1
|
Lycke J. Trials of antivirals in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 2017; 136 Suppl 201:45-48. [PMID: 29068492 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that human herpes viruses and human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) are involved in the aetiology and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). In order to acquire the ultimate evidence to confirm such a relationship, it is probably required to use specific antiviral drugs in clinical trials of MS. The results of published antiviral clinical trials in patients with MS are summarized in this review. None of them showed statistically significant effects on primary outcomes of disease activity or on disability development. However, given their small sample sizes, the strong trends and effects observed in subgroup analysis of antiherpes virus treatment in patients with MS warrant further studies. The possible involvement of HERV in MS is intriguing, and drugs have been developed that could reduce the impact of HERV in MS. However, larger studies are needed as the phase I and II trials were not designed to show clinical efficacy in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Lycke
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Absence of HTLV-I and HTLV-II Proviral Genome in the Brains of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Can J Neurol Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100041640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT:Previous studies have failed to provide serological evidence to incriminate a retroviral infection in the cause of multiple sclerosis. Gene amplification techniques have also failed to identify retroviral footprints in DNA from peripheral blood leukocytes. Here we provide evidence that proviral DNA of HTLV-I and HTLV-II is not found in the central nervous system tissues of patients with multiple sclerosis, patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and controls.
Collapse
|
3
|
Voisset C, Weiss RA, Griffiths DJ. Human RNA "rumor" viruses: the search for novel human retroviruses in chronic disease. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2008; 72:157-96, table of contents. [PMID: 18322038 PMCID: PMC2268285 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00033-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses are an important group of pathogens that cause a variety of diseases in humans and animals. Four human retroviruses are currently known, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1, which causes AIDS, and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1, which causes cancer and inflammatory disease. For many years, there have been sporadic reports of additional human retroviral infections, particularly in cancer and other chronic diseases. Unfortunately, many of these putative viruses remain unproven and controversial, and some retrovirologists have dismissed them as merely "human rumor viruses." Work in this field was last reviewed in depth in 1984, and since then, the molecular techniques available for identifying and characterizing retroviruses have improved enormously in sensitivity. The advent of PCR in particular has dramatically enhanced our ability to detect novel viral sequences in human tissues. However, DNA amplification techniques have also increased the potential for false-positive detection due to contamination. In addition, the presence of many families of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) within our DNA can obstruct attempts to identify and validate novel human retroviruses. Here, we aim to bring together the data on "novel" retroviral infections in humans by critically examining the evidence for those putative viruses that have been linked with disease and the likelihood that they represent genuine human infections. We provide a background to the field and a discussion of potential confounding factors along with some technical guidelines. In addition, some of the difficulties associated with obtaining formal proof of causation for common or ubiquitous agents such as HERVs are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Voisset
- CNRS-UMR8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille et Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ralston SH, Afzal MA, Helfrich MH, Fraser WD, Gallagher JA, Mee A, Rima B. Multicenter blinded analysis of RT-PCR detection methods for paramyxoviruses in relation to Paget's disease of bone. J Bone Miner Res 2007; 22:569-77. [PMID: 17227218 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.070103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Conflicting results have been reported on the detection of paramyxovirus transcripts in Paget's disease, and a possible explanation is differences in the sensitivity of RT-PCR methods for detecting virus. In a blinded study, we found no evidence to suggest that laboratories that failed to detect viral transcripts had less sensitive RT-PCR assays, and we did not detect measles or distemper transcripts in Paget's samples using the most sensitive assays evaluated. INTRODUCTION There is conflicting evidence on the possible role of persistent paramyxovirus infection in Paget's disease of bone (PDB). Some workers have detected measles virus (MV) or canine distemper virus (CDV) transcripts in cells and tissues from patients with PDB, but others have failed to confirm this finding. A possible explanation might be differences in the sensitivity of RT-PCR methods for detecting virus. Here we performed a blinded comparison of the sensitivity of different RT-PCR-based techniques for MV and CDV detection in different laboratories and used the most sensitive assays to screen for evidence of viral transcripts in bone and blood samples derived from patients with PDB. MATERIALS AND METHODS Participating laboratories analyzed samples spiked with known amounts of MV and CDV transcripts and control samples that did not contain viral nucleic acids. All analyses were performed on a blinded basis. RESULTS The limit of detection for CDV was 1000 viral transcripts in three laboratories (Aberdeen, Belfast, and Liverpool) and 10,000 transcripts in another laboratory (Manchester). The limit of detection for MV was 16 transcripts in one laboratory (NIBSC), 1000 transcripts in two laboratories (Aberdeen and Belfast), and 10,000 transcripts in two laboratories (Liverpool and Manchester). An assay previously used by a U.S.-based group to detect MV transcripts in PDB had a sensitivity of 1000 transcripts. One laboratory (Manchester) detected CDV transcripts in a negative control and in two samples that had been spiked with MV. None of the other laboratories had false-positive results for MV or CDV, and no evidence of viral transcripts was found on analysis of 12 PDB samples using the most sensitive RT-PCR assays for MV and CDV. CONCLUSIONS We found that RT-PCR assays used by different laboratories differed in their sensitivity to detect CDV and MV transcripts but found no evidence to suggest that laboratories that previously failed to detect viral transcripts had less sensitive RT-PCR assays than those that detected viral transcripts. False-positive results were observed with one laboratory, and we failed to detect paramyxovirus transcripts in PDB samples using the most sensitive assays evaluated. Our results show that failure of some laboratories to detect viral transcripts is unlikely to be caused by problems with assay sensitivity and highlight the fact that contamination can be an issue when searching for pathogens by sensitive RT-PCR-based techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart H Ralston
- Rheumatic Diseases Unit, School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a serious chronic neurological disorder in which demyelination and inflammation occur in the white matter of the CNS. The findings of many epidemiological studies and a discordance of MS in monozygotic twins suggest that the disorder is acquired. The most likely cause is a virus because more than 90% of patients with MS have high concentrations of IgG, manifest as oligoclonal bands, in the brain and CSF. Most chronic inflammatory CNS disorders are infectious. More indirect evidence that MS is caused by a virus is the association of several viruses with demyelinating encephalomyelitis in human beings, and the induction of demyelination in animals infected with viruses in research. Nevertheless, no virus has been isolated from the brains of patients who had MS. Molecular analysis of IgG gene specificity in the brain and CSF of those with MS has shown features of an antigen-driven response: clonal amplification and extensive somatic mutations. A viral antigen against which the IgG in MS brain and CSF is directed might be identified.
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Animal models illustrate how viruses and host genetic factors may interact to cause immune-mediated demyelination. Similar mechanisms may take place in at least some forms of multiple sclerosis, a disease that is histopathologically heterogeneous. No 'multiple sclerosis virus' has been found yet, although recent data on human herpesvirus-6 antigens in multiple sclerosis brain warrant further investigation. Multiple sclerosis associated retrovirus, a recently described retroviral sequence isolated from multiple sclerosis material, is a member of the endogenous retrovirus-9 family. The association between the expression of this virus associated retrovirus and multiple sclerosis is only tentative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Monteyne
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Virus Lents, ERS 572 CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shankarappa R, Gupta P, Learn GH, Rodrigo AG, Rinaldo CR, Gorry MC, Mullins JI, Nara PL, Ehrlich GD. Evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope sequences in infected individuals with differing disease progression profiles. Virology 1998; 241:251-9. [PMID: 9499799 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sequence variation displayed by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been proposed to be linked to the pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). To assess viral evolution during the course of infection, we evaluated sequence variability in the env variable domains in four HIV-1-infected individuals exhibiting differing profiles of CD4+ T cell decline when followed from seroconversion until the development of AIDS or loss of followup. Proviral sequences encoding the V3-V5 region of gp 120 were obtained following PCR amplification of peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA and cloning. Virus in each patient was relatively homogeneous early in infection and then diverged with time, more consistently at its nonsynonymous sites. Just prior to or coincident with a rapid decline in CD4+ T cell numbers, sequences were found with basic amino acid substitutions clustered within and downstream of the gp 120 V3 domain. Within the constraints of the current data set, we conclude that the virus appears to continually accumulate changes in its amino acid sequences well into the time of marked CD4+ T cell decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Shankarappa
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
It has recently been claimed (Ferrante et al., 1995. HTLV tax-rex DNA and antibodies in idiopathic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J. Neurol. Sci. 129 (Suppl.) 140-144) that human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) tax-rex sequences are detectable in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 40% of patients with motor neurone disease (MND). In an attempt to confirm this we employed a highly sensitive 'nested' polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, capable of detecting single molecules of HTLV proviral DNA, to look for tax-rex sequences in the PBMCs of 43 patients with MND. We were unable to detect the presence of HTLV tax-rex in any of 43 MND patients tested, using three different PCR primer sets under both high and low stringency conditions. Using the same DNA samples we were able to detect the presence of the single-copy pyruvate dehydrogenase gene, thus demonstrating that the extracted DNA was indeed amplifiable by PCR. To further exclude the possibility that the extracted DNA samples contained unrecognised inhibitory factors we conducted spiking experiments with trace amounts (approximately 10 copies) of HTLV proviral DNA. Spiked samples yielded PCR products of the expected size. We are therefore unable to confirm the presence of HTLV tax-rex sequences in this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W D Andrews
- Department of Virology, University College London Medical School, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Perron H, Garson JA, Bedin F, Beseme F, Paranhos-Baccala G, Komurian-Pradel F, Mallet F, Tuke PW, Voisset C, Blond JL, Lalande B, Seigneurin JM, Mandrand B. Molecular identification of a novel retrovirus repeatedly isolated from patients with multiple sclerosis. The Collaborative Research Group on Multiple Sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:7583-8. [PMID: 9207135 PMCID: PMC23865 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.14.7583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/1997] [Accepted: 04/24/1997] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The partial molecular characterization of multiple sclerosis (MS)-associated retrovirus (MSRV), a novel retrovirus previously called LM7, is reported. MSRV has been isolated repeatedly from leptomeningeal, choroid plexus and from Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized B cells of MS patients. A strategy based on reverse transcriptase PCR with RNA-purified extracellular virions yielded an initial pol fragment from which other regions of the retroviral genome were subsequently obtained by sequence extension. MSRV-specific PCR primers amplified a pol region from RNA present at the peak of reverse transcriptase activity, coinciding with extracellular viral particles in sucrose density gradients. The same sequence was detected in noncellular RNA from MS patient plasma and in cerebrospinal fluid from untreated MS patients. MSRV is related to, but distinct from, the endogenous retroviral sequence ERV9. Whether MSRV represents an exogenous retrovirus with closely related endogenous elements or a replication-competent, virion-producing, endogenous provirus is as yet unknown. Further molecular epidemiological studies are required to determine precisely the apparent association of virions containing MSRV RNA with MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Perron
- bioMérieux SA, Unité Mixte de Recherche 103, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-bioMérieux, 46, Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Fujihara K, Goldman B, Oseroff AR, Glenister N, Jaffe ES, Bisaccia E, Pincus S, Greenberg SJ. HTLV-associated diseases: human retroviral infection and cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Immunol Invest 1997; 26:231-42. [PMID: 9037626 DOI: 10.3109/08820139709048929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An array of neurologic, oncologic, and autoimmune disorders are associated with infection with the human pathogenic retroviruses human T-cell leukemia virus types I and II (HTLV-I, II), as well as the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV). The cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, mycosis fungoides (MF) and its hematogenous variant Sezary Syndrome (SS), share similar clinical and pathological features to HTLV-I-associated adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and speculation of a retroviral link to MF and SS, especially in areas non-endemic for ATL, has lead to an intensified search for HTLV- and HIV-like agents in these diseases. To further explore a potential role for human retroviruses in MF and SS, skin biopsy-derived or peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived DNA from 17 patients (MF, n = 7; erythrodermic MF (EMF), n = 5; SS, n = 5) from the North Eastern United States were screened using gene amplification by PCR and a liquid hybridization detection assay. Previously published primers and probes for HTLV-I (LTR, gag, pol, env, and pX), and our own primers and probes for HTLV-I (gag, pol, and env), HTLV-II (pol and env) and HIV-I (gag and pol) were employed. Serum antibodies to HTLV-I were negative in all but one EMF patient. The single HTLV-I seropositive patient carrying a diagnosis of EMF generated positive amplified signals for all of the eight HTLV-I regions tested. Ultimately, this individual evolved to exhibit clinical manifestations indistinguishable from ATL. The other 16 patients were negative for all 12 HTLV and HIV retroviral regions. Our findings suggest that none of the known prototypic human retroviruses are associated with seronegative MF and SS. The uniformly positive results for HTLV-I in the seropositive patient suggests that this patient initially presented with a smoldering form of ATL and illustrates the difficulty that sometimes may be encountered in the differential diagnosis of MF, SS, and ATL based solely on clinical and histopathological criteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Fujihara
- Department of Neurology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tuke PW, Perron H, Bedin F, Beseme F, Garson JA. Development of a pan-retrovirus detection system for multiple sclerosis studies. ACTA NEUROLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1997; 169:16-21. [PMID: 9174636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1997.tb08145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although recent claims implicating HTLV-1 in multiple sclerosis (MS) have been refuted, several reports suggest that another, hitherto uncharacterised, retrovirus may be involved. We have developed and applied a novel PCR-based strategy to explore this possibility. METHODS Degenerate oligonucleotides were used in a semi-nested format to amplify, from reverse-transcribed RNA, a region of the pol gene which is well conserved amongst all known retroviruses. RESULTS The 'pan-retrovirus' detection system was shown to be capable of detecting diverse retroviruses including human lentivirus, human oncovirus, simian D-type virus and murine oncovirus. The 'pan-retrovirus' technique identified a novel retroviral sequence, designated MSRV-cpol, in the serum of an MS patient and also in purified virions from MS patient-derived tissue cultures. Sequence comparisons suggest that in the pol gene MSRV is related (approximately 75% homology) to the endogenous retroviral element ERV9. CONCLUSION These findings lend further support to the concept of retroviral involvement in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P W Tuke
- Department of Virology, University College London Medical School, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nishimura M, Jacobson S, Uchiyama T, Ohta M, Saida T. Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type I (Htlv-I)-Specific T Helper Cell Responses from Htlv-I Seronegative Patients with Chronic Myelopathy and Ms in Japan. Mult Scler 1996. [DOI: 10.1177/135245859600100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is a human retrovirus etiologically linked to Adult T cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-I associated myelopathyltropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Although most HAM/TSP patients have high anti-HTLV-I antibody titers in their sera, HTLV-I infected but seronegative patients with neurological diseases have been reported. To clarify whether seronegative, HTLV-I related neurological disease may exist, we have developed a method that measures the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) from HTLV-I synthetic peptide-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of HTLV-I infected persons. This method is sensitive enough to detect exposure to HTLV-I before seroconversion or even before detection by PCR. We examined 12 patients with chronic progressive myelopathy and eight patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) in central Japan, where the prevalence rate of HTLV-I is between one and four percent among asymptomatic blood donors, using the IL-2 production assay. None of them were positive by the assay, suggesting seronegative HTLV-I myelopathy is very rare among patients with chronic progressive myelopathy and MS in Japan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Nishimura
- Departments of Neurology and Clinical Research Center, Utano National Hospital
| | - S Jacobson
- Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - T Uchiyama
- Virus Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - M Ohta
- Departments of Neurology and Clinical Research Center, Utano National Hospital
| | - T Saida
- Departments of Neurology and Clinical Research Center, Utano National Hospital
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
A putative retrovirus called LM7 was recently isolated from a patient with MS. This retrovirus was detected in LM7 and LM711 cultured human leptomeningeal cells. In the present work, nucleic acids from LM711 cell culture supernatants were purified and subjected to avian myeloblastosis viral (AMV) reverse transcriptase and to random polymerase chain reaction (rPCR) in order to characterize the genomic material of LM7 virions. Analysis of reverse transcription products allowed the detection of an approximately 14 kb ribonucleic acid in all LM711 cell culture supernatants. However, sequencing of rPCR-amplified molecules as well as RNA blotting data showed essentially that all tested cells producing LM7 particles were infected with mycoplasma. Moreover, purification of LM7 particles onto a linear sucrose density gradient established that the 14 kb nucleic acid was always associated with the 1.19-1.21 g ml-1 sucrose fractions, which are known to correspond to the buoyant density of mycoplasma. In addition, no viral genomic RNA was detected in the 1.17 g ml-1 sucrose fraction containing the low reverse transcription activity. These results strongly suggest that microscopic images and serological data could be related to mycoplasma and/or to a virion associated with the bacteria. The LM7 particle might be a new and additional enveloped virus able to infect Mycoplasma hyorhinis hosts. Thus, for instance, it would be presumptuous to assert, with our current understanding, that the LM7 virion is one of the causal agents of MS in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Froussard
- Département des Rétrovirus, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sherman MP, Amin RM, Rodgers-Johnson PE, Morgan OS, Char G, Mora CA, Iannone R, Collins GH, Papsidero L, Gibbs CJ. Identification of human T cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type I antibodies, DNA, and protein in patients with polymyositis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1995; 38:690-8. [PMID: 7748225 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780380518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate a possible association between human T cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type I (HTLV-I) and polymyositis (PM). METHODS Sera and muscle biopsy samples from 9 Jamaican PM patients were compared with specimens from American HTLV-I-positive PM patients and normal controls. Sera were evaluated for HTLV antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot. The biopsy samples were analyzed for HTLV-I/II DNA by polymerase chain reaction and were also immunohistochemically stained for HTLV gp46 envelope protein. RESULTS Seven of the 8 Jamaican PM patients from whom sera were available were HTLV-I seropositive. The muscle biopsies of all 9 Jamaican patients demonstrated severe lymphocytic infiltration, cellular degeneration, myofiber atrophy, and fibrosis. Each muscle biopsy specimen contained HTLV-I DNA. Two of 6 samples demonstrated intense staining for HTLV-I gp46 in many of the invading mononuclear cells and weak staining for HTLV-I gp46 in many of the invading mononuclear cells and weak staining in the adjacent myocytes. Two other specimens were weakly positive for gp46 in rare mononuclear cells. All control specimens were negative for the presence of HTLV-I DNA and protein. CONCLUSION HTLV-I is associated with an inflammatory muscle disease characterized by direct invasion of the affected muscle by HTLV-I-infected mononuclear cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Sherman
- State University of New York Health Science Center, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Souberbielle BE, Szawlowski PW, Russell WC. Is there a case for a virus aetiology in multiple sclerosis? Scott Med J 1995; 40:55-62. [PMID: 7618071 DOI: 10.1177/003693309504000207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a devastating demyelinating disease with a very high prevalence in North-East Scotland and in the Orkney and Shetland Islands. MS appears to be a multifactorial disorder with environmental and genetic elements and it has been proposed that these, in tandem, provoke an autoimmune response giving rise to the disease. Although there is no direct evidence of a specific virus being involved in MS, there are nevertheless grounds for suspecting a viral association. This review discusses these aspects of MS and suggests that a more aggressive approach to unravelling the role of viruses is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B E Souberbielle
- Division of Cell & Molecular Biology, School of Biological & Medical Sciences, University of St. Andrews, Fife
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lefebvre S, Hubert B, Tekaia F, Brahic M, Bureau JF. Isolation from human brain of six previously unreported cDNAs related to the reverse transcriptase of human endogenous retroviruses. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1995; 11:231-7. [PMID: 7537972 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1995.11.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
cDNAs prepared from total RNA extracted from plaques of multiple sclerosis were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. The 11-bp degenerate primers used were derived from conserved sequences of reverse transcriptase. Amplified cDNAs were fractionated according to size by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels under denaturing conditions. cDNAs of the proper size were cloned, grouped according to the sequence of their insert by differential hybridization, and sequenced. Six cDNAs were isolated and found to belong to new members of two groups of human endogenous retroviruses: the group related to ERV9 and that related to HERVK10 and HUMMTV. These sequences were expressed in all human organs tested, including normal white matter of brain. The approach described in this article is a powerful tool with which to isolate new members of the reverse transcriptase gene family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Lefebvre
- Unité des Virus Lents, UA 1157 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Brokstad KA, Kalland KH, Page M, Nyland H, Haaheim L. Serum antibodies from MS patients do not recognize HTLV-I, HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV. APMIS 1994; 102:514-20. [PMID: 7917220 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1994.tb05199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A retroviral aetiology has been proposed for multiple sclerosis (MS). Although there is as yet no definitive evidence of viral involvement, there have been preliminary reports of antiretroviral antibody detection in sera from MS patients. Such sera have, for example, been found to react with HTLV-I. We here describe investigations involving various immunological techniques which attempt to confirm the virus-specific nature of these antibodies against a range of human and macaque retroviruses. Sera from 25 MS patients, 25 patients with non-associated neurological diseases and 16 patients with non-neurological conditions were tested by immunoblotting methods using lysates of HIV-1-, HIV-2-, HTLV-I- and SIV-infected cells as antigens. None of the sera reacted against any of these retroviral antigens but each serum demonstrated a distinctive and reproducible reaction pattern against cellular components of the cells in which the viruses were propagated. Further examination of the sera was carried out by ELISA using synthetic oligopeptides covering the HIV-1 Gag p24 protein as antigens. None of the sera reacted with the peptides. Our results suggest that in some MS patients the repeated seropositivity to HTLV-I may be due to the reaction with host cell proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Brokstad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Michaels FH, Gallo RC. Infection of the central nervous system by human retroviruses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 724:125-32. [PMID: 8030931 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb38900.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F H Michaels
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lycke J, Svennerholm B, Svenningsson A, Muranyi W, Flügel RM, Andersen O. Human spumaretrovirus antibody reactivity in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 1994; 241:204-9. [PMID: 8195818 DOI: 10.1007/bf00863769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The role of human spumaretrovirus (HSRV) infections in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) was investigated with recombinant HSRV env-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The presence of HSRV antibodies was determined in pairs of serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 60 MS patients. In 7 of these patients serial serum and CSF samples were obtained in relation to the clinical activity of the disease during a period of 2 years. No increased antibody reactivity was demonstrable in the MS population compared with 14 aseptic meningitis patients, 50 blood donors and 16 healthy controls. Slightly elevated levels of antibodies were demonstrable in serum and/or CSF in 4 MS patients but also in 1 patient with aseptic meningitis, 1 blood donor and 1 child. No marked serum or CSF HSRV antibody fluctuation was observed in the MS patients followed longitudinally. Thus, this study does not support the involvement of HSRV in the pathogenesis of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Lycke
- Department of Neurology, Sahlgren's Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Myhr KM, Frost P, Grønning M, Midgard R, Kalland KH, Helland DE, Nyland HI. Absence of HTLV-1 related sequences in MS from high prevalence areas in western Norway. Acta Neurol Scand 1994; 89:65-8. [PMID: 8178631 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1994.tb01634.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In Western Norway, long-term follow up epidemiological studies have revealed significant increases in the incidence and prevalence rates of multiple sclerosis (MS) in stable populations, indicating the impact of exogenous factors. In this study 183 MS patients and 102 controls from high prevalence areas in Western Norway were investigated for human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-1) related sequences by polymerase chain reaction. Using primers targeting the gag, pol and env genes in the HTLV-1 provirus genome, no amplification products were detected in the 183 MS patients or 102 controls. The results strongly suggest that neither HTLV-1 nor a closely related retrovirus participate in the aetiology of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Myhr
- Department of Neurology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abbott LZ, Spicer T, Bryz-Gornia V, Kwok S, Sninsky J, Poiesz B. Design and use of signature primers to detect carry-over of amplified material. J Virol Methods 1994; 46:51-9. [PMID: 8175947 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(94)90016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Signature primer pairs designed for use with the polymerase chain reaction have been developed which can determine if a positive result originated from the intended target nucleic acid or from so-called "carry-over" contamination of previously amplified DNA. The 3' ends of each signature primer, SK339/341, SSK110/111, and SSK58/59 contain a viral specific sequence complementary to regions of either HIV-1, HTLV-I and II respectively. The 5' ends of each primer contain a non-human, non-viral (NHNV) signature sequence including restriction endonuclease sites for subsequent cloning. A fourth set of primers, SK338/340, consist solely of these NHNV sequences and are designed to anneal to any product previously amplified by the viral-specific signature primers. These primers were tested against their corresponding positive and negative DNA targets, to determine their specificity and sensitivity. As expected, the viral-specific signature primers detected the retroviral infected samples while no detectable amplification occurred in negative DNA controls. Primers SK338/340 did not amplify any viral positive or negative template DNA's. Samples spiked with amplified material generated from the viral-specific signature primers could be specifically amplified by the NHNV primers SK338/340. Primers SK338/340 were determined to be more sensitive than the viral-specific signature primers, ensuring the detection of extremely low amounts of carryover. This strategy may be useful in developing other retroviral or non-retroviral primers with a built-in signature sequence that can differentiate false positives from true positives in a subsequent confirmatory test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Z Abbott
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Health Science Center, Syracuse 13210
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Affiliation(s)
- R B Darnell
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Rockefeller University, New York 10021
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rasmussen HB, Perron H, Clausen J. Do endogenous retroviruses have etiological implications in inflammatory and degenerative nervous system diseases? Acta Neurol Scand 1993; 88:190-8. [PMID: 8256555 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1993.tb04215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrates carry large numbers of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) and related sequences in their genomes. These retroviral elements are inherited as Mendelian traits. Generally, ERVs are defective without the ability of being expressed as viral particles. However, ERV sequences often have a potential for expression of at least some proteins. So far, the possible biological significance of ERVs is not clear. Nonetheless, there are observations suggesting a connection between ERVs and various diseases. This is the case with murine lupus and a spinal cord disease of certain mouse strains. In the present review, we discuss possible mechanisms by which ERVs could contribute to the development of human degenerative and inflammatory nervous system diseases, including direct effects on nervous system cells and immune cells. Interactions between ERVs and infectious viruses are also discussed. Finally, we review a possible retroviral etiology of multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H B Rasmussen
- Institute of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Roskilde University, Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Demyelination is a component of several viral diseases of humans. The best known of these are subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). There are a number of naturally occurring virus infections of animals that involve demyelination and many of these serve as instructive models for human demyelinating diseases. In addition to the naturally occurring diseases, many viruses have been shown to be capable of producing demyelination in experimental situations. In discussing virus-associated demyelinating disease, the chapter reviews the architecture and functional organization of the CNS and considers what is known of the interaction of viruses with CNS cells. It also discusses the immunology of the CNS that differs in several important aspects from that of the rest of the body. Experimental models of viral-induced demyelination have also been considered. Viruses capable of producing demyelinating disease have no common taxonomic features; they include both DNA and RNA viruses, enveloped and nonenveloped viruses. The chapter attempts to summarize the important factors influencing viral demyelination, their common features, and possible mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J K Fazakerley
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, England
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bernard CC, Kerlero de Rosbo N. Multiple sclerosis: an autoimmune disease of multifactorial etiology. Curr Opin Immunol 1992; 4:760-5. [PMID: 1281641 DOI: 10.1016/0952-7915(92)90058-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of multiple sclerosis is linked to a variety of genetic and environmental factors. Both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, triggered by extraneous or autoantigens, are likely to contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease. A greater insight into the fundamental cause of multiple sclerosis has been provided by the recognition that certain immune response genes are associated with an increased susceptibility to the disease. Such knowledge should provide new opportunities for selective therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C C Bernard
- Department of Psychology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gow JW, Simpson K, Schliephake A, Behan WM, Morrison LJ, Cavanagh H, Rethwilm A, Behan PO. Search for retrovirus in the chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Pathol 1992; 45:1058-61. [PMID: 1479030 PMCID: PMC494996 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.45.12.1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine peripheral blood and skeletal muscle from patients with chronic fatigue syndrome for exogenous retrovirus. METHODS Blood samples from 30 patients and muscle biopsy specimens of 15 patients were examined for retroviral sequences by DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and Southern blotting hybridisation. Sera were examined for human foamy virus by western immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence techniques. RESULTS No differences between the patient and control populations was found for any of the PCR primer sets used (gag, pol, env, and tax regions of HTLV I/II). An endogenous gag band was observed in both the patient and control groups. All sera were negative for antibody to human foamy virus. CONCLUSION The results indicate that there is no evidence of retroviral involvement in the chronic fatigue syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W Gow
- Department of Neurology, University of Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Svenningsson A, Lycke J, Svennerholm B, Gronowitz S, Andersen O. No evidence for spumavirus or oncovirus infection in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1992; 32:711-4. [PMID: 1333176 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410320518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to investigate the possible role of human spumaretrovirus and oncoretroviruses (human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I [HTLV-I] and II [HTLV-II]) in multiple sclerosis. Eleven patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in exacerbation and 11 normal blood donors were included in the study. Cerebrospinal fluid cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and plasma were cocultured with allogeneic mononuclear cells for 6 weeks. Cultured cells were subjected to polymerase chain reaction analysis with primers selected for the pol and gag (human spumaretrovirus), pol and env (HTLV-I), and pol (HTLV-II) genes. Polymerase chain reaction was negative in all patient and blood donor control samples, whereas positive controls were consistently reactive with high sensitivity. No culture exhibited cytopathic effects and supernatants were negative for reverse transcriptase activity. Thus, our results do not support a role for these retroviruses in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Svenningsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgren's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Total RNA extracted from both white and gray matter of brain tissue from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and controls was analyzed using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for the presence of the nucleic acid of human coronavirus (HCV) 229E and OC43, the two strains characterized to date and associated with respiratory infections. HCV-229E viral RNA was detectable in the central nervous system tissue of 4 of 11 MS patients and in none of 6 neurological and 5 normal controls. No HCV-OC43 nucleic acid was detected in any of the specimens. These results suggest a neurotropism on the part of the 229E strain of human coronavirus and underline the importance of further studies on its tissue distribution. The fact that it was detected only in tissue from MS patients illustrates the need for continued studies on the possible role of coronaviruses in the etiology of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J N Stewart
- Virology Research Center, Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
During the past decade retroviruses have been recognized as causes of human neurological disease. A wide clinical spectrum of neurological and neuromuscular diseases have been reported with HIV infections, and studies of these diseases have raised novel and exciting hypotheses of pathogenesis. As yet the full clinical spectrum of diseases associated with HTLV-1 has yet to be defined, and the pathogenesis of the chronic spastic paraparesis remains a mystery. Chronic neurological diseases in animals caused by both oncoviruses and lentiviruses can provide some clues to the pathogenesis of these newly recognized human neurological illnesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R T Johnson
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Godec MS, Asher DM, Murray RS, Shin ML, Greenham LW, Gibbs CJ, Gajdusek DC. Absence of measles, mumps, and rubella viral genomic sequences from multiple sclerosis brain tissue by polymerase chain reaction. Ann Neurol 1992; 32:401-4. [PMID: 1416811 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410320317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We tested for measles, mumps, and rubella viruses in multiple sclerosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Using RNA extracted from 19 multiple sclerosis and 8 control brain specimens, nested PCR was performed after reverse transcription (RT) of the RNA to cDNA using primer pairs directed against two regions in the genomes of measles and mumps viruses and one region in the rubella virus genome. Despite enhanced sensitivity of nested RT PCR, measles, mumps, and rubella viral genomic sequences were not found in any brain specimen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Godec
- Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rasmussen HB, Clausen J. Search for a retrovirus in multiple sclerosis by enzymatic amplification of DNA from brain capillaries, brain tissue and mononuclear cells from peripheral blood. Acta Neurol Scand 1992; 86:87-90. [PMID: 1325730 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1992.tb08060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Attempts were made to trace a possible retrovirus in multiple sclerosis (MS) by means of polymerase chain reaction. The primers derived from conserved sequences in the genome of human T cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type I (HTLV-I) and the amplifications were carried out at varying stringency conditions (i.a. annealing at low stringency to enhance the cross-reactivity of the primers). Included in the study were samples of DNA from brain capillaries (five MS patients), brain tissue (three MS patients) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (three MS patients). Using an HTLV-I derived probe at relaxed conditions of stringency, hybridization signals were not recorded with amplified material from any of these samples. Aspects of infections with neurotropic retroviruses that could be relevant to the search for a retrovirus in MS are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H B Rasmussen
- Institute of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Roskilde University, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Leff RL, Love LA, Miller FW, Greenberg SJ, Klein EA, Dalakas MC, Plotz PH. Viruses in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: absence of candidate viral genomes in muscle. Lancet 1992; 339:1192-5. [PMID: 1349938 DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)91134-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There is indirect evidence that various viruses have aetiological roles in the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. By means of a sensitive and specific method based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we sought direct evidence for the presence in affected muscle of nucleic acid sequences from Coxsackie virus, mumps virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, adenovirus, human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II, and human immunodeficiency virus. RNA was extracted from muscle biopsy samples obtained from 44 patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies a mean of 45 (range 0-216) months after disease onset. All the subjects were older than 16 years at disease onset. The integrity of the mRNA extracted was confirmed by the successful PCR amplification of insulin receptor mRNA in all samples. The PCR method was able to detect between 1 and 20 molecules of added viral nucleic acid for the picornaviruses sought. No detectable virus sequences were found, however, in any of the patients' muscle samples or in samples from 13 controls. We tested for retroviral DNA in 22 samples (17 patients, 5 controls) that met our criterion for adequate DNA extraction (detectable beta-actin DNA by PCR); again no virus sequences were found. Persistence in muscle of these or closely related viruses is unlikely to be a continuing stimulus for disease in the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R L Leff
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Murray RS, Brown B, Brian D, Cabirac GF. Detection of coronavirus RNA and antigen in multiple sclerosis brain. Ann Neurol 1992; 31:525-33. [PMID: 1596089 PMCID: PMC7159714 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410310511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and animal model data support the hypothesis that viruses initiate the immunopathogenic events leading to demyelination in MS. There have been no reports, however, of consistent detection of viruses in MS central nervous system tissue. We probed MS and control brain with cDNA probes specific for human, murine, porcine, and bovine coronaviruses. We report the in situ hybridization detection of coronavirus RNA in 12 of 22 MS brain samples using cloned coronavirus cDNA probes. In addition, tissue was screened for coronavirus antigen by immunohistochemical methods; antigen was detected in two patients with rapidly progressive MS. Significant amounts of coronavirus antigen and RNA were observed in active demyelinating plaques from these two patients. These findings show that coronaviruses can infect the human central nervous system and raise the possibility that these viruses may contribute to the pathogenesis of MS in some patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S Murray
- Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center, Englewood, CO 80110
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hagberg L, Norkrans G, Zanetta JP, Lehmann S, Bergström T. Cerebrospinal fluid anti-cerebellar soluble lectin antibodies in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Neuroimmunol 1992; 36:245-9. [PMID: 1732284 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(92)90057-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid samples from 14 human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) seropositive patients in various stages of HIV infection were tested for the presence of autoantibodies to an endogenous manose-binding protein, the cerebellar soluble lectin (CSL), which has recently been found to be detected in a high proportion of patients with multiple sclerosis. An immunoblotting test was used with rat CSL as antigen. Seven patients were positive for anti-CSL and seven were negative. The seven anti-CSL-positive patients had signs of intrathecal immunoglobulin G production measured as an elevated IgG index, while the seven anti-CSL-negative patients had a normal IgG index. There was no apparent relation between infectious stage and the presence of anti-CSL. Immunological reactions such as anti-CSL autoantibodies may be a similar pathogenic mechanism in HIV and multiple sclerosis brain disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Hagberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ehrlich GD, Andrews J, Sherman MP, Greenberg SJ, Poiesz BJ. DNA sequence analysis of the gene encoding the HTLV-I p21e transmembrane protein reveals inter- and intraisolate genetic heterogeneity. Virology 1992; 186:619-27. [PMID: 1733104 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90028-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA sequence analysis was performed on a 235-bp region of the p21 e transmembrane protein gene of the human T-cell lymphoma/leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) which encompassess the putative immunosuppressive peptide. Polymerase chain reaction-based amplification was used to generate multiple molecular clones from isolates derived from fresh or cultured cells from 19 individuals. A dendrogram was constructed using the p21e DNA sequence information to compare the sequences among isolates in the current study and other previously published HTLV-I isolates including strains from Africa and Papua New Guinea. Examination of multiple clones from individual isolates revealed the presence of multiple genotypes in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-I-associated myelopathy and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. These findings suggest that HTLV-I, like HIV, may be present as a quasispecies in vivo. Our studies, however, failed to identify specific sequence motifs that segregated exclusively with the lymphoproliferative or neurological forms of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G D Ehrlich
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
|