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Dong LG, An MQ, Gu HY, Zhang LG, Zhang JB, Li CJ, Mao CJ, Wang F, Liu CF. PACAP/PAC1-R activation contributes to hyperalgesia in 6-OHDA-induced Parkinson's disease model rats via promoting excitatory synaptic transmission of spinal dorsal horn neurons. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:2418-2431. [PMID: 37563446 PMCID: PMC10692161 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain is a common annoying non-motor symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD) that causes distress to patients. Treatment for PD pain remains a big challenge, as its underlying mechanisms are elusive. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptor PAC1-R play important roles in regulating a variety of pathophysiological processes. In this study, we investigated whether PACAP/PAC1-R signaling was involved in the mechanisms of PD pain. 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced PD model was established in rats. Behavioral tests, electrophysiological and Western blotting analysis were conducted 3 weeks later. We found that 6-OHDA rats had significantly lower mechanical paw withdrawal 50% threshold in von Frey filament test and shorter tail flick latency, while mRNA levels of Pacap and Adcyap1r1 (gene encoding PAC1-R) in the spinal dorsal horn were significantly upregulated. Whole-cell recordings from coronal spinal cord slices at L4-L6 revealed that the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) in dorsal horn neurons was significantly increased, which was reversed by application of a PAC1-R antagonist PACAP 6-38 (250 nM). Furthermore, we demonstrated that intrathecal microinjection of PACAP 6-38 (0.125, 0.5, 2 μg) dose-dependently ameliorated the mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in 6-OHDA rats. Inhibition of PACAP/PAC1-R signaling significantly suppressed the activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in spinal dorsal horn of 6-OHDA rats. Microinjection of pAAV-Adcyap1r1 into L4-L6 spinal dorsal horn alleviated hyperalgesia in 6-OHDA rats. Intrathecal microinjection of ERK antagonist PD98059 (10 μg) significantly alleviated hyperalgesia in 6-OHDA rats associated with the inhibition of sEPSCs in dorsal horn neurons. In addition, we found that serum PACAP-38 concentration was significantly increased in PD patients with pain, and positively correlated with numerical rating scale score. In conclusion, activation of PACAP/PAC1-R induces the development of PD pain and targeting PACAP/PAC1-R is an alternative strategy for treating PD pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Guo Dong
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China
| | - Meng-Qi An
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Han-Ying Gu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Li-Ge Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Jin-Bao Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Li
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Mao
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830063, China.
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Slabe Z, Balesar RA, Verwer RWH, Van Heerikhuize JJ, Pechler GA, Zorović M, Hoogendijk WJ, Swaab DF. Alterations in pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and comorbid depression in Alzheimer's disease in the human hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex. Psychol Med 2023; 53:7537-7549. [PMID: 37226771 PMCID: PMC10755247 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723001265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) is involved in the stress response and may play a key role in mood disorders, but no information is available on PACAP for the human brain in relation to mood disorders. METHODS PACAP-peptide levels were determined in a major stress-response site, the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), of people with major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD) and of a unique cohort of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients with and without depression, all with matched controls. The expression of PACAP-(Adcyap1mRNA) and PACAP-receptors was determined in the MDD and BD patients by qPCR in presumed target sites of PACAP in stress-related disorders, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). RESULTS PACAP cell bodies and/or fibres were localised throughout the hypothalamus with differences between immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridisation. In the controls, PACAP-immunoreactivity-(ir) in the PVN was higher in women than in men. PVN-PACAP-ir was higher in male BD compared to the matched male controls. In all AD patients, the PVN-PACAP-ir was lower compared to the controls, but higher in AD depressed patients compared to those without depression. There was a significant positive correlation between the Cornell depression score and PVN-PACAP-ir in all AD patients combined. In the ACC and DLPFC, alterations in mRNA expression of PACAP and its receptors were associated with mood disorders in a differential way depending on the type of mood disorder, suicide, and psychotic features. CONCLUSION The results support the possibility that PACAP plays a role in mood disorder pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zala Slabe
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Korytkova 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rawien A. Balesar
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald W. H. Verwer
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joop J. Van Heerikhuize
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gwyneth A. Pechler
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Korytkova 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Zorović
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Witte J.G. Hoogendijk
- Erasmus University Medical Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick F. Swaab
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Korytkova 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Chen X, Xie L, Sheehy R, Xiong Y, Muneer A, Wrobel J, Park KS, Liu J, Velez J, Luo Y, Li YD, Quintanilla L, Li Y, Xu C, Wen Z, Song J, Jin J, Deshmukh M. Novel brain-penetrant inhibitor of G9a methylase blocks Alzheimer's disease proteopathology for precision medication. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2743792. [PMID: 38045363 PMCID: PMC10690335 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2743792/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Current amyloid beta-targeting approaches for Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapeutics only slow cognitive decline for small numbers of patients. This limited efficacy exists because AD is a multifactorial disease whose pathological mechanism(s) and diagnostic biomarkers are largely unknown. Here we report a new mechanism of AD pathogenesis in which the histone methyltransferase G9a noncanonically regulates translation of a hippocampal proteome that defines the proteopathic nature of AD. Accordingly, we developed a novel brain-penetrant inhibitor of G9a, MS1262, across the blood-brain barrier to block this G9a-regulated, proteopathologic mechanism. Intermittent MS1262 treatment of multiple AD mouse models consistently restored both cognitive and noncognitive functions to healthy levels. Comparison of proteomic/phosphoproteomic analyses of MS1262-treated AD mice with human AD patient data identified multiple pathological brain pathways that elaborate amyloid beta and neurofibrillary tangles as well as blood coagulation, from which biomarkers of early stage of AD including SMOC1 were found to be affected by MS1262 treatment. Notably, these results indicated that MS1262 treatment may reduce or avoid the risk of blood clot burst for brain bleeding or a stroke. This mouse-to-human conservation of G9a-translated AD proteopathology suggests that the global, multifaceted effects of MS1262 in mice could extend to relieve all symptoms of AD patients with minimum side effect. In addition, our mechanistically derived biomarkers can be used for stage-specific AD diagnosis and companion diagnosis of individualized drug effects.
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Wang Q, Wang Y, Li S, Shi J. PACAP-Sirtuin3 alleviates cognitive impairment through autophagy in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:184. [PMID: 37891608 PMCID: PMC10605376 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01334-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is vital in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. Thus far, no studies have specifically investigated the relationship between pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and autophagy, particularly in the context of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study used in vitro and in vivo models, along with clinical samples, to explore interactions between PACAP and autophagy in AD. METHODS AD model mice were administered 6 μl of 0.1 mg/ml PACAP liquid intranasally for 4 weeks, then subjected to behavioral analyses to assess the benefits of PACAP treatment. The underlying mechanisms of PACAP-induced effects were investigated by methods including real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, RNA sequencing, immunofluorescence, and western blotting. Exosomes were extracted from human serum and subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to examine autophagy pathways. The clinical and therapeutic implications of PACAP and autophagy were extensively investigated throughout the experiment. RESULTS Impaired autophagy was a critical step in amyloid β (Aβ) and Tau deposition; PACAP enhanced autophagy and attenuated cognitive impairment. RNA sequencing revealed three pathways that may be involved in AD progression: PI3K-AKT, mTOR, and AMPK. In vivo and in vitro studies showed that sirtuin3 knockdown diminished the ability of PACAP to restore normal autophagy function, resulting in phagocytosis dysregulation and the accumulation of pTau, Tau, and Aβ. Additionally, the autophagic biomarker MAP1LC3 demonstrated a positive association with PACAP in human serum. CONCLUSIONS PACAP reverses AD-induced cognitive impairment through autophagy, using sirtuin3 as a key mediator. MAP1LC3 has a positive relationship with PACAP in humans. These findings provide insights regarding potential uses of intranasal PACAP and sirtuin3 agonists in AD treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04320368.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119, South 4Th Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119, South 4Th Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiping Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119, South 4Th Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China.
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jiong Shi
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119, South 4Th Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China.
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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5
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Xie L, Sheehy RN, Xiong Y, Muneer A, Wrobel JA, Park KS, Velez J, Liu J, Luo YJ, Li YD, Quintanilla L, Li Y, Xu C, Deshmukh M, Wen Z, Jin J, Song J, Chen X. Novel brain-penetrant inhibitor of G9a methylase blocks Alzheimer's disease proteopathology for precision medication. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.10.25.23297491. [PMID: 37961307 PMCID: PMC10635198 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.25.23297491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Current amyloid beta-targeting approaches for Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapeutics only slow cognitive decline for small numbers of patients. This limited efficacy exists because AD is a multifactorial disease whose pathological mechanism(s) and diagnostic biomarkers are largely unknown. Here we report a new mechanism of AD pathogenesis in which the histone methyltransferase G9a noncanonically regulates translation of a hippocampal proteome that defines the proteopathic nature of AD. Accordingly, we developed a novel brain-penetrant inhibitor of G9a, MS1262, across the blood-brain barrier to block this G9a-regulated, proteopathologic mechanism. Intermittent MS1262 treatment of multiple AD mouse models consistently restored both cognitive and noncognitive functions to healthy levels. Comparison of proteomic/phosphoproteomic analyses of MS1262-treated AD mice with human AD patient data identified multiple pathological brain pathways that elaborate amyloid beta and neurofibrillary tangles as well as blood coagulation, from which biomarkers of early stage of AD including SMOC1 were found to be affected by MS1262 treatment. Notably, these results indicated that MS1262 treatment may reduce or avoid the risk of blood clot burst for brain bleeding or a stroke. This mouse-to-human conservation of G9a-translated AD proteopathology suggests that the global, multifaceted effects of MS1262 in mice could extend to relieve all symptoms of AD patients with minimum side effect. In addition, our mechanistically derived biomarkers can be used for stage-specific AD diagnosis and companion diagnosis of individualized drug effects. One-Sentence Summary A brain-penetrant inhibitor of G9a methylase blocks G9a translational mechanism to reverse Alzheimer's disease related proteome for effective therapy.
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Fehér M, Márton Z, Szabó Á, Kocsa J, Kormos V, Hunyady Á, Kovács LÁ, Ujvári B, Berta G, Farkas J, Füredi N, Gaszner T, Pytel B, Reglődi D, Gaszner B. Downregulation of PACAP and the PAC1 Receptor in the Basal Ganglia, Substantia Nigra and Centrally Projecting Edinger-Westphal Nucleus in the Rotenone model of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11843. [PMID: 37511603 PMCID: PMC10380602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson's disease (PD) demonstrate that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) conveys its strong neuroprotective actions mainly via its specific PAC1 receptor (PAC1R) in models of PD. We recently described the decrease in PAC1R protein content in the basal ganglia of macaques in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of PD that was partially reversed by levodopa therapy. In this work, we tested whether these observations occur also in the rotenone model of PD in the rat. The rotarod test revealed motor skill deterioration upon rotenone administration, which was reversed by benserazide/levodopa (B/L) treatment. The sucrose preference test suggested increased depression level while the open field test showed increased anxiety in rats rendered parkinsonian, regardless of the received B/L therapy. Reduced dopaminergic cell count in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) diminished the dopaminergic fiber density in the caudate-putamen (CPu) and decreased the peptidergic cell count in the centrally projecting Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EWcp), supporting the efficacy of rotenone treatment. RNAscope in situ hybridization revealed decreased PACAP mRNA (Adcyap1) and PAC1R mRNA (Adcyap1r1) expression in the CPu, globus pallidus, dopaminergic SNpc and peptidergic EWcp of rotenone-treated rats, but no remarkable downregulation occurred in the insular cortex. In the entopeduncular nucleus, only the Adcyap1r1 mRNA was downregulated in parkinsonian animals. B/L therapy attenuated the downregulation of Adcyap1 in the CPu only. Our current results further support the evolutionarily conserved role of the PACAP/PAC1R system in neuroprotection and its recruitment in the development/progression of neurodegenerative states such as PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté Fehér
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaposi Mór Teaching Hospital, Tallián Gy. u. 20-32, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Zsombor Márton
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ákos Szabó
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - János Kocsa
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Viktória Kormos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Hunyady
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Ákos Kovács
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Ujvári
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gergely Berta
- Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscopic Laboratory, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - József Farkas
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Nóra Füredi
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Gaszner
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Bence Pytel
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dóra Reglődi
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- ELKH-PTE PACAP Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Gaszner
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
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Toth D, Reglodi D, Schwieters L, Tamas A. Role of endocrine PACAP in age-related diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1118927. [PMID: 36967746 PMCID: PMC10033946 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1118927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a conserved neuropeptide, which confers diverse anti-aging endocrine and paracrine/autocrine effects, including anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant action. The results of the in vivo and in vitro experiments show that increasing emphasis is being placed on the diagnostic/prognostic biomarker potential of this neuropeptide in a wide array of age-related diseases. After the initial findings regarding the presence and alteration of PACAP in different body fluids in physiological processes, an increasing number of studies have focused on the changes of its levels in various pathological conditions associated with advanced aging. Until 2016 - when the results of previous human studies were reviewed - a vast majority of the studies had dealt with age-related neurological diseases, like cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, multiple sclerosis, as well as some other common diseases in elderly such as migraine, traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic stress disorder, chronic hepatitis and nephrotic syndrome. The aim of this review is to summarize the old and the new results and highlight those 'classical' and emerging clinical fields in which PACAP may become subject to further investigation as a diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarker in age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denes Toth
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, ELKH-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Lili Schwieters
- Department of Anatomy, ELKH-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, ELKH-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Andrea Tamas,
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8
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Cunliffe G, Lim YT, Chae W, Jung S. Alternative Pharmacological Strategies for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Focus on Neuromodulator Function. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123064. [PMID: 36551821 PMCID: PMC9776382 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, comprising 70% of dementia diagnoses worldwide and affecting 1 in 9 people over the age of 65. However, the majority of its treatments, which predominantly target the cholinergic system, remain insufficient at reversing pathology and act simply to slow the inevitable progression of the disease. The most recent neurotransmitter-targeting drug for AD was approved in 2003, strongly suggesting that targeting neurotransmitter systems alone is unlikely to be sufficient, and that research into alternate treatment avenues is urgently required. Neuromodulators are substances released by neurons which influence neurotransmitter release and signal transmission across synapses. Neuromodulators including neuropeptides, hormones, neurotrophins, ATP and metal ions display altered function in AD, which underlies aberrant neuronal activity and pathology. However, research into how the manipulation of neuromodulators may be useful in the treatment of AD is relatively understudied. Combining neuromodulator targeting with more novel methods of drug delivery, such as the use of multi-targeted directed ligands, combinatorial drugs and encapsulated nanoparticle delivery systems, may help to overcome limitations of conventional treatments. These include difficulty crossing the blood-brain-barrier and the exertion of effects on a single target only. This review aims to highlight the ways in which neuromodulator functions are altered in AD and investigate how future therapies targeting such substances, which act upstream to classical neurotransmitter systems, may be of potential therapeutic benefit in the sustained search for more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Cunliffe
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Yi Tang Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore
- Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore
| | - Woori Chae
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyong Jung
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
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9
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Tian Y, Lu Y, Cao Y, Dang C, Wang N, Tian K, Luo Q, Guo E, Luo S, Wang L, Li Q. Identification of diagnostic signatures associated with immune infiltration in Alzheimer’s disease by integrating bioinformatic analysis and machine-learning strategies. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:919614. [PMID: 35966794 PMCID: PMC9372364 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.919614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective As a chronic neurodegenerative disorder, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of progressive dementia. The purpose of this study was to identify diagnostic signatures of AD and the effect of immune cell infiltration in this pathology. Methods The expression profiles of GSE109887, GSE122063, GSE28146, and GSE1297 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to obtain differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between AD and control brain samples. Functional enrichment analysis was performed to reveal AD-associated biological functions and key pathways. Besides, we applied the Least Absolute Shrinkage Selection Operator (LASSO) and support vector machine-recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) analysis to screen potential diagnostic feature genes in AD, which were further tested in AD brains of the validation cohort (GSE5281). The discriminatory ability was then assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC). Finally, the CIBERSORT algorithm and immune cell infiltration analysis were employed to assess the inflammatory state of AD. Results A total of 49 DEGs were identified. The functional enrichment analysis revealed that leukocyte transendothelial migration, cytokine receptor interaction, and JAK-STAT signaling pathway were enriched in the AD group. MAF basic leucine zipper transcription factor F (MAFF), ADCYAP1, and ZFP36L1 were identified as the diagnostic biomarkers of AD with high discriminatory ability (AUC = 0.850) and validated in AD brains (AUC = 0.935). As indicated from the immune cell infiltration analysis, naive B cells, plasma cells, activated/resting NK cells, M0 macrophages, M1 macrophages, resting CD4+ T memory cells, resting mast cells, memory B cells, and resting/activated dendritic cells may participate in the development of AD. Additionally, all diagnostic signatures presented different degrees of correlation with different infiltrating immune cells. Conclusion MAFF, ADCYAP1, and ZFP36L1 may become new candidate biomarkers of AD, which were closely related to the pathogenesis of AD. Moreover, the immune cells mentioned above may play crucial roles in disease occurrence and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tian
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yaoheng Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Chengdu Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuze Cao
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Dang
- West China Medical Publishers, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kuo Tian
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qiqi Luo
- Department of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Erliang Guo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shanshun Luo
- Department of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Shanshun Luo,
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Lihua Wang,
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Li,
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10
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Aczel D, Gyorgy B, Bakonyi P, BukhAri R, Pinho R, Boldogh I, Yaodong G, Radak Z. The Systemic Effects of Exercise on the Systemic Effects of Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11051028. [PMID: 35624892 PMCID: PMC9137920 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11051028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive degenerative disorder and a leading cause of dementia in the elderly. The etiology of AD is multifactorial, including an increased oxidative state, deposition of amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles of the tau protein. The formation of amyloid plaques is considered one of the first signs of the illness, but only in the central nervous system (CNS). Interestingly, results indicate that AD is not just localized in the brain but is also found in organs distant from the brain, such as the cardiovascular system, gut microbiome, liver, testes, and kidney. These observations make AD a complex systemic disorder. Still, no effective medications have been found, but regular physical activity has been considered to have a positive impact on this challenging disease. While several articles have been published on the benefits of physical activity on AD development in the CNS, its peripheral effects have not been discussed in detail. The provocative question arising is the following: is it possible that the beneficial effects of regular exercise on AD are due to the systemic impact of training, rather than just the effects of exercise on the brain? If so, does this mean that the level of fitness of these peripheral organs can directly or indirectly influence the incidence or progress of AD? Therefore, the present paper aims to summarize the systemic effects of both regular exercise and AD and point out how common exercise-induced adaptation via peripheral organs can decrease the incidence of AD or attenuate the progress of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Aczel
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, 1123 Budapest, Hungary; (D.A.); (B.G.); (P.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Bernadett Gyorgy
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, 1123 Budapest, Hungary; (D.A.); (B.G.); (P.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Peter Bakonyi
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, 1123 Budapest, Hungary; (D.A.); (B.G.); (P.B.); (R.B.)
| | - RehAn BukhAri
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, 1123 Budapest, Hungary; (D.A.); (B.G.); (P.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Ricardo Pinho
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry in Health, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil;
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Gu Yaodong
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Zsolt Radak
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, 1123 Budapest, Hungary; (D.A.); (B.G.); (P.B.); (R.B.)
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-1-3565764; Fax: +36-1-3566337
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11
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Examination of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in Parkinson’s disease focusing on correlations with motor symptoms. GeroScience 2022; 44:785-803. [PMID: 35220508 PMCID: PMC9135934 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroprotective effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) have been shown in numerous in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson’s disease (PD) supporting the theory that PACAP could have an important role in the pathomechanism of the disorder affecting mostly older patients. Earlier studies found changes in PACAP levels in neurological disorders; therefore, the aim of our study was to examine PACAP in plasma samples of PD patients. Peptide levels were measured with ELISA and correlated with clinical parameters, age, stage of the disorder based on the Hoehn and Yahr (HY) scale, subtype of the disease, treatment, and specific scores measuring motor and non-motor symptoms, such as movement disorder society-unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale (MDS-UPDRS), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), Parkinson’s disease sleep scale (PDSS-2), and Beck depression inventory (BDI). Our results showed significantly decreased PACAP levels in PD patients without deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy and in akinetic-rigid subtype; additionally we also observed a further decrease in the HY stage 3 and 4. Elevated PACAP levels were found in patients with DBS. There were no significant correlations between PACAP level with MDS-UPDRS, type of pharmacological treatment, PDSS-2 sleepiness, or depression (BDI) scales, but we found increased PACAP level in patients with more severe sleepiness problems based on the ESS scale. Based on these results, we suggest that following the alterations of PACAP with other frequently used clinical biomarkers in PD patients might improve strategic planning of further therapeutic interventions and help to provide a clearer prognosis regarding the future perspective of the disease.
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12
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Pöstyéni E, Szabadfi K, Sétáló G, Gabriel R. A Promising Combination: PACAP and PARP Inhibitor Have Therapeutic Potential in Models of Diabetic and Hypertensive Retinopathies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123470. [PMID: 34943979 PMCID: PMC8700737 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and hypertension are complex pathologies with increasing prevalence nowadays. Their interconnected pathways are frequently manifested in retinopathies. Severe retinal consequences and their tight connections as well as their possible treatments are particularly important to retinal research. In the present, work we induced diabetes with streptozotocin in spontaneously hypertensive rats and treated them either with PACAP or olaparib and alternatively with both agents. Morphological and immunohistochemical analyses were carried out to describe cell-specific changes during pathologies and after different treatments. Diabetes and hypertension caused massive structural and cellular changes especially when they were elicited together. Hypertension was crucial in the formation of ONL and OPL damage while diabetes caused significant differences in retinal thickness, OPL thickness and in the cell number of the GCL. In diabetes, double neuroprotective treatment ameliorated changes of calbindin-positive cells, rod bipolar cells and dopaminergic amacrine cells. Double treatment was curative in hypertensive diabetic rat retinas, especially in the case of rod bipolar and parvalbumin-positive cells compared to untreated or single-treated retinas. Our results highlighted the promising therapeutic benefits of olaparib and PACAP in these severe metabolic retinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etelka Pöstyéni
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (E.P.); (K.S.)
| | - Krisztina Szabadfi
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (E.P.); (K.S.)
| | - György Sétáló
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Robert Gabriel
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (E.P.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Tamás A, Tóth D, Pham D, Loibl C, Rendeki S, Csontos C, Rozanovic M, Bogár L, Polgár B, Németh J, Gyenesei A, Herczeg R, Szántó Z, Reglődi D. Changes of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) level in polytrauma patients in the early post-traumatic period. Peptides 2021; 146:170645. [PMID: 34478801 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In polytrauma patients who survive the primary insult, the imbalance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory processes seems to be responsible for life-threatening complications such as sepsis or multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) is a standard way for differentiating between infectious (bacterial) and non-infectious inflammation. Monitoring of immune cell functions, like leukocyte anti-sedimentation rate (LAR) can also be useful to diagnose infectious complications. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with well-known immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of our study was to determine the changes of PACAP38 levels in polytrauma patients in the early post-traumatic period in intensive care unit and analyse possible correlation of its level with conventional (CRP, PCT) and unconventional (LAR) laboratory parameters. Twenty polytrauma patients were enrolled. Blood samples were taken daily for five days. We observed significant correlation between PACAP38 and CRP levels on day 4 and 5 as well as between PACAP38 and LAR levels all of the days. This could be due to the anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective functions of PACAP38 as part of an endogenous response to the trauma induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome. These significant correlations could have clinical importance in monitoring the dynamic balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory processes in case of polytraumatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tamás
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Dénes Tóth
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Dániel Pham
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Csaba Loibl
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Szilárd Rendeki
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Csaba Csontos
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Martin Rozanovic
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Lajos Bogár
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Beáta Polgár
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - József Németh
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Attila Gyenesei
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Róbert Herczeg
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Zalán Szántó
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Dóra Reglődi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
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14
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Hu S, Huang S, Ma J, Li D, Zhao Z, Zheng J, Li M, Wang Z, Sun W, Shi X. Correlation of Decreased Serum Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Levels With Non-motor Symptoms in Patients With Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:689939. [PMID: 34566619 PMCID: PMC8457255 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.689939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Pituitary adenylate-cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are two neuropeptides that exhibit anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, modulating the production of cytokines and chemokines, and the behavior of immune cells. However, the relationship between PACAP and VIP levels and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are not clear. The aim of the current study was to evaluate serum PACAP and VIP levels in PD patients and to analysis the correlation between neuropeptide levels and non-motor symptoms. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we enrolled 72 patients with idiopathic PD and 71 healthy volunteers. Serum PACAP and VIP levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Non-motor symptoms were assessed with the Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS) for PD, including total and single-item scores. Results: The serum PACAP levels of PD patients were significantly lower than those of healthy controls [(76.02 ± 43.78) pg/ml vs. (154.96 ± 76.54) pg/ml, P < 0.001]; and the serum VIP levels of PD patients were also significantly lower than those of healthy controls [(109.56 ± 15.39) pg/ml vs. (136.46 ± 24.16) pg/ml, P < 0.001]. PACAP levels were inversely correlated only with the score on NMSS item five, assessing Attention/memory (r = −0.276, P < 0.05) and lower serum PACAP levels were detected in the cognitive dysfunction subgroup than in the cognitively intact subgroup [(61.87 ± 32.66) pg/ml vs. (84.51 ± 47.59) pg/ml, P < 0.05]; meanwhile, VIP levels were inversely correlated with the NMSS total score (r = −0.285, P < 0.05) and the single-item scores for item one, assessing Cardiovascular (r = −0.257, P < 0.05) and item three, assessing Mood/cognition (r = −0.373, P < 0.05), and lower serum VIP levels were detected in the anxiety subgroup and depression subgroup than in the non-anxiety subgroup and non-depression subgroup, respectively [(107.45 ± 15.40) pg/ml vs. (116.41 ± 13.67) pg/ml, P < 0.05]; [(104.45 ± 15.26) pg/ml vs. (113.43 ± 14.52) pg/ml, P < 0.05]. Conclusion: The serum PACAP and VIP levels of PD patients were significantly lower than those of healthy controls. The non-motor symptoms significantly negatively correlated with serum PACAP level was cognitive dysfunction, while mood disorder was significantly correlated with serum VIP level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Hu
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shen Huang
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Ma
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenxiang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinhua Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingjian Li
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhidong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Sun
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxue Shi
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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15
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Wang T, Li Y, Guo M, Dong X, Liao M, Du M, Wang X, Yin H, Yan H. Exosome-Mediated Delivery of the Neuroprotective Peptide PACAP38 Promotes Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival and Axon Regeneration in Rats With Traumatic Optic Neuropathy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:659783. [PMID: 33889576 PMCID: PMC8055942 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.659783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) refers to optic nerve damage caused by trauma, leading to partial or complete loss of vision. The primary treatment options, such as hormonal therapy and surgery, have limited efficacy. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 38 (PACAP38), a functional endogenous neuroprotective peptide, has emerged as a promising therapeutic agent. In this study, we used rat retinal ganglion cell (RGC) exosomes as nanosized vesicles for the delivery of PACAP38 loaded via the exosomal anchor peptide CP05 (EXOPACAP38). EXOPACAP38 showed greater uptake efficiency in vitro and in vivo than PACAP38. The results showed that EXOPACAP38 significantly enhanced the RGC survival rate and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in a rat TON model. Moreover, EXOPACAP38 significantly promoted axon regeneration and optic nerve function after injury. These findings indicate that EXOPACAP38 can be used as a treatment option and may have therapeutic implications for patients with TON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Miao Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengyu Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mei Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haifang Yin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular Homeostasis and Human Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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16
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Ben-Shushan S, Miller Y. Neuropeptides: Roles and Activities as Metal Chelators in Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:2796-2811. [PMID: 33570949 PMCID: PMC8389909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c11151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), are characterized by deposits of amyloid proteins. The homeostasis of metal ions is crucial for the normal biological functions in the brain. However, in AD and PD, the imbalance of metal ions leads to formation of amyloid deposits. In the past four decades, there has been extensive effort to design compound agents than can chelate metal ions with the aim of preventing the formation of the amyloid deposits. Unfortunately, the compounds to date that were designed were not successful candidates to be used in clinical trials. Neuropeptides are small molecules that are produced and released by neurons. It has been shown that neuropeptides have neuroprotective effects in the brain and reduce the formation of amyloid deposits. This Review Article is focused on the function of neuropeptides as metal chelators. Experimental and computational studies demonstrated that neuropeptides could bind metal ions, such as Cu2+ and Zn2+. This Review Article provides perspectives and initiates future studies to investigate the role of neuropeptides as metal chelators in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Ben-Shushan
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel.,Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Yifat Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel.,Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
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17
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Ma QL, Zhu C, Morselli M, Su T, Pelligrini M, Lu Z, Jones M, Denver P, Castro D, Gu X, Relampagos F, Caoili K, Teter B, Frautschy SA, Cole GM. The Novel Omega-6 Fatty Acid Docosapentaenoic Acid Positively Modulates Brain Innate Immune Response for Resolving Neuroinflammation at Early and Late Stages of Humanized APOE-Based Alzheimer's Disease Models. Front Immunol 2020; 11:558036. [PMID: 33178186 PMCID: PMC7596305 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.558036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), in which activated microglia are found to be associated with neurodegeneration. However, there is limited evidence showing how neuroinflammation and activated microglia are directly linked to neurodegeneration in vivo. Besides, there are currently no effective anti-inflammatory drugs for AD. In this study, we report on an effective anti-inflammatory lipid, linoleic acid (LA) metabolite docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn-6) treatment of aged humanized EFAD mice with advanced AD pathology. We also report the associations of neuroinflammatory and/or activated microglial markers with neurodegeneration in vivo. First, we found that dietary LA reduced proinflammatory cytokines of IL1-β, IL-6, as well as mRNA expression of COX2 toward resolving neuroinflammation with an increase of IL-10 in adult AD models E3FAD and E4FAD mice. Brain fatty acid assays showed a five to six-fold increase in DPAn-6 by dietary LA, especially more in E4FAD mice, when compared to standard diet. Thus, we tested DPAn-6 in aged E4FAD mice. After DPAn-6 was administered to the E4FAD mice by oral gavage for three weeks, we found that DPAn-6 reduced microgliosis and mRNA expressions of inflammatory, microglial, and caspase markers. Further, DPAn-6 increased mRNA expressions of ADCYAP1, VGF, and neuronal pentraxin 2 in parallel, all of which were inversely correlated with inflammatory and microglial markers. Finally, both LA and DPAn-6 directly reduced mRNA expression of COX2 in amyloid-beta42 oligomer-challenged BV2 microglial cells. Together, these data indicated that DPAn-6 modulated neuroinflammatory responses toward resolution and improvement of neurodegeneration in the late stages of AD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Lan Ma
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Geriatric Research and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Cansheng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Geriatric Research and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Marco Morselli
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Trent Su
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Matteo Pelligrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zhengqi Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mychica Jones
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Geriatric Research and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Paul Denver
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Geriatric Research and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Castro
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Geriatric Research and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xuelin Gu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Geriatric Research and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Frances Relampagos
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Geriatric Research and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kaitlin Caoili
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Geriatric Research and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Bruce Teter
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Geriatric Research and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sally A Frautschy
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Geriatric Research and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gregory M Cole
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Geriatric Research and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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18
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Toth D, Veszpremi B, Koppan M, Tamas A, Szogyi D, Brubel R, Nemeth J, Shams M, Reglodi D. Investigation of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) in human amniotic fluid samples. Reprod Biol 2020; 20:491-495. [PMID: 32859528 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide acting as a hormone, a neuromodulator, a neurotransmitter, a trophic factor and is involved in a variety of developmental and regenerative processes. PACAP is present in several human tissues and biological fluids. In many pathological conditions, changes in PACAP levels have been described to reflect disease progression, therefore PACAP has diagnostic value as a potential biomarker. Since PACAP has been shown to play an important role in reproductive physiology and development, it was of interest to examine whether this neuropeptide occurs in the human amniotic fluid. Amniotic fluid samples were collected between the 15-19th weeks of gestation from volunteering pregnant women undergoing amniocentesis as a prenatal diagnostic tool due to maternal age. Pathological cases were excluded after prenatal karyotype analysis. PACAP-like immunoreactivity was measured by radioimmunoassay and could be detected in all samples. The present study provides evidence for the presence of PACAP in human amniotic fluid, but determination of the exact physiological or pathological significance awaits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denes Toth
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Bela Veszpremi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pécs Medical School, Édesanyák útja 17, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Miklos Koppan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pécs Medical School, Édesanyák útja 17, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Donat Szogyi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Reka Brubel
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Jozsef Nemeth
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mahsa Shams
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
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19
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Perényi H, Szegeczki V, Horváth G, Hinnah B, Tamás A, Radák Z, Ábrahám D, Zákány R, Reglodi D, Juhász T. Physical Activity Protects the Pathological Alterations of Alzheimer's Disease Kidneys via the Activation of PACAP and BMP Signaling Pathways. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:243. [PMID: 32922265 PMCID: PMC7457084 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with typical amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregations. Elimination of the Aβ precursors via the kidneys makes the organ a potential factor in the systemic degeneration leading to AD. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) exerts neuroprotective effects in AD and plays a protective role in kidney pathologies. Increased physical activity is preventive of the formation of AD, but its detailed mechanism and possible connections with PACAP have not been clarified. In the kidneys of AD mice, the effects of physical activity were investigated by comparing wild-type and AD organs. Aβ plaque formation was reduced in AD kidneys after increased training (TAD). Mechanotransduction elevated PACAP receptor expression in TAD mice and normalized the protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated pathways. BMP4/BMPR1 elevation activated Smad1 expression and normalized collagen type IV in TAD animals. In conclusion, our data suggest that elevated physical activity can prevent the AD-induced pathological changes in the kidneys via, at least in part, the activation of PACAP-BMP signaling crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Perényi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Vince Szegeczki
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Horváth
- Department of Anatomy, PTE-MTA PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Barbara Hinnah
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tamás
- Department of Anatomy, PTE-MTA PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Radák
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Ábrahám
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, PTE-MTA PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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20
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Nonaka N, Banks WA, Shioda S. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide: Protective effects in stroke and dementia. Peptides 2020; 130:170332. [PMID: 32445876 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Evidence shows that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) improves stroke outcomes and dementia. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) controls the peptide and regulatory protein exchange between the central nervous system and the blood; the transport of these regulatory substances across the BBB has been altered in animal models of stroke and Alzheimer's disease (AD). PACAP is a powerful neurotrophin that can cross the BBB, which may aid in the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases, including stroke and AD. PACAP may function as a potential drug in the treatment, prevention, or management of stroke and AD and other neurodegenerative conditions. Here, we review the effects of PACAP in studies on stroke and dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Nonaka
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - William A Banks
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Seiji Shioda
- Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Peptide Drug Innovation, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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21
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Solés-Tarrés I, Cabezas-Llobet N, Vaudry D, Xifró X. Protective Effects of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Against Cognitive Decline in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:221. [PMID: 32765225 PMCID: PMC7380167 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is one of the major symptoms in most neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s (AD), Parkinson (PD), and Huntington diseases (HD), affecting millions of people worldwide. Unfortunately, there is no treatment to cure or prevent the progression of those diseases. Cognitive impairment has been related to neuronal cell death and/or synaptic plasticity alteration in important brain regions, such as the cerebral cortex, substantia nigra, striatum, and hippocampus. Therefore, compounds that can act to protect the neuronal loss and/or to reestablish the synaptic activity are needed to prevent cognitive decline in neurodegenerative diseases. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are two highly related multifunctional neuropeptides widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS). PACAP and VIP exert their action through two common receptors, VPAC1 and VPAC2, while PACAP has an additional specific receptor, PAC1. In this review article, we first presented evidence showing the therapeutic potential of PACAP and VIP to fight the cognitive decline observed in models of AD, PD, and HD. We also reviewed the main transduction pathways activated by PACAP and VIP receptors to reduce cognitive dysfunction. Furthermore, we identified the therapeutic targets of PACAP and VIP, and finally, we evaluated different novel synthetic PACAP and VIP analogs as promising pharmacological tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Solés-Tarrés
- New Therapeutic Targets Group (TargetsLab), Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Núria Cabezas-Llobet
- New Therapeutic Targets Group (TargetsLab), Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - David Vaudry
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Neuropeptides, Neuronal Death and Cell Plasticity Team, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Inserm, Rouen, France
| | - Xavier Xifró
- New Therapeutic Targets Group (TargetsLab), Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
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22
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Yin J, Reiman EM, Beach TG, Serrano GE, Sabbagh MN, Nielsen M, Caselli RJ, Shi J. Effect of ApoE isoforms on mitochondria in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2020; 94:e2404-e2411. [PMID: 32457210 PMCID: PMC7455369 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000009582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that ApoE isoforms affect mitochondrial structure and function that are related to cognitive impairment in Alzheimer disease (AD), we systematically investigated the effects of ApoE isoforms on mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics, oxidative stress, synapses, and cognitive performance in AD. METHODS We obtained postmortem human brain tissues and measured proteins that are responsible for mitochondrial biogenesis (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α [PGC-1α] and sirtuin 3 [SIRT3]), for mitochondrial dynamics (mitofusin 1 [MFN1], mitofusin 2 [MFN2], and dynamin-like protein 1 [DLP1]), for oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase 2 [SOD2] and forkhead-box protein O3a [Foxo3a]), and for synapses (postsynaptic density protein 95 [PSD95] and synapsin1 [Syn1]). A total of 46 cases were enrolled, including ApoE-ɛ4 carriers (n = 21) and noncarriers (n = 25). RESULTS Levels of these proteins were compared between ApoE-ɛ4 carriers and noncarriers. ApoE-ɛ4 was associated with impaired mitochondrial structure and function, oxidative stress, and synaptic integrity in the human brain. Correlation analysis revealed that mitochondrial proteins and the synaptic protein were strongly associated with cognitive performance. CONCLUSION ApoE isoforms influence mitochondrial structure and function, which likely leads to alteration in oxidative stress, synapses, and cognitive function. These mitochondria-related proteins may be a harbinger of cognitive decline in ApoE-ɛ4 carriers and provide novel therapeutic targets for prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Yin
- From the Barrow Neurological Institute (J.Y., M.N.S., M.N., J.S.), St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (M.N.S.), Las Vegas, NV; School of Life Sciences (M.N.), Arizona State University, Tempe; Department of Neurology (R.J.C.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection (J.S.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (J.S.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Eric M Reiman
- From the Barrow Neurological Institute (J.Y., M.N.S., M.N., J.S.), St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (M.N.S.), Las Vegas, NV; School of Life Sciences (M.N.), Arizona State University, Tempe; Department of Neurology (R.J.C.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection (J.S.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (J.S.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Thomas G Beach
- From the Barrow Neurological Institute (J.Y., M.N.S., M.N., J.S.), St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (M.N.S.), Las Vegas, NV; School of Life Sciences (M.N.), Arizona State University, Tempe; Department of Neurology (R.J.C.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection (J.S.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (J.S.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Geidy E Serrano
- From the Barrow Neurological Institute (J.Y., M.N.S., M.N., J.S.), St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (M.N.S.), Las Vegas, NV; School of Life Sciences (M.N.), Arizona State University, Tempe; Department of Neurology (R.J.C.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection (J.S.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (J.S.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Marwan N Sabbagh
- From the Barrow Neurological Institute (J.Y., M.N.S., M.N., J.S.), St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (M.N.S.), Las Vegas, NV; School of Life Sciences (M.N.), Arizona State University, Tempe; Department of Neurology (R.J.C.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection (J.S.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (J.S.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Megan Nielsen
- From the Barrow Neurological Institute (J.Y., M.N.S., M.N., J.S.), St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (M.N.S.), Las Vegas, NV; School of Life Sciences (M.N.), Arizona State University, Tempe; Department of Neurology (R.J.C.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection (J.S.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (J.S.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Richard J Caselli
- From the Barrow Neurological Institute (J.Y., M.N.S., M.N., J.S.), St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (M.N.S.), Las Vegas, NV; School of Life Sciences (M.N.), Arizona State University, Tempe; Department of Neurology (R.J.C.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection (J.S.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (J.S.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Jiong Shi
- From the Barrow Neurological Institute (J.Y., M.N.S., M.N., J.S.), St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (M.N.S.), Las Vegas, NV; School of Life Sciences (M.N.), Arizona State University, Tempe; Department of Neurology (R.J.C.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection (J.S.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (J.S.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing.
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23
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Bioinformatic Analysis Reveals Phosphodiesterase 4D-Interacting Protein as a Key Frontal Cortex Dementia Switch Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113787. [PMID: 32471155 PMCID: PMC7313474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that initiate dementia are poorly understood and there are currently no treatments that can slow their progression. The identification of key genes and molecular pathways that may trigger dementia should help reveal potential therapeutic reagents. In this study, SWItch Miner software was used to identify phosphodiesterase 4D-interacting protein as a key factor that may lead to the development of Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Inflammation, PI3K-AKT, and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis were identified as the main pathways that are dysregulated in these dementias. All of these dementias are regulated by 12 shared transcription factors. Protein–chemical interaction network analysis of dementia switch genes revealed that valproic acid may be neuroprotective for these dementias. Collectively, we identified shared and unique dysregulated gene expression, pathways and regulatory factors among dementias. New key mechanisms that lead to the development of dementia were revealed and it is expected that these data will advance personalized medicine for patients.
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24
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Can dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors treat cognitive disorders? Pharmacol Ther 2020; 212:107559. [PMID: 32380197 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The linkage of neurodegenerative diseases with insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, excessive inflammatory responses and abnormal protein processing, and the correlation between cerebrovascular diseases and hyperglycemia has opened a new window for novel therapeutics for these cognitive disorders. Various antidiabetic agents have been studied for their potential treatment of cognitive disorders, among which the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors have been investigated more recently. So far, DPP-4 inhibitors have demonstrated neuroprotection and cognitive improvements in animal models, and cognitive benefits in diabetic patients with or without cognitive impairments. This review aims to summarize the potential mechanisms, advantages and limitations, and currently available evidence for developing DPP-4 inhibitors as a treatment of cognitive disorders.
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25
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The Neuroprotective and Biomarker Potential of PACAP in Human Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030827. [PMID: 32012887 PMCID: PMC7037866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury remains a growing public health concern and represents the greatest contributor to death and disability globally among all trauma-related injuries. There are limited clinical data regarding biomarkers in the diagnosis and outcome prediction of TBI. The lack of real effective treatment for recovery calls for research of TBI to be shifted into the area of prevention, treatment of secondary brain injury and neurorehabilitation. The neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been reported to act as a hormone, a neuromodulator, a neurotransmitter and a trophic factor, and has been implicated in a variety of developmental and regenerative processes. The importance of PACAP in neuronal regeneration lies in the upregulation of endogenous PACAP and its receptors and the protective effect of exogenous PACAP after different central nervous system injury. The aim of this minireview is to summarize both the therapeutic and biomarker potential of the neuropeptide PACAP, as a novel possible target molecule presently being investigated in several human conditions including TBI, and with encouraging results in animal models of TBI.
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26
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Rytel L, Wojtkiewicz J, Snarska A, Mikołajczyk A. Changes in the Neurochemical Characterization of Enteric Neurons in the Porcine Duodenum After Administration of Low-Dose Salmonella Enteritidis Lipopolysaccharides. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:1556-1566. [PMID: 31939106 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also known as lipoglycans or endotoxins, form part of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Previous studies have described the various harmful impacts of LPS on humans and animals. Nevertheless, many aspects of these effects are still not fully explained. One of them is the influence of endotoxins on the neurochemical characterization of neurons within the enteric nervous system (ENS), which is found in the intestinal wall and plays important adaptive roles during pathological processes and exposures. In this study, the impact of a low single dose of Salmonella Enteritidis LPS on the duodenal enteric neurons immunoreactive to substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP-27), and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) was studied using a double immunofluorescence technique. During the study, it was shown that even a low dose of LPS affects the number of enteric neurons containing the neuropeptides studied, and these changes were dependent on the type of the enteric plexus. The most visible changes concerned the SP-like immunoreactive (LI) neurons in the outer submucous plexus (LPS caused an increase in the percentage of these neurons from15.74 ± 0.61 to 21.72 ± 0.79%). Furthermore, the VIP-LI neurons in the inner submucous plexus were seen to decrease from 12.64 ± 0.83 to 5.96 ± 0.58%. The mechanisms behind these noted fluctuations are not clear, but it may be connected with the pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic activity of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Rytel
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Oczapowskiego 14, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Joanna Wojtkiewicz
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anna Snarska
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Oczapowskiego 14, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anita Mikołajczyk
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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27
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Ciranna L, Costa L. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Modulates Hippocampal Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity: New Therapeutic Suggestions for Fragile X Syndrome. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:524. [PMID: 31827422 PMCID: PMC6890831 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) modulates glutamatergic synaptic transmission and plasticity in the hippocampus, a brain area with a key role in learning and memory. In agreement, several studies have demonstrated that PACAP modulates learning in physiological conditions. Recent publications show reduced PACAP levels and/or alterations in PACAP receptor expression in different conditions associated with cognitive disability. It is noteworthy that PACAP administration rescued impaired synaptic plasticity and learning in animal models of aging, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's chorea. In this context, results from our laboratory demonstrate that PACAP rescued metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus of a mouse model of fragile X syndrome (FXS), a genetic form of intellectual disability. PACAP is actively transported through the blood-brain barrier and reaches the brain following intranasal or intravenous administration. Besides, new studies have identified synthetic PACAP analog peptides with improved selectivity and pharmacokinetic properties with respect to the native peptide. Our review supports the shared idea that pharmacological activation of PACAP receptors might be beneficial for brain pathologies with cognitive disability. In addition, we suggest that the effects of PACAP treatment might be further studied as a possible therapy in FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Ciranna
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lara Costa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Gábriel R, Pöstyéni E, Dénes V. Neuroprotective Potential of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide in Retinal Degenerations of Metabolic Origin. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1031. [PMID: 31649495 PMCID: PMC6794456 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP1-38) is a highly conserved member of the secretin/glucagon/VIP family. The repressive effect of PACAP1-38 on the apoptotic machinery has been an area of active research conferring a significant neuroprotective potential onto this peptide. A remarkable number of studies suggest its importance in the etiology of neurodegenerative disorders, particularly in relation to retinal metabolic disorders. In our review, we provide short descriptions of various pathological conditions (diabetic retinopathy, excitotoxic retinal injury and ischemic retinal lesion) in which the remedial effect of PACAP has been well demonstrated in various animal models. Of all the pathological conditions, diabetic retinopathy seems to be the most intriguing as it develops in 75% of patients with type 1 and 50% of patients with type 2 diabetes, with concomitant progression to legal blindness in about 5%. Several animal models have been developed in recent years to study retinal degenerations and out of these glaucoma and age-related retina degeneration models bear human recapitulations. PACAP neuroprotection is thought to operate through enhanced cAMP production upon binding to PAC1-R. However, the underlying signaling network that leads to neuroprotection is not fully understood. We observed that (i) PACAP is not equally efficient in the above conditions; (ii) in some cases more than one signaling pathways are activated; (iii) the coupling of PAC1-R and signaling is stage dependent; and (iv) PAC1-R is not the only receptor that must be considered to interpret the effects in our experiments. These observations point to a complex signaling mechanism, that involves alternative routes besides the classical cAMP/protein kinase A pathway to evoke the outstanding neuroprotective action. Consequently, the possible contribution of the other two main receptors (VPAC1-R and VPAC2-R) will also be discussed. Finally, the potential medical use of PACAP in some retinal and ocular disorders will also be reviewed. By taking advantage of, low-cost synthesis technologies today, PACAP may serve as an alternative to the expensive treatment modelities currently available in ocular or retinal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Gábriel
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Etelka Pöstyéni
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Viktória Dénes
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Denes V, Geck P, Mester A, Gabriel R. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide: 30 Years in Research Spotlight and 600 Million Years in Service. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091488. [PMID: 31540472 PMCID: PMC6780647 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging from the depths of evolution, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptors (i.e., PAC1, VPAC1, VPAC2) are present in multicellular organisms from Tunicates to humans and govern a remarkable number of physiological processes. Consequently, the clinical relevance of PACAP systems spans a multifaceted palette that includes more than 40 disorders. We aimed to present the versatility of PACAP1-38 actions with a focus on three aspects: (1) when PACAP1-38 could be a cause of a malfunction, (2) when PACAP1-38 could be the cure for a malfunction, and (3) when PACAP1-38 could either improve or impair biology. PACAP1-38 is implicated in the pathophysiology of migraine and post-traumatic stress disorder whereas an outstanding protective potential has been established in ischemia and in Alzheimer’s disease. Lastly, PACAP receptors could mediate opposing effects both in cancers and in inflammation. In the light of the above, the duration and concentrations of PACAP agents must be carefully set at any application to avoid unwanted consequences. An enormous amount of data accumulated since its discovery (1989) and the first clinical trials are dated in 2017. Thus in the field of PACAP research: “this is not the end, not even the beginning of the end, but maybe the end of the beginning.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Denes
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Peter Geck
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Adrienn Mester
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Robert Gabriel
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary.
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30
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Petrella C, Di Certo MG, Barbato C, Gabanella F, Ralli M, Greco A, Possenti R, Severini C. Neuropeptides in Alzheimer’s Disease: An Update. Curr Alzheimer Res 2019; 16:544-558. [DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190503152555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are small proteins broadly expressed throughout the central nervous system, which act as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and neuroregulators. Growing evidence has demonstrated the involvement of many neuropeptides in both neurophysiological functions and neuropathological conditions, among which is Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The role exerted by neuropeptides in AD is endorsed by the evidence that they are mainly neuroprotective and widely distributed in brain areas responsible for learning and memory processes. Confirming this point, it has been demonstrated that numerous neuropeptide-containing neurons are pathologically altered in brain areas of both AD patients and AD animal models. Furthermore, the levels of various neuropeptides have been found altered in both Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and blood of AD patients, getting insights into their potential role in the pathophysiology of AD and offering the possibility to identify novel additional biomarkers for this pathology. We summarized the available information about brain distribution, neuroprotective and cognitive functions of some neuropeptides involved in AD. The main focus of the current review was directed towards the description of clinical data reporting alterations in neuropeptides content in both AD patients and AD pre-clinical animal models. In particular, we explored the involvement in the AD of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH), Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (CART), Cholecystokinin (CCK), bradykinin and chromogranin/secretogranin family, discussing their potential role as a biomarker or therapeutic target, leaving the dissertation of other neuropeptides to previous reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Petrella
- Department of Sense Organs, CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Di Certo
- Department of Sense Organs, CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Christian Barbato
- Department of Sense Organs, CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Gabanella
- Department of Sense Organs, CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ralli
- Department of Sense Organs, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of Sense Organs, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Possenti
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Severini
- Department of Sense Organs, CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
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31
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Effects of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide in Human Proximal Tubule Cells Against Gentamicin Toxicity. Int J Pept Res Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-017-9666-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Chen XY, Du YF, Chen L. Neuropeptides Exert Neuroprotective Effects in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 11:493. [PMID: 30687008 PMCID: PMC6336706 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive deficits and neuronal loss. Deposition of beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ) causes neurotoxicity through the formation of plaques in brains of Alzheimer's disease. Numerous studies have indicated that the neuropeptides including ghrelin, neurotensin, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), neuropeptide Y, substance P and orexin are closely related to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. The levels of neuropeptides and their receptors change in Alzheimer's disease. These neuropeptides exert neuroprotective roles mainly through preventing Aβ accumulation, increasing neuronal glucose transport, increasing the production of neurotrophins, inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy, modulating potassium channel activity and hippocampal long-term potentiation. Therefore, the neuropeptides may function as potential drug targets in the prevention and cure of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Neurology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yi-Feng Du
- Department of Neurology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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33
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Abstract
Dysregulation of neuropeptides may play an important role in aging-induced impairments. In the long list of neuropeptides, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) represents a highly effective cytoprotective peptide that provides an endogenous control against a variety of tissue-damaging stimuli. PACAP has neuro- and general cytoprotective effects due to anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant actions. As PACAP is also a part of the endogenous protective machinery, it can be hypothesized that the decreased protective effects in lack of endogenous PACAP would accelerate age-related degeneration and PACAP knockout mice would display age-related degenerative signs earlier. Recent results support this hypothesis showing that PACAP deficiency mimics aspects of age-related pathophysiological changes including increased neuronal vulnerability and systemic degeneration accompanied by increased apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Decrease in PACAP expression has been shown in different species from invertebrates to humans. PACAP-deficient mice display numerous pathological alterations mimicking early aging, such as retinal changes, corneal keratinization and blurring, and systemic amyloidosis. In the present review, we summarize these findings and propose that PACAP deficiency could be a good model of premature aging.
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34
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Reglodi D, Jungling A, Longuespée R, Kriegsmann J, Casadonte R, Kriegsmann M, Juhasz T, Bardosi S, Tamas A, Fulop BD, Kovacs K, Nagy Z, Sparks J, Miseta A, Mazzucchelli G, Hashimoto H, Bardosi A. Accelerated pre-senile systemic amyloidosis in PACAP knockout mice - a protective role of PACAP in age-related degenerative processes. J Pathol 2018; 245:478-490. [PMID: 29774542 PMCID: PMC6055756 DOI: 10.1002/path.5100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of neuropeptides may play an important role in aging‐induced impairments. Among them, pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a potent cytoprotective peptide that provides an endogenous control against a variety of tissue‐damaging stimuli. We hypothesized that the progressive decline of PACAP throughout life and the well‐known general cytoprotective effects of PACAP lead to age‐related pathophysiological changes in PACAP deficiency, supported by the increased vulnerability to various stressors of animals partially or totally lacking PACAP. Using young and aging CD1 PACAP knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) mice, we demonstrated pre‐senile amyloidosis in young PACAP KO animals and showed that senile amyloidosis appeared accelerated, more generalized, more severe, and affected more individuals. Histopathology showed age‐related systemic amyloidosis with mainly kidney, spleen, liver, skin, thyroid, intestinal, tracheal, and esophageal involvement. Mass spectrometry‐based proteomic analysis, reconfirmed with immunohistochemistry, revealed that apolipoprotein‐AIV was the main amyloid protein in the deposits together with several accompanying proteins. Although the local amyloidogenic protein expression was disturbed in KO animals, no difference was found in laboratory lipid parameters, suggesting a complex pathway leading to increased age‐related degeneration with amyloid deposits in the absence of PACAP. In spite of no marked inflammatory histological changes or blood test parameters, we detected a disturbed cytokine profile that possibly creates a pro‐inflammatory milieu favoring amyloid deposition. In summary, here we describe accelerated systemic senile amyloidosis in PACAP gene‐deficient mice, which might indicate an early aging phenomenon in this mouse strain. Thus, PACAP KO mice could serve as a model of accelerated aging with human relevance. © 2018 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Adel Jungling
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Rémi Longuespée
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joerg Kriegsmann
- Center for Histology, Cytology and Molecular Diagnostics, Trier, Germany.,Proteopath GmbH, Trier, Germany
| | | | - Mark Kriegsmann
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tamas Juhasz
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sebastian Bardosi
- Center for Histology, Cytology and Molecular Diagnostics, Trier, Germany
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balazs Daniel Fulop
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Kovacs
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pecs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Nagy
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pecs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Jason Sparks
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Attila Miseta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gabriel Mazzucchelli
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry (LSM) - MolSys, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Attila Bardosi
- Center for Histology, Cytology and Molecular Diagnostics, Trier, Germany
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Yin J, Han P, Song M, Nielsen M, Beach TG, Serrano GE, Liang WS, Caselli RJ, Shi J. Amyloid-β Increases Tau by Mediating Sirtuin 3 in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8592-8601. [PMID: 29574628 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that sirtuin 3 (Sirt3) has neuroprotective effects in regulating oxidative stress and energy metabolism, both of which are involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it is unclear whether Sirt3 is associated with cognitive performance and pathological changes in AD. We conducted a case-control study of the postmortem brains of AD (n = 16), mild cognitive impairment (n = 13), and age- and education-matched cognitively normal (CN, n = 11) subjects. We measured the mRNA and protein levels of Sirt3 and assessed their association with cognitive performance and AD pathology. In an ex vivo model of cortical neurons from transgenic mice that carry human tau protein, we modified Sirt3 expression by genetic knockdown and knock-in to investigate the cause-effect relationship between Sirt3 and tau. Sirt3 levels were reduced in the entorhinal cortex, the middle temporal gyrus, and the superior frontal gyrus of AD subjects compared to those of CN. This reduction was associated with poorer test scores of neuropsychological evaluation and the severity of tau pathology. Further study with genetic manipulation of Sirt3 revealed that amyloid-β increased levels of total tau acetylated tau through its modulation of Sirt3. These data suggest that reduction of Sirt3 is critically involved in pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Yin
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Pengcheng Han
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Melissa Song
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Megan Nielsen
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
| | - Geidy E Serrano
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
| | - Winnie S Liang
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Jiong Shi
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA. .,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China. .,Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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36
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Cabezas-Llobet N, Vidal-Sancho L, Masana M, Fournier A, Alberch J, Vaudry D, Xifró X. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Enhances Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity and Improves Memory Performance in Huntington's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2018. [PMID: 29526016 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0972-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in hippocampal synaptic plasticity result in cognitive impairment in Huntington's disease (HD). Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide that exerts neuroprotective actions, mainly through the PAC1 receptor. However, the role of PACAP in cognition is poorly understood, and no data exists in the context of Huntington's disease (HD). Here, we investigated the ability of PACAP receptor stimulation to enhance memory development in HD. First, we observed a hippocampal decline of all three PACAP receptor expressions, i.e., PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2, in two different HD mouse models, R6/1 and HdhQ7/Q111, from the onset of cognitive dysfunction. In hippocampal post-mortem human samples, we found a specific decrease of PAC1, without changes in VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors. To determine whether activation of PACAP receptors could contribute to improve memory performance, we conducted daily intranasal administration of PACAP38 to R6/1 mice at the onset of cognitive impairment for seven days. We found that PACAP treatment rescued PAC1 level in R6/1 mice, promoted expression of the hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and reduced the formation of mutant huntingtin aggregates. Furthermore, PACAP administration counteracted R6/1 mice memory deficits as analyzed by the novel object recognition test and the T-maze spontaneous alternation task. Importantly, the effect of PACAP on cognitive performance was associated with an increase of VGlut-1 and PSD95 immunolabeling in hippocampus of R6/1 mice. Taken together, these results suggest that PACAP, acting through stimulation of PAC1 receptor, may have a therapeutic potential to counteract cognitive deficits induced in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Cabezas-Llobet
- New Therapeutic Targets Group, Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - L Vidal-Sancho
- New Therapeutic Targets Group, Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
- Departament de Biomedicina, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Masana
- Departament de Biomedicina, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - A Fournier
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
- International Associate Laboratory Samuel de Champlain, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7 1B7, Canada
| | - J Alberch
- Departament de Biomedicina, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - D Vaudry
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Neuropeptides, Neuronal Death and Cell Plasticity Team, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - X Xifró
- New Therapeutic Targets Group, Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.
- Departament de Biomedicina, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Girona, C/ Emili Grahit 77, E-17003, Girona, Spain.
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37
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Peineau S, Rabiant K, Pierrefiche O, Potier B. Synaptic plasticity modulation by circulating peptides and metaplasticity: Involvement in Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Res 2018; 130:385-401. [PMID: 29425728 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is a cellular process involved in learning and memory whose alteration in its two main forms (Long Term Depression (LTD) and Long Term Potentiation (LTP)), is observed in most brain pathologies, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). In humans, AD is associated at the cellular level with neuropathological lesions composed of extracellular deposits of β-amyloid (Aβ) protein aggregates and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, cellular loss, neuroinflammation and a general brain homeostasis dysregulation. Thus, a dramatic synaptic environment perturbation is observed in AD patients, involving changes in brain neuropeptides, cytokines, growth factors or chemokines concentration and diffusion. Studies performed in animal models demonstrate that these circulating peptides strongly affect synaptic functions and in particular synaptic plasticity. Besides this neuromodulatory action of circulating peptides, other synaptic plasticity regulation mechanisms such as metaplasticity are altered in AD animal models. Here, we will review new insights into the study of synaptic plasticity regulatory/modulatory mechanisms which could influence the process of synaptic plasticity in the context of AD with a particular attention to the role of metaplasticity and peptide dependent neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Peineau
- GRAP UMR1247, INSERM, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France; Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Kevin Rabiant
- GRAP UMR1247, INSERM, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Olivier Pierrefiche
- GRAP UMR1247, INSERM, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.
| | - Brigitte Potier
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS-ENS UMR9188, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France.
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38
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Examination of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) as a Potential Biomarker in Heart Failure Patients. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 68:368-376. [PMID: 29353438 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-1025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a pleiotropic and multifunctional neuropeptide having neurotrophic, neuroprotective, and general cytoprotective actions in a variety of tissues based on its anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. Several studies have demonstrated its cardioprotective effects in vitro and in various animal models. However, few data are available on the presence of PACAP in human cardiac tissues and its role in the pathomechanism and progression of different cardiac disorders, particularly heart failure. Earlier, our research group has shown PAC1 receptor immunoreactivity in human heart tissue samples and we have found significantly elevated PACAP27- and PACAP38-like immunoreactivity in ischemic cardiac samples compared to valvular abnormalities with radioimmunoassay. In the last few years, numerous studies examined the presence and the changes of PACAP levels in different human tissue samples and biological fluids to show alterations in different physiological and pathological conditions. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to measure the alterations of blood PACAP levels in chronic heart failure caused by primary dilated cardiomyopathy or ischemic cardiomyopathy and to examine the possible relationship between serum levels of PACAP, N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and systolic left ventricular function, the most reliable biomarkers of heart failure. In the group of mild heart failure patients, a significant strong negative correlation was detected. Furthermore, in moderate heart failure, we found a significant moderate negative correlation between PACAP and NT-proBNP levels only in ischemic subgroup. Positive correlation was found between serum PACAP level and ejection fraction only in patients with heart failure due to ischemic cardiomyopathy but not in patients with primary dilated cardiomyopathy. In summary, remarkable differences were observed between the ischemic and non-ischemic heart failure suggesting that PACAP might play an important role in the pathomechanism and progression of ischemic heart failure and it might be a potential biomarker of cardiac diseases in the future.
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Alteration of the PAC1 Receptor Expression in the Basal Ganglia of MPTP-Induced Parkinsonian Macaque Monkeys. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:702-715. [PMID: 29230633 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9841-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a well-known neuropeptide with strong neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects. PACAP exerts its protective actions via three G protein-coupled receptors: the specific Pac1 receptor (Pac1R) and the Vpac1/Vpac2 receptors, the neuroprotective effects being mainly mediated by the Pac1R. The protective role of PACAP in models of Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases is now well-established in both in vitro and in vivo studies. PACAP and its receptors occur in the mammalian brain, including regions associated with Parkinson's disease. PACAP receptor upregulation or downregulation has been reported in several injury models or human diseases, but no data are available on alterations of receptor expression in Parkinson's disease. The model closest to the human disease is the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced macaque model. Therefore, our present aim was to evaluate changes in Pac1R expression in basal ganglia related to Parkinson's disease in a macaque model. Monkeys were rendered parkinsonian with MPTP, and striatum, pallidum, and cortex were evaluated for Pac1R immunostaining. We found that Pac1R immunosignal was markedly reduced in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and internal and external parts of the globus pallidus, while the immunoreactivity remained unchanged in the cortex of MPTP-treated parkinsonian monkey brains. This decrease was attenuated in some brain areas in monkeys treated with L-DOPA. The strong, specific decrease of the PACAP receptor immunosignal in the basal ganglia of parkinsonian macaque monkey brains suggests that the PACAP/Pac1R system may play an important role in the development/progression of the disease.
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Novel tactics for neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease: Role of antibiotics, polyphenols and neuropeptides. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 155:120-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Han P, Nielsen M, Song M, Yin J, Permenter MR, Vogt JA, Engle JR, Dugger BN, Beach TG, Barnes CA, Shi J. The Impact of Aging on Brain Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide, Pathology and Cognition in Mice and Rhesus Macaques. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:180. [PMID: 28659785 PMCID: PMC5467357 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), but its age-related effects are unknown. We chose the rhesus macaque due to its closeness to human anatomy and physiology. We examined four variables: aging, cognitive performance, amyloid plaques and PACAP. Delayed nonmatching-to-sample recognition memory scores declined with age and correlated with PACAP levels in the striatum, parietal and temporal lobes. Because amyloid plaques were the only AD pathology in the old rhesus macaque, we further studied human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) transgenic mice. Aging was associated with decreased performance in the Morris Water Maze (MWM). In wild type (WT) C57BL/6 mice, the performance was decreased at age 24-26 month whereas in hAPP transgenic mice, it was decreased as early as 9-12 month. Neuritic plaques in adult hAPP mice clustered in hippocampus and adjacent cortical regions, but did not propagate further into the frontal cortex. Cerebral PACAP protein levels were reduced in hAPP mice compared to age-matched WT mice, but the genetic predisposition dominated cognitive decline. Taken together, these data suggest an association among PACAP levels, aging, cognitive function and amyloid load in nonhuman primates, with both similarities and differences from human AD brains. Our results suggest caution in choosing animal models and in extrapolating data to human AD studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Han
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical CenterPhoenix, AZ, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Resident Program, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC, United States
| | - Megan Nielsen
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical CenterPhoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Melissa Song
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical CenterPhoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Junxiang Yin
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical CenterPhoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Michele R. Permenter
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, United States
| | - Julie A. Vogt
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, United States
| | - James R. Engle
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, United States
- Evely F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, United States
| | - Brittany N. Dugger
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, United States
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research InstituteSun City, AZ, United States
| | - Thomas G. Beach
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research InstituteSun City, AZ, United States
| | - Carol A. Barnes
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, United States
- Evely F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, United States
- Division of Neural Systems, Memory and Aging, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, United States
- Departments of Psychology, Neurology, and Neuroscience, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, United States
| | - Jiong Shi
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical CenterPhoenix, AZ, United States
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjin, China
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Altered ionic currents and amelioration by IGF-1 and PACAP in motoneuron-derived cells modelling SBMA. Biophys Chem 2017; 229:68-76. [PMID: 28511915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), also known as Kennedy's disease, is a motor neuron disease caused by the expansion of a polymorphic CAG tandem repeat encoding a polyglutamine (polyQ) tract in the androgen receptor (AR) gene. SBMA is triggered by the binding of mutant AR to its natural ligands, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). To investigate the neuronal alterations of motor neuron cell models of SBMA, we applied patch-clamp methods to verify how polyQ expansions in the AR alter cell ionic currents. We used mouse motoneuron-derived MN-1 cells expressing normal AR (MN24Q) and mutant AR (MN100Q treated cells with vehicle EtOH and DHT). We observed a reduction of the current flux mainly at depolarizing potentials in the DHT-treated cells, while the dissection of macroscopic currents showed single different cationic currents belonging to voltage-gated channels. Also, we treated the cells with IGF-1 and PACAP, which have previously been shown to protect MN-1 cells from the toxicity of mutant AR, and we found an amelioration of the altered currents. Our results suggest that the electrophysiological correlate of SBMA is a suitable reference point for the identification of disease symptoms and for future therapeutic targets.
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Pecoraro V, Sardone LM, Chisari M, Licata F, Li Volsi G, Perciavalle V, Ciranna L, Costa L. A subnanomolar concentration of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) pre-synaptically modulates glutamatergic transmission in the rat hippocampus acting through acetylcholine. Neuroscience 2016; 340:551-562. [PMID: 27816700 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide PACAP modulates synaptic transmission in the hippocampus exerting multiple effects through different receptor subtypes: the underlying mechanisms have not yet been completely elucidated. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) also exerts a well-documented modulation of hippocampal synaptic transmission and plasticity. Since PACAP was shown to stimulate ACh release in the hippocampus, we tested whether PACAP acting through ACh might indirectly modulate glutamate-mediated synaptic transmission at a pre- and/or at a post-synaptic level. Using patch clamp on rat hippocampal slices, we tested PACAP effects on stimulation-evoked AMPA receptor-mediated excitatory post-synaptic currents (EPSCsAMPA) in the CA3-CA1 synapse and on spontaneous miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs) in CA1 pyramidal neurons. A subnanomolar dose of PACAP (0.5nM) decreased EPSCsAMPA amplitude, enhanced EPSC paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) and reduced mEPSC frequency, indicating a pre-synaptic decrease of glutamate release probability: these effects were abolished by simultaneous blockade of muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptors, indicating the involvement of endogenous ACh. The effect of subnanomolar PACAP was abolished by a PAC1 receptor antagonist but not by a VPAC receptor blocker. At a higher concentration (10nM), PACAP inhibited EPSCsAMPA: this effect persisted in the presence of ACh receptor antagonists and did not involve any change in PPF or in mEPSC frequency, thus was not mediated by ACh and was exerted post- synaptically on CA1 pyramidal neurons. We suggest that a high-affinity PAC1 receptor pre-synaptically modulates hippocampal glutamatergic transmission acting through ACh. Therefore, administration of PACAP at very low doses might be envisaged in cognitive diseases with reduced cholinergic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Pecoraro
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Lara Maria Sardone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Mariangela Chisari
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Flora Licata
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Guido Li Volsi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Perciavalle
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Ciranna
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Italy.
| | - Lara Costa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy
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Han X, Dong Z, Hou L, Wan D, Chen M, Tang W, Yu S. Interictal plasma pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide levels are decreased in migraineurs but remain unchanged in patients with tension-type headache. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 450:151-4. [PMID: 26296898 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is associated with migraine phase; however, whether PACAP levels could be used to distinguish between migraine and tension-type headache (TTH) remains unknown. We compared interictal plasma PACAP levels among healthy controls, migraineurs, and patients with TTH. METHODS Interictal plasma levels of PACAP were measured in 133 migraineurs, 106 patients with TTH, and 50 controls using enzyme-linked immunoassays. We further evaluated the relationships between interictal PACAP plasma concentrations and clinical parameters, such as headache severity, attack frequency, and duration. RESULTS We found that migraineurs had significantly lower interictal plasma PACAP levels than patients with TTH and healthy controls. However, there were no significant differences between patients with TTH and healthy controls. Plasma PACAP levels were significantly lower in patients with episodic migraine (EM) than in patients with episodic tension-type headache (ETTH) and in patients with chronic migraine (CM) than in patients with chronic tension-type headache (CTTH). Interictal PACAP levels were negatively correlated with duration in the CM group. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrated differences in interictal PACAP levels in migraine and TTH, suggesting that PACAP is involved in the pathogenesis of migraine rather than TTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Han
- Medical Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhao Dong
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lei Hou
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Dongjun Wan
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Wenjing Tang
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shengyuan Yu
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
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Han P, Caselli RJ, Baxter L, Serrano G, Yin J, Beach TG, Reiman EM, Shi J. Association of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide with cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol 2015; 72:333-9. [PMID: 25599520 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.3625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE There is a deficit of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in patients with neuropathologically confirmed Alzheimer dementia. However, whether this deficit is associated with the earlier stages of Alzheimer disease (AD) is unknown. This study was conducted to clarify the association between PACAP biomarkers and preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia stages of AD in postmortem brain tissue. OBJECTIVES To examine PACAP and PACAP receptor levels in postmortem brain tissues and cerebrospinal fluid from cognitively and neuropathologically normal control individuals, patients with MCI due to AD (MCI-AD), and individuals with AD; analyze the relationship between PACAP, cognitive, and pathologic features; and propose a model to assess these relationships. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We measured PACAP and its receptor (PAC1) levels using enzyme-linked immunoassay. A total of 35 cases were included. All the brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid samples were selected from Banner Sun Health Research Institute Brain and Body Donation Program. All cognitive test results were in record with the Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES A comparison of PACAP and PAC1 levels among the healthy controls, MCI-AD, and AD dementia groups, as well as a systematic correlation analysis between PACAP level, cognitive performance, and pathologic severity. RESULTS The PACAP levels in cerebrospinal fluid, the superior frontal gyrus, and the middle temporal gyrus were inversely related to dementia severity. The PACAP levels in cerebrospinal fluid correlated with the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale score (Pearson r = 0.50; P = .03) and inversely correlated with total amyloid plaques (Pearson r = -0.48; P < .01) and tangles (Pearson r = -0.55; P = .01) in the brain. The PACAP in the superior frontal gyrus and middle temporal gyrus correlated with the Stroop Color-Word Interference Test (Pearson r = 0.58; P < .01) and the Auditory Verbal Learning Test-Total Learning (Pearson r = 0.33; P = .02), respectively. The PACAP in the primary visual cortex did not correlate with the Judgment of Line orientation test (P = .14). Furthermore, the PAC1 level in the superior frontal gyrus showed an upregulation in MCI-AD but not in AD. The pharmacodynamic model of the PACAP-PAC1 interaction best predicted cognitive function in the superior frontal gyrus, but it was less predictive in the middle temporal gyrus and failed to be predictive in the primary visual cortex. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Deficits in PACAP are associated with clinical severity in the MCI and dementia stages of AD. Additional studies are needed to clarify the role of PACAP deficits in the predisposition to, pathogenesis of, and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Han
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Dignity Health Organization, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | - Leslie Baxter
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Dignity Health Organization, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Geidy Serrano
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona
| | - Junxiang Yin
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Dignity Health Organization, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona
| | | | - Jiong Shi
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Dignity Health Organization, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona
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Beach TG, Adler CH, Sue LI, Serrano G, Shill HA, Walker DG, Lue L, Roher AE, Dugger BN, Maarouf C, Birdsill AC, Intorcia A, Saxon-Labelle M, Pullen J, Scroggins A, Filon J, Scott S, Hoffman B, Garcia A, Caviness JN, Hentz JG, Driver-Dunckley E, Jacobson SA, Davis KJ, Belden CM, Long KE, Malek-Ahmadi M, Powell JJ, Gale LD, Nicholson LR, Caselli RJ, Woodruff BK, Rapscak SZ, Ahern GL, Shi J, Burke AD, Reiman EM, Sabbagh MN. Arizona Study of Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders and Brain and Body Donation Program. Neuropathology 2015; 35:354-89. [PMID: 25619230 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Brain and Body Donation Program (BBDP) at Banner Sun Health Research Institute (http://www.brainandbodydonationprogram.org) started in 1987 with brain-only donations and currently has banked more than 1600 brains. More than 430 whole-body donations have been received since this service was commenced in 2005. The collective academic output of the BBDP is now described as the Arizona Study of Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders (AZSAND). Most BBDP subjects are enrolled as cognitively normal volunteers residing in the retirement communities of metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona. Specific recruitment efforts are also directed at subjects with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and cancer. The median age at death is 82. Subjects receive standardized general medical, neurological, neuropsychological and movement disorders assessments during life and more than 90% receive full pathological examinations by medically licensed pathologists after death. The Program has been funded through a combination of internal, federal and state of Arizona grants as well as user fees and pharmaceutical industry collaborations. Subsets of the Program are utilized by the US National Institute on Aging Arizona Alzheimer's Disease Core Center and the US National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Brain and Tissue Resource for Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders. Substantial funding has also been received from the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research. The Program has made rapid autopsy a priority, with a 3.0-hour median post-mortem interval for the entire collection. The median RNA Integrity Number (RIN) for frozen brain and body tissue is 8.9 and 7.4, respectively. More than 2500 tissue requests have been served and currently about 200 are served annually. These requests have been made by more than 400 investigators located in 32 US states and 15 countries. Tissue from the BBDP has contributed to more than 350 publications and more than 200 grant-funded projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Beach
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Lucia I Sue
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Geidy Serrano
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Holly A Shill
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | - LihFen Lue
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Alex E Roher
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Chera Maarouf
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Alex C Birdsill
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | | | - Joel Pullen
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Jessica Filon
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Sarah Scott
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Angelica Garcia
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kathryn J Davis
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Kathy E Long
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | | | - Lisa D Gale
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiong Shi
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Anna D Burke
- Banner Alzheimer Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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