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Cao J, Tang Y, Chen S, Yu S, Wan K, Yin W, Zhen W, Zhao W, Zhou X, Zhu X, Sun Z. The Hippocampal Subfield Volume Reduction and Plasma Biomarker Changes in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:907-923. [PMID: 38489180 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Background The hippocampus consists of histologically and functionally distinct subfields, which shows differential vulnerabilities to Alzheimer's disease (AD)-associated pathological changes. Objective To investigate the atrophy patterns of the main hippocampal subfields in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD and the relationships among the hippocampal subfield volumes, plasma biomarkers and cognitive performance. Methods This cross-sectional study included 119 patients stratified into three categories: normal cognition (CN; N = 40), MCI (N = 39), and AD (N = 40). AD-related plasma biomarkers were measured, including amyloid-β (Aβ)42, Aβ40, Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, p-tau181, and p-tau217, and the hippocampal subfield volumes were calculated using automated segmentation and volumetric procedures implemented in FreeSurfer. Results The subiculum body, cornu ammonis (CA) 1-head, CA1-body, CA4-body, molecular_layer_HP-head, molecular_layer_HP-body, and GC-ML-DG-body volumes were smaller in the MCI group than in the CN group. The subiculum body and CA1-body volumes accurately distinguished MCI from CN (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.647-0.657). The subiculum-body, GC-ML-DG-body, CA4-body, and molecular_layer_HP-body volumes accurately distinguished AD from MCI (AUC = 0.822-0.833) and AD from CN (AUC = 0.903-0.905). The p-tau 217 level served as the best plasma indicator of AD and correlated with broader hippocampal subfield volumes. Moreover, mediation analysis demonstrated that the subiculum-body volume mediated the associations between the p-tau217 and p-tau181 levels, and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Auditory Verbal Learning Test recognition scores. Conclusions Hippocampal subfields with distinctive atrophy patterns may mediate the effects of tau pathology on cognitive function. The subiculum-body may be the most clinically meaningful hippocampal subfield, which could be an effective target region for assessing disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cao
- Department of Neurology, Th First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yating Tang
- Department of Neurology, Th First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shujian Chen
- Department of Neurology, Th First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Siqi Yu
- Department of Neurology, Th First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ke Wan
- Department of Neurology, Th First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenwen Yin
- Department of Neurology, Th First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenhui Zhen
- Department of Neurology, Th First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenming Zhao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Th First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoqun Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Th First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhongwu Sun
- Department of Neurology, Th First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Luque-Tirado A, Montiel-Herrera F, Maestre-Bravo R, Barril-Aller C, García-Roldán E, Arriola-Infante JE, Sánchez-Arjona MB, Rodrigo-Herrero S, Vargas-Romero JP, Franco-Macías E. Norms for the Triana Test: A Story Recall Test Based on Emotional Material. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2023; 7:1179-1186. [PMID: 38025796 PMCID: PMC10657724 DOI: 10.3233/adr-230096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The "Triana Test" is a novel story recall test based on emotional material with demonstrated accuracy in diagnosing mild cognitive impairment patients. Objective This study aims to obtain normative data for the "Triana Test". Methods A normative study was conducted at a university hospital in Spain. Partners of patients were systematically recruited if eligible (age ≥50, no memory complaints, and a total TMA-93 score at or above the 10th percentile). The "Triana Test" was administered and scored. For developing the normative data, a regression-based method was followed. Results The final sample included 362 participants (median age = 66, range = 50-88; 64.9% females). A model including age and educational level better predicted the total scores. Combinations of these variables resulted in different 10th percentile scores. Conclusions Norms for using the "Triana Test" are now available. The provided cutoffs for the 10th percentile will aid in the diagnosis of prodromal Alzheimer's disease.
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Ginsberg SD, Tarantini S. Editorial: Hippocampal mechanisms in aging and clinical memory decline. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1204954. [PMID: 37213539 PMCID: PMC10196629 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1204954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Stefano Tarantini
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment, Neurodegeneration and Healthy Brain Aging Program, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- The Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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Ye Q, Gast G, Su X, Saito T, Saido TC, Holmes TC, Xu X. Hippocampal neural circuit connectivity alterations in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model revealed by monosynaptic rabies virus tracing. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 172:105820. [PMID: 35843448 PMCID: PMC9482455 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with growing major health impacts, particularly in countries with aging populations. The examination of neural circuit mechanisms in AD mouse models is a recent focus for identifying new AD treatment strategies. We hypothesize that age-progressive changes of both long-range and local hippocampal neural circuit connectivity occur in AD. Recent advancements in viral-genetic technologies provide new opportunities for semi-quantitative mapping of cell-type-specific neural circuit connections in AD mouse models. We applied a recently developed monosynaptic rabies tracing method to hippocampal neural circuit mapping studies in AD model mice to determine how local and global circuit connectivity to hippocampal CA1 excitatory neurons may be altered in the single APP knock-in (APP-KI) AD mouse model. To determine age-related AD progression, we measured circuit connectivity in age-matched littermate control and AD model mice at two different ages (3-4 vs. 10-11 months old). We quantitatively mapped the connectivity strengths of neural circuit inputs to hippocampal CA1 excitatory neurons from brain regions including hippocampal subregions, medial septum, subiculum and entorhinal cortex, comparing different age groups and genotypes. We focused on hippocampal CA1 because of its clear relationship with learning and memory and that the hippocampal formation shows clear neuropathological changes in human AD. Our results reveal alterations in circuit connectivity of hippocampal CA1 in AD model mice. Overall, we find weaker extrinsic CA1 input connectivity strengths in AD model mice compared with control mice, including sex differences of reduced subiculum to CA1 inputs in aged female AD mice compared with aged male AD mice. Unexpectedly, we find a connectivity pattern shift with an increased proportion of inputs from the CA3 region to CA1 excitatory neurons when comparing young and old AD model mice, as well as old wild-type mice and old AD model mice. These unexpected shifts in CA3-CA1 input proportions in this AD mouse model suggest the possibility that compensatory circuit increases may occur in response to connectivity losses in other parts of the hippocampal circuits. We expect that this work provides new insights into the neural circuit mechanisms of AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Ye
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Gocylen Gast
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Xilin Su
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Takashi Saito
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan; Lab for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0106, Japan.
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Lab for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0106, Japan.
| | - Todd C Holmes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Neural Circuit Mapping, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Xiangmin Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Neural Circuit Mapping, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Hammers DB, Suhrie K, Dixon A, Gradwohl BD, Archibald ZG, King JB, Spencer RJ, Duff K, Hoffman JM. Relationship between a novel learning slope metric and Alzheimer's disease biomarkers. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2022; 29:799-819. [PMID: 33952156 PMCID: PMC8568738 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2021.1919984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The Learning Ratio (LR) is a novel learning score examining the proportion of information learned over successive learning trials relative to information available to be learned. Validation is warranted to understand LR's sensitivity to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. One-hundred twenty-three participants across the AD continuum underwent memory assessment, quantitative brain imaging, and genetic analysis. LR scores were calculated from the HVLT-R, BVMT-R, RBANS List Learning, and RBANS Story Memory, and compared to total hippocampal volumes,18F-Flutemetamol composite SUVR uptake, and APOE ε4 status. Lower LR scores were consistently associated with smaller total hippocampal volumes, greater cerebral β-amyloid deposition, and APOE ε4 positivity. This LR score outperformed a traditional learning slope calculation in all analyses. LR is sensitive to AD pathology along the AD continuum - more so than a traditional raw learning score - and reducing the competition between the first trial and subsequent trials can better depict learning capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin B. Hammers
- Center for Alzheimer’s Care, Imaging, and Research, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kayla Suhrie
- Center for Alzheimer’s Care, Imaging, and Research, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ava Dixon
- Center for Alzheimer’s Care, Imaging, and Research, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Brian D. Gradwohl
- Mercy Health Hauenstein Neurosciences, Mercy Health, Muskegon, MI, USA
| | - Zane G. Archibald
- Center for Quantitative Cancer Imaging, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jace B. King
- Utah Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, 729 Arapeen Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Robert J. Spencer
- Mental Health Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor MI, USA
- Michigan Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychology Section, Ann Arbor MI, USA
| | - Kevin Duff
- Center for Alzheimer’s Care, Imaging, and Research, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - John M. Hoffman
- Center for Alzheimer’s Care, Imaging, and Research, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Center for Quantitative Cancer Imaging, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Mock N, Balzer C, Gutbrod K, De Haan B, Jäncke L, Ettlin T, Trost W. Lesion-symptom mapping corroborates lateralization of verbal and nonverbal memory processes and identifies distributed brain networks responsible for memory dysfunction. Cortex 2022; 153:178-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2022.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hammers DB, Suhrie K, Dixon A, Gradwohl BD, Duff K, Spencer RJ. Validation of HVLT-R, BVMT-R, and RBANS Learning Slope Scores along the Alzheimer's Continuum. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2022; 37:78-90. [PMID: 33899087 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The learning ratio (LR) is a novel learning slope score that has been developed to reduce the inherent competition between the first trial and subsequent trials in traditional learning slopes. In essence, the LR is the number of items learned after the first trial divided by the number of items yet to be learned. Criterion and convergent validation of this LR score is warranted to understand its sensitivity along the Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum. METHOD The LR metric was calculated for 123 participants from standard measures of memory, including the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised, Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) list learning, and RBANS story memory. All participants were categorized as normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or AD. LR performances were compared between groups, among other standard memory measures, and with regards to how well they discriminated cognitively impaired from unimpaired samples-and within diagnostic subgroups. RESULTS Lower LR scores were observed for the MCI and AD groups than the normal cognition group, with the AD group performing worse than the MCI group for several slope calculations. Lower LR scores were also consistently associated with poorer performances on traditional memory measures. LR scores further displayed excellent receiver operator characteristics when differentiating those with and without cognitive impairment-and MCI from normal cognition. Overall, LR scores consistently outperformed traditional learning slope calculations across all analyses. CONCLUSIONS This LR score is sensitive to memory dysfunction along the AD continuum, and results offer criterion and convergent validity for use of the LR metric to understand learning capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin B Hammers
- Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer's Care, Imaging, and Research, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kayla Suhrie
- Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer's Care, Imaging, and Research, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ava Dixon
- Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer's Care, Imaging, and Research, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Brian D Gradwohl
- Mental Health Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychology Section, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kevin Duff
- Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer's Care, Imaging, and Research, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Robert J Spencer
- Mental Health Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychology Section, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Seshadri S, Caunca MR, Rundek T. Vascular Dementia and Cognitive Impairment. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-69424-7.00018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Suhrie KR, Hammers DB, Porter SM, Dixon AM, King JB, Anderson JS, Duff K, Hoffman JM. Predicting biomarkers in intact older adults and those with amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment, and mild Alzheimer's Disease using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2021; 43:861-878. [PMID: 35019815 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2021.2023476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) has been associated, to varying degrees, with commonly used biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Given the ease of RBANS administration as a screening tool for clinical trials and other applications, a better understanding of how RBANS performance is associated with presence of APOE ε4 allele[s], cerebral amyloid burden, and hippocampal volume is warranted. METHOD One hundred twenty-one older adults who were classified as intact, amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment, or mild AD underwent cognitive assessment with the RBANS, genetic analysis, and quantitative brain imaging. APOE ε4 carrier status, 18F-Flutemetamol composite standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR), and hippocampal volume were each regressed on demographic variables and RBANS Total Scale score, Index scores, and subtest scores. RESULTS Lower RBANS Total Scale score or Delayed Memory Index (DMI) predicted the presence of APOE ε4 allele[s], higher cerebral amyloid burden, and lower hippocampal volumes. DMI was a slightly better predictor than Total Scale score for most AD biomarkers. No demographic variables consistently contributed to these models. CONCLUSIONS The RBANS - DMI in particular - is sensitive to AD pathology. As such, it could be used as a predictive tool, particularly in clinical drug trials to enrich samples prior to less accessible AD biomarker investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla R Suhrie
- Center for Alzheimer's Care, Imaging and Research, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Dustin B Hammers
- Center for Alzheimer's Care, Imaging and Research, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Sariah M Porter
- Center for Alzheimer's Care, Imaging and Research, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Ava M Dixon
- Center for Alzheimer's Care, Imaging and Research, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jace B King
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Anderson
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kevin Duff
- Center for Alzheimer's Care, Imaging and Research, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - John M Hoffman
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Center for Quantitative Cancer Imaging, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Rayi PR, Kaphzan H. Electrophysiological Characterization of Regular and Burst Firing Pyramidal Neurons of the Dorsal Subiculum in an Angelman Syndrome Mouse Model. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:670998. [PMID: 34512263 PMCID: PMC8427506 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.670998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Angelman syndrome (AS) is a debilitating neurogenetic disorder characterized by severe developmental delay, speech impairment, gait ataxia, sleep disturbances, epilepsy, and a unique behavioral phenotype. AS is caused by a microdeletion or mutation in the maternal 15q11-q13 chromosome region containing UBE3A gene. The hippocampus is one of the important brain regions affected in AS mice leading to substantial hippocampal-dependent cognitive and behavioral deficits. Recent studies have suggested an abnormal increase in the α1-Na/K-ATPase (α1-NaKA) in AS mice as the precipitating factor leading to the hippocampal deficits. A subsequent study showed that the hippocampal-dependent behavioral deficits occur as a result of altered calcium (Ca+2) dynamics in the CA1 pyramidal neurons (PNs) caused by the elevated α1-NaKA expression levels in the AS mice. Nonetheless, a causal link between hippocampal deficits and major behavioral phenotypes in AS is still obscure. Subiculum, a region adjacent to the hippocampal CA1 is the major output source of the hippocampus and plays an important role in the transfer of information from the CA1 region to the cortical areas. However, in spite of the robust hippocampal deficits and several known electrophysiological alterations in multiple brain regions in AS mice, the neuronal properties of the subicular neurons were never investigated in these mice. Additionally, subicular function is also implied in many neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, and epilepsy that share some common features with AS. Therefore, given the importance of the subiculum in these neuropsychiatric disorders and the altered electrophysiological properties of the hippocampal CA1 PNs projecting to the subiculum, we sought to examine the subicular PNs. We performed whole-cell recordings from dorsal subiculum of both WT and AS mice and found three distinct populations of PNs based on their ability to fire bursts or single action potentials following somatic current injection: strong bursting, weak bursting, and regular firing neurons. We found no overall differences in the distribution of these different subicular PN populations among AS and WT controls. However, the different cell types showed distinct alterations in their intrinsic membrane properties. Further, none of these populations were altered in their excitatory synaptic properties. Altogether, our study characterized the different subtypes of PNs in the subicular region of an AS mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prudhvi Raj Rayi
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hanoch Kaphzan
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Hammers DB, Gradwohl BD, Kucera A, Abildskov TJ, Wilde EA, Spencer RJ. Preliminary Validation of the Learning Ratio for the HVLT-R and BVMT-R in Older Adults. Cogn Behav Neurol 2021; 34:170-181. [PMID: 34473668 DOI: 10.1097/wnn.0000000000000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The learning slope is typically represented as the raw difference between the final score and the score of the first learning trial. A new method for calculating the learning slope, the learning ratio (LR), was recently developed; it is typically represented as the number of items that are learned after the first trial divided by the number of items that are yet to be learned. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the convergent and criterion validity of the LR in order to understand its sensitivity to Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology. METHOD Fifty-six patients from a memory clinic underwent standard neuropsychological assessment and quantitative brain imaging. LR scores were calculated from the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised and the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised and were compared with both standard memory measures and total hippocampal volumes, as well as between individuals with AD and those with mild cognitive impairment. RESULTS Lower LR scores were consistently associated with poorer performances on standard memory measures and smaller total hippocampal volumes, generally more so than traditional learning slope scores. The LR scores of the AD group were smaller than those of the group with mild cognitive impairment. Furthermore, the aggregation of LR scores into a single metric was partially supported. CONCLUSION The LR is sensitive to AD pathology along the AD continuum. This result supports previous claims that the LR score can reflect learning capacity better than traditional learning calculations can by considering the amount of information that is learned at trial 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin B Hammers
- Center for Alzheimer's Care, Imaging, and Research, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Brian D Gradwohl
- Mental Health Service, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychology Section, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Tracy J Abildskov
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Elisabeth A Wilde
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- George E. Whalen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Robert J Spencer
- Mental Health Service, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychology Section, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Liu G, Liu C, Qiu A. Spatial correlation maps of the hippocampus with cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and cognition in Alzheimer's disease: A longitudinal study. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:2931-2940. [PMID: 33739550 PMCID: PMC8127150 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is an observational study that takes the existing longitudinal data from Alzheimer's disease Neuroimaging Initiative to examine the spatial correlation map of hippocampal subfield atrophy with CSF biomarkers and cognitive decline in the course of AD. This study included 421 healthy controls (HC), 557 patients of stable mild cognitive impairment (s‐MCI), 304 Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients, and 241 subjects who converted to be AD from MCI (c‐MCI), and 6,525 MRI scans in a period from 2004 to 2019. Our findings revealed that all the hippocampal subfields showed their accelerated atrophy rate from cognitively normal aging to stable MCI and AD. The presubiculum, dentate gyrus, and fimbria showed greater atrophy beyond the whole hippocampus in the HC, s‐MCI, and AD groups and corresponded to a greater decline of memory and attention in the s‐MCI group. Moreover, the higher atrophy rates of the subiculum and CA2/3, CA4 were also associated with a greater decline in attention in the s‐MCI group. Interestingly, patients with c‐MCI showed that the presubiculum atrophy was associated with CSF tau levels and corresponded to the onset age of AD and a decline in attention in patients with c‐MCI. These spatial correlation findings of the hippocampus suggested that the hippocampal subfields may not be equally impacted by normal aging, MCI, and AD, and their atrophy was selectively associated with declines in specific cognitive domains. The presubiculum atrophy was highlighted as a surrogate marker for the AD prognosis along with tau pathology and attention decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chaoqiang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anqi Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Smart Systems Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Montero-Crespo M, Domínguez-Álvaro M, Alonso-Nanclares L, DeFelipe J, Blazquez-Llorca L. Three-dimensional analysis of synaptic organization in the hippocampal CA1 field in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2021; 144:553-573. [PMID: 33324984 PMCID: PMC8240746 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, characterized by a persistent and progressive impairment of cognitive functions. Alzheimer's disease is typically associated with extracellular deposits of amyloid-β peptide and accumulation of abnormally phosphorylated tau protein inside neurons (amyloid-β and neurofibrillary pathologies). It has been proposed that these pathologies cause neuronal degeneration and synaptic alterations, which are thought to constitute the major neurobiological basis of cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. The hippocampal formation is especially vulnerable in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. However, the vast majority of electron microscopy studies have been performed in animal models. In the present study, we performed an extensive 3D study of the neuropil to investigate the synaptic organization in the stratum pyramidale and radiatum in the CA1 field of Alzheimer's disease cases with different stages of the disease, using focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM). In cases with early stages of Alzheimer's disease, the synapse morphology looks normal and we observed no significant differences between control and Alzheimer's disease cases regarding the synaptic density, the ratio of excitatory and inhibitory synapses, or the spatial distribution of synapses. However, differences in the distribution of postsynaptic targets and synaptic shapes were found. Furthermore, a lower proportion of larger excitatory synapses in both strata were found in Alzheimer's disease cases. Individuals in late stages of the disease suffered the most severe synaptic alterations, including a decrease in synaptic density and morphological alterations of the remaining synapses. Since Alzheimer's disease cases show cortical atrophy, our data indicate a reduction in the total number (but not the density) of synapses at early stages of the disease, with this reduction being much more accentuated in subjects with late stages of Alzheimer's disease. The observed synaptic alterations may represent a structural basis for the progressive learning and memory dysfunctions seen in Alzheimer's disease cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Montero-Crespo
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Av. Doctor Arce, 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Domínguez-Álvaro
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Alonso-Nanclares
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Av. Doctor Arce, 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, c/Valderrebollo, 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Av. Doctor Arce, 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, c/Valderrebollo, 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Blazquez-Llorca
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, c/Valderrebollo, 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), c/Juan del Rosal, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Sección Departamental de Anatomía y Embriología (Veterinaria), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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14
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Luque-Tirado A, Rodrigo-Herrero S, Sánchez-Arjona MB, Franco-Macías E. Preliminary Validation of the Triana Test: A New Story Recall Test Based on Emotional Material. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2021; 36:15333175211025911. [PMID: 34151595 PMCID: PMC10581115 DOI: 10.1177/15333175211025911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To first validate the diagnostic accuracy of the "Triana Test," a new story recall test based on emotional material. METHOD A phase I study of validation. We included 55 patients with amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and 69 healthy controls, diagnosed according to the "Memory Associative Test of the district of Seine-Saint-Denis" (TMA-93), and matched by age, gender, and educational level. The Triana Test's diagnostic accuracy was calculated by ROC curve analysis and Spearman correlations estimated its convergent validity with a hippocampal memory test, the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test with Immediate Recall (FCSRT+IR). RESULTS The "Triana Test" immediate and delayed recalls showed adequate diagnostic accuracy (AUC ≥ 0,74). The delayed free recall showed the highest diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.86). Correlations with the FCSRT+IR were moderate to strong. CONCLUSIONS The "Triana Test" demonstrated accuracy for discriminating amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment patients from healthy controls and convergent validity with the FCSRT+IR.
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15
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Atlante A, Amadoro G, Bobba A, Latina V. Functional Foods: An Approach to Modulate Molecular Mechanisms of Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:E2347. [PMID: 33114170 PMCID: PMC7690784 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A new epoch is emerging with intense research on nutraceuticals, i.e., "food or food product that provides medical or health benefits including the prevention and treatment of diseases", such as Alzheimer's disease. Nutraceuticals act at different biochemical and metabolic levels and much evidence shows their neuroprotective effects; in particular, they are able to provide protection against mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, toxicity of β-amyloid and Tau and cell death. They have been shown to influence the composition of the intestinal microbiota significantly contributing to the discovery that differential microorganisms composition is associated with the formation and aggregation of cerebral toxic proteins. Further, the routes of interaction between epigenetic mechanisms and the microbiota-gut-brain axis have been elucidated, thus establishing a modulatory role of diet-induced epigenetic changes of gut microbiota in shaping the brain. This review examines recent scientific literature addressing the beneficial effects of some natural products for which mechanistic evidence to prevent or slowdown AD are available. Even if the road is still long, the results are already exceptional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Atlante
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM)-CNR, Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Giuseppina Amadoro
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT)-CNR, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonella Bobba
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM)-CNR, Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Valentina Latina
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy;
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16
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Xu F, Ono M, Ito T, Uchiumi O, Wang F, Zhang Y, Sun P, Zhang Q, Yamaki S, Yamamoto R, Kato N. Remodeling of projections from ventral hippocampus to prefrontal cortex in Alzheimer's mice. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:1486-1498. [PMID: 32930407 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Emotional dysregulation often accompanies cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The hippocampus, most notably damaged by AD pathology, is classified into the cognition-bound posterior and emotion-bound anterior hippocampi. Since the anterior hippocampus or its rodent counterpart, the ventral hippocampus (VH), sends dense afferents to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the basolateral amygdala (BLA), the two structures implicated in fear responses, we investigated whether these afferents are modified in 3xTg AD model mice. An anterograde dextrin tracer injected into VH revealed that axons in PFC were more ramified in 3xTg than wild-type (WT) mice, with the synaptic density reduced. The VH projections to BLA were not affected. Intracellular accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) or Aβ-like immunoreactivity was found in PFC and BLA neurons alike. Behaviorally, in the 2-way active avoidance test, the frequency of chamber change was higher, with the test performance better, in 3xTg than WT mice, suggesting a distorted contextual fear in the 3xTg group. Given the essential involvement of parts of PFC in contextual fear responses and that of BLA in fear responses in general, the observed remodeling of VH-to-PFC afferents and the accumulation of intracellular Aβ in BLA and PFC pyramidal cells might exercise critical influences on enhanced avoidance behavior in 3xTg mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, 920-0923, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Munenori Ono
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, 920-0923, Japan
| | - Tetsufumi Ito
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Osamu Uchiumi
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, 920-0923, Japan
| | - Furong Wang
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, 920-0923, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, 920-0923, Japan.,Medical College, Qinghai University, Xinin, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, 920-0923, Japan.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, 920-0923, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sachiko Yamaki
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, 920-0923, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamamoto
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, 920-0923, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kato
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, 920-0923, Japan
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17
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Regalado-Reyes M, Furcila D, Hernández F, Ávila J, DeFelipe J, León-Espinosa G. Phospho-Tau Changes in the Human CA1 During Alzheimer's Disease Progression. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 69:277-288. [PMID: 30958368 PMCID: PMC6598029 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive studies regarding tau phosphorylation progression in both human Alzheimer's disease cases and animal models, the molecular and structural changes responsible for neurofibrillary tangle development are still not well understood. Here, by using the antibodies AT100 (recognizes tau protein phosphorylated at Thr212 and Ser214 in the proline-rich region) and pS396 (recognizes tau protein phosphorylated at serine residue 396 in the C-terminal region), we examined phospho-tau immunostaining in neurons from the hippocampal CA1 region of 21 human cases with tau pathology ranging from Braak stage I to VI. Our results indicate that the AT100/pS396 ratio decreases in CA1 in accordance with the severity of the disease, along with its colocalization. We therefore propose the AT100/pS396 ratio as a new tool to analyze the tau pathology progression. Our findings also suggest a conformational modification in tau protein that may cause the disappearance of the AT100 epitope in the late stages of tau pathology, which may play a role in the toxic tangle aggregation. Thus, this study provides new insights underlying the stages for the formation of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamen Regalado-Reyes
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Furcila
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Spain
| | - Jesús Ávila
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Spain
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Spain
| | - Gonzalo León-Espinosa
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, CEU San Pablo University - CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Clough S, Duff MC. The Role of Gesture in Communication and Cognition: Implications for Understanding and Treating Neurogenic Communication Disorders. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:323. [PMID: 32903691 PMCID: PMC7438760 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
When people talk, they gesture. Gesture is a fundamental component of language that contributes meaningful and unique information to a spoken message and reflects the speaker's underlying knowledge and experiences. Theoretical perspectives of speech and gesture propose that they share a common conceptual origin and have a tightly integrated relationship, overlapping in time, meaning, and function to enrich the communicative context. We review a robust literature from the field of psychology documenting the benefits of gesture for communication for both speakers and listeners, as well as its important cognitive functions for organizing spoken language, and facilitating problem-solving, learning, and memory. Despite this evidence, gesture has been relatively understudied in populations with neurogenic communication disorders. While few studies have examined the rehabilitative potential of gesture in these populations, others have ignored gesture entirely or even discouraged its use. We review the literature characterizing gesture production and its role in intervention for people with aphasia, as well as describe the much sparser literature on gesture in cognitive communication disorders including right hemisphere damage, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer's disease. The neuroanatomical and behavioral profiles of these patient populations provide a unique opportunity to test theories of the relationship of speech and gesture and advance our understanding of their neural correlates. This review highlights several gaps in the field of communication disorders which may serve as a bridge for applying the psychological literature of gesture to the study of language disorders. Such future work would benefit from considering theoretical perspectives of gesture and using more rigorous and quantitative empirical methods in its approaches. We discuss implications for leveraging gesture to explore its untapped potential in understanding and rehabilitating neurogenic communication disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharice Clough
- Communication and Memory Lab, Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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19
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Braak H, Del Tredici K. From the Entorhinal Region via the Prosubiculum to the Dentate Fascia: Alzheimer Disease-Related Neurofibrillary Changes in the Temporal Allocortex. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:163-175. [PMID: 31913466 PMCID: PMC6970449 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological process underlying Alzheimer disease (AD) unfolds predominantly in the cerebral cortex with the gradual appearance and regional progression of abnormal tau. Intraneuronal tau pathology progresses from the temporal transentorhinal and entorhinal regions into neocortical fields/areas of the temporal allocortex. Here, based on 95 cases staged for AD-related neurofibrillary changes, we propose an ordered progression of abnormal tau in the temporal allocortex. Initially, abnormal tau was limited to distal dendritic segments followed by tau in cell bodies of projection neurons of the transentorhinal/entorhinal layer pre-α. Next, abnormal distal dendrites accumulated in the prosubiculum and extended into the CA1 stratum oriens and lacunosum. Subsequently, altered dendrites developed in the CA2/CA3 stratum oriens and stratum lacunosum-moleculare, combined with tau-positive thorny excrescences of CA3/CA4 mossy cells. Finally, granule cells of the dentate fascia became involved. Such a progression might recapitulate a sequence of transsynaptic spreading of abnormal tau from 1 projection neuron to the next: From pre-α cells to distal dendrites in the prosubiculum and CA1; then, from CA1 or prosubicular pyramids to CA2 principal cells and CA3/CA4 mossy cells; finally, from CA4 mossy cells to dentate granule cells. The lesions are additive: Those from the previous steps persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Braak
- From the Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroanatomy, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kelly Del Tredici
- From the Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroanatomy, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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20
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Hammers DB, Kucera A, Spencer RJ, Abildskov TJ, Archibald ZG, Hoffman JM, Wilde EA. Examining the Relationship between a Verbal Incidental Learning Measure from the WAIS-IV and Neuroimaging Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Pathology. Dev Neuropsychol 2020; 45:95-109. [PMID: 32374196 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2020.1762602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Convergent validation of a verbal incidental learning (IL) task from the WAIS-IV using neuroimaging biomarkers is warranted to understand its sensitivity to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Fifty-five memory clinic patients aged 59 to 87 years received neuropsychological assessment, and measures of IL and quantitative brain imaging. Worse IL-Total Score and IL-Similarities performances were significantly associated with smaller hemispheric hippocampal volumes. IL measures were not significantly correlated with cerebral β-amyloid burden, though a trend was present and effect sizes were mild. These hippocampal volume results suggest that this IL task may be sensitive to AD pathology along the AD continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin B Hammers
- Center for Alzheimer's Care, Imaging, and Research, Department of Neurology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Amanda Kucera
- University of Utah Health Care , Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Robert J Spencer
- Mental Health Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System , Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tracy J Abildskov
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Zane G Archibald
- Center for Quantitative Cancer Imaging, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - John M Hoffman
- Center for Quantitative Cancer Imaging, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Wilde
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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21
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Stothart G, Smith LJ, Milton A. A rapid, neural measure of implicit recognition memory using fast periodic visual stimulation. Neuroimage 2020; 211:116628. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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22
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The epichaperome is a mediator of toxic hippocampal stress and leads to protein connectivity-based dysfunction. Nat Commun 2020; 11:319. [PMID: 31949159 PMCID: PMC6965647 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal functioning of neuronal networks is critical to the complex cognitive processes of memory and executive function that deteriorate in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here we use cellular and animal models as well as human biospecimens to show that AD-related stressors mediate global disturbances in dynamic intra- and inter-neuronal networks through pathologic rewiring of the chaperome system into epichaperomes. These structures provide the backbone upon which proteome-wide connectivity, and in turn, protein networks become disturbed and ultimately dysfunctional. We introduce the term protein connectivity-based dysfunction (PCBD) to define this mechanism. Among most sensitive to PCBD are pathways with key roles in synaptic plasticity. We show at cellular and target organ levels that network connectivity and functional imbalances revert to normal levels upon epichaperome inhibition. In conclusion, we provide proof-of-principle to propose AD is a PCBDopathy, a disease of proteome-wide connectivity defects mediated by maladaptive epichaperomes. The biology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains unknown. We propose AD is a protein connectivity-based dysfunction disorder whereby a switch of the chaperome into epichaperomes rewires proteome-wide connectivity, leading to brain circuitry malfunction that can be corrected by novel therapeutics.
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23
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Furcila D, Domínguez-Álvaro M, DeFelipe J, Alonso-Nanclares L. Subregional Density of Neurons, Neurofibrillary Tangles and Amyloid Plaques in the Hippocampus of Patients With Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neuroanat 2019; 13:99. [PMID: 31920568 PMCID: PMC6930895 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of anatomical alterations have been reported in the hippocampal formation of patients with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and these alterations have been correlated with cognitive symptoms in the early stages of the disease. Major hallmarks in AD are the presence of paired helical filaments of tau protein (PHFTau) within neurons, also known as neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and aggregates of amyloid-β protein (Aβ) which form plaques in the extracellular space. Nevertheless, how the density of plaques and NFTs relate to the severity of cell loss and cognitive decline is not yet clear. The aim of the present study was to further examine the possible relationship of both Aβ plaques and NFTs with neuronal loss in several hippocampal fields (DG, CA3, CA1, and subiculum) of 11 demented AD patients. For this purpose, using stereological techniques, we compared neuronal densities (Nissl-stained, and immunoreactive neurons for NeuN) with: (i) numbers of neurons immunostained for two isoforms of PHFTau (PHFTau-AT8 and PHFTau-pS396); and (ii) number of Aβ plaques. We found that CA1 showed the highest number of NFTs and Aβ plaques, whereas DG and CA3 displayed the lowest number of these markers. Furthermore, AD patients showed a variable neuronal loss in CA1 due to tangle-related cell death, which seems to correlate with the presence of extracellular tangles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Furcila
- Cajal Laboratory of Cortical Circuits, Centre for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Network Biomedical Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Domínguez-Álvaro
- Cajal Laboratory of Cortical Circuits, Centre for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Cajal Laboratory of Cortical Circuits, Centre for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Network Biomedical Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Cajal Institute (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Alonso-Nanclares
- Cajal Laboratory of Cortical Circuits, Centre for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Network Biomedical Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Cajal Institute (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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24
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Eguchi A, Kimura N, Aso Y, Yabuuchi K, Ishibashi M, Hori D, Sasaki Y, Nakamichi A, Uesugi S, Jikumaru M, Sumi K, Shimomura T, Matsubara E. Relationship Between the Japanese Version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and PET Imaging in Subjects with Mild Cognitive Impairment. Curr Alzheimer Res 2019; 16:852-860. [PMID: 31385770 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190805155230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test has high sensitivity and specificity for detecting mild cognitive impairment or early dementia. How the MoCA score relates to findings of positron emission tomography imaging, however, remains unclear. OBJECTIVE This prospective study examined the relationship between the Japanese version of the MoCA (MoCA-J) test and brain amyloid deposition or cerebral glucose metabolism among subjects with mild cognitive impairment. METHODS A total of 125 subjects with mild cognitive impairment underwent the MoCA-J test, and amyloid- and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose- positron emission tomography. Linear correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were conducted to investigate the relationship between the MoCA-J score and demographic characteristics, amyloid deposition, and cerebral glucose metabolism. Moreover, Statistical Parametric Mapping 8 was used for a voxel-wise regression analysis of the MoCA-J score and cerebral glucose metabolism. RESULTS The MoCA-J score significantly correlated with age, years of education, and the Mini-Mental State Examination score. After adjusting for age, sex, and education, the MoCA-J score significantly correlated negatively with amyloid retention (β= -0.174, p= 0.031) and positively with cerebral glucose metabolism (β= 0.183, p= 0.044). Statistical Parametric Mapping showed that Japanese version of MoCA score correlated with glucose metabolism in the bilateral frontal and parietal lobes, and the left precuneus. CONCLUSION The total MoCA-J score correlated with amyloid deposition and frontal and parietal glucose metabolism in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Our findings support the usefulness of the MoCA-J test for screening subjects at high risk for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Eguchi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kimura
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Aso
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yabuuchi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Masato Ishibashi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Daiji Hori
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Yuuki Sasaki
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Atsuhito Nakamichi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Souhei Uesugi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Mika Jikumaru
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Kaori Sumi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shimomura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oita University, Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Etsuro Matsubara
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
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25
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Mufson EJ, Counts SE, Ginsberg SD, Mahady L, Perez SE, Massa SM, Longo FM, Ikonomovic MD. Nerve Growth Factor Pathobiology During the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:533. [PMID: 31312116 PMCID: PMC6613497 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The current review summarizes the pathobiology of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its cognate receptors during the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Both transcript and protein data indicate that cholinotrophic neuronal dysfunction is related to an imbalance between TrkA-mediated survival signaling and the NGF precursor (proNGF)/p75NTR-mediated pro-apoptotic signaling, which may be related to alteration in the metabolism of NGF. Data indicate a spatiotemporal pattern of degeneration related to the evolution of tau pathology within cholinotrophic neuronal subgroups located within the nucleus basalis of Meynert (nbM). Despite these degenerative events the cholinotrophic system is capable of cellular resilience and/or plasticity during the prodromal and later stages of the disease. In addition to neurotrophin dysfunction, studies indicate alterations in epigenetically regulated proteins occur within cholinotrophic nbM neurons during the progression of AD, suggesting a mechanism that may underlie changes in transcript expression. Findings that increased cerebrospinal fluid levels of proNGF mark the onset of MCI and the transition to AD suggests that this proneurotrophin is a potential disease biomarker. Novel therapeutics to treat NGF dysfunction include NGF gene therapy and the development of small molecule agonists for the cognate prosurvival NGF receptor TrkA and antagonists against the pan-neurotrophin p75NTR death receptor for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott J. Mufson
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurology, Department of Neurobiology, and Department of Neurological Sciences, Alzheimer’s Disease Laboratory, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Scott E. Counts
- Translational Science and Molecular Medicine Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Stephen D. Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, and Physiology and NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Laura Mahady
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurology, Department of Neurobiology, and Department of Neurological Sciences, Alzheimer’s Disease Laboratory, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Sylvia E. Perez
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurology, Department of Neurobiology, and Department of Neurological Sciences, Alzheimer’s Disease Laboratory, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Stephen M. Massa
- Department of Neurology, San Francisco VA Health Care System, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Frank M. Longo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Milos D. Ikonomovic
- Department of Neurology and Department of Psychiatry, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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26
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Hirokawa Y, Fujimoto A, Ichikawa N, Sato K, Tanaka T, Enoki H, Otsuki Y, Okanishi T. Temporal Lobe Cavernous Malformation Caused Epileptic Amnesic Episodes and Mild Cognitive Impairment. Front Neurol 2019; 10:620. [PMID: 31249550 PMCID: PMC6582224 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathological features in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are amyloid β (Aβ) deposits and neurofibrillary changes. AD is characterized by memory impairment and cognitive dysfunction, with some reports associating these impairments with hyperexcitability caused by Aβ in the medial temporal lobe. Epileptic seizures are known to be common in AD. We encountered a 65-year-old patient with cavernous malformation (CM) in the right temporal lobe who exhibited epileptic amnesia (EA) and AD-like symptoms. Scalp electroencephalography (EEG), including long-term video-EEG, showed no interictal discharges, but intraoperative subdural electrode (SE) recording from the right parahippocampal area showed frequent epileptiform discharges. Neuropathologically, senile plaques were found in the surrounding normal cortex of the CM. Postoperatively, the patient has remained free of EA and AD-like symptoms since total removal of the CM. This is the first surgical case report to confirm temporal lobe hyperexcitability associated with EA and AD-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hirokawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seirei-Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Ayataka Fujimoto
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seirei-Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Naoki Ichikawa
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seirei-Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Keishiro Sato
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seirei-Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tokutaro Tanaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seirei-Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hideo Enoki
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seirei-Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Otsuki
- Department of Pathology, Seirei-Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tohru Okanishi
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seirei-Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
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27
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Tournier BB, Tsartsalis S, Rigaud D, Fossey C, Cailly T, Fabis F, Pham T, Grégoire MC, Kövari E, Moulin-Sallanon M, Savioz A, Millet P. TSPO and amyloid deposits in sub-regions of the hippocampus in the 3xTgAD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 121:95-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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28
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Perea RD, Rabin JS, Fujiyoshi MG, Neal TE, Smith EE, Van Dijk KRA, Hedden T. Connectome-derived diffusion characteristics of the fornix in Alzheimer's disease. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 19:331-342. [PMID: 30013916 PMCID: PMC6044183 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The fornix bundle is a major white matter pathway of the hippocampus. While volume of the hippocampus has been a primary imaging biomarker of Alzheimer's disease progression, recent research has suggested that the volume and microstructural characteristics of the fornix bundle connecting the hippocampus could add relevant information for diagnosing and staging Alzheimer's disease. Using a robust fornix bundle isolation technique in native diffusion space, this study investigated whether diffusion measurements of the fornix differed between normal older adults and Alzheimer's disease patients when controlling for volume measurements. Data were collected using high gradient multi-shell diffusion-weighted MRI from a Siemens CONNECTOM scanner in 23 Alzheimer's disease and 23 age- and sex-matched control older adults (age range = 53–92). These data were used to reconstruct a continuous fornix bundle in every participant's native diffusion space, from which tract-derived volumetric and diffusion metrics were extracted and compared between groups. Diffusion metrics included those from a tensor model and from a generalized q-sampling imaging model. Results showed no significant differences in tract-derived fornix volumes but did show altered diffusion metrics within tissue classified as the fornix in the Alzheimer's disease group. Comparisons to a manual tracing method indicated the same pattern of results and high correlations between the methods. These results suggest that in Alzheimer's disease, diffusion characteristics may provide more sensitive measures of fornix degeneration than do volume measures and may be a potential early marker for loss of medial temporal lobe connectivity. An enhanced method for measurement of continuous fornix bundles is described. Diffusion characteristics of the fornix were degraded in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's disease primarily affected the crus and body of the fornix. Diffusion differences were observed controlling for fornix volume differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo D Perea
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Dept. of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States; Dept. of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer S Rabin
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Dept. of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Megan G Fujiyoshi
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Taylor E Neal
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Emily E Smith
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Koene R A Van Dijk
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Dept. of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Trey Hedden
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Dept. of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States; Dept. of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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29
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Adiele RC, Adiele CA. Mitochondrial Regulatory Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 53:1257-70. [PMID: 27392851 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-associated neurodegenerative brain disorder with progressive cognitive decline that leads to terminal dementia and death. For decades, amyloid-beta (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) aggregation hypotheses have dominated studies on the pathogenesis and identification of potential therapeutic targets in AD. Little attention has been paid to the mitochondrial molecular/biochemical pathways leading to AD. Mitochondria play a critical role in cell viability and death including neurons and neuroglia, not only because they regulate energy and oxygen metabolism but also because they regulate cell death pathways. Mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress are implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. Interestingly, current therapeutics provide symptomatic benefits to AD patients resulting in the use of preventive trials on presymptomatic subjects. This review article elucidates the pathophysiology of AD and emphasizes the need to explore the mitochondrial pathways to provide solutions to unanswered questions in the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginald C Adiele
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Chiedukam A Adiele
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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30
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Furcila D, DeFelipe J, Alonso-Nanclares L. A Study of Amyloid-β and Phosphotau in Plaques and Neurons in the Hippocampus of Alzheimer's Disease Patients. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 64:417-435. [PMID: 29914033 PMCID: PMC6027945 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The main pathological hallmarks in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are the presence of extracellular amyloid plaques, primarily consisting of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, and the accumulation of paired helical filaments of hyperphosphorylated tau protein (PHF-Tau) within neurons. Since CA1 is one of the most affected regions in AD, mainly at early stages, we have performed a detailed analysis of the CA1 region from 11 AD patients (demented and clinically similar; Braak stages IV-VI) to better understand the possible relationship between the presence and distribution of different neurochemical types of Aβ plaques and PHF-Tau immunoreactive (- ir) neurons. Hence, we have examined hippocampal sections in confocal microscopy images from double and triple-immunostained sections, to study labeled plaques and PHF-Tau-ir neurons using specific software tools. There are four main findings in the present study. First, the pyramidal layer of proximal CA1 (close to CA2) contains the smallest number of both plaques and PHF-Tau-ir neurons. Second, a large proportion of Aβ-ir plaques were also characterized by the presence of PHF-Tau-ir. Third, all plaques containing one of the two PHF-Tau isoforms also express the other isoform, that is, if a plaque contains PHFpS396, it also contains PHFAT8, and vice versa. Fourth, the coexpression study of both PHF-Tau isoforms in CA1 neurons revealed that most of the labeled neurons express only PHFpS396. Our findings further support the idea that AD is not a unique entity even within the same neuropathological stage, since the microanatomical/neurochemical changes that occur in the hippocampus greatly vary from one patient to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Furcila
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Alonso-Nanclares
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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31
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Kneynsberg A, Combs B, Christensen K, Morfini G, Kanaan NM. Axonal Degeneration in Tauopathies: Disease Relevance and Underlying Mechanisms. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:572. [PMID: 29089864 PMCID: PMC5651019 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tauopathies are a diverse group of diseases featuring progressive dying-back neurodegeneration of specific neuronal populations in association with accumulation of abnormal forms of the microtubule-associated protein tau. It is well-established that the clinical symptoms characteristic of tauopathies correlate with deficits in synaptic function and neuritic connectivity early in the course of disease, but mechanisms underlying these critical pathogenic events are not fully understood. Biochemical in vitro evidence fueled the widespread notion that microtubule stabilization represents tau's primary biological role and that the marked atrophy of neurites observed in tauopathies results from loss of microtubule stability. However, this notion contrasts with the mild phenotype associated with tau deletion. Instead, an analysis of cellular hallmarks common to different tauopathies, including aberrant patterns of protein phosphorylation and early degeneration of axons, suggests that alterations in kinase-based signaling pathways and deficits in axonal transport (AT) associated with such alterations contribute to the loss of neuronal connectivity triggered by pathogenic forms of tau. Here, we review a body of literature providing evidence that axonal pathology represents an early and common pathogenic event among human tauopathies. Observations of axonal degeneration in animal models of specific tauopathies are discussed and similarities to human disease highlighted. Finally, we discuss potential mechanistic pathways other than microtubule destabilization by which disease-related forms of tau may promote axonopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kneynsberg
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Benjamin Combs
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Kyle Christensen
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Gerardo Morfini
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Nicholas M Kanaan
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
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32
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Negative Emotional Verbal Memory Biases in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Late-Onset Depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2017; 25:1160-1170. [PMID: 28595749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early and preferential targeting of limbic structures by Alzheimer disease (AD)-related pathology suggests emotion dysregulation may serve as a marker of AD risk. We studied emotional verbal memory in two groups at risk for AD, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and late-onset depression (LOD), to test the hypothesis that aMCI and LOD would be characterized by a negative bias in emotional memory, whereas cognitively normal (CN) adults would show the "positivity effect" associated with healthy aging. METHODS Participants completed a novel test of emotional verbal memory, the Emotional Verbal Learning Test (EVeLT), consisting of a 15-item list of words with positive, negative, or neutral valence. Recall as a function of group and valence was analyzed using mixed analysis of variance. Spearman's rho was used to examine associations between EVeLT, mood, and executive function. MCI and CN participants had no current or past history of mood or anxiety disorders. aMCI participants met neuropsychological criteria for single-domain aMCI (sd-aMCI). LOD developed their first episode of depression at ≥60 years of age. RESULTS CN adults recalled more positive words, whereas sd-aMCI and LOD adults recalled more negative, relative to neutral, words on the EVeLT. Positive emotional memory and negative attitudes regarding self were inversely correlated in CN adults. CONCLUSION sd-aMCI and LOD groups show negative emotional memory biases, consistent with our hypothesis that emotion dysregulation is a signature of AD risk.
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33
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Wegmann S, Bennett RE, Amaral AS, Hyman BT. Studying tau protein propagation and pathology in the mouse brain using adeno-associated viruses. Methods Cell Biol 2017; 141:307-322. [PMID: 28882310 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The progressive spread of pathological brain lesions containing aggregated tau protein is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. In AD, this process follows a distinct pattern along neuronal connections from the entorhinal cortex to hippocampal areas and further on through the limbic system. In other tauopathies, the spread of tau appears less hierarchical throughout the brain, and also nonpathological tau is reported to cross-synaptic connections in the brain. To be able to study the process of cell-to-cell transport of tau and the associated neurotoxicity in the brain in vivo, adeno-associated virus-mediated expression of tau can be used to express different forms of tau in distinct brain areas in rodent models. As an example, we describe how the expression of FTD-mutant human tauP301L in the entorhinal cortex of wild-type mice can be used to study the propagation of tau to connected neurons and to determine pathological consequences such as tau hyperphosphorylation, misfolding, and gliosis. The approach described can easily be translated to study other aggregating and/or propagating proteins in the brain such as synuclein, Abeta, or SOD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Wegmann
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Mass. Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND), Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Rachel E Bennett
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Mass. Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND), Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ana S Amaral
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Mass. Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND), Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Mass. Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND), Boston, MA, United States
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34
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Pickett EK, Henstridge CM, Allison E, Pitstick R, Pooler A, Wegmann S, Carlson G, Hyman BT, Spires-Jones TL. Spread of tau down neural circuits precedes synapse and neuronal loss in the rTgTauEC mouse model of early Alzheimer's disease. Synapse 2017; 71:e21965. [PMID: 28196395 PMCID: PMC5516127 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction and loss is the strongest pathological correlate of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD) with increasing evidence implicating neuropathological tau protein in this process. Despite the knowledge that tau spreads through defined synaptic circuits, it is currently unknown whether synapse loss occurs before the accumulation of tau or as a consequence. To address this, we have used array tomography to examine an rTgTauEC mouse model expressing a P301L human tau transgene and a transgene labeling cytoplasm red (tdTomato) and presynaptic terminals green (Synaptophysin-EGFP). All transgenes are restricted primarily to the entorhinal cortex using the neuropsin promotor to drive tTA expression. It has previously been shown that rTgTauEC mice exhibit neuronal loss in the entorhinal cortex and synapse density loss in the middle molecular layer (MML) of the dentate gyrus at 24 months of age. Here, we observed the density of tau-expressing and total presynapses, and the spread of tau into the postsynapse in the MML of 3-6, 9, and 18 month old red-green-rTgTauEC mice. We observe no loss of synapse density in the MML up to 18 months even in axons expressing tau. Despite the maintenance of synapse density, we see spread of human tau from presynaptic terminals to postsynaptic compartments in the MML at very early ages, indicating that the spread of tau through neural circuits is not due to the degeneration of axon terminals and is an early feature of the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor K Pickett
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, Centre for Dementia Prevention and the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M Henstridge
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, Centre for Dementia Prevention and the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Allison
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, Centre for Dementia Prevention and the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Amy Pooler
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Susanne Wegmann
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | | | - Bradley T Hyman
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Tara L Spires-Jones
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, Centre for Dementia Prevention and the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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35
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Hammers DB, Atkinson TJ, Dalley BCA, Suhrie KR, Horn KP, Rasmussen KM, Beardmore BE, Burrell LD, Duff K, Hoffman JM. Amyloid Positivity Using [18F]Flutemetamol-PET and Cognitive Deficits in Nondemented Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2017; 32:320-328. [PMID: 28403622 DOI: 10.1177/1533317517698795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Little research exists examining the relationship between beta-amyloid neuritic plaque density via [18F]flutemetamol binding and cognition; consequently, the purpose of the current study was to compare cognitive performances among individuals having either increased amyloid deposition (Flute+) or minimal amyloid deposition (Flute-). Twenty-seven nondemented community-dwelling adults over the age of 65 underwent [18F]flutemetamol amyloid-positron emission tomography imaging, along with cognitive testing using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) and select behavioral measures. Analysis of variance was used to identify the differences among the cognitive and behavioral measures between Flute+/Flute- groups. Flute+ participants performed significantly worse than Flute- participants on RBANS indexes of immediate memory, language, delayed memory, and total scale score, but no significant group differences in the endorsed level of depression or subjective report of cognitive difficulties were observed. Although these results are preliminary, [18F]flutemetamol accurately tracks cognition in a nondemented elderly sample, which may allow for better prediction of cognitive decline in late life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin B Hammers
- 1 Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer's Care, Imaging and Research, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Taylor J Atkinson
- 1 Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer's Care, Imaging and Research, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Bonnie C A Dalley
- 1 Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer's Care, Imaging and Research, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kayla R Suhrie
- 1 Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer's Care, Imaging and Research, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kevin P Horn
- 2 Center for Quantitative Cancer Imaging, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kelli M Rasmussen
- 2 Center for Quantitative Cancer Imaging, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Britney E Beardmore
- 2 Center for Quantitative Cancer Imaging, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lance D Burrell
- 2 Center for Quantitative Cancer Imaging, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kevin Duff
- 1 Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer's Care, Imaging and Research, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - John M Hoffman
- 2 Center for Quantitative Cancer Imaging, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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36
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Hammers DB, Kucera AM, Card SJ, Tolle KA, Atkinson TJ, Duff K, Spencer RJ. Validity of a verbal incidental learning measure from the WAIS-IV in older adults. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2017.1295968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kevin Duff
- Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Aggleton JP, Pralus A, Nelson AJD, Hornberger M. Thalamic pathology and memory loss in early Alzheimer's disease: moving the focus from the medial temporal lobe to Papez circuit. Brain 2016; 139:1877-90. [PMID: 27190025 PMCID: PMC4939698 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely assumed that incipient protein pathology in the medial temporal lobe instigates the loss of episodic memory in Alzheimer’s disease, one of the earliest cognitive deficits in this type of dementia. Within this region, the hippocampus is seen as the most vital for episodic memory. Consequently, research into the causes of memory loss in Alzheimer’s disease continues to centre on hippocampal dysfunction and how disease-modifying therapies in this region can potentially alleviate memory symptomology. The present review questions this entrenched notion by bringing together findings from post-mortem studies, non-invasive imaging (including studies of presymptomatic, at-risk cases) and genetically modified animal models. The combined evidence indicates that the loss of episodic memory in early Alzheimer’s disease reflects much wider neurodegeneration in an extended mnemonic system (Papez circuit), which critically involves the limbic thalamus. Within this system, the anterior thalamic nuclei are prominent, both for their vital contributions to episodic memory and for how these same nuclei appear vulnerable in prodromal Alzheimer’s disease. As thalamic abnormalities occur in some of the earliest stages of the disease, the idea that such changes are merely secondary to medial temporal lobe dysfunctions is challenged. This alternate view is further strengthened by the interdependent relationship between the anterior thalamic nuclei and retrosplenial cortex, given how dysfunctions in the latter cortical area provide some of the earliest
in vivo
imaging evidence of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease. Appreciating the importance of the anterior thalamic nuclei for memory and attention provides a more balanced understanding of Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, this refocus on the limbic thalamus, as well as the rest of Papez circuit, would have significant implications for the diagnostics, modelling, and experimental treatment of cognitive symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Aggleton
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Agathe Pralus
- Master of Biosciences, ENS de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Andrew J D Nelson
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
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Abstract
Fear memory is the best-studied form of memory. It was thoroughly investigated in the past 60 years mostly using two classical conditioning procedures (contextual fear conditioning and fear conditioning to a tone) and one instrumental procedure (one-trial inhibitory avoidance). Fear memory is formed in the hippocampus (contextual conditioning and inhibitory avoidance), in the basolateral amygdala (inhibitory avoidance), and in the lateral amygdala (conditioning to a tone). The circuitry involves, in addition, the pre- and infralimbic ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the central amygdala subnuclei, and the dentate gyrus. Fear learning models, notably inhibitory avoidance, have also been very useful for the analysis of the biochemical mechanisms of memory consolidation as a whole. These studies have capitalized on in vitro observations on long-term potentiation and other kinds of plasticity. The effect of a very large number of drugs on fear learning has been intensively studied, often as a prelude to the investigation of effects on anxiety. The extinction of fear learning involves to an extent a reversal of the flow of information in the mentioned structures and is used in the therapy of posttraumatic stress disorder and fear memories in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Izquierdo
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, National Research Council of Brazil, and Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristiane R. G. Furini
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, National Research Council of Brazil, and Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jociane C. Myskiw
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, National Research Council of Brazil, and Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Vascular Dementia and Cognitive Impairment. Stroke 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-29544-4.00017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mufson EJ, Mahady L, Waters D, Counts SE, Perez SE, DeKosky ST, Ginsberg SD, Ikonomovic MD, Scheff SW, Binder LI. Hippocampal plasticity during the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 2015; 309:51-67. [PMID: 25772787 PMCID: PMC4567973 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuroplasticity involves molecular and structural changes in central nervous system (CNS) throughout life. The concept of neural organization allows for remodeling as a compensatory mechanism to the early pathobiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in an attempt to maintain brain function and cognition during the onset of dementia. The hippocampus, a crucial component of the medial temporal lobe memory circuit, is affected early in AD and displays synaptic and intraneuronal molecular remodeling against a pathological background of extracellular amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition and intracellular neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) formation in the early stages of AD. Here we discuss human clinical pathological findings supporting the concept that the hippocampus is capable of neural plasticity during mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a prodromal stage of AD and early stage AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Mufson
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Medical Center, Department of Neurobiology, Phoenix, AZ 85013, United States.
| | - L Mahady
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Medical Center, Department of Neurobiology, Phoenix, AZ 85013, United States
| | - D Waters
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Medical Center, Department of Neurobiology, Phoenix, AZ 85013, United States
| | - S E Counts
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - S E Perez
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - S T DeKosky
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - S D Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Departments of Psychiatry and Physiology & Neuroscience, New York University Langone Medical Center, Orangeburg, NY, United States
| | - M D Ikonomovic
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - S W Scheff
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - L I Binder
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
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41
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Hritcu L, Hancianu M, Mihasan M, Cioanca O. Effects of inhaled juniper volatile oil in amyloid beta (1-42)-induced anxiety and depression in laboratory rats. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucian Hritcu
- Department of Biology; Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi; Bd. Carol I, No.11 700506 Romania
| | - Monica Hancianu
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Gr. T. Popa’; 16 University Str. Iasi 700117 Romania
| | - Marius Mihasan
- Department of Biology; Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi; Bd. Carol I, No.11 700506 Romania
| | - Oana Cioanca
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Gr. T. Popa’; 16 University Str. Iasi 700117 Romania
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Saura CA, Parra-Damas A, Enriquez-Barreto L. Gene expression parallels synaptic excitability and plasticity changes in Alzheimer's disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:318. [PMID: 26379494 PMCID: PMC4548151 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by abnormal accumulation of β-amyloid and tau and synapse dysfunction in memory-related neural circuits. Pathological and functional changes in the medial temporal lobe, a region essential for explicit memory encoding, contribute to cognitive decline in AD. Surprisingly, functional imaging studies show increased activity of the hippocampus and associated cortical regions during memory tasks in presymptomatic and early AD stages, whereas brain activity declines as the disease progresses. These findings suggest an emerging scenario where early pathogenic events might increase neuronal excitability leading to enhanced brain activity before clinical manifestations of the disease, a stage that is followed by decreased brain activity as neurodegeneration progresses. The mechanisms linking pathology with synaptic excitability and plasticity changes leading to memory loss in AD remain largely unclear. Recent studies suggest that increased brain activity parallels enhanced expression of genes involved in synaptic transmission and plasticity in preclinical stages, whereas expression of synaptic and activity-dependent genes are reduced by the onset of pathological and cognitive symptoms. Here, we review recent evidences indicating a relationship between transcriptional deregulation of synaptic genes and neuronal activity and memory loss in AD and mouse models. These findings provide the basis for potential clinical applications of memory-related transcriptional programs and their regulatory mechanisms as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets to restore brain function in AD and other cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Saura
- Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
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Baldi E, Bucherelli C. Brain sites involved in fear memory reconsolidation and extinction of rodents. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 53:160-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hritcu L, Noumedem JA, Cioanca O, Hancianu M, Postu P, Mihasan M. Anxiolytic and antidepressant profile of the methanolic extract of Piper nigrum fruits in beta-amyloid (1-42) rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Funct 2015; 11:13. [PMID: 25880991 PMCID: PMC4389991 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-015-0059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae) is employed in traditional medicine of many countries as analgesic, antiinflammatory, anticonvulsant, antioxidant, antidepressant and cognitive-enhancing agent. This study was undertaken in order to evaluate the possible anxiolytic, antidepressant and antioxidant properties of the methanolic extract of Piper nigrum fruits in beta-amyloid (1–42) rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. Methods The anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of the methanolic extract were studied by means of in vivo (elevated plus-maze and forced swimming tests) approaches. Also, the antioxidant activity in the amygdala was assessed using superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase specific activities, the total content of the reduced glutathione, protein carbonyl and malondialdehyde levels. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significant differences were determined by Tukey’s post hoc test. F values for which p < 0.05 were regarded as statistically significant. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used in order to evaluate the connection between behavioral measures, the antioxidant defence and lipid peroxidation. Results The beta-amyloid (1–42)-treated rats exhibited the following: decrease of the exploratory activity, the percentage of the time spent and the number of entries in the open arm within elevated plus-maze test and decrease of swimming time and increase of immobility time within forced swimming test. Administration of the methanolic extract significantly exhibited anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects and also antioxidant potential. Conclusions Taken together, our results suggest that the methanolic extract ameliorates beta-amyloid (1–42)-induced anxiety and depression by attenuation of the oxidative stress in the rat amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucian Hritcu
- Department of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Bd. Carol I, No.11, Iasi, 700506, Romania.
| | - Jaurès A Noumedem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon.
| | - Oana Cioanca
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Gr. T. Popa", 16 University Str., Iasi, 700117, Romania.
| | - Monica Hancianu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Gr. T. Popa", 16 University Str., Iasi, 700117, Romania.
| | - Paula Postu
- Department of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Bd. Carol I, No.11, Iasi, 700506, Romania.
| | - Marius Mihasan
- Department of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Bd. Carol I, No.11, Iasi, 700506, Romania.
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Carlesimo GA, Piras F, Orfei MD, Iorio M, Caltagirone C, Spalletta G. Atrophy of presubiculum and subiculum is the earliest hippocampal anatomical marker of Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 1:24-32. [PMID: 27239489 PMCID: PMC4876901 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no consensus about which hippocampal subfields become atrophic earliest in the course of Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS Thirty AD patients, 41 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients, and 38 healthy controls (HCs) underwent cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (with an automated segmentation protocol for the volumetric analysis of hippocampal subfields) and a test of immediate and delayed recall of a 15-word list. RESULTS The volumes of the presubiculum and subiculum presented the most remarkable reduction in the patient's groups. In the MCI group, only the volumes of presubiculum and subiculum predicted performance on the memory tests. In AD patients, the volumes of all hippocampal subfields (with the notable exception of the CA1) predicted memory scores. CONCLUSIONS Our data point to a prevalent atrophy of the presubicular-subicular complex from the early phases of AD. This finding is consistent with neuropathological observations in AD patients and probably reflects the severe degeneration of the perforant pathway while penetrating the hippocampus through the subicular field in its course from the entorhinal cortex to the dentate gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni A. Carlesimo
- Department of Neuroscience, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Piras
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Donata Orfei
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariangela Iorio
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- Department of Neuroscience, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Spalletta
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Béduer A, Joris P, Mosser S, Fraering PC, Renaud P. Detection of Alzheimer’s disease amyloid-beta plaque deposition by deep brain impedance profiling. J Neural Eng 2015; 12:024001. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/12/2/024001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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47
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Ferreira MES, de Vasconcelos AS, da Costa Vilhena T, da Silva TL, da Silva Barbosa A, Gomes ARQ, Dolabela MF, Percário S. Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer's Disease: Should We Keep Trying Antioxidant Therapies? Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 35:595-614. [PMID: 25616523 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The risk of chronic diseases such as Alzheimer's disease is growing as a result of the continuous increasing average life span of the world population, a syndrome characterized by the presence of intraneural neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques composed mainly by beta-amyloid protein, changes that may cause a number of progressive disorders in the elderly, causing, in its most advanced stage, difficulty in performing normal daily activities, among other manifestations. Therefore, it is important to understand the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of this syndrome. Nevertheless, despite intensive effort to access the physiopathological pathways of the disease, it remains poorly understood. In that context, some hypotheses have arisen, including the recent oxidative stress hypothesis, theory supported by the involvement of oxidative stress in aging, and the vulnerability of neurons to oxidative attack. In the present revision, oxidative changes and redox mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease will be further stressed, as well as the grounds for antioxidant supplementation as adjuvant therapy for the disease will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelli Erica Souza Ferreira
- Oxidative Stress Research Lab, Institute of Biological Sciences (LAPEO - ICB), Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Correa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
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48
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Abstract
Background: Patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) typically have impaired declarative memory as a result of hippocampal damage early in the disease. Far less is understood about AD’s effect on emotion. Objective: We investigated whether feelings of emotion can persist in patients with AD, even after their declarative memory for what caused the feelings has faded. Methods: A sample of 17 patients with probable AD and 17 healthy comparison participants (case-matched for age, sex, and education) underwent 2 separate emotion induction procedures in which they watched film clips intended to induce feelings of sadness or happiness. We collected real-time emotion ratings at baseline and at 3 post-induction time points, and we administered a test of declarative memory shortly after each induction. Results: As expected, the patients with AD had severely impaired declarative memory for both the sad and happy films. Despite their memory impairment, the patients continued to report elevated levels of sadness and happiness that persisted well beyond their memory for the films. This outcome was especially prominent after the sadness induction, with sustained elevations in sadness lasting for more than 30 minutes, even in patients with no conscious recollection for the films. Conclusions: These findings indicate that patients with AD can experience prolonged states of emotion that persist well beyond the patients’ memory for the events that originally caused the emotion. The preserved emotional life evident in patients with AD has important implications for their management and care, and highlights the need for caretakers to foster positive emotional experiences.
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Oberman L, Pascual-Leone A. Changes in plasticity across the lifespan: cause of disease and target for intervention. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 207:91-120. [PMID: 24309252 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63327-9.00016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We conceptualize brain plasticity as an intrinsic property of the nervous system enabling rapid adaptation in response to changes in an organism's internal and external environment. In prenatal and early postnatal development, plasticity allows for the formation of organized nervous system circuitry and the establishment of functional networks. As the individual is exposed to various sensory stimuli in the environment, brain plasticity allows for functional and structural adaptation and underlies learning and memory. We argue that the mechanisms of plasticity change over the lifespan with different slopes of change in different individuals. These changes play a key role in the clinical phenotype of neurodevelopmental disorders like autism and schizophrenia and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Altered plasticity not only can trigger maladaptive cascades and can be the cause of deficits and disability but also offers opportunities for novel therapeutic interventions. In this chapter, we discuss the importance of brain plasticity across the lifespan and how neuroplasticity-based therapies offer promise for disorders with otherwise limited effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Oberman
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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50
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Duff MC, Gallegos DR, Cohen NJ, Tranel D. Learning in Alzheimer's disease is facilitated by social interaction. J Comp Neurol 2014; 521:4356-69. [PMID: 23881834 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Seminal work in Gary Van Hoesen's laboratory at Iowa in the early 1980s established that the hallmark neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD; neurofibrillary tangles) had its first foothold in specific parts of the hippocampal formation and entorhinal cortex, effectively isolating the hippocampus from much of its input and output and causing the distinctive impairment of new learning that is the leading early characteristic of the disease (Hyman et al., 1984). The boundaries and conditions of the anterograde memory defect in patients with AD have been a topic of intense research interest ever since (e.g., Graham and Hodges, 1977; Nestor et al., 2006). For example, it has been shown that patients with AD may acquire some new semantic information through methods such as errorless learning, but learning under these conditions is typically slow and inefficient. Drawing on a learning paradigm (a collaborative referencing task) that was previously shown to induce robust and enduring learning in patients with hippocampal amnesia, we investigated whether this task would be effective in promoting new learning in patients with AD. We studied five women with early-stage AD and 10 demographically matched healthy comparison participants, each interacting with a familiar communication partner. AD pairs displayed significant and enduring learning across trials, with increased accuracy and decreased time to complete trials, in a manner indistinguishable from healthy comparison pairs, resulting in efficient and economical communication. The observed learning here most likely draws on neural resources outside the medial temporal lobes. These interactive communication sessions provide a potent learning environment with significant implications for memory intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Duff
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242; Department of Neurology, Division of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
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