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Woo MS, Engler JB, Friese MA. The neuropathobiology of multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024:10.1038/s41583-024-00823-z. [PMID: 38789516 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00823-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation and neuronal deregulation are two components of a smoldering disease activity that drives the progression of disability in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Although several therapies exist to dampen the acute inflammation that drives MS relapses, therapeutic options to halt chronic disability progression are a major unmet clinical need. The development of such therapies is hindered by our limited understanding of the neuron-intrinsic determinants of resilience or vulnerability to inflammation. In this Review, we provide a neuron-centric overview of recent advances in deciphering neuronal response patterns that drive the pathology of MS. We describe the inflammatory CNS environment that initiates neurotoxicity by imposing ion imbalance, excitotoxicity and oxidative stress, and by direct neuro-immune interactions, which collectively lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and epigenetic dysregulation. The neuronal demise is further amplified by breakdown of neuronal transport, accumulation of cytosolic proteins and activation of cell death pathways. Continuous neuronal damage perpetuates CNS inflammation by activating surrounding glia cells and by directly exerting toxicity on neighbouring neurons. Further, we explore strategies to overcome neuronal deregulation in MS and compile a selection of neuronal actuators shown to impact neurodegeneration in preclinical studies. We conclude by discussing the therapeutic potential of targeting such neuronal actuators in MS, including some that have already been tested in interventional clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel S Woo
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Broder Engler
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel A Friese
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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2
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Younger DS. Childhood muscular dystrophies. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 195:461-496. [PMID: 37562882 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98818-6.00024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Infancy- and childhood-onset muscular dystrophies are associated with a characteristic distribution and progression of motor dysfunction. The underlying causes of progressive childhood muscular dystrophies are heterogeneous involving diverse genetic pathways and genes that encode proteins of the plasma membrane, extracellular matrix, sarcomere, and nuclear membrane components. The prototypical clinicopathological features in an affected child may be adequate to fully distinguish it from other likely diagnoses based on four common features: (1) weakness and wasting of pelvic-femoral and scapular muscles with involvement of heart muscle; (2) elevation of serum muscle enzymes in particular serum creatine kinase; (3) necrosis and regeneration of myofibers; and (4) molecular neurogenetic assessment particularly utilizing next-generation sequencing of the genome of the likeliest candidates genes in an index case or family proband. A number of different animal models of therapeutic strategies have been developed for gene transfer therapy, but so far these techniques have not yet entered clinical practice. Treatment remains for the most part symptomatic with the goal of ameliorating locomotor and cardiorespiratory manifestations of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Younger
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Neuroscience, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine and Neurology, White Plains Hospital, White Plains, NY, United States.
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3
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Genetic Mapping of Behavioral Traits Using the Collaborative Cross Resource. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010682. [PMID: 36614124 PMCID: PMC9821145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The complicated interactions between genetic background, environment and lifestyle factors make it difficult to study the genetic basis of complex phenotypes, such as cognition and anxiety levels, in humans. However, environmental and other factors can be tightly controlled in mouse studies. The Collaborative Cross (CC) is a mouse genetic reference population whose common genetic and phenotypic diversity is on par with that of humans. Therefore, we leveraged the power of the CC to assess 52 behavioral measures associated with locomotor activity, anxiety level, learning and memory. This is the first application of the CC in novel object recognition tests, Morris water maze tasks, and fear conditioning tests. We found substantial continuous behavioral variations across the CC strains tested, and mapped six quantitative trait loci (QTLs) which influenced these traits, defining candidate genetic variants underlying these QTLs. Overall, our findings highlight the potential of the CC population in behavioral genetic research, while the identified genomic loci and genes driving the variation of relevant behavioral traits provide a foundation for further studies.
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4
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Lukyanenko V, Muriel J, Garman D, Breydo L, Bloch RJ. Elevated Ca2+ at the triad junction underlies dysregulation of Ca2+ signaling in dysferlin-null skeletal muscle. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1032447. [PMID: 36406982 PMCID: PMC9669649 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1032447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysferlin-null A/J myofibers generate abnormal Ca2+ transients that are slightly reduced in amplitude compared to controls. These are further reduced in amplitude by hypoosmotic shock and often appear as Ca2+ waves (Lukyanenko et al., J. Physiol., 2017). Ca2+ waves are typically associated with Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release, or CICR, which can be myopathic. We tested the ability of a permeable Ca2+ chelator, BAPTA-AM, to inhibit CICR in injured dysferlin-null fibers and found that 10–50 nM BAPTA-AM suppressed all Ca2+ waves. The same concentrations of BAPTA-AM increased the amplitude of the Ca2+ transient in A/J fibers to wild type levels and protected transients against the loss of amplitude after hypoosmotic shock, as also seen in wild type fibers. Incubation with 10 nM BAPTA-AM led to intracellular BAPTA concentrations of ∼60 nM, as estimated with its fluorescent analog, Fluo-4AM. This should be sufficient to restore intracellular Ca2+ to levels seen in wild type muscle. Fluo-4AM was ∼10-fold less effective than BAPTA-AM, however, consistent with its lower affinity for Ca2+. EGTA, which has an affinity for Ca2+ similar to BAPTA, but with much slower kinetics of binding, was even less potent when introduced as the -AM derivative. By contrast, a dysferlin variant with GCaMP6fu in place of its C2A domain accumulated at triad junctions, like wild type dysferlin, and suppressed all abnormal Ca2+ signaling. GCaMP6fu introduced as a Venus chimera did not accumulate at junctions and failed to suppress abnormal Ca2+ signaling. Our results suggest that leak of Ca2+ into the triad junctional cleft underlies dysregulation of Ca2+ signaling in dysferlin-null myofibers, and that dysferlin’s C2A domain suppresses abnormal Ca2+ signaling and protects muscle against injury by binding Ca2+ in the cleft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriy Lukyanenko
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Joaquin Muriel
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Daniel Garman
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Leonid Breydo
- Formulation Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, United States
| | - Robert J. Bloch
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Robert J. Bloch,
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Izumi R, Takahashi T, Suzuki N, Niihori T, Ono H, Nakamura N, Katada S, Kato M, Warita H, Tateyama M, Aoki Y, Aoki M. The genetic profile of dysferlinopathy in a cohort of 209 cases: Genotype-phenotype relationship and a hotspot on the inner DysF domain. Hum Mutat 2020; 41:1540-1554. [PMID: 32400077 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dysferlinopathy is a group of autosomal recessive muscular dystrophies caused by variants in the dysferlin gene (DYSF), with variable proximal and distal muscle involvement. We performed DYSF gene analyses of 200 cases suspected of having dysferlinopathy (Cohort 1), and identified diagnostic variants in 129/200 cases, including 19 novel variants. To achieve a comprehensive genetic profile of dysferlinopathy, we analyzed the variant data from 209 affected cases from unrelated 209 families, including 80 previously diagnosed and 129 newly diagnosed cases (Cohort 2). Among the 90 types of variants identified in 209 cases, the NM_003494.3: c.2997G>T; p.Trp999Cys, was the most frequent (96/420; 22.9%), followed by c.1566C>G; p.Tyr522* (45/420; 10.7%) on an allele base. p.Trp999Cys was found in 70/209 cases (33.5%), including 20/104 cases (19.2%) with the Miyoshi muscular phenotype and 43/82 cases (52.4%) with the limb-girdle phenotype. In the analysis of missense variants, p.Trp992Arg, p.Trp999Arg, p.Trp999Cys, p.Ser1000Phe, p.Arg1040Trp, and p.Arg1046His were located in the inner DysF domain, representing in 113/160 missense variants (70.6%). This large cohort highlighted the frequent missense variants located in the inner DysF domain as a hotspot for missense variants among our cohort of 209 cases (>95%, Japanese) and hinted at their potential as targets for future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumiko Izumi
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Sendai-Nishitaga Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Naoki Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Niihori
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroya Ono
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Iwate Hospital, Ichinoseki, Japan
| | - Naoko Nakamura
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinichi Katada
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kato
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Warita
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Maki Tateyama
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Iwate Hospital, Ichinoseki, Japan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masashi Aoki
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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6
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Gerwin L, Rossmanith S, Haupt C, Schultheiß J, Brinkmeier H, Bittner RE, Kröger S. Impaired muscle spindle function in murine models of muscular dystrophy. J Physiol 2020; 598:1591-1609. [PMID: 32003874 DOI: 10.1113/jp278563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Muscular dystrophy patients suffer from progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle fibres, sudden spontaneous falls, balance problems, as well as gait and posture abnormalities. Dystrophin- and dysferlin-deficient mice, models for different types of muscular dystrophy with different aetiology and molecular basis, were characterized to investigate if muscle spindle structure and function are impaired. The number and morphology of muscle spindles were unaltered in both dystrophic mouse lines but muscle spindle resting discharge and their responses to stretch were altered. In dystrophin-deficient muscle spindles, the expression of the paralogue utrophin was substantially upregulated, potentially compensating for the dystrophin deficiency. The results suggest that muscle spindles might contribute to the motor problems observed in patients with muscular dystrophy. ABSTRACT Muscular dystrophies comprise a heterogeneous group of hereditary diseases characterized by progressive degeneration of extrafusal muscle fibres as well as unstable gait and frequent falls. To investigate if muscle spindle function is impaired, we analysed their number, morphology and function in wildtype mice and in murine model systems for two distinct types of muscular dystrophy with very different disease aetiology, i.e. dystrophin- and dysferlin-deficient mice. The total number and the overall structure of muscle spindles in soleus muscles of both dystrophic mouse mutants appeared unchanged. Immunohistochemical analyses of wildtype muscle spindles revealed a concentration of dystrophin and β-dystroglycan in intrafusal fibres outside the region of contact with the sensory neuron. While utrophin was absent from the central part of intrafusal fibres of wildtype mice, it was substantially upregulated in dystrophin-deficient mice. Single-unit extracellular recordings of sensory afferents from muscle spindles of the extensor digitorum longus muscle revealed that muscle spindles from both dystrophic mouse strains have an increased resting discharge and a higher action potential firing rate during sinusoidal vibrations, particularly at low frequencies. The response to ramp-and-hold stretches appeared unaltered compared to the respective wildtype mice. We observed no exacerbated functional changes in dystrophin and dysferlin double mutant mice compared to the single mutant animals. These results show alterations in muscle spindle afferent responses in both dystrophic mouse lines, which might cause an increased muscle tone, and might contribute to the unstable gait and frequent falls observed in patients with muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gerwin
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Großhaderner Str. 9, D-82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Institute for Stem Cell Research, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Rossmanith
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Großhaderner Str. 9, D-82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Corinna Haupt
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Großhaderner Str. 9, D-82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schultheiß
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Großhaderner Str. 9, D-82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Heinrich Brinkmeier
- Institute for Pathophysiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Martin-Luther-Str. 6, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Reginald E Bittner
- Neuromuscular Research Department, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringerstrasse 13, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Kröger
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Großhaderner Str. 9, D-82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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7
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Dastur RS, Gaitonde PS, Kachwala M, Nallamilli BRR, Ankala A, Khadilkar SV, Atchayaram N, Gayathri N, Meena AK, Rufibach L, Shira S, Hegde M. Detection of Dysferlin Gene Pathogenic Variants in the Indian Population in Patients Predicted to have a Dysferlinopathy Using a Blood-based Monocyte Assay and Clinical Algorithm: A Model for Accurate and Cost-effective Diagnosis. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2017; 20:302-308. [PMID: 28904466 PMCID: PMC5586129 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_129_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) is the most common adult-onset class of muscular dystrophies in India, but a majority of suspected LGMDs in India remain unclassified to the genetic subtype level. The next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based approaches have allowed molecular characterization and subtype diagnosis in a majority of these patients in India. MATERIALS AND METHODS (I) To select probable dysferlinopathy (LGMD2B) cases from other LGMD subtypes using two screening methods (i) to determine the status of dysferlin protein expression in blood (peripheral blood mononuclear cell) by monocyte assay (ii) using a predictive algorithm called automated LGMD diagnostic assistant (ALDA) to obtain possible LGMD subtypes based on clinical symptoms. (II) Identification of gene pathogenic variants by NGS for 34 genes associated with LGMD or LGMD like muscular dystrophies, in cases showing: absence of dysferlin protein by the monocyte assay and/or a typical dysferlinopathy phenotype, with medium to high predictive scores using the ALDA tool. RESULTS Out of the 125 patients screened by NGS, 96 were confirmed with two dysferlin variants, of which 84 were homozygous. Single dysferlin pathogenic variants were seen in 4 patients, whereas 25 showed no variants in the dysferlin gene. CONCLUSION In this study, 98.2% of patients with absence of the dysferlin protein showed one or more variants in the dysferlin gene and hence has a high predictive significance in diagnosing dysferlinopathies. However, collection of blood samples from all over India for protein analysis is expensive. Our analysis shows that the use of the "ALDA tool" could be a cost-effective alternative method. Identification of dysferlin pathogenic variants by NGS is the ultimate method for diagnosing dysferlinopathies though follow-up with the monocyte assay can be useful to understand the phenotype in relation to the dysferlin protein expression and also be a useful biomarker for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashna Sam Dastur
- Centre for Advanced Molecular Diagnostics in Neuromuscular Disorders, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Munira Kachwala
- Centre for Advanced Molecular Diagnostics in Neuromuscular Disorders, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Babi R. R. Nallamilli
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Arunkanth Ankala
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Satish V. Khadilkar
- Department of Neurology, Sir J J Group of Hospitals, Grant Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - N. Gayathri
- Department of Neurology, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka
| | - A. K. Meena
- Department of Neurology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | | | - Madhuri Hegde
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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8
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Fanin M, Angelini C. Progress and challenges in diagnosis of dysferlinopathy. Muscle Nerve 2016; 54:821-835. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.25367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Fanin
- Department of Neurosciences; University of Padova; Biomedical Campus “Pietro d'Abano”, via Giuseppe Orus 2B 35129 Padova Italy
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9
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Cárdenas AM, González-Jamett AM, Cea LA, Bevilacqua JA, Caviedes P. Dysferlin function in skeletal muscle: Possible pathological mechanisms and therapeutical targets in dysferlinopathies. Exp Neurol 2016; 283:246-54. [PMID: 27349407 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the dysferlin gene are linked to a group of muscular dystrophies known as dysferlinopathies. These myopathies are characterized by progressive atrophy. Studies in muscle tissue from dysferlinopathy patients or dysferlin-deficient mice point out its importance in membrane repair. However, expression of dysferlin homologous proteins that restore sarcolemma repair function in dysferlinopathy animal models fail to arrest muscle wasting, therefore suggesting that dysferlin plays other critical roles in muscle function. In the present review, we discuss dysferlin functions in the skeletal muscle, as well as pathological mechanisms related to dysferlin mutations. Particular focus is presented related the effect of dysferlin on cell membrane related function, which affect its repair, vesicle trafficking, as well as Ca(2+) homeostasis. Such mechanisms could provide accessible targets for pharmacological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Cárdenas
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Arlek M González-Jamett
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis A Cea
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge A Bevilacqua
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Caviedes
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clinica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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10
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Codding SJ, Marty N, Abdullah N, Johnson CP. Dysferlin Binds SNAREs (Soluble N-Ethylmaleimide-sensitive Factor (NSF) Attachment Protein Receptors) and Stimulates Membrane Fusion in a Calcium-sensitive Manner. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:14575-84. [PMID: 27226605 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.727016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Resealing of tears in the sarcolemma of myofibers is a necessary step in the repair of muscle tissue. Recent work suggests a critical role for dysferlin in the membrane repair process and that mutations in dysferlin are responsible for limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2B and Miyoshi myopathy. Beyond membrane repair, dysferlin has been linked to SNARE-mediated exocytotic events including cytokine release and acid sphingomyelinase secretion. However, it is unclear whether dysferlin regulates SNARE-mediated membrane fusion. In this study we demonstrate a direct interaction between dysferlin and the SNARE proteins syntaxin 4 and SNAP-23. In addition, analysis of FRET and in vitro reconstituted lipid mixing assays indicate that dysferlin accelerates syntaxin 4/SNAP-23 heterodimer formation and SNARE-mediated lipid mixing in a calcium-sensitive manner. These results support a function for dysferlin as a calcium-sensing SNARE effector for membrane fusion events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Codding
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Naomi Marty
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Nazish Abdullah
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Colin P Johnson
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
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11
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Nishikawa A, Mori-Yoshimura M, Segawa K, Hayashi YK, Takahashi T, Saito Y, Nonaka I, Krahn M, Levy N, Shimizu J, Mitsui J, Kimura E, Goto J, Yonemoto N, Aoki M, Nishino I, Oya Y, Murata M. Respiratory and cardiac function in japanese patients with dysferlinopathy. Muscle Nerve 2016; 53:394-401. [PMID: 26088049 DOI: 10.1002/mus.24741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We retrospectively reviewed respiratory and cardiac function in patients with dysferlinopathy, including 2 autopsy cases with respiratory dysfunction. METHODS Subjects included 48 patients who underwent respiratory evaluation (n = 47), electrocardiography (n = 46), and echocardiography (n = 23). RESULTS Of the 47 patients, 10 had reduced percent forced vital capacity (%FVC), and 4 required non-invasive positive pressure ventilation. %FVC was significantly correlated with disease duration, and mean %FVC was significantly lower in non-ambulatory patients, as well as in those aged ≥65 years with normal creatine kinase levels. On electrocardiography, QRS complex duration was prolonged in 19 patients, although no significant association with age, disease duration, or respiratory function was found. Echocardiography indicated no left ventricular dysfunction in any patient. Histopathology of autopsied cases revealed mild cardiomyopathy and moderate diaphragm involvement. CONCLUSION Patients with dysferlinopathy may develop severe respiratory failure and latent cardiac dysfunction. Both respiratory and cardiac function should be monitored diligently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Nishikawa
- Department of Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Education Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.,Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Madoka Mori-Yoshimura
- Department of Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Segawa
- Department of Cardiology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko K Hayashi
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Takahashi
- Department of Neurology and Division of Clinical Research, Sendai Nishitaga National Hospital, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yuko Saito
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuya Nonaka
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Martin Krahn
- Aix-Marseille University, UMR 910 INSERM, Faculté de Médecine Timone, Marseille, France.,APHM, Hôpital d'Enfants de la Timone, Département de Génétique Médicale et de Biologie Cellulaire, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Levy
- Aix-Marseille University, UMR 910 INSERM, Faculté de Médecine Timone, Marseille, France.,APHM, Hôpital d'Enfants de la Timone, Département de Génétique Médicale et de Biologie Cellulaire, Marseille, France
| | - Jun Shimizu
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Mitsui
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - En Kimura
- Department of Promoting Clinical Trial and Translational Medicine, Translational Medical Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Ogawahigashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Goto
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neurology, International University of Health and Welfare Mita Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohiro Yonemoto
- Department of Promoting Clinical Trial and Translational Medicine, Translational Medical Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Ogawahigashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Aoki
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ichizo Nishino
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Promoting Clinical Trial and Translational Medicine, Translational Medical Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Ogawahigashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Oya
- Department of Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Murata
- Department of Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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Izumi R, Niihori T, Takahashi T, Suzuki N, Tateyama M, Watanabe C, Sugie K, Nakanishi H, Sobue G, Kato M, Warita H, Aoki Y, Aoki M. Genetic profile for suspected dysferlinopathy identified by targeted next-generation sequencing. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2015; 1:e36. [PMID: 27066573 PMCID: PMC4811388 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the genetic causes of suspected dysferlinopathy and to reveal the genetic profile for myopathies with dysferlin deficiency. Methods: Using next-generation sequencing, we analyzed 42 myopathy-associated genes, including DYSF, in 64 patients who were clinically or pathologically suspected of having dysferlinopathy. Putative pathogenic mutations were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. In addition, copy-number variations in DYSF were investigated using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. We also analyzed the genetic profile for 90 patients with myopathy with dysferlin deficiency, as indicated by muscle specimen immunohistochemistry, including patients from a previous cohort. Results: We identified putative pathogenic mutations in 38 patients (59% of all investigated patients). Twenty-three patients had DYSF mutations, including 6 novel mutations. The remaining 16 patients, including a single patient who also carried the DYSF mutation, harbored putative pathogenic mutations in other genes. The genetic profile for 90 patients with dysferlin deficiency revealed that 70% had DYSF mutations (n = 63), 10% had CAPN3 mutations (n = 9), 2% had CAV3 mutations (n = 2), 3% had mutations in other genes (in single patients), and 16% did not have any identified mutations (n = 14). Conclusions: This study clarified the heterogeneous genetic profile for myopathies with dysferlin deficiency. Our results demonstrate the importance of a comprehensive analysis of related genes in improving the genetic diagnosis of dysferlinopathy as one of the most common subtypes of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. Unresolved diagnoses should be investigated using whole-genome or whole-exome sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumiko Izumi
- Departments of Neurology (R.I., N.S., M.T., M.K., H.W., M.A.) and Medical Genetics (R.I., T.N., Y.A.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (T.T.), National Hospital Organization Sendai-Nishitaga, National Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Iwate National Hospital, Ichinoseki, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.W.), Hiroshima-Nishi Medical Center, Hiroshima, Japan; Department of Neurology (K.S.), Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Department of Neurology (H.N.) and Research Division for Neurodegeneration and Dementia (G.S.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Niihori
- Departments of Neurology (R.I., N.S., M.T., M.K., H.W., M.A.) and Medical Genetics (R.I., T.N., Y.A.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (T.T.), National Hospital Organization Sendai-Nishitaga, National Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Iwate National Hospital, Ichinoseki, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.W.), Hiroshima-Nishi Medical Center, Hiroshima, Japan; Department of Neurology (K.S.), Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Department of Neurology (H.N.) and Research Division for Neurodegeneration and Dementia (G.S.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Takahashi
- Departments of Neurology (R.I., N.S., M.T., M.K., H.W., M.A.) and Medical Genetics (R.I., T.N., Y.A.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (T.T.), National Hospital Organization Sendai-Nishitaga, National Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Iwate National Hospital, Ichinoseki, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.W.), Hiroshima-Nishi Medical Center, Hiroshima, Japan; Department of Neurology (K.S.), Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Department of Neurology (H.N.) and Research Division for Neurodegeneration and Dementia (G.S.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoki Suzuki
- Departments of Neurology (R.I., N.S., M.T., M.K., H.W., M.A.) and Medical Genetics (R.I., T.N., Y.A.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (T.T.), National Hospital Organization Sendai-Nishitaga, National Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Iwate National Hospital, Ichinoseki, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.W.), Hiroshima-Nishi Medical Center, Hiroshima, Japan; Department of Neurology (K.S.), Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Department of Neurology (H.N.) and Research Division for Neurodegeneration and Dementia (G.S.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Maki Tateyama
- Departments of Neurology (R.I., N.S., M.T., M.K., H.W., M.A.) and Medical Genetics (R.I., T.N., Y.A.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (T.T.), National Hospital Organization Sendai-Nishitaga, National Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Iwate National Hospital, Ichinoseki, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.W.), Hiroshima-Nishi Medical Center, Hiroshima, Japan; Department of Neurology (K.S.), Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Department of Neurology (H.N.) and Research Division for Neurodegeneration and Dementia (G.S.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chigusa Watanabe
- Departments of Neurology (R.I., N.S., M.T., M.K., H.W., M.A.) and Medical Genetics (R.I., T.N., Y.A.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (T.T.), National Hospital Organization Sendai-Nishitaga, National Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Iwate National Hospital, Ichinoseki, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.W.), Hiroshima-Nishi Medical Center, Hiroshima, Japan; Department of Neurology (K.S.), Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Department of Neurology (H.N.) and Research Division for Neurodegeneration and Dementia (G.S.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuma Sugie
- Departments of Neurology (R.I., N.S., M.T., M.K., H.W., M.A.) and Medical Genetics (R.I., T.N., Y.A.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (T.T.), National Hospital Organization Sendai-Nishitaga, National Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Iwate National Hospital, Ichinoseki, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.W.), Hiroshima-Nishi Medical Center, Hiroshima, Japan; Department of Neurology (K.S.), Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Department of Neurology (H.N.) and Research Division for Neurodegeneration and Dementia (G.S.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Nakanishi
- Departments of Neurology (R.I., N.S., M.T., M.K., H.W., M.A.) and Medical Genetics (R.I., T.N., Y.A.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (T.T.), National Hospital Organization Sendai-Nishitaga, National Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Iwate National Hospital, Ichinoseki, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.W.), Hiroshima-Nishi Medical Center, Hiroshima, Japan; Department of Neurology (K.S.), Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Department of Neurology (H.N.) and Research Division for Neurodegeneration and Dementia (G.S.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Gen Sobue
- Departments of Neurology (R.I., N.S., M.T., M.K., H.W., M.A.) and Medical Genetics (R.I., T.N., Y.A.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (T.T.), National Hospital Organization Sendai-Nishitaga, National Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Iwate National Hospital, Ichinoseki, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.W.), Hiroshima-Nishi Medical Center, Hiroshima, Japan; Department of Neurology (K.S.), Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Department of Neurology (H.N.) and Research Division for Neurodegeneration and Dementia (G.S.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kato
- Departments of Neurology (R.I., N.S., M.T., M.K., H.W., M.A.) and Medical Genetics (R.I., T.N., Y.A.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (T.T.), National Hospital Organization Sendai-Nishitaga, National Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Iwate National Hospital, Ichinoseki, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.W.), Hiroshima-Nishi Medical Center, Hiroshima, Japan; Department of Neurology (K.S.), Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Department of Neurology (H.N.) and Research Division for Neurodegeneration and Dementia (G.S.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Warita
- Departments of Neurology (R.I., N.S., M.T., M.K., H.W., M.A.) and Medical Genetics (R.I., T.N., Y.A.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (T.T.), National Hospital Organization Sendai-Nishitaga, National Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Iwate National Hospital, Ichinoseki, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.W.), Hiroshima-Nishi Medical Center, Hiroshima, Japan; Department of Neurology (K.S.), Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Department of Neurology (H.N.) and Research Division for Neurodegeneration and Dementia (G.S.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Departments of Neurology (R.I., N.S., M.T., M.K., H.W., M.A.) and Medical Genetics (R.I., T.N., Y.A.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (T.T.), National Hospital Organization Sendai-Nishitaga, National Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Iwate National Hospital, Ichinoseki, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.W.), Hiroshima-Nishi Medical Center, Hiroshima, Japan; Department of Neurology (K.S.), Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Department of Neurology (H.N.) and Research Division for Neurodegeneration and Dementia (G.S.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masashi Aoki
- Departments of Neurology (R.I., N.S., M.T., M.K., H.W., M.A.) and Medical Genetics (R.I., T.N., Y.A.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (T.T.), National Hospital Organization Sendai-Nishitaga, National Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Iwate National Hospital, Ichinoseki, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.W.), Hiroshima-Nishi Medical Center, Hiroshima, Japan; Department of Neurology (K.S.), Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; and Department of Neurology (H.N.) and Research Division for Neurodegeneration and Dementia (G.S.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Abdullah N, Padmanarayana M, Marty NJ, Johnson CP. Quantitation of the calcium and membrane binding properties of the C2 domains of dysferlin. Biophys J 2014; 106:382-9. [PMID: 24461013 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.11.4492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysferlin is a large membrane protein involved in calcium-triggered resealing of the sarcolemma after injury. Although it is generally accepted that dysferlin is Ca(2+) sensitive, the Ca(2+) binding properties of dysferlin have not been characterized. In this study, we report an analysis of the Ca(2+) and membrane binding properties of all seven C2 domains of dysferlin as well as a multi-C2 domain construct. Isothermal titration calorimetry measurements indicate that all seven dysferlin C2 domains interact with Ca(2+) with a wide range of binding affinities. The C2A and C2C domains were determined to be the most sensitive, with Kd values in the tens of micromolar, whereas the C2D domain was least sensitive, with a near millimolar Kd value. Mutagenesis of C2A demonstrates the requirement for negatively charged residues in the loop regions for divalent ion binding. Furthermore, dysferlin displayed significantly lower binding affinity for the divalent cations magnesium and strontium. Measurement of a multidomain construct indicates that the solution binding affinity does not change when C2 domains are linked. Finally, sedimentation assays suggest all seven C2 domains bind lipid membranes, and that Ca(2+) enhances but is not required for interaction. This report reveals for the first time, to our knowledge, that all dysferlin domains bind Ca(2+) albeit with varying affinity and stoichiometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazish Abdullah
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | | | - Naomi J Marty
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Colin P Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
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Abstract
In this article, distal myopathy syndromes are discussed. A discussion of the more traditional distal myopathies is followed by discussion of the myofibrillar myopathies. Other clinically and genetically distinctive distal myopathy syndromes usually based on single or smaller family cohorts are reviewed. Other neuromuscular disorders that are important to recognize are also considered, because they show prominent distal limb weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen M Dimachkie
- Neuromuscular Section, Neurophysiology Division, Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Mail Stop 2012, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Richard J Barohn
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Mail Stop 2012, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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15
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Touznik A, Lee JJA, Yokota T. New developments in exon skipping and splice modulation therapies for neuromuscular diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:809-19. [PMID: 24620745 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.896335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antisense oligonucleotide (AON) therapy is a form of treatment for genetic or infectious diseases using small, synthetic DNA-like molecules called AONs. Recent advances in the development of AONs that show improved stability and increased sequence specificity have led to clinical trials for several neuromuscular diseases. Impressive preclinical and clinical data are published regarding the usage of AONs in exon-skipping and splice modulation strategies to increase dystrophin production in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and survival of motor neuron (SMN) production in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). AREAS COVERED In this review, we focus on the current progress and challenges of exon-skipping and splice modulation therapies. In addition, we discuss the recent failure of the Phase III clinical trials of exon 51 skipping (drisapersen) for DMD. EXPERT OPINION The main approach of AON therapy in DMD and SMA is to rescue ('knock up' or increase) target proteins through exon skipping or exon inclusion; conversely, most conventional antisense drugs are designed to knock down (inhibit) the target. Encouraging preclinical data using this 'knock up' approach are also reported to rescue dysferlinopathies, including limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B, Miyoshi myopathy, distal myopathy with anterior tibial onset and Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Touznik
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medical Genetics , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
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16
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Dysferlin stabilizes stress-induced Ca2+ signaling in the transverse tubule membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:20831-6. [PMID: 24302765 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1307960110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysferlinopathies, most commonly limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2B and Miyoshi myopathy, are degenerative myopathies caused by mutations in the DYSF gene encoding the protein dysferlin. Studies of dysferlin have focused on its role in the repair of the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle, but dysferlin's association with calcium (Ca(2+)) signaling proteins in the transverse (t-) tubules suggests additional roles. Here, we reveal that dysferlin is enriched in the t-tubule membrane of mature skeletal muscle fibers. Following experimental membrane stress in vitro, dysferlin-deficient muscle fibers undergo extensive functional and structural disruption of the t-tubules that is ameliorated by reducing external [Ca(2+)] or blocking L-type Ca(2+) channels with diltiazem. Furthermore, we demonstrate that diltiazem treatment of dysferlin-deficient mice significantly reduces eccentric contraction-induced t-tubule damage, inflammation, and necrosis, which resulted in a concomitant increase in postinjury functional recovery. Our discovery of dysferlin as a t-tubule protein that stabilizes stress-induced Ca(2+) signaling offers a therapeutic avenue for limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2B and Miyoshi myopathy patients.
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17
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Antisense therapy in neurology. J Pers Med 2013; 3:144-76. [PMID: 25562650 PMCID: PMC4251390 DOI: 10.3390/jpm3030144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisense therapy is an approach to fighting diseases using short DNA-like molecules called antisense oligonucleotides. Recently, antisense therapy has emerged as an exciting and promising strategy for the treatment of various neurodegenerative and neuromuscular disorders. Previous and ongoing pre-clinical and clinical trials have provided encouraging early results. Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), Huntington’s disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD), dysferlinopathy (including limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2B; LGMD2B, Miyoshi myopathy; MM, and distal myopathy with anterior tibial onset; DMAT), and myotonic dystrophy (DM) are all reported to be promising targets for antisense therapy. This paper focuses on the current progress of antisense therapies in neurology.
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18
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Monjaret F, Suel-Petat L, Bourg-Alibert N, Vihola A, Marchand S, Roudaut C, Gicquel E, Udd B, Richard I, Charton K. The phenotype of dysferlin-deficient mice is not rescued by adeno-associated virus-mediated transfer of anoctamin 5. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2013; 24:65-76. [PMID: 23721401 DOI: 10.1089/humc.2012.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in dysferlin and anoctamin 5 are the cause of muscular disorders, with the main presentations as limb-girdle muscular dystrophy or Miyoshi type of distal myopathy. Both these proteins have been implicated in sarcolemmal resealing. On the basis of similarities in associated phenotypes and protein functions, we tested the hypothesis that ANO5 protein could compensate for dysferlin absence. We first defined that the main transcript of ANO5 expressed in skeletal muscle is the 22-exon full-length isoform, and we demonstrated that dysferlin-deficient (Dysf (prmd)) mice have lower Ano5 expression levels, an observation that further enhanced the rational of the tested hypothesis. We then showed that AAV-mediated transfer of human ANO5 (hANO5) did not lead to apparent toxicity in wild-type mice. Finally, we demonstrated that AAV-hANO5 injection was not able to compensate for dysferlin deficiency in the Dysf (prmd) mouse model or improve the membrane repair defect seen in the absence of dysferlin. Consequently, overexpressing hANO5 does not seem to provide a valuable therapeutic strategy for dysferlin deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Monjaret
- Généthon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8587, 91000 Evry, France
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de Morrée A, Flix B, Bagaric I, Wang J, van den Boogaard M, Grand Moursel L, Frants RR, Illa I, Gallardo E, Toes R, van der Maarel SM. Dysferlin regulates cell adhesion in human monocytes. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:14147-14157. [PMID: 23558685 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.448589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysferlin is mutated in a group of muscular dystrophies commonly referred to as dysferlinopathies. It is highly expressed in skeletal muscle, where it is important for sarcolemmal maintenance. Recent studies show that dysferlin is also expressed in monocytes. Moreover, muscle of dysferlinopathy patients is characterized by massive immune cell infiltrates, and dysferlin-negative monocytes were shown to be more aggressive and phagocytose more particles. This suggests that dysferlin deregulation in monocytes might contribute to disease progression, but the molecular mechanism is unclear. Here we show that dysferlin expression is increased with differentiation in human monocytes and the THP1 monocyte cell model. Freshly isolated monocytes of dysferlinopathy patients show deregulated expression of fibronectin and fibronectin-binding integrins, which is recapitulated by transient knockdown of dysferlin in THP1 cells. Dysferlin forms a protein complex with these integrins at the cell membrane, and its depletion impairs cell adhesion. Moreover, patient macrophages show altered adhesion and motility. These findings suggest that dysferlin is involved in regulating cellular interactions and provide new insight into dysferlin function in inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine de Morrée
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bàrbara Flix
- Servei de Neurologia, Laboratori de Neurologia Experimental, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau i Institut de Recerca de HSCSP, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ivana Bagaric
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Laure Grand Moursel
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rune R Frants
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel Illa
- Servei de Neurologia, Laboratori de Neurologia Experimental, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau i Institut de Recerca de HSCSP, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Eduard Gallardo
- Servei de Neurologia, Laboratori de Neurologia Experimental, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau i Institut de Recerca de HSCSP, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Rene Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Silvère M van der Maarel
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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20
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Takahashi T, Aoki M, Suzuki N, Tateyama M, Yaginuma C, Sato H, Hayasaka M, Sugawara H, Ito M, Abe-Kondo E, Shimakura N, Ibi T, Kuru S, Wakayama T, Sobue G, Fujii N, Saito T, Matsumura T, Funakawa I, Mukai E, Kawanami T, Morita M, Yamazaki M, Hasegawa T, Shimizu J, Tsuji S, Kuzuhara S, Tanaka H, Yoshioka M, Konno H, Onodera H, Itoyama Y. Clinical features and a mutation with late onset of limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2B. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013; 84:433-40. [PMID: 23243261 PMCID: PMC3595148 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2011-301339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND METHODS Dysferlin encoded by DYSF deficiency leads to two main phenotypes, limb girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) 2B and Miyoshi myopathy. To reveal in detail the mutational and clinical features of LGMD2B in Japan, we observed 40 Japanese patients in 36 families with LGMD2B in whom dysferlin mutations were confirmed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Three mutations (c.1566C>G, c.2997G>T and c.4497delT) were relatively more prevalent. The c.2997G>T mutation was associated with late onset, proximal dominant forms of dysferlinopathy, a high probability that muscle weakness started in an upper limb and lower serum creatine kinase (CK) levels. The clinical features of LGMD2B are as follows: (1) onset in the late teens or early adulthood, except patients homozygous for the c.2997G>T mutation; (2) lower limb weakness at onset; (3) distal change of lower limbs on muscle CT at an early stage; (4) impairment of lumbar erector spinal muscles on muscle CT at an early stage; (5) predominant involvement of proximal upper limbs; (6) preservation of function of the hands at late stage; (7) preservation of strength in neck muscles at late stage; (8) lack of facial weakness or dysphagia; (9) avoidance of scoliosis; (10) hyper-Ckaemia; (11) preservation of cardiac function; and (12) a tendency for respiratory function to decline with disease duration. It is important that the late onset phenotype is found with prevalent mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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Lostal W, Bartoli M, Roudaut C, Bourg N, Krahn M, Pryadkina M, Borel P, Suel L, Roche JA, Stockholm D, Bloch RJ, Levy N, Bashir R, Richard I. Lack of correlation between outcomes of membrane repair assay and correction of dystrophic changes in experimental therapeutic strategy in dysferlinopathy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38036. [PMID: 22666441 PMCID: PMC3362551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the dysferlin gene are the cause of Limb-girdle Muscular Dystrophy type 2B and Miyoshi Myopathy. The dysferlin protein has been implicated in sarcolemmal resealing, leading to the idea that the pathophysiology of dysferlin deficiencies is due to a deficit in membrane repair. Here, we show using two different approaches that fullfiling membrane repair as asseyed by laser wounding assay is not sufficient for alleviating the dysferlin deficient pathology. First, we generated a transgenic mouse overexpressing myoferlin to test the hypothesis that myoferlin, which is homologous to dysferlin, can compensate for the absence of dysferlin. The myoferlin overexpressors show no skeletal muscle abnormalities, and crossing them with a dysferlin-deficient model rescues the membrane fusion defect present in dysferlin-deficient mice in vitro. However, myoferlin overexpression does not correct muscle histology in vivo. Second, we report that AAV-mediated transfer of a minidysferlin, previously shown to correct the membrane repair deficit in vitro, also fails to improve muscle histology. Furthermore, neither myoferlin nor the minidysferlin prevented myofiber degeneration following eccentric exercise. Our data suggest that the pathogenicity of dysferlin deficiency is not solely related to impairment in sarcolemmal repair and highlight the care needed in selecting assays to assess potential therapies for dysferlinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Bartoli
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital d’Enfants de la Timone, AP-HM, and Inserm UMR_S 910, Faculté de Médecine Timone, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Martin Krahn
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital d’Enfants de la Timone, AP-HM, and Inserm UMR_S 910, Faculté de Médecine Timone, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | - Joseph A. Roche
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Robert J. Bloch
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Levy
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital d’Enfants de la Timone, AP-HM, and Inserm UMR_S 910, Faculté de Médecine Timone, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Rumaisa Bashir
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom
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Han WQ, Xia M, Xu M, Boini KM, Ritter JK, Li NJ, Li PL. Lysosome fusion to the cell membrane is mediated by the dysferlin C2A domain in coronary arterial endothelial cells. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:1225-34. [PMID: 22349696 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.094565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysferlin has recently been reported to participate in cell membrane repair in muscle and other cells through lysosome fusion. Given that lysosome fusion is a crucial mechanism that leads to membrane raft clustering, the present study attempted to determine whether dysferlin is involved in this process and its related signalling, and explores the mechanism underlying dysferlin-mediated lysosome fusion in bovine coronary arterial endothelial cells (CAECs). We found that dysferlin is clustered in membrane raft macrodomains after Fas Ligand (FasL) stimulation as detected by confocal microscopy and membrane fraction flotation. Small-interfering RNA targeted to dysferlin prevented membrane raft clustering. Furthermore, the translocation of acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) to membrane raft clusters, whereby local ASMase activation and ceramide production--an important step that mediates membrane raft clustering--was attenuated. Functionally, silencing of the dysferlin gene reversed FasL-induced impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation in isolated small coronary arteries. By monitoring fluorescence quenching or dequenching, silencing of the dysferlin gene was found to almost completely block lysosome fusion to plasma membrane upon FasL stimulation. Further studies to block C2A binding and silencing of AHNAK (a dysferlin C2A domain binding partner), showed that the dysferlin C2A domain is required for FasL-induced lysosome fusion to the cell membrane, ASMase translocation and membrane raft clustering. We conclude that dysferlin determines lysosome fusion to the plasma membrane through its C2A domain and it is therefore implicated in membrane-raft-mediated signaling and regulation of endothelial function in coronary circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Qing Han
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Rosales XQ, al-Dahhak R, Tsao CY. Childhood onset of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. Pediatr Neurol 2012; 46:13-23. [PMID: 22196486 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophies comprise a rare heterogeneous group of genetic muscular dystrophies, involving 15 autosomal recessive subtypes and seven autosomal dominant subtypes. Autosomal recessive dystrophy is far more common than autosomal dominant dystrophy. Typical clinical features include progressive limb muscle weakness and atrophy (proximal greater than distal), varying from very mild to severe. Significant overlap of clinical phenotypes, with genetic and clinical heterogeneity, constitutes the rule for this group of diseases. Muscle biopsies are useful for histopathologic and immunolabeling studies, and DNA analysis is the gold standard to establish the specific form of muscular dystrophy. A definitive diagnosis among various subtypes is challenging, and the data presented here provide neuromuscular clinicians with additional information to help attain that goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiomara Q Rosales
- Neuromuscular Division, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Preclinical studies with umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells in different animal models for muscular dystrophy. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:715251. [PMID: 21785565 PMCID: PMC3139201 DOI: 10.1155/2011/715251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have been widely investigated for cell-based therapy studies as an alternative source to bone marrow transplantation. Umbilical cord tissue is a rich source of MSCs with potential to derivate at least muscle, cartilage, fat, and bone cells in vitro. The possibility to replace the defective muscle cells using cell therapy is a promising approach for the treatment of progressive muscular dystrophies (PMDs), independently of the specific gene mutation. Therefore, preclinical studies in different models of muscular dystrophies are of utmost importance. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate if umbilical cord MSCs have the potential to reach and differentiate into muscle cells in vivo in two animal models of PMDs. In order to address this question we injected (1) human umbilical cord tissue (hUCT) MSCs into the caudal vein of SJL mice; (2) hUCT and canine umbilical cord vein (cUCV) MSCs intra-arterially in GRMD dogs. Our results here reported support the safety of the procedure and indicate that the injected cells could engraft in the host muscle in both animal models but could not differentiate into muscle cells. These observations may provide important information aiming future therapy for muscular dystrophies.
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Abstract
Distal muscular dystrophies are a group of inherited primary muscle disorders showing progressive weakness and atrophy preferentially in the hands, forearm, lower legs, or feet. Extensive progress in understanding the molecular genetic background has changed the classification and extended the list of confirmed entities to almost 20 different disorders, making the differential diagnostic procedure both easier and more difficult. Distal phenotypes first have to be differentiated from neurogenic disorders. The axonal form of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease with late-onset distal weakness and distal forms of chronic spinal muscular atrophy may mimic those of the distal dystrophies. Increasing numbers of reports suggest increasing awareness of distal phenotypes in muscular dystrophy. Some disorders regularly progress eventually to involve proximal muscle, whereas others, such as tibial muscular dystrophy titinopathy (Udd), Welander distal myopathy, and distal myosinopathy (Laing), remain distal throughout the patient's lifetime. Pathologically there is a gradual degeneration and loss of muscle fibers with replacement by fibrous and fatty connective tissue, similar to the proximal forms of muscular dystrophy, frequently, but not always with rimmed vacuolar degenerative change. Strikingly, many of the genes involved in distal dystrophies code for sarcomeric proteins. However, the genetic programs leading to preferential involvement of distal muscles have remained unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarne Udd
- Department of Neurology, Tampere University and University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
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Barthélémy F, Wein N, Krahn M, Lévy N, Bartoli M. Translational research and therapeutic perspectives in dysferlinopathies. Mol Med 2011; 17:875-82. [PMID: 21556485 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysferlinopathies are autosomal recessive disorders caused by mutations in the dysferlin (DYSF) gene, encoding the dysferlin protein. DYSF mutations lead to a wide range of muscular phenotypes, with the most prominent being Miyoshi myopathy (MM) and limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (LGMD2B) and the second most common being LGMD. Symptoms generally appear at the end of childhood and, although disease progression is typically slow, walking impairments eventually result. Dysferlin is a modular type II transmembrane protein for which numerous binding partners have been identified. Although dysferlin function is only partially elucidated, this large protein contains seven calcium sensor C2 domains, shown to play a key role in muscle membrane repair. On the basis of this major function, along with detailed clinical observations, it has been possible to design various therapeutic approaches for dysferlin-deficient patients. Among them, exon-skipping and minigene transfer strategies have been evaluated at the preclinical level and, to date, represent promising approaches for clinical trials. This review aims to summarize the pathophysiology of dysferlinopathies and to evaluate the therapeutic potential for treatments currently under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Barthélémy
- University of the Mediterranean, Marseille Medical School, Marseille, France Inserm UMR_S 910 Medical Genetics and Functional Genomics Marseille, France
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Chase TH, Cox GA, Burzenski L, Foreman O, Shultz LD. Dysferlin deficiency and the development of cardiomyopathy in a mouse model of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2B. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:2299-308. [PMID: 19875504 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2B, Miyoshi myopathy, and distal myopathy of anterior tibialis are severely debilitating muscular dystrophies caused by genetically determined dysferlin deficiency. In these muscular dystrophies, it is the repair, not the structure, of the plasma membrane that is impaired. Though much is known about the effects of dysferlin deficiency in skeletal muscle, little is known about the role of dysferlin in maintenance of cardiomyocytes. Recent evidence suggests that dysferlin deficiency affects cardiac muscle, leading to cardiomyopathy when stressed. However, neither the morphological location of dysferlin in the cardiomyocyte nor the progression of the disease with age are known. In this study, we examined a mouse model of dysferlinopathy using light and electron microscopy as well as echocardiography and conscious electrocardiography. We determined that dysferlin is normally localized to the intercalated disk and sarcoplasm of the cardiomyocytes. In the absence of dysferlin, cardiomyocyte membrane damage occurs and is localized to the intercalated disk and sarcoplasm. This damage results in transient functional deficits at 10 months of age, but, unlike in skeletal muscle, the cell injury is sublethal and causes only mild cardiomyopathy even at advanced ages.
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Abstract
In muscle tissue the protein caveolin-3 forms caveolae--flask-shaped invaginations localized on the cytoplasmic surface of the sarcolemmal membrane. Caveolae have a key role in the maintenance of plasma membrane integrity and in the processes of vesicular trafficking and signal transduction. Mutations in the caveolin-3 gene lead to skeletal muscle pathology through multiple pathogenetic mechanisms. Indeed, caveolin-3 deficiency is associated to sarcolemmal membrane alterations, disorganization of skeletal muscle T-tubule network and disruption of distinct cell-signaling pathways. To date, there have been 30 caveolin-3 mutations identified in the human population. Caveolin-3 defects lead to four distinct skeletal muscle disease phenotypes: limb girdle muscular dystrophy, rippling muscle disease, distal myopathy, and hyperCKemia. In addition, one caveolin-3 mutant has been described in a case of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Many patients show an overlap of these symptoms and the same mutation can be linked to different clinical phenotypes. This variability can be related to additional genetic or environmental factors. This review will address caveolin-3 biological functions in muscle cells and will describe the muscle and heart disease phenotypes associated with caveolin-3 mutations.
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Ooi HS, Kwo CY, Wildpaner M, Sirota FL, Eisenhaber B, Maurer-Stroh S, Wong WC, Schleiffer A, Eisenhaber F, Schneider G. ANNIE: integrated de novo protein sequence annotation. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 37:W435-40. [PMID: 19389726 PMCID: PMC2703921 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Function prediction of proteins with computational sequence analysis requires the use of dozens of prediction tools with a bewildering range of input and output formats. Each of these tools focuses on a narrow aspect and researchers are having difficulty obtaining an integrated picture. ANNIE is the result of years of close interaction between computational biologists and computer scientists and automates an essential part of this sequence analytic process. It brings together over 20 function prediction algorithms that have proven sufficiently reliable and indispensable in daily sequence analytic work and are meant to give scientists a quick overview of possible functional assignments of sequence segments in the query proteins. The results are displayed in an integrated manner using an innovative AJAX-based sequence viewer. ANNIE is available online at: http://annie.bii.a-star.edu.sg. This website is free and open to all users and there is no login requirement.
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Changes in skeletal muscle expression of AQP1 and AQP4 in dystrophinopathy and dysferlinopathy patients. Acta Neuropathol 2008; 116:235-46. [PMID: 18392839 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-008-0369-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane water transport is mediated by aquaporins (AQPs), of which AQP1 and AQP4 are expressed in skeletal muscle. AQP4 expression is reduced in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients, and is reported to correlate with decreased alpha1-syntrophin and altered osmotic permeability. In this study, we assessed the relationship between AQP1, AQP4, dystrophin and alpha1-syntrophin in dystrophinopathy and dysferlinopathy patients. Muscle biopsies of patients with DMD (n = 8) and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (LGMD2B; n = 5) were screened for AQP1 and AQP4 expression by real-time quantitative RT-PCR or Western blot and immunohistochemistry. AQP expression was further analyzed in primary myotubes derived from DMD and LGMD2B patients by cell culture and immunohistochemistry. AQP1 transcript and protein expression was significantly elevated in DMD biopsies, and was localized to the sarcolemma of muscle fibers and endothelia of muscle capillaries. AQP4 was significantly reduced despite normal dystrophin and alpha1-syntrophin in dysferlinopathy patients, while expression of AQP1 was variably upregulated. Expression of AQP1 and AQP4 was normal in patient-derived primary myotubes, suggesting that altered AQPs observed in biopsies are likely secondary to the dystrophic process. Our study shows that AQP4 downregulation can occur in muscular dystrophies with either normal or disrupted expression of dystrophin-associated proteins, and that this might be associated with upregulation of AQP1.
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Vieira NM, Bueno CR, Brandalise V, Moraes LV, Zucconi E, Secco M, Suzuki MF, Camargo MM, Bartolini P, Brum PC, Vainzof M, Zatz M. SJL dystrophic mice express a significant amount of human muscle proteins following systemic delivery of human adipose-derived stromal cells without immunosuppression. Stem Cells 2008; 26:2391-8. [PMID: 18583542 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle caused by the absence of or defective muscular proteins. The murine model for limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2B (LGMD2B), the SJL mice, carries a deletion in the dysferlin gene that causes a reduction in the protein levels to 15% of normal. The mice show muscle weakness that begins at 4-6 weeks and is nearly complete by 8 months of age. The possibility of restoring the defective muscle protein and improving muscular performance by cell therapy is a promising approach for the treatment of LGMDs or other forms of progressive muscular dystrophies. Here we have injected human adipose stromal cells (hASCs) into the SJL mice, without immunosuppression, aiming to assess their ability to engraft into recipient dystrophic muscle after systemic delivery; form chimeric human/mouse muscle fibers; express human muscle proteins in the dystrophic host and improve muscular performance. We show for the first time that hASCs are not rejected after systemic injection even without immunosuppression, are able to fuse with the host muscle, express a significant amount of human muscle proteins, and improve motor ability of injected animals. These results may have important applications for future therapy in patients with different forms of muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natássia M Vieira
- Human Genome Research Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Matsuda C, Kameyama K, Suzuki A, Mishima W, Yamaji S, Okamoto H, Nishino I, Hayashi YK. Affixin activates Rac1 via βPIX in C2C12 myoblast. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:1189-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Traverso M, Gazzerro E, Assereto S, Sotgia F, Biancheri R, Stringara S, Giberti L, Pedemonte M, Wang X, Scapolan S, Pasquini E, Donati MA, Zara F, Lisanti MP, Bruno C, Minetti C. Caveolin-3 T78M and T78K missense mutations lead to different phenotypes in vivo and in vitro. J Transl Med 2008; 88:275-83. [PMID: 18253147 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolins are the principal protein components of caveolae, invaginations of the plasma membrane involved in cell signaling and trafficking. Caveolin-3 (Cav-3) is the muscle-specific isoform of the caveolin family and mutations in the CAV3 gene lead to a large group of neuromuscular disorders. In unrelated patients, we identified two distinct CAV3 mutations involving the same codon 78. Patient 1, affected by dilated cardiomyopathy and limb girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD)-1C, shows an autosomal recessive mutation converting threonine to methionine (T78M). Patient 2, affected by isolated familiar hyperCKemia, shows an autosomal dominant mutation converting threonine to lysine (T78K). Cav-3 wild type (WT) and Cav-3 mutations were transiently transfected into Cos-7 cells. Cav-3 WT and Cav-3 T78M mutant localized at the plasma membrane, whereas Cav-3 T78K was retained in a perinuclear compartment. Cav-3 T78K expression was decreased by 87% when compared with Cav-3 WT, whereas Cav-3 T78M protein levels were unchanged. To evaluate whether Cav-3 T78K and Cav-3 T78M mutants behaved with a dominant negative pattern, Cos-7 cells were cotransfected with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-Cav-3 WT in combination with either mutant or WT Cav-3. When cotransfected with Cav-3 WT or Cav-3 T78M, GFP-Cav-3 WT was localized at the plasma membrane, as expected. However, when cotransfected with Cav-3 T78K, GFP-Cav-3 WT was retained in a perinuclear compartment, and its protein levels were reduced by 60%, suggesting a dominant negative action. Accordingly, Cav-3 protein levels in muscles from a biopsy of patient 2 (T78K mutation) were reduced by 80%. In conclusion, CAV3 T78M and T78K mutations lead to distinct disorders showing different clinical features and inheritance, and displaying distinct phenotypes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Traverso
- Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, University of Genoa and G. Gaslini Paediatric Institute, Genoa, Italy
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Nagaraju K, Rawat R, Veszelovszky E, Thapliyal R, Kesari A, Sparks S, Raben N, Plotz P, Hoffman EP. Dysferlin deficiency enhances monocyte phagocytosis: a model for the inflammatory onset of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2B. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:774-85. [PMID: 18276788 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dysferlin deficiency causes limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (LGMD2B; proximal weakness) and Miyoshi myopathy (distal weakness). Muscle inflammation is often present in dysferlin deficiency, and patients are frequently misdiagnosed as having polymyositis. Because monocytes normally express dysferlin, we hypothesized that monocyte/macrophage dysfunction in dysferlin-deficient patients might contribute to disease onset and progression. We therefore examined phagocytic activity, in the presence and absence of cytokines, in freshly isolated peripheral blood monocytes from LGMD2B patients and in the SJL dysferlin-deficient mouse model. Dysferlin-deficient monocytes showed increased phagocytic activity compared with control cells. siRNA-mediated inhibition of dysferlin expression in the J774 macrophage cell line resulted in significantly enhanced phagocytosis, both at baseline and in response to tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed positive staining for several mononuclear cell activation markers in LGMD2B human muscle and SJL mouse muscle. SJL muscle showed strong up-regulation of endocytic proteins CIMPR, clathrin, and adaptin-alpha, and LGMD2B muscle exhibited decreased expression of decay accelerating factor, which was not dysferlin-specific. We further showed that expression levels of small Rho family GTPases RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc 42 were increased in dysferlin-deficient murine immune cells compared with control cells. Therefore, we hypothesize that mild myofiber damage in dysferlin-deficient muscle stimulates an inflammatory cascade that may initiate, exacerbate, and possibly perpetuate the underlying myofiber-specific dystrophic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanneboyina Nagaraju
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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Hernández-Deviez DJ, Howes MT, Laval SH, Bushby K, Hancock JF, Parton RG. Caveolin regulates endocytosis of the muscle repair protein, dysferlin. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:6476-88. [PMID: 18096699 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708776200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysferlin and Caveolin-3 are plasma membrane proteins associated with muscular dystrophy. Patients with mutations in the CAV3 gene show dysferlin mislocalization in muscle cells. By utilizing caveolin-null cells, expression of caveolin mutants, and different mutants of dysferlin, we have dissected the site of action of caveolin with respect to dysferlin trafficking pathways. We now show that Caveolin-1 or -3 can facilitate exit of a dysferlin mutant that accumulates in the Golgi complex of Cav1(-/-) cells. In contrast, wild type dysferlin reaches the plasma membrane but is rapidly endocytosed in Cav1(-/-) cells. We demonstrate that the primary effect of caveolin is to cause surface retention of dysferlin. Caveolin-1 or Caveolin-3, but not specific caveolin mutants, inhibit endocytosis of dysferlin through a clathrin-independent pathway colocalizing with internalized glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins. Our results provide new insights into the role of this endocytic pathway in surface remodeling of specific surface components. In addition, they highlight a novel mechanism of action of caveolins relevant to the pathogenic mechanisms underlying caveolin-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia J Hernández-Deviez
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Jethwaney D, Islam MR, Leidal KG, de Bernabe DBV, Campbell KP, Nauseef WM, Gibson BW. Proteomic analysis of plasma membrane and secretory vesicles from human neutrophils. Proteome Sci 2007; 5:12. [PMID: 17692124 PMCID: PMC2075486 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-5-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) constitute an essential cellular component of innate host defense against microbial invasion and exhibit a wide array of responses both to particulate and soluble stimuli. As the cells recruited earliest during acute inflammation, PMN respond rapidly and release a variety of potent cytotoxic agents within minutes of exposure to microbes or their products. PMN rely on the redistribution of functionally important proteins, from intracellular compartments to the plasma membrane and phagosome, as the means by which to respond quickly. To determine the range of membrane proteins available for rapid recruitment during PMN activation, we analyzed the proteins in subcellular fractions enriched for plasma membrane and secretory vesicles recovered from the light membrane fraction of resting PMN after Percoll gradient centrifugation and free-flow electrophoresis purification using mass spectrometry-based proteomics methods. Results To identify the proteins light membrane fractions enriched for plasma membrane vesicles and secretory vesicles, we employed a proteomic approach, first using MALDI-TOF (peptide mass fingerprinting) and then by HPLC-MS/MS using a 3D ion trap mass spectrometer to analyze the two vesicle populations from resting PMN. We identified several proteins that are functionally important but had not previously been recovered in PMN secretory vesicles. Two such proteins, 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) and dysferlin were further validated by immunoblot analysis. Conclusion Our data demonstrate the broad array of proteins present in secretory vesicles that provides the PMN with the capacity for remarkable and rapid reorganization of its plasma membrane after exposure to proinflammatory agents or stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Rafiqul Islam
- Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, University of Iowa and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
| | - Kevin G Leidal
- Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, University of Iowa and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
| | - Daniel Beltran-Valero de Bernabe
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, andDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
| | - Kevin P Campbell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, andDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
| | - William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, University of Iowa and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
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Moy SS, Nadler JJ, Young NB, Perez A, Holloway LP, Barbaro RP, Barbaro JR, Wilson LM, Threadgill DW, Lauder JM, Magnuson TR, Crawley JN. Mouse behavioral tasks relevant to autism: phenotypes of 10 inbred strains. Behav Brain Res 2007; 176:4-20. [PMID: 16971002 PMCID: PMC1857288 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2006.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 600] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Three defining clinical symptoms of autism are aberrant reciprocal social interactions, deficits in social communication, and repetitive behaviors, including motor stereotypies and insistence on sameness. We developed a set of behavioral tasks designed to model components of these core symptoms in mice. Male mice from 10 inbred strains were characterized in assays for sociability, preference for social novelty, and reversal of the spatial location of the reinforcer in T-maze and Morris water maze tasks. Six strains, C57BL/6J, C57L/J, DBA/2J, FVB/NJ, C3H/HeJ, and AKR/J, showed significant levels of sociability, while A/J, BALB/cByJ, BTBR T(+)tf/J, and 129S1/SvImJ mice did not. C57BL/6J, C57L/J, DBA/2J, FVB/NJ, BALB/cByJ, and BTBR T(+)tf/J showed significant preference for social novelty, while C3H/HeJ, AKR/J, A/J, and 129S1/SvImJ did not. Normal scores on relevant control measures confirmed general health and physical abilities in all strains, ruling out artifactual explanations for social deficits. Elevated plus maze scores confirmed high anxiety-like behaviors in A/J, BALB/cByJ, and 129S1/SvImJ, which could underlie components of their low social approach. Strains that showed high levels of performance on acquisition of a T-maze task were also able to reach criterion for reversal learning. On the Morris water maze task, DBA/2J, AKR/J, BTBR T(+)tf/J, and 129S1/SvImJ failed to show significant quadrant preference during the reversal probe trial. These results highlight a dissociation between social task performance and reversal learning. BTBR T(+)tf/J is a particularly interesting strain, displaying both low social approach and resistance to change in routine on the water maze, consistent with an autism-like phenotype. Our multitask strategy for modeling symptoms of autism will be useful for investigating targeted and random gene mutations, QTLs, and microarray analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl S Moy
- North Carolina STAART Center for Autism Research, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Diers A, Carl M, Stoltenburg-Didinger G, Vorgerd M, Spuler S. Painful enlargement of the calf muscles in limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (LGMD2B) with a novel compound heterozygous mutation in DYSF. Neuromuscul Disord 2006; 17:157-62. [PMID: 17129727 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2006.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Revised: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (LGMD2B) and Miyoshi Myopathy are caused by mutations in the dysferlin gene. The phenotype of these allelic disease variants can vary considerably. We report on an adolescent female with a severe and rapidly progressing clinical course of LGMD2B which has been suggested by the muscle histopathology and Western blot and proven by mutation analysis in the Dysferlin gene. We detected a novel compound heterozygous mutation of which one affects the extracellular part of the protein. This is the first report on a mutation in this region of dysferlin and might explain the unusual phenotype of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Diers
- Department of Neuropaediatrics, Charité Medical Centre, Berlin, Germany.
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Jaiswal JK, Marlow G, Summerill G, Mahjneh I, Mueller S, Hill M, Miyake K, Haase H, Anderson LVB, Richard I, Kiuru-Enari S, McNeil PL, Simon SM, Bashir R. Patients with a non-dysferlin Miyoshi myopathy have a novel membrane repair defect. Traffic 2006; 8:77-88. [PMID: 17132147 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2006.00505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Two autosomal recessive muscle diseases, limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (LGMD2B) and Miyoshi myopathy (MM), are caused by mutations in the dysferlin gene. These mutations result in poor ability to repair cell membrane damage, which is suggested to be the cause for this disease. However, many patients who share clinical features with MM-type muscular dystrophy do not carry mutations in dysferlin gene. To understand the basis of MM that is not due to mutations in dysferlin gene, we analyzed cells from patients in one such family. In these patients, we found no defects in several potential candidates - annexin A2, caveolin-3, myoferlin and the MMD2 locus on chromosome 10p. Similar to dysferlinopathy, these cells also exhibit membrane repair defects and the severity of the defect correlated with severity of their disease. However, unlike dysferlinopathy, none of the conventional membrane repair pathways are defective in these patient cells. These results add to the existing evidence that cell membrane repair defect may be responsible for MM-type muscular dystrophy and indicate that a previously unsuspected genetic lesion that affects cell membrane repair pathway is responsible for the disease in the non-dysferlin MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti K Jaiswal
- The Rockefeller University, Box 304, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Nemoto H, Konno S, Nakazora H, Miura H, Kurihara T. Histological and Immunohistological Changes of the Skeletal Muscles in Older SJL/J Mice. Eur Neurol 2006; 57:19-25. [PMID: 17108690 DOI: 10.1159/000097005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
SJL/J mice have been studied as the model animals for autoimmunological diseases. Recently it was clarified that SJL/J mice have a defect of dysferlin. Human limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2B and Miyoshi myopathy also have a defect of dysferlin. In this study we present the histological and immunohistological changes in the natural course. Histological study revealed that SJL/J mice had inflammatory, degenerative changes, and neurogenic changes in later ages. As for interstitial inflammatory cells, the macrophages were dominant in any age, and in the T cell subset, the CD4+ T cells were more abundant than the CD8+ T cells, and few B cells were seen. The laboratory data showed a high level of creatine kinase in all ages. It is suspected that the inflammatory changes were induced by the primary immunological abnormality or by the defect of dysferlin in SJL/J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nemoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Neurology, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.
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Brunn A, Schröder R, Deckert M. The inflammatory reaction pattern distinguishes primary dysferlinopathies from idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: an important role for the membrane attack complex. Acta Neuropathol 2006; 112:325-32. [PMID: 16862423 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-006-0113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Revised: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Degenerative muscle changes in dysferlinopathies are often accompanied by inflammatory infiltrates and may even mimic primary idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. In the present study, the inflammatory reaction pattern with respect to the cellular composition of the infiltrates and the expression of potent cytokines was characterized in dysferlinopathies and in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Cellular infiltrates in dysferlinopathies mainly consisted of CD4+CD25- T cells and macrophages. We noted a prominent expression of interferon-gamma which may contribute to the marked upregulation of MHC class I antigen observed on the vast majority of muscle fibres. Furthermore, membrane attack complex positive deposits were found on intact as well as necrotic muscle fibres. Collectively, our study indicates that the inflammatory reaction pattern in dysferlinopathies is distinct from the one in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. In particular, membrane attack complex deposits and a pro-inflammatory milieu in the absence of interleukin-10 expression may contribute to progressive muscle damage in dysferlinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Brunn
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924 Köln, Germany.
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Udd B. Molecular biology of distal muscular dystrophies--sarcomeric proteins on top. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2006; 1772:145-58. [PMID: 17029922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Revised: 08/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During the last 10 years several muscular dystrophies within the group of distal myopathies have been clarified as to the molecular genetic cause of the disease. Currently, the next steps are carried out to identify the molecular pathogenesis downstream of the gene defects. Some early ideas on what is going on in the muscle cells based on the defect proteins are emerging. However, in no single distal muscular dystrophy these efforts have yet reached the point where direct trials for therapy would have been launched, and in many distal dystrophies the causative gene is still lacking. When comparing the gene defects in the distal dystrophies with the more common proximal muscular dystrophies such as dystrophinopathies or limb-girdle muscular dystrophies, there is a striking difference: the genes for distal dystrophies encode sarcomere proteins whereas the genes for proximal dystrophies more often encode sarcolemmal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarne Udd
- Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital and Vasa Central Hospital, University of Tampere Medical Scool, Finland.
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Pramono ZAD, Lai PS, Tan CL, Takeda S, Yee WC. Identification and characterization of a novel human dysferlin transcript: dysferlin_v1. Hum Genet 2006; 120:410-9. [PMID: 16896923 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-006-0230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the dysferlin (DYSF) gene are associated with limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B and Miyoshi myopathy. In this study, we report the identification and characterization of a novel dysferlin transcript that we named DYSF_v1 (GenBank accession: DQ267935). This transcript differs from the currently known dysferlin transcript (GenBank accession: AF075575) in the sequence of the entire first exon which spans 232 bases. This unique first exon is derived from intron 1 of DYSF, and has an immediate upstream 5' untranslated region containing CpG islands and sequences consistent with transcription factor binding sites. Exon 1 of DYSF_v1 shares 85% sequence homology and has similar genomic organization with the first exon of mouse dysferlin. Northern blot analysis showed that the DYSF_v1 transcript spans 7.5 kb and is expressed in human skeletal muscle, heart, placenta, brain, spleen, kidney, intestine, and lung tissues. DYSF_v1 retains phylogenic conservancy and shows similar expression pattern as the currently known human dysferlin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias Aloysius Dwi Pramono
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.
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Abstract
In this article, we review the molecular pathology of muscular dystrophies caused by defects of proteins located within or near cell membranes. These disorders include Bethlem myopathy, merosinopathy, dystrophinopathy, sarcoglycanopathies, integrinopathy, dysferlinopathy and caveolinopathy. We refer to these diseases collectively as sarcolemmopathy. Here, we describe the biological functions of these proteins in the context of muscular contractions and their roles in the infrastructure of muscle; defects of muscle infrastructures cause those diseases. As an example, in dystrophinopathy, cell membranes have mechanical defects due to the absence of dystrophin. Cracks of the cell membrane induced by muscle contraction may allow the influx and efflux of substances that trigger muscle cell degeneration. However, such cracks may be resealed on relaxation. In addition, dystrophinopathy causes secondary defects of various dystrophin-associated proteins suggesting that defects in cell signaling participate in the pathologic process. With regard to other sarcolemmopathies, we discuss pathological mechanisms based on available data.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ozawa
- National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The distal myopathies are a heterogeneous group of disorders that pose a challenge to both the clinician and geneticist. This article summarizes the findings of recent clinical, genetic and molecular studies and the current diagnostic approach to this group of patients. RECENT FINDINGS Publications over the past 5 years describe a number of new clinical phenotypes and genetic loci and further emphasize the overlap in clinical phenotype between a number of these disorders and between the distal and limb girdle myopathies and hereditary inclusion body myopathies. Recent studies have led to the identification of the genes and mutations responsible for early onset (Laing) myopathy and tibial (Udd) myopathy, and for distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles (Nonaka), which has been shown to be allelic with quadriceps sparing hereditary inclusion body myopathy (IBM2), and have elucidated the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms in these conditions. New diagnostic approaches using magnetic resonance imaging, and a blood-based assay for dysferlin deficiency, have also been reported. SUMMARY These findings have important implications for future genetic linkage and gene expression studies and for the diagnostic approach to patients with a distal myopathy phenotype. They also hold promise for the eventual development of therapies for this group of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank L Mastaglia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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Hernández-Deviez DJ, Martin S, Laval SH, Lo HP, Cooper ST, North KN, Bushby K, Parton RG. Aberrant dysferlin trafficking in cells lacking caveolin or expressing dystrophy mutants of caveolin-3. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 15:129-42. [PMID: 16319126 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the dysferlin (DYSF) and caveolin-3 (CAV3) genes are associated with muscle disease. Dysferlin is mislocalized, by an unknown mechanism, in muscle from patients with mutations in caveolin-3 (Cav-3). To examine the link between Cav-3 mutations and dysferlin mistargeting, we studied their localization at high resolution in muscle fibers, in a model muscle cell line, and upon heterologous expression of dysferlin in muscle cell lines and in wild-type or caveolin-null fibroblasts. Dysferlin shows only partial overlap with Cav-3 on the surface of isolated muscle fibers but co-localizes with Cav-3 in developing transverse (T)-tubules in muscle cell lines. Heterologously expressed dystrophy-associated mutant Cav3R26Q accumulates in the Golgi complex of muscle cell lines or fibroblasts. Cav3R26Q and other Golgi-associated mutants of both Cav-3 (Cav3P104L) and Cav-1 (Cav1P132L) caused a dramatic redistribution of dysferlin to the Golgi complex. Heterologously expressed epitope-tagged dysferlin associates with the plasma membrane in primary fibroblasts and muscle cells. Transport to the cell surface is impaired in the absence of Cav-1 or Cav-3 showing that caveolins are essential for dysferlin association with the PM. These results suggest a functional role for caveolins in a novel post-Golgi trafficking pathway followed by dysferlin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia J Hernández-Deviez
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Shunchang S, Fan Q, Huacheng W, Leturcq F, Yongjian S, Bingfeng Z, Wen Y, Deburgrave N. Dysferlin mutation in a Chinese pedigree with Miyoshi myopathy. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2005; 108:369-73. [PMID: 16023782 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2005.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2005] [Revised: 05/20/2005] [Accepted: 05/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mutations in the dysferlin gene cause two autosomal recessive forms of muscular dystrophy: Miyoshi myopathy and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B. The purpose of this study was to diagnose a Chinese pedigree with the autosomal recessive form of muscular dystrophy and conduct mutational screening. METHODS The pedigree was diagnosed accurately by using two-point linkage analysis and multi-Western blot analysis. Mutations were determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by DNA sequencing. RESULTS Two-point linkage analysis showed significant LOD scores with makers from chromosome 2p13. Multi-Western blot analysis confirmed dysferlin deficiency of muscle specimen from the propositus. Mutation analysis of the dysferlin gene revealed a novel mutation, 6429delG, on exon 53. CONCLUSIONS We identified an inbred Chinese pedigree with Miyoshi myopathy caused by the 6429delG mutation in the dysferlin gene. This mutation is predicted to result in premature termination of translation contributing to Miyoshi myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Shunchang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Second Medical University, Shanghai 200025, China
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Sugie K, Noguchi S, Kozuka Y, Arikawa-Hirasawa E, Tanaka M, Yan C, Saftig P, von Figura K, Hirano M, Ueno S, Nonaka I, Nishino I. Autophagic vacuoles with sarcolemmal features delineate Danon disease and related myopathies. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2005; 64:513-22. [PMID: 15977643 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/64.6.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the autophagic vacuolar myopathies (AVMs), a subgroup is characterized pathologically by unusual autophagic vacuoles with sarcolemmal features (AVSF) and includes Danon disease and X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy. The diagnostic importance and detailed morphologic features of AVSF in different AVMs have not been well established, and the mechanism of AVSF formation is not known. To address these issues, we have performed detailed histologic studies of myopathies with AVSF and other AVMs. In Danon disease and related AVMs, at the light microscopic level, autophagic vacuoles appeared to be accumulations of lysosomes, which, by electron microscopy consisted of clusters of autophagic vacuoles, indicative of autolysosomes. Some autolysosomes were surrounded by membranes with sarcolemmal proteins, acetylcholinesterase activity, and basal lamina. In Danon disease, the number of fibers with AVSF increased linearly with age while the number with autolysosomal accumulations decreased slightly, suggesting that AVSF are produced secondarily in response to autolysosomes. Most of the AVSF form enclosed spaces, indicating that the vacuolar membranes may be formed in situ rather than through sarcolemmal indentation. This unique intracytoplasmic membrane structure was not found in other AVMs. In conclusion, AVSF with acetylcholinesterase activity are autolysosomes surrounded by secondarily generated intracytoplasmic sarcolemma-like structure and delineates a subgroup of AVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Sugie
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Hospital for Mental Nervous and Muscular Disorders, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
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