differences, the exercise-induced response of various muscle metabolite pools, including acylcarnitine and ketone bodies, was similar amongst the groups, suggesting that older adults can achieve the metabolic benefits of exercise seen in young counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Matthew Hinkley
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
| | - GongXin Yu
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
| | - Robert A. Standley
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
| | - Giovanna Distefano
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elvis Alvarez Carnero
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
| | - Fanchao Yi
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
| | - Rick B. Vega
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
| | - Bret H. Goodpaster
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
| | - Stephen J. Gardell
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
| | - Paul M. Coen
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
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5
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Hahn VS, Petucci C, Kim MS, Bedi KC, Wang H, Mishra S, Koleini N, Yoo EJ, Margulies KB, Arany Z, Kelly DP, Kass DA, Sharma K. Myocardial Metabolomics of Human Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circulation 2023; 147:1147-1161. [PMID: 36856044 PMCID: PMC11059242 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.122.061846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human heart primarily metabolizes fatty acids, and this decreases as alternative fuel use rises in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Patients with severe obesity and diabetes are thought to have increased myocardial fatty acid metabolism, but whether this is found in those who also have heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is unknown. METHODS Plasma and endomyocardial biopsies were obtained from HFpEF (n=38), HFrEF (n=30), and nonfailing donor controls (n=20). Quantitative targeted metabolomics measured organic acids, amino acids, and acylcarnitines in myocardium (72 metabolites) and plasma (69 metabolites). The results were integrated with reported RNA sequencing data. Metabolomics were analyzed using agnostic clustering tools, Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn test, and machine learning. RESULTS Agnostic clustering of myocardial but not plasma metabolites separated disease groups. Despite more obesity and diabetes in HFpEF versus HFrEF (body mass index, 39.8 kg/m2 versus 26.1 kg/m2; diabetes, 70% versus 30%; both P<0.0001), medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines (mostly metabolites of fatty acid oxidation) were markedly lower in myocardium from both heart failure groups versus control. In contrast, plasma levels were no different or higher than control. Gene expression linked to fatty acid metabolism was generally lower in HFpEF versus control. Myocardial pyruvate was higher in HFpEF whereas the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates succinate and fumarate were lower, as were several genes controlling glucose metabolism. Non-branched-chain and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) were highest in HFpEF myocardium, yet downstream BCAA metabolites and genes controlling BCAA metabolism were lower. Ketone levels were higher in myocardium and plasma of patients with HFrEF but not HFpEF. HFpEF metabolomic-derived subgroups were differentiated by only a few differences in BCAA metabolites. CONCLUSIONS Despite marked obesity and diabetes, HFpEF myocardium exhibited lower fatty acid metabolites compared with HFrEF. Ketones and metabolites of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and BCAA were also lower in HFpEF, suggesting insufficient use of alternative fuels. These differences were not detectable in plasma and challenge conventional views of myocardial fuel use in HFpEF with marked diabetes and obesity and suggest substantial fuel inflexibility in this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia S. Hahn
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Christopher Petucci
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kenneth C. Bedi
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hanghang Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sumita Mishra
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Navid Koleini
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Edwin J. Yoo
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kenneth B. Margulies
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Zoltan Arany
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Daniel P. Kelly
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - David A. Kass
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kavita Sharma
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Postmortem Metabolomics of Insulin Intoxications and the Potential Application to Find Hypoglycemia-Related Deaths. Metabolites 2022; 13:metabo13010005. [PMID: 36676928 PMCID: PMC9912265 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Postmortem metabolomics can assist death investigations by characterizing metabolic fingerprints differentiating causes of death. Hypoglycemia-related deaths, including insulin intoxications, are difficult to identify and, thus, presumably underdiagnosed. This investigation aims to differentiate insulin intoxication deaths by metabolomics, and identify a metabolic fingerprint to screen for unknown hypoglycemia-related deaths. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry data were obtained from 19 insulin intoxications (hypo), 19 diabetic comas (hyper), and 38 hangings (control). Screening for potentially unknown hypoglycemia-related deaths was performed using 776 random postmortem cases. Data were processed using XCMS and SIMCA. Multivariate modeling revealed group separations between hypo, hyper, and control groups. A metabolic fingerprint for the hypo group was identified, and analyses revealed significant decreases in 12 acylcarnitines, including nine hydroxylated-acylcarnitines. Screening of random postmortem cases identified 46 cases (5.9%) as potentially hypoglycemia-related, including six with unknown causes of death. Autopsy report review revealed plausible hypoglycemia-cause for five unknown cases. Additionally, two diabetic cases were found, with a metformin intoxication and a suspicious but unverified insulin intoxication, respectively. Further studies are required to expand on the potential of postmortem metabolomics as a tool in hypoglycemia-related death investigations, and the future application of screening for potential insulin intoxications.
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7
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Dambrova M, Makrecka-Kuka M, Kuka J, Vilskersts R, Nordberg D, Attwood MM, Smesny S, Sen ZD, Guo AC, Oler E, Tian S, Zheng J, Wishart DS, Liepinsh E, Schiöth HB. Acylcarnitines: Nomenclature, Biomarkers, Therapeutic Potential, Drug Targets, and Clinical Trials. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:506-551. [PMID: 35710135 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acylcarnitines are fatty acid metabolites that play important roles in many cellular energy metabolism pathways. They have historically been used as important diagnostic markers for inborn errors of fatty acid oxidation and are being intensively studied as markers of energy metabolism, deficits in mitochondrial and peroxisomal β -oxidation activity, insulin resistance, and physical activity. Acylcarnitines are increasingly being identified as important indicators in metabolic studies of many diseases, including metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, depression, neurologic disorders, and certain cancers. The US Food and Drug Administration-approved drug L-carnitine, along with short-chain acylcarnitines (acetylcarnitine and propionylcarnitine), is now widely used as a dietary supplement. In light of their growing importance, we have undertaken an extensive review of acylcarnitines and provided a detailed description of their identity, nomenclature, classification, biochemistry, pathophysiology, supplementary use, potential drug targets, and clinical trials. We also summarize these updates in the Human Metabolome Database, which now includes information on the structures, chemical formulae, chemical/spectral properties, descriptions, and pathways for 1240 acylcarnitines. This work lays a solid foundation for identifying, characterizing, and understanding acylcarnitines in human biosamples. We also discuss the emerging opportunities for using acylcarnitines as biomarkers and as dietary interventions or supplements for many wide-ranging indications. The opportunity to identify new drug targets involved in controlling acylcarnitine levels is also discussed. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review provides a comprehensive overview of acylcarnitines, including their nomenclature, structure and biochemistry, and use as disease biomarkers and pharmaceutical agents. We present updated information contained in the Human Metabolome Database website as well as substantial mapping of the known biochemical pathways associated with acylcarnitines, thereby providing a strong foundation for further clarification of their physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Dambrova
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Marina Makrecka-Kuka
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Janis Kuka
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Reinis Vilskersts
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Didi Nordberg
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Misty M Attwood
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Stefan Smesny
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Zumrut Duygu Sen
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - An Chi Guo
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Eponine Oler
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Siyang Tian
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Jiamin Zheng
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - David S Wishart
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Edgars Liepinsh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
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8
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Mebratu AT, Asfaw YT, Janssens GPJ. Exploring the functional and metabolic effects of adding garra fish meal to a plant-based broiler chicken diet. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:196. [PMID: 35654900 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03200-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the metabolic and functional effects of adding garra meal to a broiler chicken diet. Three hundred twenty Sasso-breed day-old chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments with either 0, 10, 20 or 30% garra meal added on top of formulated starter and grower basal diets. The experiment lasted for 42 days. Feed intake and body weight gain increased at the starter and grower phases of broilers with garra meal addition (P < 0.05). Broiler chickens fed 30% garra meal were more efficient in converting feed to body weight and yielded the highest carcass weight (P < 0.05). Crude protein ileal digestibility coefficient was higher with 20% (76.2%), and crude fat with 20 (92.1) and 30% (92.6%) garra meal receiving groups (P < 0.05). The increase in individual and total esterified carnitine concentrations in dried blood spots demonstrated the elevated metabolic rate with garra meal addition (P < 0.05). A better supply of glucogenic substrate to the citric acid cycle was seen with garra meal addition due to the increase of propionylcarnitine to acetylcarnitine ratio (P < 0.05) without any apparent effect on ketogenesis in terms of serum 3-hydroxybutyrylcarnitine to acetylcarnitine ratio. Yet, it likely showed that part of the amino acids from garra meal were used as glucogenic substrate (P < 0.05). Histomorphometry data showed 20% garra meal addition elevated villus height, crypt depth and their ratio in the proximal parts of the small intestine (duodenum and jejunum) with the opposite results observed in the more distal part (ileum) with the highest for the control group (P < 0.05). It can be concluded that garra meal improved broiler performance when added to a plant-based diet and only few parameters warranted for caution when using more up to 30% garra meal addition. Beyond growth performance, garra meal generated a shift to a more efficient digestion, absorption and nutrient metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awot Teklu Mebratu
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium. .,Department of Animal Reproduction and Welfare, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
| | - Yohannes Tekle Asfaw
- Department of Veterinary Basic and Diagnostic Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
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9
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Dave AM, Genaro-Mattos TC, Korade Z, Peeples ES. Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury Alters Brain Acylcarnitine Levels in a Mouse Model. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12050467. [PMID: 35629971 PMCID: PMC9143624 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIBI) leads to depletion of ATP, mitochondrial dysfunction, and enhanced oxidant formation. Measurement of acylcarnitines may provide insight into mitochondrial dysfunction. Plasma acylcarnitine levels are altered in neonates after an HIBI, but individual acylcarnitine levels in the brain have not been evaluated. Additionally, it is unknown if plasma acylcarnitines reflect brain acylcarnitine changes. In this study, postnatal day 9 CD1 mouse pups were randomized to HIBI induced by carotid artery ligation, followed by 30 min at 8% oxygen, or to sham surgery and normoxia, with subgroups for tissue collection at 30 min, 24 h, or 72 h after injury (12 animals/group). Plasma, liver, muscle, and brain (dissected into the cortex, cerebellum, and striatum/thalamus) tissues were collected for acylcarnitine analysis by LC-MS. At 30 min after HIBI, acylcarnitine levels were significantly increased, but the differences resolved by 24 h. Palmitoylcarnitine was increased in the cortex, muscle, and plasma, and stearoylcarnitine in the cortex, striatum/thalamus, and cerebellum. Other acylcarnitines were elevated only in the muscle and plasma. In conclusion, although plasma acylcarnitine results in this study mimic those seen previously in humans, our data suggest that the plasma acylcarnitine profile was more reflective of muscle changes than brain changes. Acylcarnitine metabolism may be a target for therapeutic intervention after neonatal HIBI, though the lack of change after 30 min suggests a limited therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Dave
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (A.M.D.); (Z.K.)
- Children’s Hospital & Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68114, USA
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Thiago C. Genaro-Mattos
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Zeljka Korade
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (A.M.D.); (Z.K.)
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Eric S. Peeples
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (A.M.D.); (Z.K.)
- Children’s Hospital & Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68114, USA
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-402-955-6140; Fax: +1-402-955-3398
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10
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Setoyama D, Lee HY, Moon JS, Tian J, Kang YE, Lee JH, Shong M, Kang D, Yi H. Immunometabolic signatures predict recovery from thyrotoxic myopathy in patients with Graves' disease. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:355-367. [PMID: 34970859 PMCID: PMC8818593 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone excess induces protein energy wasting, which in turn promotes muscle weakness and bone loss in patients with Graves' disease. Although most studies have confirmed a relationship between thyrotoxicosis and muscle dysfunction, few have measured changes in plasma metabolites and immune cells during the development and recovery from thyrotoxic myopathy. The aim of this study was to identify specific plasma metabolites and T-cell subsets that predict thyrotoxic myopathy recovery in patients with Graves' disease. METHODS One hundred patients (mean age, 40.0 ± 14.2 years; 67.0% female), with newly diagnosed or relapsed Graves' disease were enrolled at the start of methimazole treatment. Handgrip strength and Five Times Sit to Stand Test performance time were measured at Weeks 0, 12, and 24. In an additional 35 patients (mean age, 38.9 ± 13.5 years; 65.7% female), plasma metabolites and immunophenotypes of peripheral blood were evaluated at Weeks 0 and 12, and the results of a short physical performance battery assessment were recorded at the same time. RESULTS In both patient groups, methimazole-induced euthyroidism was associated with improved handgrip strength and lower limb muscle function at 12 weeks. Elevated plasma metabolites including acylcarnitines were restored to normal levels at Week 12 regardless of gender, body mass index, or age (P trend <0.01). Senescent CD8+ CD28- CD57+ T-cell levels in peripheral blood were positively correlated with acylcarnitine levels (P < 0.05) and decreased during thyrotoxicosis recovery (P < 0.05). High levels of senescent CD8+ T cells at Week 0 were significantly associated with small increases in handgrip strength after 12 weeks of methimazole treatment (P < 0.05), but not statistically associated with Five Times Sit to Stand Test performance. CONCLUSIONS Restoring euthyroidism in Graves' disease patients was associated with improved skeletal muscle function and performance, while thyroid hormone-associated changes in plasma acylcarnitines levels correlated with muscle dysfunction recovery. T-cell senescence-related systemic inflammation correlated with plasma acylcarnitine levels and was also associated with small increases in handgrip strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Setoyama
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineKyushu University HospitalFukuokaJapan
| | - Ho Yeop Lee
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University HospitalChungnam National University School of MedicineDaejeonKorea
- Department of Medical ScienceChungnam National University School of MedicineDaejeonKorea
| | - Ji Sun Moon
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University HospitalChungnam National University School of MedicineDaejeonKorea
| | - Jingwen Tian
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University HospitalChungnam National University School of MedicineDaejeonKorea
- Department of Medical ScienceChungnam National University School of MedicineDaejeonKorea
| | - Yea Eun Kang
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University HospitalChungnam National University School of MedicineDaejeonKorea
| | - Ju Hee Lee
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University HospitalChungnam National University School of MedicineDaejeonKorea
| | - Minho Shong
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University HospitalChungnam National University School of MedicineDaejeonKorea
- Department of Medical ScienceChungnam National University School of MedicineDaejeonKorea
| | - Dongchon Kang
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineKyushu University HospitalFukuokaJapan
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Hyon‐Seung Yi
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University HospitalChungnam National University School of MedicineDaejeonKorea
- Department of Medical ScienceChungnam National University School of MedicineDaejeonKorea
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11
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Lipidomic approaches to dissect dysregulated lipid metabolism in kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:38-55. [PMID: 34616096 PMCID: PMC9146017 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00488-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dyslipidaemia is a hallmark of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The severity of dyslipidaemia not only correlates with CKD stage but is also associated with CKD-associated cardiovascular disease and mortality. Understanding how lipids are dysregulated in CKD is, however, challenging owing to the incredible diversity of lipid structures. CKD-associated dyslipidaemia occurs as a consequence of complex interactions between genetic, environmental and kidney-specific factors, which to understand, requires an appreciation of perturbations in the underlying network of genes, proteins and lipids. Modern lipidomic technologies attempt to systematically identify and quantify lipid species from biological systems. The rapid development of a variety of analytical platforms based on mass spectrometry has enabled the identification of complex lipids at great precision and depth. Insights from lipidomics studies to date suggest that the overall architecture of free fatty acid partitioning between fatty acid oxidation and complex lipid fatty acid composition is an important driver of CKD progression. Available evidence suggests that CKD progression is associated with metabolic inflexibility, reflecting a diminished capacity to utilize free fatty acids through β-oxidation, and resulting in the diversion of accumulating fatty acids to complex lipids such as triglycerides. This effect is reversed with interventions that improve kidney health, suggesting that targeting of lipid abnormalities could be beneficial in preventing CKD progression.
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12
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Margolis LM, Karl JP, Wilson MA, Coleman JL, Whitney CC, Pasiakos SM. Serum Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolites Increase in Males When Aerobic Exercise Is Initiated with Low Muscle Glycogen. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11120828. [PMID: 34940586 PMCID: PMC8708125 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study used global metabolomics to identify metabolic factors that might contribute to muscle anabolic resistance, which develops when aerobic exercise is initiated with low muscle glycogen using global metabolomics. Eleven men completed this randomized, crossover study, completing two cycle ergometry glycogen depletion trials, followed by 24 h of isocaloric refeeding to elicit low (LOW; 1.5 g/kg carbohydrate, 3.0 g/kg fat) or adequate (AD; 6.0 g/kg carbohydrate 1.0 g/kg fat) glycogen. Participants then performed 80 min of cycling (64 ± 3% VO2 peak) while ingesting 146 g carbohydrate. Serum was collected before glycogen depletion under resting and fasted conditions (BASELINE), and before (PRE) and after (POST) exercise. Changes in metabolite profiles were calculated by subtracting BASELINE from PRE and POST within LOW and AD. There were greater increases (p < 0.05, Q < 0.10) in 64% of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) metabolites and 69% of acyl-carnitine metabolites in LOW compared to AD. Urea and 3-methylhistidine had greater increases (p < 0.05, Q < 0.10) in LOW compared to AD. Changes in metabolomics profiles indicate a greater reliance on BCAA catabolism for substrate oxidation when exercise is initiated with low glycogen stores. These findings provide a mechanistic explanation for anabolic resistance associated with low muscle glycogen, and suggest that exogenous BCAA requirements to optimize muscle recovery are likely greater than current recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee M. Margolis
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA; (J.P.K.); (M.A.W.); (J.L.C.); (C.C.W.); (S.M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +508-206-2335
| | - J Philip Karl
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA; (J.P.K.); (M.A.W.); (J.L.C.); (C.C.W.); (S.M.P.)
| | - Marques A. Wilson
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA; (J.P.K.); (M.A.W.); (J.L.C.); (C.C.W.); (S.M.P.)
| | - Julie L. Coleman
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA; (J.P.K.); (M.A.W.); (J.L.C.); (C.C.W.); (S.M.P.)
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Claire C. Whitney
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA; (J.P.K.); (M.A.W.); (J.L.C.); (C.C.W.); (S.M.P.)
| | - Stefan M. Pasiakos
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA; (J.P.K.); (M.A.W.); (J.L.C.); (C.C.W.); (S.M.P.)
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13
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Tosi I, Art T, Boemer F, Votion DM, Davis MS. Acylcarnitine profile in Alaskan sled dogs during submaximal multiday exercise points out metabolic flexibility and liver role in energy metabolism. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256009. [PMID: 34383825 PMCID: PMC8360531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alaskan sled dogs develop a particular metabolic strategy during multiday submaximal exercise, allowing them to switch from intra-muscular to extra-muscular energy substrates thus postponing fatigue. Specifically, a progressively increasing stimulus for hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis provides glucose for both fueling exercise and replenishing the depleted muscle glycogen. Moreover, recent studies have shown that with continuation of exercise sled dogs increase their insulin-sensitivity and their capacity to transport and oxidize glucose and carbohydrates rather than oxidizing fatty acids. Carnitine and acylcarnitines (AC) play an essential role as metabolic regulators in both fat and glucose metabolism; they serve as biomarkers in different species in both physiologic and pathologic conditions. We assessed the effect of multiday exercise in conditioned sled dogs on plasma short (SC), medium (MC) and long (LC) chain AC by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Our results show chain-specific modification of AC profiles during the exercise challenge: LCACs maintained a steady increase throughout exercise, some SCACs increased during the last phase of exercise and acetylcarnitine (C2) initially increased before decreasing during the later phase of exercise. We speculated that SCACs kinetics could reflect an increased protein catabolism and C2 pattern could reflect its hepatic uptake for energy-generating purposes to sustain gluconeogenesis. LCACs may be exported by muscle to avoid their accumulation to preserve glucose oxidation and insulin-sensitivity or they could be distributed by liver as energy substrates. These findings, although representing a “snapshot” of blood as a crossing point between different organs, shed further light on sled dogs metabolism that is liver-centric and more carbohydrate-dependent than fat-dependent and during prolonged submaximal exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Tosi
- Department of Functional Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Tatiana Art
- Department of Functional Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - François Boemer
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, CHU Sart-Tilman, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Dominique-Marie Votion
- Equine pole, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Michael S. Davis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
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14
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Truby LK, Regan JA, Giamberardino SN, Ilkayeva O, Bain J, Newgard CB, O'Connor CM, Felker GM, Kraus WE, McGarrah RW, Shah SH. Circulating long chain acylcarnitines and outcomes in diabetic heart failure: an HF-ACTION clinical trial substudy. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2021; 20:161. [PMID: 34344360 PMCID: PMC8336082 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-021-01353-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether differences in circulating long chain acylcarnitines (LCAC) are seen in heart failure (HF) patients with and without diabetes mellitus (DM), and whether these biomarkers report on exercise capacity and clinical outcomes, remains unknown. The objective of the current study was to use metabolomic profiling to identify biomarkers that report on exercise capacity, clinical outcomes, and differential response to exercise in HF patients with and without DM. METHODS Targeted mass spectrometry was used to quantify metabolites in plasma from participants in the heart failure: a controlled trial investigating outcomes of exercise training (HF-ACTION) trial. Principal components analysis was used to identify 12 uncorrelated factors. The association between metabolite factors, diabetes status, exercise capacity, and time to the primary clinical outcome of all-cause mortality or all-cause hospitalization was assessed. RESULTS A total of 664 participants were included: 359 (54%) with DM. LCAC factor levels were associated with baseline exercise capacity as measured by peak oxygen consumption (beta 0.86, p = 2 × 10-7, and were differentially associated in participants with and without DM (beta 1.58, p = 8 × 10-8 vs. 0.67, p = 9 × 10-4, respectively; p value for interaction = 0.012). LCAC levels changed to a lesser extent in participants with DM after exercise (mean ∆ 0.09, p = 0.24) than in those without DM (mean ∆ 0.16, p = 0.08). In univariate and multivariate modeling, LCAC factor levels were associated with time to the primary outcome (multivariate HR 0.80, p = 2.74 × 10-8), and were more strongly linked to outcomes in diabetic participants (HR 0.64, p = 3.21 × 10-9 v. HR 0.90, p = 0.104, p value for interaction = 0.001). When analysis was performed at the level of individual metabolites, C16, C16:1, C18, and C18:1 had the greatest associations with both exercise capacity and outcomes, with higher levels associated with worse outcomes. Similar associations with time to the primary clinical outcome were not found in a control group of patients without HF from the CATHeterization GENetics (CATHGEN) study. CONCLUSIONS LCAC biomarkers are associated with exercise status and clinical outcomes differentially in HF patients with and without DM. Impaired fatty acid substrate utilization and mitochondrial dysfunction both at the level of the skeletal muscle and the myocardium may explain the decreased exercise capacity, attenuated response to exercise training, and poor clinical outcomes seen in patients with HF and DM. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00047437.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Truby
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jessica A Regan
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Olga Ilkayeva
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - James Bain
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | - G Michael Felker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - William E Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert W McGarrah
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Svati H Shah
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Precision Genomics Collaboratory, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA.
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15
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Liepinsh E, Makarova E, Plakane L, Konrade I, Liepins K, Videja M, Sevostjanovs E, Grinberga S, Makrecka-Kuka M, Dambrova M. Low-intensity exercise stimulates bioenergetics and increases fat oxidation in mitochondria of blood mononuclear cells from sedentary adults. Physiol Rep 2021; 8:e14489. [PMID: 32562386 PMCID: PMC7305243 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Exercise training induces adaptations in muscle and other tissue mitochondrial metabolism, dynamics, and oxidative phosphorylation capacity. Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation was shown to be pivotal for the anti-inflammatory status of immune cells. We hypothesize that exercise training can exert effects influence mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The aim was to investigate the effect of exercise on the fatty acid oxidation-dependent respiration in PBMCs. DESIGN Twelve fasted or fed volunteers first performed incremental-load exercise tests to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer to determine the optimal workload ensuring maximal health benefits in volunteers with a sedentary lifestyle. In addition, the same volunteers performed 60 min of low-intensity constant-load exercise. RESULTS In the incremental-load exercise, the maximal whole-body fat oxidation rate measured by indirect calorimetry was reached at the fasted state already at a 50 W workload. At the 75-175 W workloads, the contribution of fat oxidation significantly decreased to only 11%, the heart rate increased to 185 BPM, and the study participants reached exhaustion. These results show that low-intensity exercise (50W) is optimal for maximal whole-body fat utilization. After low-intensity exercise, the ROUTINE mitochondrial respiration, as well as fatty acid oxidation-dependent respiration in PBMCs at LEAK and OXPHOS states, were significantly increased by 31%, 65%, and 76%, respectively. In addition, during 60 min of low-intensity (50W) exercise, a 2-fold higher lipolysis rate was observed and 13.5 ± 0.9 g of fat was metabolized, which was 57% more than the amount of fat that was metabolized during the incremental-load exercise. CONCLUSIONS In individuals with a sedentary lifestyle participating in a bicycle ergometry exercise program, maximal lipolysis and whole-body fat oxidation rate is reached in a fasted state during low-intensity exercise. For the first time, it was demonstrated that low-intensity exercise improves bioenergetics and increases fatty acid oxidation in PBMCs and may contribute to the anti-inflammatory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Melita Videja
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia.,Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | | | | | | | - Maija Dambrova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia.,Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
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16
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Pomyen Y, Budhu A, Chaisaingmongkol J, Forgues M, Dang H, Ruchirawat M, Mahidol C, Wang XW. Tumor metabolism and associated serum metabolites define prognostic subtypes of Asian hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12097. [PMID: 34103600 PMCID: PMC8187378 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91560-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment effectiveness in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) depends on early detection and precision-medicine-based patient stratification for targeted therapies. However, the lack of robust biomarkers, particularly a non-invasive diagnostic tool, precludes significant improvement of clinical outcomes for HCC patients. Serum metabolites are one of the best non-invasive means for determining patient prognosis, as they are stable end-products of biochemical processes in human body. In this study, we aimed to identify prognostic serum metabolites in HCC. To determine serum metabolites that were relevant and representative of the tissue status, we performed a two-step correlation analysis to first determine associations between metabolic genes and tissue metabolites, and second, between tissue metabolites and serum metabolites among 49 HCC patients, which were then validated in 408 additional Asian HCC patients with mixed etiologies. We found that certain metabolic genes, tissue metabolites and serum metabolites can independently stratify HCC patients into prognostic subgroups, which are consistent across these different data types and our previous findings. The metabolic subtypes are associated with β-oxidation process in fatty acid metabolism, where patients with worse survival outcome have dysregulated fatty acid metabolism. These serum metabolites may be used as non-invasive biomarkers to define prognostic tumor molecular subtypes for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yotsawat Pomyen
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Translational Research Unit, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Anuradha Budhu
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Liver Cancer Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jittiporn Chaisaingmongkol
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Office of Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Marshonna Forgues
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hien Dang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Division of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Mathuros Ruchirawat
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Office of Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Chulabhorn Mahidol
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Xin Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. .,Liver Cancer Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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17
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Keller RM, Beaver LM, Reardon PN, Prater MC, Truong L, Robinson MM, Tanguay RL, Stevens JF, Hord NG. Nitrate-induced improvements in exercise performance are coincident with exuberant changes in metabolic genes and the metabolome in zebrafish ( Danio rerio) skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:142-157. [PMID: 34043471 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00185.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary nitrate supplementation improves exercise performance by reducing the oxygen cost of exercise and enhancing skeletal muscle function. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to assess changes in skeletal muscle energy metabolism associated with exercise performance in a zebrafish model. Fish were exposed to sodium nitrate (60.7 mg/L, 303.5 mg/L, 606.9 mg/L), or control water, for 21 days and analyzed at intervals (5, 10, 20, 30, 40 cm/s) during a 2-h strenuous exercise test. We measured oxygen consumption during an exercise test and assessed muscle nitrate concentrations, gene expression, and the muscle metabolome before, during, and after exercise. Nitrate exposure reduced the oxygen cost of exercise and increased muscle nitrate concentrations at rest, which were reduced with increasing exercise duration. In skeletal muscle, nitrate treatment upregulated expression of genes central to nutrient sensing (mtor), redox signaling (nrf2a), and muscle differentiation (sox6). In rested muscle, nitrate treatment increased phosphocreatine (P = 0.002), creatine (P = 0.0005), ATP (P = 0.0008), ADP (P = 0.002), and AMP (P = 0.004) compared with rested-control muscle. Following the highest swimming speed, concentration of phosphocreatine (P = 8.0 × 10-5), creatine (P = 6.0 × 10-7), ATP (P = 2.0 × 10-6), ADP (P = 0.0002), and AMP (P = 0.004) decreased compared with rested nitrate muscle. Our data suggest nitrate exposure in zebrafish lowers the oxygen cost of exercise by changing the metabolic programming of muscle prior to exercise and increasing availability of energy-rich metabolites required for exercise.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that skeletal muscle nitrate concentration is higher with supplementation at rest and was lower in groups with increasing exercise duration in a zebrafish model. The higher availability of nitrate at rest is associated with upregulation of key nutrient-sensing genes and greater availability of energy-producing metabolites (i.e., ATP, phosphocreatine, glycolytic intermediates). Overall, nitrate supplementation may lower oxygen cost of exercise through improved fuel availability resulting from metabolic programming of muscle prior to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Keller
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Laura M Beaver
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.,Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Patrick N Reardon
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.,Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Facility, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Mary C Prater
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Lisa Truong
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory and the Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Matthew M Robinson
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Robyn L Tanguay
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory and the Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Jan F Stevens
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.,College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Norman G Hord
- OU Health, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Allied Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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18
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Schären M, Riefke B, Slopianka M, Keck M, Gruendemann S, Wichard J, Brunner N, Klein S, Snedec T, Theinert KB, Pietsch F, Rachidi F, Köller G, Bannert E, Spilke J, Starke A. Aspects of transition cow metabolomics-Part III: Alterations in the metabolome of liver and blood throughout the transition period in cows with different liver metabotypes. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:9245-9262. [PMID: 34024605 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The liver plays a central role in the postpartum (PP) energy metabolism of the transition dairy cow; however, studies describing the liver metabolome during this period were lacking. The aim of the presented study was therefore to compare the alterations in the liver and blood metabolome of transition dairy cows. For this purpose, an on-farm trial with 80 German Holstein cows (mean lactation number: 3.9; range: 2-9) was performed, with thorough documentation of clinical traits and clinical chemistry, as well as production data. Liver biopsies and blood samples were collected at d 14 (mean: 12 d, range: 1-26 d) antepartum (AP), d 7 (7, 4-13) and 28 (28, 23-34; mean, earliest-latest) PP for targeted mass spectroscopy-based metabolomics analysis using the AbsoluteIDQ p180 kit (Biocrates Life Sciences). Statistical analysis was performed using multivariate (partial least squares discriminant analysis) as well as univariate methods (linear mixed model). Multivariate data analysis of the liver metabolome revealed 3 different metabotypes (A = medium, B = minor, C = large alterations in the liver metabolome profile between AP and PP). In metabotype C, an increase of almost all acylcarnitines, lysophosphatidylcholines (lysoPC), sphingomyelins, and some phosphatidylcholines (PC, mainly at 7 d PP) was observed after calving. In contrast to metabotype C, the clinical data of the metabotype B animals indicated a higher PP lipomobilization and occurrence of transition cow diseases. The liver metabolome profile of these animals most likely mirrors a failure of adaptation to the PP state. This strong occurrence of metabotypes was much less pronounced in the blood metabolome. Additionally, differences in metabolic patterns were observed across the transition period when comparing liver and blood matrices (e.g., in different biogenic amines, acylcarnitines and sphingolipids). In summary, the blood samples at 7 d PP showed lower acylcarnitines and PC, with minor alterations and a heterogeneous pattern in AA, biogenic amines, and sphingomyelins compared with 14 d AP. In contrast to 7 d PP, the blood samples at 28 PP revealed an increase in several AA, lysoPC, PC, and sphingomyelins in comparison to the AP state, irrespective of the metabotype. In the liver biopsies metabotype B differed from metabotype C animals ante partum by following metabolites: higher α aminoadipic acid, lower AA, serotonin, taurine, and symmetric dimethylarginine levels, lower or higher concentrations of certain acylcarnitines (higher: C2, C3, C5, C4:1; lower: C12:1, C14:1-OH, C16:2), and lower lysoPC (a C16:0, C18:0, C20:3, C20:4) and hexose levels. In blood samples, fewer differences were observed, with lower serotonin, acylcarnitine C16:2, lysoPC (a C16:0, C17:0, C18:0 and C18:1), PC aa C38:0, and PC ae C42:2. The results show that the use of only the blood metabolome to assess liver metabolism may be hampered by the fact that blood profiles are influenced by the metabolism of many organs, and metabolomics analysis from liver biopsies is a more suitable method to identify distinct metabotypes. Future studies should investigate the stability and reproducibility of the metabotype and phenotypes observed, and the possible predictive value of the metabolites already differing AP between metabotype B and C.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schären
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - B Riefke
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Slopianka
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Keck
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Gruendemann
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - J Wichard
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - N Brunner
- Bayer Animal Health GmbH, 51373 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - S Klein
- Bayer Animal Health GmbH, 51373 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - T Snedec
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - K B Theinert
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - F Pietsch
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - F Rachidi
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - G Köller
- Laboratory of Large Animal Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - E Bannert
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Spilke
- Biometrics and Informatics in Agriculture Group, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Karl-Freiherr-von-Fritsch-Str. 4, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - A Starke
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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19
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Nie C, Li Y, Guan Y, Zhang K, Liu J, Fan M, Qian H, Wang L. Highland barley tea represses palmitic acid-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction via regulating AMPK/SIRT3/FoxO3a in myocytes. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.100893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Stevanović-Silva J, Beleza J, Coxito P, Pereira S, Rocha H, Gaspar TB, Gärtner F, Correia R, Martins MJ, Guimarães T, Martins S, Oliveira PJ, Ascensão A, Magalhães J. Maternal high-fat high-sucrose diet and gestational exercise modulate hepatic fat accumulation and liver mitochondrial respiratory capacity in mothers and male offspring. Metabolism 2021; 116:154704. [PMID: 33421507 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal high-caloric nutrition and related gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are associated with a high-risk for developing metabolic complications later in life and in their offspring. In contrast, exercise is recognized as a non-pharmacological strategy against metabolic dysfunctions associated to lifestyle disorders. Therefore, we investigated whether gestational exercise delays the development of metabolic alterations in GDM mothers later in life, but also protects 6-week-old male offspring from adverse effects of maternal diet. METHODS Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with either control (C) or high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet to induce GDM and submitted to gestational exercise during the 3 weeks of pregnancy. Male offspring were sedentary and fed with C-diet. RESULTS Sedentary HFHS-fed dams exhibited increased gestational body weight gain (p < 0.01) and glucose intolerance (p < 0.01), characteristic of GDM. Their offspring had normal glucose metabolism, but increased early-age body weight, which was reverted by gestational exercise. Gestational exercise also reduced offspring hepatic triglycerides accumulation (p < 0.05) and improved liver mitochondrial respiration capacity (p < 0.05), contributing to the recovery of liver bioenergetics compromised by maternal HFHS diet. Interestingly, liver mitochondrial respiration remained increased by gestational exercise in HFHS-fed dams despite prolonged HFHS consumption and exercise cessation. CONCLUSIONS Gestational exercise can result in liver mitochondrial adaptations in GDM animals, which can be preserved even after the exercise program cessation. Exposure to maternal GDM programs liver metabolic setting of male offspring, whereas gestational exercise appears as an important preventive tool against maternal diet-induced metabolic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Stevanović-Silva
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Jorge Beleza
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology & Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Coxito
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Pereira
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech, University of Coimbra, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Hugo Rocha
- Newborn Screening, Metabolism and Genetics Unit, Human Genetics Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 4000-053 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Bordeira Gaspar
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Cancer Signalling and Metabolism Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Medical Faculty of University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-139 Porto, Portugal; Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Gärtner
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Department of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Glycobiology in Cancer Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto (Ipatimup), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rossana Correia
- HEMS - Histology and Electron Microscopy Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal,; Ipatimup - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Martins
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Department of Biomedicine, Biochemistry Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Guimarães
- Department of Biomedicine, Biochemistry Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Department of Clinical Pathology, São João Hospital Centre, EPE, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Martins
- Department of Clinical Pathology, São João Hospital Centre, EPE, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-091 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech, University of Coimbra, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - António Ascensão
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Magalhães
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
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21
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Szczerbinski L, Golonko A, Taylor M, Puchta U, Konopka P, Paszko A, Citko A, Szczerbinski K, Gorska M, Zabielski P, Błachnio-Zabielska A, Larsen S, Kretowski A. Metabolomic Profile of Skeletal Muscle and Its Change Under a Mixed-Mode Exercise Intervention in Progressively Dysglycemic Subjects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:778442. [PMID: 34938272 PMCID: PMC8685540 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.778442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscles play an essential role in whole-body glucose homeostasis. They are a key organ system engaged in the development of insulin resistance, and also a crucial tissue mediating the beneficial metabolic effects of physical activity. However, molecular mechanisms underlying both these processes in skeletal muscle remain unclear. The aim of our study was to compare metabolomic profiles in skeletal muscle of patients at different stages of dysglycemia, from normoglycemia through prediabetes to T2D, and its changes under a mixed-mode (strength and endurance) exercise intervention. We performed targeted metabolomics comprising several major metabolite classes, including amino acids, biogenic amines and lipid subgroups in skeletal muscles of male patients. Dysglycemic groups differed significantly at baseline in lysophosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelins, glutamine, ornithine, and carnosine. Following the exercise intervention, we detected significant changes in lipids and metabolites related to lipid metabolism, including in ceramides and acylcarnitines. With their larger and more significant change over the intervention and among dysglycemic groups, these findings suggest that lipid species may play a predominant role in both the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and its protection by exercise. Simultaneously, we demonstrated that amino acid metabolism, especially glutamate dysregulation, is correlated to the development of insulin resistance and parallels disturbances in lipid metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Szczerbinski
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- *Correspondence: Lukasz Szczerbinski,
| | - Aleksandra Golonko
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Mark Taylor
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Urszula Puchta
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Paulina Konopka
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Paszko
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna Citko
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Karol Szczerbinski
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Maria Gorska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Zabielski
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Steen Larsen
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Adam Kretowski
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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22
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Krupenko NI, Sharma J, Pediaditakis P, Helke KL, Hall MS, Du X, Sumner S, Krupenko SA. Aldh1l2 knockout mouse metabolomics links the loss of the mitochondrial folate enzyme to deregulation of a lipid metabolism observed in rare human disorder. Hum Genomics 2020; 14:41. [PMID: 33168096 PMCID: PMC7654619 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-020-00291-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial folate enzyme ALDH1L2 (aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member L2) converts 10-formyltetrahydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate and CO2 simultaneously producing NADPH. We have recently reported that the lack of the enzyme due to compound heterozygous mutations was associated with neuro-ichthyotic syndrome in a male patient. Here, we address the role of ALDH1L2 in cellular metabolism and highlight the mechanism by which the enzyme regulates lipid oxidation. Methods We generated Aldh1l2 knockout (KO) mouse model, characterized its phenotype, tissue histology, and levels of reduced folate pools and applied untargeted metabolomics to determine metabolic changes in the liver, pancreas, and plasma caused by the enzyme loss. We have also used NanoString Mouse Inflammation V2 Code Set to analyze inflammatory gene expression and evaluate the role of ALDH1L2 in the regulation of inflammatory pathways. Results Both male and female Aldh1l2 KO mice were viable and did not show an apparent phenotype. However, H&E and Oil Red O staining revealed the accumulation of lipid vesicles localized between the central veins and portal triads in the liver of Aldh1l2-/- male mice indicating abnormal lipid metabolism. The metabolomic analysis showed vastly changed metabotypes in the liver and plasma in these mice suggesting channeling of fatty acids away from β-oxidation. Specifically, drastically increased plasma acylcarnitine and acylglycine conjugates were indicative of impaired β-oxidation in the liver. Our metabolomics data further showed that mechanistically, the regulation of lipid metabolism by ALDH1L2 is linked to coenzyme A biosynthesis through the following steps. ALDH1L2 enables sufficient NADPH production in mitochondria to maintain high levels of glutathione, which in turn is required to support high levels of cysteine, the coenzyme A precursor. As the final outcome, the deregulation of lipid metabolism due to ALDH1L2 loss led to decreased ATP levels in mitochondria. Conclusions The ALDH1L2 function is important for CoA-dependent pathways including β-oxidation, TCA cycle, and bile acid biosynthesis. The role of ALDH1L2 in the lipid metabolism explains why the loss of this enzyme is associated with neuro-cutaneous diseases. On a broader scale, our study links folate metabolism to the regulation of lipid homeostasis and the energy balance in the cell. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40246-020-00291-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia I Krupenko
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jaspreet Sharma
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Peter Pediaditakis
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kristi L Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Madeline S Hall
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xiuxia Du
- Department of Bioinformatics & Genomics, UNC Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Susan Sumner
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sergey A Krupenko
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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23
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Pereyra AS, Rajan A, Ferreira CR, Ellis JM. Loss of Muscle Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 2 Prevents Diet-Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance despite Long-Chain Acylcarnitine Accumulation. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108374. [PMID: 33176143 PMCID: PMC7680579 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess the effects of acylcarnitine accumulation on muscle insulin sensitivity, a model of muscle acylcarnitine accumulation was generated by deleting carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (CPT2) specifically from skeletal muscle (Cpt2Sk-/- mice). CPT2 is an irreplaceable enzyme for mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid oxidation, converting matrix acylcarnitines to acyl-CoAs. Compared with controls, Cpt2Sk-/- muscles do not accumulate anabolic lipids but do accumulate ∼22-fold more long-chain acylcarnitines. High-fat-fed Cpt2Sk-/- mice resist weight gain, adiposity, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and impairments in insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation. Obesity resistance of Cpt2Sk-/- mice could be attributed to increases in lipid excretion via feces, GFD15 production, and energy expenditure. L-carnitine supplement intervention lowers acylcarnitines and improves insulin sensitivity independent of muscle mitochondrial fatty acid oxidative capacity. The loss of muscle CPT2 results in a high degree of long-chain acylcarnitine accumulation, simultaneously protecting against diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Pereyra
- Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Department of Physiology and East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Arvind Rajan
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | | | - Jessica M Ellis
- Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Department of Physiology and East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
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Bruls YMH, op den Kamp YJM, Phielix E, Lindeboom L, Havekes B, Schaart G, Moonen-Kornips E, Wildberger JE, Hesselink MKC, Schrauwen P, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB. L-carnitine infusion does not alleviate lipid-induced insulin resistance and metabolic inflexibility. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239506. [PMID: 32976523 PMCID: PMC7518598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low carnitine status may underlie the development of insulin resistance and metabolic inflexibility. Intravenous lipid infusion elevates plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentration and is a model for simulating insulin resistance and metabolic inflexibility in healthy, insulin sensitive volunteers. Here, we hypothesized that co-infusion of L-carnitine may alleviate lipid-induced insulin resistance and metabolic inflexibility. METHODS In a randomized crossover trial, eight young healthy volunteers underwent hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps (40mU/m2/min) with simultaneous infusion of saline (CON), Intralipid (20%, 90mL/h) (LIPID), or Intralipid (20%, 90mL/h) combined with L-carnitine infusion (28mg/kg) (LIPID+CAR). Ten volunteers were randomized for the intervention arms (CON, LIPID and LIPID+CAR), but two dropped-out during the study. Therefore, eight volunteers participated in all three intervention arms and were included for analysis. RESULTS L-carnitine infusion elevated plasma free carnitine availability and resulted in a more pronounced increase in plasma acetylcarnitine, short-, medium-, and long-chain acylcarnitines compared to lipid infusion, however no differences in skeletal muscle free carnitine or acetylcarnitine were found. Peripheral insulin sensitivity and metabolic flexibility were blunted upon lipid infusion compared to CON but L-carnitine infusion did not alleviate this. CONCLUSION Acute L-carnitine infusion could not alleviated lipid-induced insulin resistance and metabolic inflexibility and did not alter skeletal muscle carnitine availability. Possibly, lipid-induced insulin resistance may also have affected carnitine uptake and may have blunted the insulin-induced carnitine storage in muscle. Future studies are needed to investigate this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne M. H. Bruls
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Departments of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvo J. M. op den Kamp
- Departments of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Phielix
- Departments of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas Lindeboom
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Departments of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Havekes
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Schaart
- Departments of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Moonen-Kornips
- Departments of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim E. Wildberger
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K. C. Hesselink
- Departments of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Departments of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vera B. Schrauwen-Hinderling
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Departments of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Kasepalu T, Kuusik K, Lepner U, Starkopf J, Zilmer M, Eha J, Vähi M, Kals J. Remote ischaemic preconditioning influences the levels of acylcarnitines in vascular surgery: a randomised clinical trial. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2020; 17:76. [PMID: 32968425 PMCID: PMC7501679 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-020-00495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular surgery patients have reduced tissues` blood supply, which may lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and accumulation of acylcarnitines (ACs).
It has been suggested that remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) has its organ protective effect via promoting mitochondrial function.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of RIPC on the profile of ACs in the vascular surgery patients. Methods This is a randomised, sham-controlled, double-blinded, single-centre study. Patients undergoing open surgical repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm, surgical lower limb revascularisation surgery or carotid endarterectomy were recruited non-consecutively. The RIPC protocol consisting of 4 cycles of 5 min of ischaemia, followed by 5 min of reperfusion, was applied. A blood pressure cuff was used for RIPC or a sham procedure. Blood was collected preoperatively and approximately 24 h postoperatively. The profile of ACs was analysed using the AbsoluteIDQp180 kit (Biocrates Life Sciences AG, Innsbruck, Austria). Results Ninety-eight patients were recruited and randomised into the study groups and 45 patients from the RIPC group and 47 patients from the sham group were included in final analysis. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups regarding the changes in C3-OH (p = 0.023)—there was a decrease (− 0.007 µmol/L, ± 0.020 µmol/L, p = 0.0233) in the RIPC group and increase (0.002 µmol/L, ± 0.015 µmol/L, p = 0.481) in the sham group. Additionally, a decrease from baseline to 24 h after surgery (p < 0.05) was detected both in the sham and the RIPC group in the levels of following ACs: C2, C8, C10, C10:1, C12, C12:1, C14:1, C14:2, C16, C16:1, C18, C18:1, C18:2. In the sham group, there was an increase (p < 0.05) in the levels of C0 (carnitine) and a decrease in the level of C18:1-OH. In the RIPC group, a decrease (p < 0.05) was noted in the levels of C3-OH, C3-DC (C4-OH), C6:1, C9, C10:2. Conclusions It can be concluded that RIPC may have an effect on the levels of ACs and might therefore have protective effects on mitochondria in the vascular surgery patients. Further larger studies conducted on homogenous populations are needed to make more definite conclusions about the effect of RIPC on the metabolism of ACs. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov database, NCT02689414. Registered 24 February 2016—Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02689414. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12986-020-00495-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teele Kasepalu
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Puusepa 8, 50406 Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karl Kuusik
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Urmas Lepner
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Puusepa 8, 50406 Tartu, Estonia.,Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Joel Starkopf
- Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mihkel Zilmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaan Eha
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mare Vähi
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaak Kals
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Puusepa 8, 50406 Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
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26
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Mulder S, Hammarstedt A, Nagaraj SB, Nair V, Ju W, Hedberg J, Greasley PJ, Eriksson JW, Oscarsson J, Heerspink HJL. A metabolomics-based molecular pathway analysis of how the sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor dapagliflozin may slow kidney function decline in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22:1157-1166. [PMID: 32115853 PMCID: PMC7317707 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate which metabolic pathways are targeted by the sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor dapagliflozin to explore the molecular processes involved in its renal protective effects. METHODS An unbiased mass spectrometry plasma metabolomics assay was performed on baseline and follow-up (week 12) samples from the EFFECT II trial in patients with type 2 diabetes with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease receiving dapagliflozin 10 mg/day (n = 19) or placebo (n = 6). Transcriptomic signatures from tubular compartments were identified from kidney biopsies collected from patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) (n = 17) and healthy controls (n = 30) from the European Renal cDNA Biobank. Serum metabolites that significantly changed after 12 weeks of dapagliflozin were mapped to a metabolite-protein interaction network. These proteins were then linked with intra-renal transcripts that were associated with DKD or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The impacted metabolites and their protein-coding transcripts were analysed for enriched pathways. RESULTS Of all measured (n = 812) metabolites, 108 changed (P < 0.05) during dapagliflozin treatment and 74 could be linked to 367 unique proteins/genes. Intra-renal mRNA expression analysis of the genes encoding the metabolite-associated proteins using kidney biopsies resulted in 105 genes that were significantly associated with eGFR in patients with DKD, and 135 genes that were differentially expressed between patients with DKD and controls. The combination of metabolites and transcripts identified four enriched pathways that were affected by dapagliflozin and associated with eGFR: glycine degradation (mitochondrial function), TCA cycle II (energy metabolism), L-carnitine biosynthesis (energy metabolism) and superpathway of citrulline metabolism (nitric oxide synthase and endothelial function). CONCLUSION The observed molecular pathways targeted by dapagliflozin and associated with DKD suggest that modifying molecular processes related to energy metabolism, mitochondrial function and endothelial function may contribute to its renal protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skander Mulder
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and PharmacologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Sunil B. Nagaraj
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and PharmacologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Viji Nair
- Michigan UniversityAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Wenjun Ju
- Michigan UniversityAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | | | | | - Jan W. Eriksson
- Department of Medical SciencesUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | | | - Hiddo J. L. Heerspink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and PharmacologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
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27
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San-Millán I, Stefanoni D, Martinez JL, Hansen KC, D’Alessandro A, Nemkov T. Metabolomics of Endurance Capacity in World Tour Professional Cyclists. Front Physiol 2020; 11:578. [PMID: 32581847 PMCID: PMC7291837 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of elite athletes provides a unique opportunity to define the upper limits of human physiology and performance. Across a variety of sports, these individuals have trained to optimize the physiological parameters of their bodies in order to compete on the world stage. To characterize endurance capacity, techniques such as heart rate monitoring, indirect calorimetry, and whole blood lactate measurement have provided insight into oxygen utilization, and substrate utilization and preference, as well as total metabolic capacity. However, while these techniques enable the measurement of individual, representative variables critical for sports performance, they lack the molecular resolution that is needed to understand which metabolic adaptations are necessary to influence these metrics. Recent advancements in mass spectrometry-based analytical approaches have enabled the measurement of hundreds to thousands of metabolites in a single analysis. Here we employed targeted and untargeted metabolomics approaches to investigate whole blood responses to exercise in elite World Tour (including Tour de France) professional cyclists before and after a graded maximal physiological test. As cyclists within this group demonstrated varying blood lactate accumulation as a function of power output, which is an indicator of performance, we compared metabolic profiles with respect to lactate production to identify adaptations associated with physiological performance. We report that numerous metabolic adaptations occur within this physically elite population (n = 21 males, 28.2 ± 4.7 years old) in association with the rate of lactate accumulation during cycling. Correlation of metabolite values with lactate accumulation has revealed metabolic adaptations that occur in conjunction with improved endurance capacity. In this population, cycling induced increases in tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites and Coenzyme A precursors. These responses occurred proportionally to lactate accumulation, suggesting a link between enhanced mitochondrial networks and the ability to sustain higher workloads. In association with lactate accumulation, altered levels of amino acids before and after exercise point to adaptations that confer unique substrate preference for energy production or to promote more rapid recovery. Cyclists with slower lactate accumulation also have higher levels of basal oxidative stress markers, suggesting long term physiological adaptations in these individuals that support their premier competitive status in worldwide competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo San-Millán
- Department of Human Physiology and Nutrition, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Research and Development, UAE Team Emirates, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Davide Stefanoni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Janel L. Martinez
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kirk C. Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Angelo D’Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Travis Nemkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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28
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Sobhi HF, Zhao X, Plomgaard P, Hoene M, Hansen JS, Karus B, Niess AM, Häring HU, Lehmann R, Adams SH, Xu G, Weigert C. Identification and regulation of the xenometabolite derivatives cis- and trans-3,4-methylene-heptanoylcarnitine in plasma and skeletal muscle of exercising humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E701-E709. [PMID: 32101032 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00510.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about xenometabolites in human metabolism, particularly under exercising conditions. Previously, an exercise-modifiable, likely xenometabolite derivative, cis-3,4-methylene-heptanoylcarnitine, was reported in human plasma. Here, we identified trans-3,4-methylene-heptanoylcarnitine, and its cis-isomer, in plasma and skeletal muscle by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. We analyzed the regulation by exercise and the arterial-to-venous differences of these cyclopropane ring-containing carnitine esters over the hepatosplanchnic bed and the exercising leg in plasma samples obtained in three separate studies from young, lean and healthy males. Compared with other medium-chain acylcarnitines, the plasma concentrations of the 3,4-methylene-heptanoylcarnitine isomers only marginally increased with exercise. Both isomers showed a more than twofold increase in the skeletal muscle tissue of the exercising leg; this may have been due to the net effect of fatty acid oxidation in the exercising muscle and uptake from blood. The latter idea is supported by a more than twofold increased net uptake in the exercising leg only. Both isomers showed a constant release from the hepatosplanchnic bed, with an increased release of the trans-isomer after exercise. The isomers differ in their plasma concentration, with a four times higher concentration of the cis-isomer regardless of the exercise state. This is the first approach studying kinetics and fluxes of xenolipid isomers from tissues under exercise conditions, supporting the hypothesis that hepatic metabolism of cyclopropane ring-containing fatty acids is one source of these acylcarnitines in plasma. The data also provide clear evidence for an exercise-dependent regulation of xenometabolites, opening perspectives for future studies about the physiological role of this largely unknown class of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany F Sobhi
- Department of Natural Sciences, Center for Organic Synthesis, Coppin State University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xinjie Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian, China
| | - Peter Plomgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and CMRC, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Miriam Hoene
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jakob S Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and CMRC, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benedikt Karus
- Department for Sports Medicine, University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas M Niess
- Department for Sports Medicine, University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hans U Häring
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Rainer Lehmann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Sean H Adams
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian, China
| | - Cora Weigert
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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29
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Hu C, Hoene M, Plomgaard P, Hansen JS, Zhao X, Li J, Wang X, Clemmesen JO, Secher NH, Häring HU, Lehmann R, Xu G, Weigert C. Muscle-Liver Substrate Fluxes in Exercising Humans and Potential Effects on Hepatic Metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5673517. [PMID: 31825515 PMCID: PMC7062410 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The liver is crucial to maintain energy homeostasis during exercise. Skeletal muscle-derived metabolites can contribute to the regulation of hepatic metabolism. OBJECTIVE We aim to elucidate which metabolites are released from the working muscles and taken up by the liver in exercising humans and their potential influence on hepatic function. METHODS In two separate studies, young healthy men fasted overnight and then performed an acute bout of exercise. Arterial-to-venous differences of metabolites over the hepato-splanchnic bed and over the exercising and resting leg were investigated by capillary electrophoresis- and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics platforms. Liver transcriptome data of exercising mice were analyzed by pathway analysis to find a potential overlap between exercise-regulated metabolites and activators of hepatic transcription. RESULTS During exercise, hepatic O2 uptake and CO2 delivery were increased two-fold. In contrast to all other free fatty acids (FFA), those FFA with 18 or more carbon atoms and a high degree of saturation showed a constant release in the liver vein and only minor changes by exercise. FFA 6:0 and 8:0 were released from the working leg and taken up by the hepato-splanchnic bed. Succinate and malate showed a pronounced hepatic uptake during exercise and were also released from the exercising leg. The transcriptional response in the liver of exercising mice indicates the activation of HIF-, NRF2-, and cAMP-dependent gene transcription. These pathways can also be activated by succinate. CONCLUSION Metabolites circulate between working muscles and the liver and may support the metabolic adaption to exercise by acting both as substrates and as signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiu Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian, China
| | - Miriam Hoene
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Peter Plomgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and CMRC, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob S Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and CMRC, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xinjie Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian, China
| | - Jia Li
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian, China
| | - Jens O Clemmesen
- Department of Hepatology, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels H Secher
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans U Häring
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen at the University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstrasse, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Rainer Lehmann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen at the University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstrasse, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian, China
- Correspondence: Cora Weigert, PhD, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3 72076 Tuebingen, Germany. E-mail: ; and Guowang Xu, PhD, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China. E-mail:
| | - Cora Weigert
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen at the University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstrasse, Oberschleissheim, Germany
- Correspondence: Cora Weigert, PhD, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3 72076 Tuebingen, Germany. E-mail: ; and Guowang Xu, PhD, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China. E-mail:
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30
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Thyfault JP, Rector RS. Exercise Combats Hepatic Steatosis: Potential Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Diabetes 2020; 69:517-524. [PMID: 32198195 PMCID: PMC7085252 DOI: 10.2337/dbi18-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis, the excess storage of intrahepatic lipids, is a rampant clinical problem associated with the obesity epidemic. Hepatic steatosis is linked to increased risk for insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular and advanced liver disease. Accumulating evidence shows that physical activity, exercise, and aerobic capacity have profound effects on regulating intrahepatic lipids and mediating susceptibility for hepatic steatosis. Moreover, exercise can effectively reduce hepatic steatosis independent of changes in body mass. In this perspective, we highlight 1) the relationship between obesity and metabolic pathways putatively driving hepatic steatosis compared with changes induced by exercise; 2) the impact of physical activity, exercise, and aerobic capacity compared with caloric restriction on regulating intrahepatic lipids and steatosis risk; 3) the effects of exercise training (modalities, volume, intensity) for treatment of hepatic steatosis, and 4) evidence for a sustained protection against steatosis induced by exercise. Overall, evidence clearly indicates that exercise powerfully regulates intrahepatic storage of fat and risk for steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Thyfault
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
- Research Service, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO
| | - R Scott Rector
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO
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31
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Ghaffari MH, Sadri H, Schuh K, Dusel G, Prehn C, Adamski J, Koch C, Sauerwein H. Alterations of the acylcarnitine profiles in blood serum and in muscle from periparturient cows with normal or elevated body condition. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:4777-4794. [PMID: 32113781 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to characterize muscle and blood serum acylcarnitine (AcylCN) profiles and to determine the mRNA abundance of muscle carnitine acyltransferases in periparturient dairy cows with high (HBCS) and normal body condition (NBCS). Fifteen weeks antepartum, 38 pregnant multiparous Holstein cows were assigned to 2 groups that were fed differently to reach the targeted BCS and backfat thickness (BFT) until dry-off at -49 d before calving (HBCS: BCS >3.75 and BFT >1.4 cm; NBCS: <3.5 and <1.2 cm). Thereafter, both groups were fed identical diets. Blood samples and biopsies from the semitendinosus muscle were collected on d -49, 3, 21, and 84 relative to calving. Actual BCS at d -49 were 3.02 ± 0.24 and 3.82 ± 0.33 (mean ± SD) for NBCS and HBCS, respectively. In both groups, serum profiles showed marked changes during the periparturient period, with decreasing concentrations of free carnitine and increasing concentrations of long-chain AcylCN. Compared with NBCS, HBCS had greater serum long-chain AcylCN in early lactation, which may point to an insufficient adaptation of their metabolism in response to the metabolic load of fatty acids around parturition. The muscle concentrations of C5-, C9-, C18:1-, and C18:2-AcylCN were lower and those of C14:2-AcylCN were greater in HBCS than in NBCS cows. The mRNA abundance of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)1, muscle isoform (CPT1b) and CPT2 increased from d -49 to early lactation (d 3, d 21), followed by a decline to nearly antepartum values by d 84; this change was not affected by group. In conclusion, over-conditioning around calving seems to be associated with mitochondrial overload, which can result in incomplete fatty acid oxidation in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza H Ghaffari
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology & Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hassan Sadri
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, 516616471 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Katharina Schuh
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology & Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Life Sciences and Engineering, Animal Nutrition and Hygiene Unit, University of Applied Sciences Bingen, 55411 Bingen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Georg Dusel
- Department of Life Sciences and Engineering, Animal Nutrition and Hygiene Unit, University of Applied Sciences Bingen, 55411 Bingen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Cornelia Prehn
- Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan 85350, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Christian Koch
- Educational and Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Hofgut Neumuehle, 67728 Muenchweileran der Alsenz, Germany
| | - Helga Sauerwein
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology & Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Krywawych S, Cleary M, McSweeney M, Heales S. Earwax: A potentially useful medium to identify inborn errors of metabolism? JIMD Rep 2020; 52:72-78. [PMID: 32154062 PMCID: PMC7052688 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Earwax was investigated as a source to identify patients' different inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs). Acylcarnitines, amino acids, and guanidino metabolites were measured from 28 treated patients with 11 different metabolic disorders including 3 organic acidaemias, 2 fatty acid oxidation defects, 6 amino acid disorders, and 1 peroxisomal abnormality. On the basis of the ratio of different acylcarnitine species relative to free carnitine, isovaleric acidaemia, methylmalonic acidaemia, and long‐chain hydroxyacylCoA dehydrogenase deficiency could be discriminated from the other disorders. For amino acids, neither creatinine nor alternative amino acid proved suitable reference standards against which results could be expressed. However, argininosuccinate and alloisoleucine were present in significantly elevated concentrations in two patients with argininosuccinate lyase deficiency and two patients with branched‐chain ketoacid dehydrogenase deficiency. This study has raised the potential of earwax for investigation of IEMs and may also have role in postmortem investigations. In view of its limited invasiveness, earwax also may have a role as a material to monitor treatment responses and compliance in patients with IEMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Krywawych
- Department of Chemical Pathology NIHR BRC Great Ormond Street Hospital Foundation Trust London UK
| | - Maureen Cleary
- Paediatric Laboratory Medicine and Metabolic Medicine Great Ormond Street Hospital Foundation Trust London UK
| | - Mel McSweeney
- Paediatric Laboratory Medicine and Metabolic Medicine Great Ormond Street Hospital Foundation Trust London UK
| | - Simon Heales
- Department of Chemical Pathology NIHR BRC Great Ormond Street Hospital Foundation Trust London UK
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Grapov D, Fiehn O, Campbell C, Chandler CJ, Burnett DJ, Souza EC, Casazza GA, Keim NL, Newman JW, Hunter GR, Fernandez JR, Garvey WT, Hoppel CL, Harper ME, Adams SH. Exercise plasma metabolomics and xenometabolomics in obese, sedentary, insulin-resistant women: impact of a fitness and weight loss intervention. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E999-E1014. [PMID: 31526287 PMCID: PMC6962502 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00091.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance has wide-ranging effects on metabolism, but there are knowledge gaps regarding the tissue origins of systemic metabolite patterns and how patterns are altered by fitness and metabolic health. To address these questions, plasma metabolite patterns were determined every 5 min during exercise (30 min, ∼45% of V̇o2peak, ∼63 W) and recovery in overnight-fasted sedentary, obese, insulin-resistant women under controlled conditions of diet and physical activity. We hypothesized that improved fitness and insulin sensitivity following a ∼14-wk training and weight loss intervention would lead to fixed workload plasma metabolomics signatures reflective of metabolic health and muscle metabolism. Pattern analysis over the first 15 min of exercise, regardless of pre- versus postintervention status, highlighted anticipated increases in fatty acid tissue uptake and oxidation (e.g., reduced long-chain fatty acids), diminution of nonoxidative fates of glucose [e.g., lowered sorbitol-pathway metabolites and glycerol-3-galactoside (possible glycerolipid synthesis metabolite)], and enhanced tissue amino acid use (e.g., drops in amino acids; modest increase in urea). A novel observation was that exercise significantly increased several xenometabolites ("non-self" molecules, from microbes or foods), including benzoic acid-salicylic acid-salicylaldehyde, hexadecanol-octadecanol-dodecanol, and chlorogenic acid. In addition, many nonannotated metabolites changed with exercise. Although exercise itself strongly impacted the global metabolome, there were surprisingly few intervention-associated differences despite marked improvements in insulin sensitivity, fitness, and adiposity. These results and previously reported plasma acylcarnitine profiles support the principle that most metabolic changes during submaximal aerobic exercise are closely tethered to absolute ATP turnover rate (workload), regardless of fitness or metabolic health status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Caitlin Campbell
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California
| | - Carol J Chandler
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California
| | - Dustin J Burnett
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California
| | - Elaine C Souza
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California
| | - Gretchen A Casazza
- Sports Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Nancy L Keim
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California
| | - John W Newman
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Gary R Hunter
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
- Human Studies Department, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jose R Fernandez
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - W Timothy Garvey
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Charles L Hoppel
- Pharmacology Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mary-Ellen Harper
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean H Adams
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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Watt MJ, Miotto PM, De Nardo W, Montgomery MK. The Liver as an Endocrine Organ-Linking NAFLD and Insulin Resistance. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1367-1393. [PMID: 31098621 DOI: 10.1210/er.2019-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a dynamic organ that plays critical roles in many physiological processes, including the regulation of systemic glucose and lipid metabolism. Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Through the use of advanced mass spectrometry "omics" approaches and detailed experimentation in cells, mice, and humans, we now understand that the liver secretes a wide array of proteins, metabolites, and noncoding RNAs (miRNAs) and that many of these secreted factors exert powerful effects on metabolic processes both in the liver and in peripheral tissues. In this review, we summarize the rapidly evolving field of "hepatokine" biology with a particular focus on delineating previously unappreciated communication between the liver and other tissues in the body. We describe the NAFLD-induced changes in secretion of liver proteins, lipids, other metabolites, and miRNAs, and how these molecules alter metabolism in liver, muscle, adipose tissue, and pancreas to induce insulin resistance. We also synthesize the limited information that indicates that extracellular vesicles, and in particular exosomes, may be an important mechanism for intertissue communication in normal physiology and in promoting metabolic dysregulation in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Watt
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paula M Miotto
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - William De Nardo
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
Acylcarnitines are fatty acyl esters of L-carnitine and facilitate the entry of long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria via the carnitine shuttle, where they are metabolized via ß-oxidation. Alterations of acylcarnitine species can be diagnostic for fatty acid oxidation disorders and organic aciduria and are thus frequently used to screen newborns. Only a subfraction of all known acylcarnitines is thereby monitored and quantified. Therefore, a method for the simultaneous fast and robust detection of all known acylcarnitines was developed using a single concise liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) approach. Derivatization by 3-nitrophenylhydrazine increased the signal intensity of the acylcarnitines and a linear elution from a reversed phase column was observed that was dependent on the length of the carbon chain. This allowed a precise prediction of the exact elution time for each acylcarnitine class, which depended solely on the chemical nature of the carbon chain. This method can be further used to screen for yet unknown acylcarnitine species and adds a layer of confidence for their correct identification. Altogether 123 acylcarnitines species were used to establish a targeted low-resolution LC-MS method. The method was applied to acylcarnitine profiling in several mouse tissues and fluids, in order to identify large differences in the quantity and composition of acylcarnitines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Meierhofer
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Hunt H, Fraser K, Cave NJ, Gartrell BD, Petersen J, Roe WD. Untargeted metabolic profiling of dogs with a suspected toxic mitochondrial myopathy using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Toxicon 2019; 166:46-55. [PMID: 31102596 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
'Go Slow myopathy' (GSM) is a suspected toxic myopathy in dogs that primarily occurs in the North Island of New Zealand, and affected dogs usually have a history of consuming meat, offal or bones from wild pigs (including previously frozen and/or cooked meat). Previous epidemiological and pathological studies on GSM have demonstrated that changes in mitochondrial structure and function are most likely caused by an environmental toxin that dogs are exposed to through the ingestion of wild pig. The disease has clinical, histological and biochemical similarities to poisoning in people and animals from the plant Ageratina altissima (white snakeroot). Aqueous and lipid extracts were prepared from liver samples of 24 clinically normal dogs and 15 dogs with GSM for untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Group-wise comparisons of mass spectral data revealed 38 features that were significantly different (FDR<0.05) between normal dogs and those with GSM in aqueous extracts, and 316 significantly different features in lipid extracts. No definitive cause of the myopathy was identified, but alkaloids derived from several plant species were among the possible identities of features that were more abundant in liver samples from affected dogs compared to normal dogs. Mass spectral data also revealed that dogs with GSM have reduced hepatic phospholipid and sphingolipid concentrations relative to normal dogs. In addition, affected dogs had changes in the abundance of kynurenic acid, various dicarboxylic acids and N-acetylated branch chain amino acids, suggestive of mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hunt
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - K Fraser
- Food Nutrition and Health Team, Food and Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - N J Cave
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - B D Gartrell
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J Petersen
- Norvet Services Ltd., Okaihau, New Zealand
| | - W D Roe
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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37
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Liepinsh E, Dambrova M. Letter to the Editor: "Serum Carnitine Metabolites and Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Patients With Suspected Stable Angina Pectoris". J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:4037-4038. [PMID: 30124877 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maija Dambrova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
- Riga Stradins University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga, Latvia
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38
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Rossi A, Ruoppolo M, Formisano P, Villani G, Albano L, Gallo G, Crisci D, Moccia A, Parenti G, Strisciuglio P, Melis D. Insulin-resistance in glycogen storage disease type Ia: linking carbohydrates and mitochondria? J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:985-995. [PMID: 29435782 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0149-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycogen storage disease type I (GSDI) is an inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism caused by mutations of either the G6PC gene (GSDIa) or the SLC37A4 gene (GSDIb). GSDIa patients are at higher risk of developing insulin-resistance (IR). Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the development of IR. Mitochondrial dysfunction can demonstrate abnormalities in plama acylcarnitines (ACs) and urine organic acids (UOA). The aim of the study was to investigate the presence of mitochondrial impairment in GSDI patients and its possible connection with IR. METHODS Fourteen GSDIa, seven GSDIb patients, 28 and 14 age and sex-matched controls, were enrolled. Plasma ACs, UOA, and surrogate markers of IR (HOMA-IR, QUICKI, ISI, VAI) were measured. RESULTS GSDIa patients showed higher short-chain ACs and long-chain ACs levels and increased urinary excretion of lactate, pyruvate, 2-ketoglutarate, 3-methylglutaconate, adipate, suberate, aconitate, ethylmalonate, fumarate, malate, sebacate, 4-octenedioate, 3OH-suberate, and 3-methylglutarate than controls (p < 0.05). GSDIb patients showed higher C0 and C4 levels and increased urinary excretion of lactate, 3-methylglutarate and suberate than controls (p < 0.05). In GSDIa patients C18 levels correlated with insulin serum levels, HOMA-IR, QUICKI, and ISI; long-chain ACs levels correlated with cholesterol, triglycerides, ALT serum levels, and VAI. DISCUSSION Increased plasma ACs and abnormal UOA profile suggest mitochondrial impairment in GSDIa. Correlation data suggest a possible connection between mitochondrial impairment and IR. We hypothesized that mitochondrial overload might generate by-products potentially affecting the insulin signaling pathway, leading to IR. On the basis of the available data, the possible pathomechanism for IR in GSDIa is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Rossi
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Margherita Ruoppolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzates.c.ar.l., Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Formisano
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Clinical Pathology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Villani
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzates.c.ar.l., Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Albano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzates.c.ar.l., Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Gallo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzates.c.ar.l., Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Crisci
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzates.c.ar.l., Naples, Italy
| | - Augusta Moccia
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Clinical Pathology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Parenti
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Pietro Strisciuglio
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Melis
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
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Yang Y, Sadri H, Prehn C, Adamski J, Rehage J, Dänicke S, Saremi B, Sauerwein H. Acylcarnitine profiles in serum and muscle of dairy cows receiving conjugated linoleic acids or a control fat supplement during early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2018; 102:754-767. [PMID: 30343917 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acylcarnitines (ACC) are formed when fatty acid (FA)-coenzyme A enters the mitochondria for β-oxidation and the tricarboxylic acid cycle through the carnitine shuttle. Concentrations of ACC may vary depending on the metabolic conditions, but can accumulate when rates of β-oxidation exceed those of tricarboxylic acid. This study aimed to characterize muscle and blood serum acylcarnitine profiles, to determine the mRNA abundance of muscle carnitine acyltransferases, and to test whether dietary supplementation (from d 1 in milk) with conjugated linoleic acids (CLA; 100 g/d; each 12% of trans-10,cis-12 and cis-9,trans-11 CLA; n = 11) altered these compared with control fat-supplemented cows (CTR; n = 10). Blood samples and biopsies from the semitendinosus musclewere collected on d -21, 1, 21, and 70 relative to parturition. Serum and muscle ACC profiles were quantified using a targeted metabolomics approach. The CLA supplement did not affect the variables examined. The serum concentration of free carnitine decreased with the onset of lactation. The concentrations of acetylcarnitine, hydroxybutyrylcarnitine, and the sum of short-chain ACC in serum were greater from d -21 to 21 than thereafter. The serum concentrations of long-chain ACC tetradecenoylcarnitine (C14:1) and octadecenoylcarnitine (C18:1) concentrations were greater on d 1 and 21 compared with d -21. Muscle carnitine remained unchanged, whereas short- and medium-chain ACC, including propenoylcarnitine (C3:1), hydroxybutyrylcarnitine, hydroxyhexanoylcarnitine, hexenoylcarnitine (C6:1), and pimelylcarnitine were increased on d 21 compared with d -21 and decreased thereafter. In muscle, the concentrations of long-chain ACC (from C14 to C18) were elevated on d 1. The mRNA abundance of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, muscle isoform (CPT1B) increased 2.8-fold from d -21 to 1, followed by a decline to nearly prepartum values by d 70, whereas that of CPT2 did not change over time. The majority of serum and muscle short- and long-chain ACC were positively correlated with the FA concentrations in serum, whereas serum carnitine and C5 were negatively correlated with FA. Time-related changes in the serum and muscle ACC profiles were demonstrated that were not affected by the CLA supplement at the dosage used in the present study. The elevated concentrations of long-chain ACC species in muscle and of serum acetylcarnitine around parturition point to incomplete FA oxidation were likely due to insufficient metabolic adaptation in response to the load of FA around parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yang
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology and Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - H Sadri
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran.
| | - C Prehn
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - J Adamski
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan 85350, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - J Rehage
- Clinic for Cattle, University for Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - S Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - B Saremi
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau, Germany
| | - H Sauerwein
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology and Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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40
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Oscarsson J, Önnerhag K, Risérus U, Sundén M, Johansson L, Jansson PA, Moris L, Nilsson PM, Eriksson JW, Lind L. Effects of free omega-3 carboxylic acids and fenofibrate on liver fat content in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Lipidol 2018; 12:1390-1403.e4. [PMID: 30197273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment with omega-3 fatty acids and fenofibrates reduces serum triglyceride levels, but few studies have compared the effect of these agents on liver fat. OBJECTIVE The aim of the EFFECT I trial (NCT02354976) was to determine the effects of free omega-3 carboxylic acids (OM-3CA) and fenofibrate on liver fat in overweight or obese individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hypertriglyceridemia. METHODS Seventy-eight patients were randomized to receive oral doses of 4 g OM-3CA (n = 25), 200 mg fenofibrate (n = 27), or placebo (n = 26) for 12 weeks in a double-blind, parallel-group study. Liver proton density fat fraction (PDFF) and volume, pancreas volume, and adipose tissue volumes were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Changes in liver PDFF at 12 weeks were not significantly different across treatment groups (relative changes from baseline: placebo, +4%; OM-3CA, -2%; and fenofibrate, +17%). The common PNPLA3 genetic polymorphism (I148M) did not significantly influence the effects of OM-3CA or fenofibrate on liver PDFF. Fenofibrate treatment significantly increased liver and pancreas volumes vs placebo treatment, and the changes in liver and pancreas volumes were positively correlated (rho 0.45, P = .02). Total liver fat volume increased significantly in patients using fenofibrate vs OM-3CA (+23% vs -3%, P = .04). Compared with OM-3CA, fenofibrate increased total liver fat and liver volume. Serum triglycerides decreased with OM-3CA (-26%, P = .02) and fenofibrate (-38%, P < .001) vs placebo. In contrast to OM-3CA, fenofibrate reduced plasma docosahexaenoic acid levels and increased plasma acetylcarnitine and butyrylcarnitine levels, estimated delta-9 desaturase activity and the concentration of urine F2-isoprostanes. CONCLUSIONS OM-3CA and fenofibrate reduced serum triglycerides but did not reduce liver fat. Fenofibrate increased total liver volume and total liver fat volume vs OM-3CA, indicating a complex effect of fenofibrate on human hepatic lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ulf Risérus
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Per-Anders Jansson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linda Moris
- Karolinska Trial Alliance, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Peter M Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Bray GA, Redman LM, de Jonge L, Rood J, Sutton EF, Smith SR. Plasma fatty acyl-carnitines during 8 weeks of overfeeding: relation to diet energy expenditure and body composition: the PROOF study. Metabolism 2018; 83:1-10. [PMID: 29374510 PMCID: PMC9058975 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Overfeeding is a strategy for evaluating the effects of excess energy intake. In this secondary analysis we tested the possibility that different levels of dietary protein might differentially modify the response of fatty acyl-carnitines to overfeeding. METHODS Twenty-three healthy adult men and women were overfed by 40% for 8 weeks while in-patients with diets containing 5% (LPD), 15% (NPD) or 25% (HPD) protein. Plasma fatty acyl-carnitines were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) at baseline and after 8 weeks of overfeeding. Measurements included: body composition by DXA, energy expenditure by ventilated hood and doubly-labeled water, fat cell size from subcutaneous fat biopsies, and fat distribution by CT scan. RESULTS Analysis was done on 5 groups of fatty acyl-carnitines identified by principal components analysis and 6 individual short-chain fatty acyl carnitines. Higher protein intake was associated with significantly lower 8 week levels of medium chain fatty acids and C2, C4-OH and C 6:1, but higher values of C3 and C5:1 acyl-carnitines derived from essential amino acids. In contrast energy and fat intake were only weakly related to changes in fatty acyl-carnitines. A decease or smaller rise in 8 week medium chain acyl-carnitines was associated with an increase in sleeping energy expenditure (P = 0.0004), and fat free mass (P < 0.0001) and a decrease in free fatty acid concentrations (FFA) (P = 0.0067). In contrast changes in short-chain fatty acyl-carnitines were related to changes in resting energy expenditure (P = 0.0026), and fat free mass (P = 0.0007), and C4-OH was positively related to FFA (P = 0006). CONCLUSION Protein intake was the major factor influencing changes in fatty acyl carnitines during overfeeding with higher values of most acyl-fatty acids on the low protein diet. The association of dietary protein and fat intake may explain the changes in energy expenditure and metabolic variables resulting in the observed patterns of fatty acyl carnitines.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Bray
- PBRC, Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States.
| | - Leanne M Redman
- PBRC, Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States.
| | - Lilian de Jonge
- Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States.
| | - Jennifer Rood
- PBRC, Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States.
| | - Elizabeth F Sutton
- PBRC, Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States; Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
| | - Steven R Smith
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, United States.
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42
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Untargeted Metabolomics Profiling of an 80.5 km Simulated Treadmill Ultramarathon. Metabolites 2018; 8:metabo8010014. [PMID: 29438325 PMCID: PMC5876003 DOI: 10.3390/metabo8010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomic profiling of nine trained ultramarathon runners completing an 80.5 km self-paced treadmill-based time trial was carried out. Plasma samples were obtained from venous whole blood, collected at rest and on completion of the distance (post-80.5 km). The samples were analyzed by using high-resolution mass spectrometry in combination with both hydrophilic interaction (HILIC) and reversed phase (RP) chromatography. The extracted putatively identified features were modeled using Simca P 14.1 software (Umetrics, Umea, Sweden). A large number of amino acids decreased post-80.5 km and fatty acid metabolism was affected with an increase in the formation of medium-chain unsaturated and partially oxidized fatty acids and conjugates of fatty acids with carnitines. A possible explanation for the complex pattern of medium-chain and oxidized fatty acids formed is that the prolonged exercise provoked the proliferation of peroxisomes. The peroxisomes may provide a readily utilizable form of energy through formation of acetyl carnitine and other acyl carnitines for export to mitochondria in the muscles; and secondly may serve to regulate the levels of oxidized metabolites of long-chain fatty acids. This is the first study to provide evidence of the metabolic profile in response to prolonged ultramarathon running using an untargeted approach. The findings provide an insight to the effects of ultramarathon running on the metabolic specificities and alterations that may demonstrate cardio-protective effects.
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43
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Goetzman ES, Gong Z, Schiff M, Wang Y, Muzumdar RH. Metabolic pathways at the crossroads of diabetes and inborn errors. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:5-17. [PMID: 28952033 PMCID: PMC6757345 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-017-0091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Research over the past two decades has led to advances in our understanding of the genetic and metabolic factors that underlie the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). While T2DM is defined by its hallmark metabolic symptoms, the genetic risk factors for T2DM are more immune-related than metabolism-related, and the observed metabolic disease may be secondary to chronic inflammation. Regardless, these metabolic changes are not benign, as the accumulation of some metabolic intermediates serves to further drive the inflammation and cell stress, eventually leading to insulin resistance and ultimately to T2DM. Because many of the biochemical changes observed in the pre-diabetic state (i.e., ectopic lipid storage, increased acylcarnitines, increased branched-chain amino acids) are also observed in patients with rare inborn errors of fatty acid and amino acid metabolism, an interesting question is raised regarding whether isolated metabolic gene defects can confer an increased risk for T2DM. In this review, we attempt to address this question by summarizing the literature regarding the metabolic pathways at the crossroads of diabetes and inborn errors of metabolism. Studies using cell culture and animal models have revealed that, within a given pathway, disrupting some genes can lead to insulin resistance while for others there may be no effect or even improved insulin sensitivity. This differential response to ablating a single metabolic gene appears to be dependent upon the specific metabolic intermediates that accumulate and whether these intermediates subsequently activate inflammatory pathways. This highlights the need for future studies to determine whether certain inborn errors may confer increased risk for diabetes as the patients age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Goetzman
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Rangos 5117, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
| | - Zhenwei Gong
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Manuel Schiff
- UMR1141, PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Reference Center for Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Robert Debré University Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Radhika H Muzumdar
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
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44
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Makrecka-Kuka M, Sevostjanovs E, Vilks K, Volska K, Antone U, Kuka J, Makarova E, Pugovics O, Dambrova M, Liepinsh E. Plasma acylcarnitine concentrations reflect the acylcarnitine profile in cardiac tissues. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17528. [PMID: 29235526 PMCID: PMC5727517 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17797-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased plasma concentrations of acylcarnitines (ACs) are suggested as a marker of metabolism disorders. The aim of the present study was to clarify which tissues are responsible for changes in the AC pool in plasma. The concentrations of medium- and long-chain ACs were changing during the fed-fast cycle in rat heart, muscles and liver. After 60 min running exercise, AC content was increased in fasted mice muscles, but not in plasma or heart. After glucose bolus administration in fasted rats, the AC concentrations in plasma decreased after 30 min but then began to increase, while in the muscles and liver, the contents of medium- and long-chain ACs were unchanged or even increased. Only the heart showed a decrease in medium- and long-chain AC contents that was similar to that observed in plasma. In isolated rat heart, but not isolated-contracting mice muscles, the significant efflux of medium- and long-chain ACs was observed. The efflux was reduced by 40% after the addition of glucose and insulin to the perfusion solution. Overall, these results indicate that during fed-fast cycle shifting the heart determines the medium- and long-chain AC profile in plasma, due to a rapid response to the availability of circulating energy substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Makrecka-Kuka
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia.
| | - Eduards Sevostjanovs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Karlis Vilks
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia.,University of Latvia, Faculty of Biology, Jelgavas Str. 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Kristine Volska
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia.,Riga Stradins University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dzirciema Str. 16, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Unigunde Antone
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Janis Kuka
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Elina Makarova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Osvalds Pugovics
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Maija Dambrova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia.,Riga Stradins University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dzirciema Str. 16, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Edgars Liepinsh
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Str. 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia
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45
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Bhattacharyya S, Ali M, Smith WH, Minkler PE, Stoll MS, Hoppel CL, Adams SH. Anesthesia and bariatric surgery gut preparation alter plasma acylcarnitines reflective of mitochondrial fat and branched-chain amino acid oxidation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 313:E690-E698. [PMID: 28830869 PMCID: PMC5814600 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00222.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The period around bariatric surgery offers a unique opportunity to characterize metabolism responses to dynamic shifts in energy, gut function, and anesthesia. We analyzed plasma acylcarnitines in obese women (n = 17) sampled in the overnight fasted/postabsorptive state approximately 1-2 wk before surgery (condition A), the morning of surgery (prior restriction to a 48-h clear liquid diet coupled in some cases a standard polyethylene glycol gut evacuation: condition B), and following induction of anesthesia (condition C). Comparisons tested if 1) plasma acylcarnitine derivatives reflective of fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and xenometabolism would be significantly increased and decreased, respectively, by preoperative gut preparation/negative energy balance (condition A vs. B), and 2) anesthesia would acutely depress markers of FAO. Acylcarnitines associated with fat mobilization and FAO were significantly increased in condition B: long-chain acylcarnitines (i.e., C18:1, ~70%), metabolites from active but incomplete FAO [i.e., C14:1 (161%) and C14:2 (102%)] and medium- to short-chain acylcarnitines [i.e., C2 (91%), R-3-hydroxybutyryl-(245%), C6 (45%), and cis-3,4-methylene-heptanoyl-(17%), etc.]. Branched-chain amino acid markers displayed disparate patterns [i.e., isobutyryl-(40% decreased) vs. isovaleryl carnitine (51% increased)]. Anesthesia reduced virtually every acylcarnitine. These results are consistent with a fasting-type metabolic phenotype coincident with the presurgical "gut preparation" phase of bariatric surgery, and a major and rapid alteration of both fat and amino acid metabolism with onset of anesthesia. Whether presurgical or anesthesia-associated metabolic shifts in carnitine and fuel metabolism impact patient outcomes or surgical risks remains to be evaluated experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeepa Bhattacharyya
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Mohamed Ali
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California; and
| | - William H Smith
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California; and
| | - Paul E Minkler
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Maria S Stoll
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Charles L Hoppel
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sean H Adams
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock, Arkansas
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46
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Ottas A, Fishman D, Okas TL, Püssa T, Toomik P, Märtson A, Kingo K, Soomets U. Blood serum metabolome of atopic dermatitis: Altered energy cycle and the markers of systemic inflammation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188580. [PMID: 29176763 PMCID: PMC5703555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory disease which usually starts in the early childhood and ends before adulthood. However up to 3% of adults remain affected by the disease. The onset and course of the disease is influenced by various genetic and environmental factors. Although the immune system has a great effect on the outcome of the disease, metabolic markers can also try to explain the background of atopic dermatitis. In this study we analyzed the serum of patients with atopic dermatitis using both targeted and untargeted metabolomics approaches. We found the most significant changes to be related to phosphatidylcholines, acylcarnitines and their ratios and a cleavage peptide of Fibrinogen A-α. These findings that have not been reported before will further help to understand this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aigar Ottas
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- * E-mail:
| | - Dmytro Fishman
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Quretec OÜ, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Tõnu Püssa
- Department of Food Hygiene, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Peeter Toomik
- Department of Food Hygiene, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Aare Märtson
- Clinic of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Külli Kingo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tartu; Clinic of Dermatology, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ursel Soomets
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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47
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Hoffmann C, Weigert C. Skeletal Muscle as an Endocrine Organ: The Role of Myokines in Exercise Adaptations. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a029793. [PMID: 28389517 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exercise stimulates the release of proteins with autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine functions produced in skeletal muscle, termed myokines. Based on the current state of knowledge, the major physiological function of myokines is to protect the functionality and to enhance the exercise capacity of skeletal muscle. Myokines control adaptive processes in skeletal muscle by acting as paracrine regulators of fuel oxidation, hypertrophy, angiogenesis, inflammatory processes, and regulation of the extracellular matrix. Endocrine functions attributed to myokines are involved in body weight regulation, low-grade inflammation, insulin sensitivity, suppression of tumor growth, and improvement of cognitive function. Muscle-derived regulatory RNAs and metabolites, as well as the design of modified myokines, are promising novel directions for treatment of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hoffmann
- Division of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cora Weigert
- Division of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
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48
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Exercise is recommended as therapeutic intervention for people at risk to develop type 2 diabetes to prevent or treat the disease. Recent studies on the influence of obesity and type 2 diabetes on the outcome of exercise programs are discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Poor glycemic control before an intervention can be a risk factor of reduced therapeutic benefit from exercise. But the acute metabolic response to exercise and the transcriptional profile of the working muscle is similar in healthy controls and type 2 diabetic patients, including but not limited to intact activation of skeletal muscle AMP-activated kinase signaling, glucose uptake and expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α. The increase in plasma acylcarnitines during exercise is not influenced by type 2 diabetes or obesity. The hepatic response to exercise is dependent on the glucagon/insulin ratio and the exercise-induced increase in hepatokines such as fibroblast growth factor 21 and follistatin is impaired in type 2 diabetes and obesity, but consequences for the benefit from exercise are unknown yet. SUMMARY Severe metabolic dysregulation can reduce the benefit from exercise, but the intact response of key metabolic regulators in exercising skeletal muscle of diabetic patients demonstrates the effectiveness of exercise programs to treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Plomgaard
- aThe Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Centre for Physical Activity Research bDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark cDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology, Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine IV dInstitute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tuebingen eGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tuebingen, Germany
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