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Pereur R, Dambroise E. Insights into Craniofacial Development and Anomalies: Exploring Fgf Signaling in Zebrafish Models. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2024:10.1007/s11914-024-00873-3. [PMID: 38739352 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-024-00873-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To illustrate the value of using zebrafish to understand the role of the Fgf signaling pathway during craniofacial skeletal development under normal and pathological conditions. RECENT FINDINGS Recent data obtained from studies on zebrafish have demonstrated the genetic redundancy of Fgf signaling pathway and have identified new molecular partners of this signaling during the early stages of craniofacial skeletal development. Studies on zebrafish models demonstrate the involvement of the Fgf signaling pathway at every stage of craniofacial development. They particularly emphasize the central role of Fgf signaling pathway during the early stages of the development, which significantly impacts the formation of the various structures making up the craniofacial skeleton. This partly explains the craniofacial abnormalities observed in disorders associated with FGF signaling. Future research efforts should focus on investigating zebrafish Fgf signaling during more advanced stages, notably by establishing zebrafish models expressing mutations responsible for diseases such as craniosynostoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Pereur
- Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institut, 24 boulevard Montparnasse, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Emilie Dambroise
- Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institut, 24 boulevard Montparnasse, 75015, Paris, France.
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2
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Healey HM, Penn HB, Small CM, Bassham S, Goyal V, Woods MA, Cresko WA. Single Cell RNA Sequencing Provides Clues for the Developmental Genetic Basis of Syngnathidae's Evolutionary Adaptations. bioRxiv 2024:2024.04.08.588518. [PMID: 38645265 PMCID: PMC11030337 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.08.588518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Seahorses, pipefishes, and seadragons are fishes from the family Syngnathidae that have evolved extraordinary traits including male pregnancy, elongated snouts, loss of teeth, and dermal bony armor. The developmental genetic and cellular changes that led to the evolution of these traits are largely unknown. Recent syngnathid genomes revealed suggestive gene content differences and provide the opportunity for detailed genetic analyses. We created a single cell RNA sequencing atlas of Gulf pipefish embryos to understand the developmental basis of four traits: derived head shape, toothlessness, dermal armor, and male pregnancy. We completed marker gene analyses, built genetic networks, and examined spatial expression of select genes. We identified osteochondrogenic mesenchymal cells in the elongating face that express regulatory genes bmp4, sfrp1a, and prdm16. We found no evidence for tooth primordia cells, and we observed re-deployment of osteoblast genetic networks in developing dermal armor. Finally, we found that epidermal cells expressed nutrient processing and environmental sensing genes, potentially relevant for the brooding environment. The examined pipefish evolutionary innovations are composed of recognizable cell types, suggesting derived features originate from changes within existing gene networks. Future work addressing syngnathid gene networks across multiple stages and species is essential for understanding how their novelties evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope M Healey
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon
| | - Hayden B Penn
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon
| | - Clayton M Small
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon
- School of Computer and Data Science, University of Oregon
| | - Susan Bassham
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon
| | - Vithika Goyal
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon
| | - Micah A Woods
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon
| | - William A Cresko
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon
- Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon
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3
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Pan YK. Structure and function of the larval teleost fish gill. J Comp Physiol B 2024:10.1007/s00360-024-01550-8. [PMID: 38584182 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-024-01550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The fish gill is a multifunctional organ that is important in multiple physiological processes such as gas transfer, ionoregulation, and chemoreception. This characteristic organ of fishes has received much attention, yet an often-overlooked point is that larval fishes in most cases do not have a fully developed gill, and thus larval gills do not function identically as adult gills. In addition, large changes associated with gas exchange and ionoregulation happen in gills during the larval phase, leading to the oxygen and ionoregulatory hypotheses examining the environmental constraint that resulted in the evolution of gills. This review thus focuses exclusively on the larval fish gill of teleosts, summarizing the development of teleost larval fish gills and its function in gas transfer, ionoregulation, and chemoreception, and comparing and contrasting it to adult gills where applicable, while providing some insight into the oxygen vs ionoregulatory hypotheses debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihang Kevin Pan
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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4
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Jonz MG. Cell proliferation and regeneration in the gill : By. J Comp Physiol B 2024:10.1007/s00360-024-01548-2. [PMID: 38554225 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-024-01548-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Seminal studies from the early 20th century defined the structural changes associated with development and regeneration of the gills in goldfish at the gross morphological and cellular levels using standard techniques of light and electron microscopy. More recently, investigations using cell lineage tracing, molecular biology, immunohistochemistry and single-cell RNA-sequencing have pushed the field forward and have begun to reveal the cellular and molecular processes that orchestrate cell proliferation and regeneration in the gills. The gill is a multifunctional organ that mediates an array of important physiological functions, including respiration, ion regulation and excretion of waste products. It is comprised of unique cell types, such as pavement cells, ionocytes, chemoreceptors and undifferentiated stem or progenitor cells that regulate growth and replenish cell populations. The gills develop from the embryonic endoderm and are rich in cell types derived from the neural crest. The gills have the capacity to remodel themselves in response to environmental change, such as in the case of ionocytes, chemoreceptors and the interlamellar cell mass, and can completely regenerate gill filaments and lamellae. Both processes of remodeling and regeneration invariably involve cell proliferation. Although gill regeneration has been reported in only a limited number of fish species, the process appears to have many similarities to regeneration of other organs in fish and amphibians. The present article reviews the studies that have described gill development and growth, and that demonstrate a suite of genes, transcription factors and other proteins involved in cell proliferation and regeneration in the gills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Jonz
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Pvt, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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5
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Abrar M, Ali S, Hussain I, Khatoon H, Batool F, Ghazanfar S, Corcoran D, Kawakami Y, Abbasi AA. Cis-regulatory control of mammalian Trps1 gene expression. J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol 2024. [PMID: 38369890 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
TRPS1 serves as the causative gene for tricho-rhino phalangeal syndrome, known for its craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities. The Trps1 gene encodes a protein that represses Wnt signaling through strong interactions with Wnt signaling inhibitors. The identification of genomic cis-acting regulatory sequences governing Trps1 expression is crucial for understanding its role in embryogenesis. Nevertheless, to date, no investigations have been conducted concerning these aspects of Trps1. To identify deeply conserved noncoding elements (CNEs) within the Trps1 locus, we employed a comparative genomics approach, utilizing slowly evolving fish such as coelacanth and spotted gar. These analyses resulted in the identification of eight CNEs in the intronic region of the Trps1 gene. Functional characterization of these CNEs in zebrafish revealed their regulatory potential in various tissues, including pectoral fins, heart, and pharyngeal arches. RNA in-situ hybridization experiments revealed concordance between the reporter expression pattern induced by the identified set of CNEs and the spatial expression pattern of the trps1 gene in zebrafish. Comparative in vivo data from zebrafish and mice for CNE7/hs919 revealed conserved functions of these enhancers. Each of these eight CNEs was further investigated in cell line-based reporter assays, revealing their repressive potential. Taken together, in vivo and in vitro assays suggest a context-dependent dual functionality for the identified set of Trps1-associated CNE enhancers. This functionally characterized set of CNE-enhancers will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the developmental roles of Trps1 and can aid in the identification of noncoding DNA variants associated with human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abrar
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Ali
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Irfan Hussain
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Research, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hizran Khatoon
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Batool
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shakira Ghazanfar
- National Institute for Genomics Advanced Biotechnology, National Agriculture Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Dylan Corcoran
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amir Ali Abbasi
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Rees JM, Palmer MA, Gillis JA. Fgf signalling is required for gill slit formation in the skate, Leucoraja erinacea. Dev Biol 2024; 506:85-94. [PMID: 38040078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The gill slits of fishes develop from an iterative series of pharyngeal endodermal pouches that contact and fuse with surface ectoderm on either side of the embryonic head. We find in the skate (Leucoraja erinacea) that all gill slits form via a stereotypical sequence of epithelial interactions: 1) endodermal pouches approach overlying surface ectoderm, with 2) focal degradation of ectodermal basement membranes preceding endoderm-ectoderm contact; 3) endodermal pouches contact and intercalate with overlying surface ectoderm, and finally 4) perforation of a gill slit occurs by epithelial remodelling, without programmed cell death, at the site of endoderm-ectoderm intercalation. Skate embryos express Fgf8 and Fgf3 within developing pharyngeal epithelia during gill slit formation. When we inhibit Fgf signalling by treating skate embryos with the Fgf receptor inhibitor SU5402 we find that endodermal pouch formation, basement membrane degradation and endodermal-ectodermal intercalation are unaffected, but that epithelial remodelling and gill slit perforation fail to occur. These findings point to a role for Fgf signalling in epithelial remodelling during gill slit formation in the skate and, more broadly, to an ancestral role for Fgf signalling during pharyngeal pouch epithelial morphogenesis in vertebrate embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenaid M Rees
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael A Palmer
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - J Andrew Gillis
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
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Cadiz L, Reed M, Monis S, Akimenko MA, Jonz MG. Identification of signalling pathways involved in gill regeneration in zebrafish. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246290. [PMID: 38099598 PMCID: PMC10906665 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The occurrence of regeneration of the organs involved in respiratory gas exchange amongst vertebrates is heterogeneous. In some species of amphibians and fishes, the gills regenerate completely following resection or amputation, whereas in mammals, only partial, facultative regeneration of lung tissue occurs following injury. Given the homology between gills and lungs, the capacity of gill regeneration in aquatic species is of major interest in determining the underlying molecular or signalling pathways involved in respiratory organ regeneration. In the present study, we used adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) to characterize signalling pathways involved in the early stages of gill regeneration. Regeneration of the gills was induced by resection of gill filaments and observed over a period of up to 10 days. We screened for the effects on regeneration of the drugs SU5402, dorsomorphin and LY411575, which inhibit FGF, BMP or Notch signalling pathways, respectively. Exposure to each drug for 5 days significantly reduced regrowth of filament tips in regenerating tissue, compared with unresected controls. In separate experiments under normal conditions of regeneration, we used reverse transcription quantitative PCR and observed an increased expression of genes encoding for the bone morphogenetic factor, Bmp2b, fibroblast growth factor, Fgf8a, a transcriptional regulator (Her6) involved in Notch signalling, and Sonic Hedgehog (Shha), in regenerating gills at 10 day post-resection, compared with unresected controls. In situ hybridization confirmed that all four genes were expressed in regenerating gill tissue. This study implicates BMP, FGF, Notch and Shh signalling in gill regeneration in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cadiz
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5
| | - Maddison Reed
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5
| | - Simon Monis
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5
| | | | - Michael G. Jonz
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5
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8
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Franz-Odendaal TA. The elusive scleral cartilages: Comparative anatomy and development in teleosts and avians. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023. [PMID: 37943147 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The sclera of all vertebrate eyes is comprised of connective tissue, with some organisms developing cartilage within this tissue. A review of the cartilages that have been described in the vertebrate sclera and their anatomical relationships is discussed together with their potential homology. Incorrect terminology erroneously implies similarity in location, development, morphology, and evolution, which may lead some scientists to assume all cartilages in orbit are the same elements when reading the literature. Therefore, new terminology to distinguish the different types of cartilage associated with the vertebrate eye is proposed. The scleral cartilages that are likely homologous to one another and which are situated in the sclera, should be termed scleral cartilages sensu stricto, while other cartilages in the sclera should be termed ocular cartilages. Some of the cartilages also ossify, and these bones should be distinguished from the scleral ossicles. The plasticity of the scleral tissue layer and its range of morphologies from fibrous to cartilaginous connective tissue across different vertebrate lineages are also described. This review also highlights several gaps in our understanding of the vertebrate scleral cartilages, in particular.
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Yang S, Xu X, Yin Z, Liu Y, Wang H, Guo J, Wang F, Bao Y, Zhang T, Sun S. nkx2.3 is responsible for posterior pharyngeal cartilage formation by inhibiting Fgf signaling. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21915. [PMID: 38034615 PMCID: PMC10682621 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nkx2.3, a transcription factor, plays important roles in various developmental processes. However, the mechanisms underlying nkx2.3's regulation of pouch and pharyngeal arch development in zebrafish remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that knockdown or knockout of nkx2.3 resulted in the absence of posterior ceratobranchial cartilages in zebrafish. The absence of posterior pharyngeal cartilages is a consequence of the compromised proliferation and differentiation and survival of cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs). Notably, we found that nkx2.3 was not involved in endoderm pouch formation. Additionally, our findings suggested that nkx2.3 negatively regulated Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) signaling, as overexpression of fgf8 could mimic the phenotype observed in nkx2.3 morphants, suppressing CNCC differentiation. Moreover, inhibiting Fgf signaling restored the abnormalities in posterior cartilages induced by nkx2.3 knockdown. These findings establish the essential role of nkx2.3 in the development of posterior ceratobranchial cartilages through the inhibition of fgf8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Yang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cardiovascular Medical Science Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Zheng Yin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cardiovascular Medical Science Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
| | - Yuelin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cardiovascular Medical Science Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
| | - Handong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
| | - Jin Guo
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Yihua Bao
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Shaoguang Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cardiovascular Medical Science Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
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Klem JR, Schwantes-An TH, Abreu M, Suttie M, Gray R, Vo H, Conley G, Foroud TM, Wetherill L, Lovely CB. Mutation in the Bone Morphogenetic Protein signaling pathway sensitize zebrafish and humans to ethanol-induced jaw malformations. bioRxiv 2023:2023.06.28.546932. [PMID: 37425959 PMCID: PMC10327032 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.28.546932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) describe ethanol-induced developmental defects including craniofacial malformations. While ethanol-sensitive genetic mutations contribute to facial malformations, the impacted cellular mechanisms remain unknown. Bmp signaling is a key regulator of epithelial morphogenesis driving facial development, providing a possible ethanol-sensitive mechanism. We found that zebrafish mutants for Bmp signaling components are ethanol-sensitive and affect anterior pharyngeal endoderm shape and gene expression, indicating ethanol-induced malformations of the anterior pharyngeal endoderm cause facial malformations. Integrating FASD patient data, we provide the first evidence that variants in the human Bmp receptor gene BMPR1B associate with ethanol-related differences in jaw volume. Our results show that ethanol exposure disrupts proper morphogenesis of, and tissue interactions between, facial epithelia that mirror overall viscerocranial shape changes and are predictive for Bmp-ethanol associations in human jaw development. Our data provide a mechanistic paradigm linking ethanol to disrupted epithelial cell behaviors that underlie facial defects in FASD.
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Wei Z, Hong Q, Ding Z, Liu J. cxcl12a plays an essential role in pharyngeal cartilage development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1243265. [PMID: 37860819 PMCID: PMC10582265 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1243265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Neural crest cells constitute a distinct set of multipotent cells that undergo migration along predefined pathways, culmination in the differentiation into a plethora of cell types, including components of the pharyngeal cartilage. The neurocranium is composite structure derived from both cranial neural crest and mesoderm cells, whereas the pharyngeal skeletal elements-including the mandibular and branchial arches-are exclusively formed by craniofacial neural crest cells. Previous studies have elucidated the critical involvement of the chemokine signaling axis Cxcl12b/Cxcr4a in craniofacial development in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Nonetheless, the function contribution of Cxcl12a and Cxcr4b-the homologous counterparts of Cxcl12b and Cxcr4a-remain largely unexplored. Methods: In the present study, mutant lines for cxcl12a and cxcr4b were generated employing CRISPR/Cas9 system. Temporal and spatial expression patterns of specific genes were assessed using in situ hybridization and dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques. High-resolution confocal microscopy was utilized for in vivo imaging to detect the pharyngeal arch or pouch patterning. Additionally, cartilage formation within the craniofacial region was analyzed via Alcian blue staining, and the proliferation and apoptosis rates of craniofacial neural crest cells were quantified through BrdU incorporation and TUNEL staining. Results: Our data reveals that the deletion of the chemokine gene cxcl12a results in a marked diminution of pharyngeal cartilage elements, attributable to compromised proliferation of post-migratory craniofacial neural crest cells. Subsequent experiments confirmed that Cxcl12a and Cxcl12b exhibit a synergistic influence on pharyngeal arch and pouch formation. Conclusion: Collectively, the present investigation furnishes compelling empirical evidence supporting the indispensable role of Cxcl2a in craniofacial cartilage morphogenesis, albeit cxcr4b mutants exert a minimal impact on this biological process. We delineate that Cxcl12a is essential for chondrogenesis in zebrafish, primarily by promoting the proliferation of craniofacial neural crest cells. Furthermore, we proposed a conceptual framework wherein Cxcl12a and Cxcl12b function synergistically in orchestrating both the pharyngeal arch and pouch morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Wei
- School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiang Hong
- School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zijiao Ding
- School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jingwen Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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12
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Packard M, Gilbert MC, Tetrault E, Albertson RC. Zebrafish crocc2 mutants exhibit divergent craniofacial shape, misregulated variability, and aberrant cartilage morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:1026-1045. [PMID: 37032317 PMCID: PMC10524572 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenotypic variation is of paramount importance in development, evolution, and human health; however, the molecular mechanisms that influence organ shape and shape variability are not well understood. During craniofacial development, the behavior of skeletal precursors is regulated by both biochemical and environmental inputs, and the primary cilia play critical roles in transducing both types of signals. Here, we examine a gene that encodes a key constituent of the ciliary rootlets, crocc2, and its role in cartilage morphogenesis in larval zebrafish. RESULTS Geometric morphometric analysis of crocc2 mutants revealed altered craniofacial shapes and expanded variation. At the cellular level, we observed altered chondrocyte shapes and planar cell polarity across multiple stages in crocc2 mutants. Notably, cellular defects were specific to areas that experience direct mechanical input. Cartilage cell number, apoptosis, and bone patterning were not affected in crocc2 mutants. CONCLUSIONS Whereas "regulatory" genes are widely implicated in patterning the craniofacial skeleton, genes that encode "structural" aspects of the cell are increasingly implicated in shaping the face. Our results add crocc2 to this list, and demonstrate that it affects craniofacial geometry and canalizes phenotypic variation. We propose that it does so via mechanosensing, possibly through the ciliary rootlet. If true, this would implicate a new organelle in skeletal development and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Packard
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A
| | - Michelle C. Gilbert
- Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A
- Current address, Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Emily Tetrault
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A
| | - R. Craig Albertson
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A
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Poopalasundaram S, Richardson J, Graham A. Key separable events in the remodelling of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat 2023; 243:100-109. [PMID: 36815518 PMCID: PMC10273329 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharyngeal arches are a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the embryonic head. They are a defining feature of the most conserved, the phylotypic, stage of vertebrate development. In many vertebrate clades, the segmental arrangement of the pharyngeal arches is translated into the iterative anatomy of the gill arches. However, in amniotes the pharyngeal arches undergo a rearrangement during development and the segmental organisation of the pharynx is lost. This remodelling involves the expansion of the second arch which comes to overlie the more posterior arches. A transient sinus forms between the expanded second arch and the posterior arches, that is then lost, and the posterior arches are internalised. The morphogenesis of the second arch has been viewed as being central to this remodelling. Yet little is known about this process. Therefore, in this study, we have characterised the development of the second arch. We show that as the second arch expands, its posterior margin forms a leading edge and that the mesenchymal cells subjacent to this are in an elevated proliferative state. We further show that the posterior marginal epithelium is the site of expression of three key developmental signalling molecules: BMP7, FGF8 and SHH, and that their expression continues throughout the period of expansion. Using a novel approach, we have been able to simultaneously inhibit these three pathways, and we find that when this is done the second arch fails to establish its caudal projection and that there is a loss of proliferation in the posterior mesenchymal cells of the second arch. We have further used this manipulation to ask if the internalisation of the posterior arches is dependent upon the expansion of the second arch. We find that it is not-the posterior arches are still internalised when the expansion of the second arch is curtailed. We further show that while the collapse of the sinus is dependent upon thyroid hormone signalling, that this is not the case for the internalisation of the posterior pouches. Thus, the internalisation of the posterior arches is not dependent on the expansion of the second arch or on the collapse of the sinus. Finally, we show that the termination of expansion of the second arch correlates with a burst of morphogenetic cell death suggesting a mechanism for ending this. Thus, while it has long been thought that it is the morphogenesis of the second arch that drives the remodelling of the pharyngeal arches, we show that this is not the case. Rather the remodelling of the pharyngeal arches is a composite process that can split into contemporaneous but separate events: the expansion of the second arch, the internalisation of the posterior arches and the collapse of the sinus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jo Richardson
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College LondonLondonUK
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Anthony Graham
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College LondonLondonUK
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14
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Zbasnik N, Fish JL. Fgf8 regulates first pharyngeal arch segmentation through pouch-cleft interactions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1186526. [PMID: 37287454 PMCID: PMC10242020 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1186526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The pharyngeal arches are transient developmental structures that, in vertebrates, give rise to tissues of the head and neck. A critical process underlying the specification of distinct arch derivatives is segmentation of the arches along the anterior-posterior axis. Formation of ectodermal-endodermal interfaces is a key mediator of this process, and although it is essential, mechanisms regulating the establishment of these interfaces vary between pouches and between taxa. Methods: Here, we focus on the patterning and morphogenesis of epithelia associated with the first pharyngeal arch, the first pharyngeal pouch (pp1) and the first pharyngeal cleft (pc1), and the role of Fgf8 dosage in these processes in the mouse model system. Results: We find that severe reductions of Fgf8 levels disrupt both pp1 and pc1 development. Notably, out-pocketing of pp1 is largely robust to Fgf8 reductions, however, pp1 extension along the proximal-distal axis fails when Fgf8 is low. Our data indicate that Fgf8 is required for specification of regional identity in both pp1 and pc1, for localized changes in cell polarity, and for elongation and extension of both pp1 and pc1. Discussion: Based on Fgf8-mediated changes in tissue relationships between pp1 and pc1, we hypothesize that extension of pp1 requires physical interaction with pc1. Overall, our data indicate a critical role for the lateral surface ectoderm in segmentation of the first pharyngeal arch that has previously been under-appreciated.
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15
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Zbasnik N, Fish JL. Fgf8 regulates first pharyngeal arch segmentation through pouch-cleft interactions. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.15.532781. [PMID: 36993764 PMCID: PMC10055162 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.15.532781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The pharyngeal arches are transient developmental structures that, in vertebrates, give rise to tissues of the head and neck. A critical process underlying the specification of distinct arch derivatives is segmentation of the arches along the anterior-posterior axis. Out-pocketing of the pharyngeal endoderm between the arches is a key mediator of this process, and although it is essential, mechanisms regulating out-pocketing vary between pouches and between taxa. Here, we focus on the patterning and morphogenesis of epithelia associated with the first pharyngeal arch, the first pharyngeal pouch (pp1) and the first pharyngeal cleft (pc1), and the role of Fgf8 dosage in these processes. We find that severe reductions of Fgf8 levels disrupt both pp1 and pc1 development. Notably, out-pocketing of pp1 is largely robust to Fgf8 reductions, however, pp1 extension along the proximal-distal axis fails when Fgf8 is low. Our data indicate that extension of pp1 requires physical interaction with pc1, and that multiple aspects of pc1 morphogenesis require Fgf8 . In particular, Fgf8 is required for specification of regional identity in both pp1 and pc1, for localized changes in cell polarity, and for elongation and extension of both pp1 and pc1. Overall, our data indicate a critical role for the lateral surface ectoderm in segmentation of the first pharyngeal arch that has previously been under-appreciated.
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16
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Gilbert MC, Lerose CS, Conith AJ, Albertson RC. Breaking constraints: The development and evolution of extreme fin morphology in the Bramidae. Evol Dev 2022; 24:109-124. [PMID: 35848377 PMCID: PMC9542103 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The developmental process establishes the foundation upon which natural selection may act. In that same sense, it is inundated with numerous constraints that work to limit the directions in which a phenotype may respond to selective pressures. Extreme phenotypes have been used in the past to identify tradeoffs and constraints and may aid in recognizing how alterations to the Baupläne can influence the trajectories of lineages. The Bramidae, a family of Scombriformes consisting of 20 extant species, are unique in that five species greatly deviate from the stout, ovaloid bodies that typify the bramids. The Ptericlinae, or fanfishes, are instead characterized by relatively elongated body plans and extreme modifications to their medial fins. Here, we explore the development of Bramidae morphologies and examine them through a phylogenetic lens to investigate the concepts of developmental and evolutionary constraints. Contrary to our predictions that the fanfishes had been constrained by inherited properties of an ancestral state, we find that the fanfishes exhibit both increased rates of trait evolution and differ substantially from the other bramids in their developmental trajectories. Conversely, the remaining bramid genera differ little, both among one another and in comparison, to the sister family Caristiidae. In all, our data suggest that the fanfishes have broken constraints, thereby allowing them to mitigate trade‐offs on distinctive aspects of morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Gilbert
- Biology Department, Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Catherine S Lerose
- Biology Department, Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biology, Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew J Conith
- Biology Department, Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - R Craig Albertson
- Biology Department, Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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17
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Jeon H, Jin S, Choe CP. inka1b expression in the head mesoderm is dispensable for facial cartilage development. Gene Expr Patterns 2022; 45:119262. [PMID: 35811016 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2022.119262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inka box actin regulator 1 (Inka1) is a novel protein identified in Xenopus and is found in vertebrates. While Inka1 is required for facial skeletal development in Xenopus and zebrafish, it is dispensable in mice despite its conserved expression in the cranial neural crest, indicating that Inka1 function in facial skeletal development is not conserved among vertebrates. Zebrafish bears two paralogs of inka1 (inka1a and inka1b) in the genome, with the biological roles of inka1b barely known. Here, we analyzed the expression and function of inka1b during facial skeletal development in zebrafish. inka1b was expressed sequentially in the head mesoderm adjacent to the pharyngeal pouches essential for facial skeletal development at the stage of arch segmentation. However, a loss-of-function mutation in inka1b displayed normal head development, including the pouches and facial cartilages. The normal head of inka1b mutant fish was unlikely a result of the genetic redundancy of inka1b with inka1a, given the distinct expression of inka1a and inka1b in the cranial neural crest and head mesoderm, respectively, during craniofacial development. Our findings suggest that the inka1b expression in the head mesoderm might not be essential for head development in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haewon Jeon
- Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Sil Jin
- Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Chong Pyo Choe
- Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea; Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea.
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18
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Small CM, Healey HM, Currey MC, Beck EA, Catchen J, Lin ASP, Cresko WA, Bassham S. Leafy and weedy seadragon genomes connect genic and repetitive DNA features to the extravagant biology of syngnathid fishes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2119602119. [PMID: 35733255 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2119602119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Seadragons are widely recognized for their derived traits, which include leaf-like appendages and extreme spinal curvature. Efforts to understand the genetic basis of these unique traits and conserve these species and their relatives have been limited by genomic resource gaps. In this paper we present full, annotated genomes of leafy and weedy seadragons, which we use to uncover surprising features of gene family and genome architecture evolution that likely relate to the extravagant phenotypic traits of seadragons and their pipefish and seahorse relatives. These genomes and their analyses are important advances for the study of elaborate vertebrate traits, leveraging this diverse, morphologically exceptional group of fishes. Seadragons are a remarkable lineage of teleost fishes in the family Syngnathidae, renowned for having evolved male pregnancy. Comprising three known species, seadragons are widely recognized and admired for their fantastical body forms and coloration, and their specific habitat requirements have made them flagship representatives for marine conservation and natural history interests. Until recently, a gap has been the lack of significant genomic resources for seadragons. We have produced gene-annotated, chromosome-scale genome models for the leafy and weedy seadragon to advance investigations of evolutionary innovation and elaboration of morphological traits in seadragons as well as their pipefish and seahorse relatives. We identified several interesting features specific to seadragon genomes, including divergent noncoding regions near a developmental gene important for integumentary outgrowth, a high genome-wide density of repetitive DNA, and recent expansions of transposable elements and a vesicular trafficking gene family. Surprisingly, comparative analyses leveraging the seadragon genomes and additional syngnathid and outgroup genomes revealed striking, syngnathid-specific losses in the family of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), which likely involve reorganization of highly conserved gene regulatory networks in ways that have not previously been documented in natural populations. The resources presented here serve as important tools for future evolutionary studies of developmental processes in syngnathids and hold value for conservation of the extravagant seadragons and their relatives.
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19
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Gao Y, Hu B, Flores R, Xie H, Lin F. Fibronectin and Integrin α5 play overlapping and independent roles in regulating the development of pharyngeal endoderm and cartilage. Dev Biol 2022; 489:122-133. [PMID: 35732225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial skeletal elements are derived from cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs), which migrate along discrete paths and populate distinct pharyngeal arches, structures that are separated by the neighboring endodermal pouches (EPs). Interactions between the CNCCs and the endoderm are critical for proper craniofacial development. In zebrafish, integrin α5 (Itga5) functions in the endoderm to regulate formation of specifically the first EP (EP1) and the development of the hyoid cartilage. Here we show that fibronectin (Fn), a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM), is also required for these developmental processes, and that the penetrance of defects in mutants is temperature-dependent. fn1a-/- embryos exhibited defects that are similar to, but much more severe than, those of itga5-/- embryos, and a loss of integrin av (itgav) function enhanced both endoderm and cartilage defects in itga5-/- embryos, suggesting that Itga5 and Itgav cooperate to transmit signals from Fn to regulate the development of endoderm and cartilage. Whereas the endodermal defects in itga5; itga5v-/- double mutant embryos were comparable to those of fn1a-/- mutants, the cartilage defects were much milder. Furthermore, Fn assembly was detected in migrating CNCCs, and the epithelial organization and differentiation of CNCC-derived arches were impaired in fn1a-/- embryos, indicating that Fn1 exerts functions in arch development that are independent of Itga5 and Itgav. Additionally, reduction of itga5 function in fn1a-/- embryos led to profound defects in body axis elongation, as well as in endoderm and cartilage formation, suggesting that other ECM proteins signal through Itga5 to regulate development of the endoderm and cartilage. Thus, our studies reveal that Fn1a and Itga5 have both overlapping and independent functions in regulating development of the pharyngeal endoderm and cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Gao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Rickcardo Flores
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Huaping Xie
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Fang Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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20
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Dash S, Trainor PA. Nucleolin loss of function leads to aberrant Fibroblast Growth Factor signaling and craniofacial anomalies. Development 2022; 149:dev200349. [PMID: 35762670 PMCID: PMC9270975 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription and ribosome biogenesis are global processes required for growth and proliferation of all cells, yet perturbation of these processes in vertebrates leads to tissue-specific defects termed ribosomopathies. Mutations in rRNA transcription and processing proteins often lead to craniofacial anomalies; however, the cellular and molecular reasons for these defects are poorly understood. Therefore, we examined the function of the most abundant nucleolar phosphoprotein, Nucleolin (Ncl), in vertebrate development. ncl mutant (ncl-/-) zebrafish present with craniofacial anomalies such as mandibulofacial hypoplasia. We observed that ncl-/- mutants exhibited decreased rRNA synthesis and p53-dependent apoptosis, consistent with a role in ribosome biogenesis. However, we found that Nucleolin also performs functions not associated with ribosome biogenesis. We discovered that the half-life of fgf8a mRNA was reduced in ncl-/- mutants, which perturbed Fgf signaling, resulting in misregulated Sox9a-mediated chondrogenesis and Runx2-mediated osteogenesis. Consistent with this model, exogenous FGF8 treatment significantly rescued the cranioskeletal phenotype in ncl-/- zebrafish, suggesting that Nucleolin regulates osteochondroprogenitor differentiation. Our work has therefore uncovered tissue-specific functions for Nucleolin in rRNA transcription and post-transcriptional regulation of growth factor signaling during embryonic craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Dash
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Paul A. Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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21
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Yang S, Ning G, Hou Y, Cao Y, Xu J, Wu J, Zhang T, Wang Q. Myoneurin regulates BMP signaling by competing with Ppm1a for Smad binding. iScience 2022; 25:104495. [PMID: 35712083 PMCID: PMC9194458 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A delicate balance of BMP activity is critical for tissue formation and organogenesis. However, the mechanical molecular details in ensuring the proper duration and intensity of BMP signaling have yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we identified a zebrafish mutant with a disrupted gene encoding for the BTB/POZ and zinc finger protein myoneurin (Mynn). mynn−/− mutants exhibited severe loss of pharyngeal cartilage elements, owing to poor proliferation, blocked differentiation, and low viability of cranial neural crest cells. Depletion of mynn in both zebrafish embryos and mammalian cells led to a reduction of the BMP signal activity. Mechanistically, Mynn interacts with Smad proteins in the nucleus, thereby disrupting the association between Smad protein and the phosphatase Ppm1a. Ultimately, this interaction prevents Smad dephosphorylation. More broadly, our findings may provide a new strategy to balance BMP signal activity via competitive binding of Mynn and Ppm1a to Smad proteins during pharyngeal cartilage formation. mynn gene is essential for pharyngeal cartilage development mynn is required for the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of the CNCCs Mynn has an evolutionarily conserved function in supporting BMP signal Mynn maintains BMP signal activity by competing with Ppm1a for Smad binding
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22
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Li K, Fan L, Tian Y, Lou S, Li D, Ma L, Wang L, Pan Y. Application of zebrafish in the study of craniomaxillofacial developmental anomalies. Birth Defects Res 2022; 114:583-595. [PMID: 35437950 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Craniomaxillofacial developmental anomalies are one of the most prevalent congenital defects worldwide and could result from any disruption of normal development processes, which is generally influenced by interactions between genes and the environment. Currently, with the advances in genetic screening strategies, an increasing number of novel variants and their roles in orofacial diseases have been explored. Zebrafish is recognized as a powerful animal model, and its homologous genes and similar oral structure and development process provide an ideal platform for studying the contributions of genetic and environmental factors to human craniofacial malformations. Here, we reviewed zebrafish models for the study of craniomaxillofacial developmental anomalies, such as human nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without an affected palate and jaw and tooth developmental anomalies. Due to its potential for gene expression and regulation research, zebrafish may provide new perspectives for understanding craniomaxillofacial diseaseand its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Li
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liwen Fan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shu Lou
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongchu Pan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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23
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Paudel S, Gjorcheska S, Bump P, Barske L. Patterning of cartilaginous condensations in the developing facial skeleton. Dev Biol 2022; 486:44-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Jin S, Jeon H, Choe CP. Expression and Functional Analysis of cofilin1-like in Craniofacial Development in Zebrafish. Dev Reprod 2022; 26:23-36. [PMID: 35528320 PMCID: PMC9042393 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2022.26.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pharyngeal pouches, a series of outgrowths of the pharyngeal endoderm, are a key
epithelial structure governing facial skeleton development in vertebrates. Pouch
formation is achieved through collective cell migration and rearrangement of
pouch-forming cells controlled by actin cytoskeleton dynamics. While essential
transcription factors and signaling molecules have been identified in pouch
formation, regulators of actin cytoskeleton dynamics have not been reported yet
in any vertebrates. Cofilin1-like (Cfl1l) is a fish-specific member of the
Actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF)/Cofilin family, a critical regulator of actin
cytoskeleton dynamics in eukaryotic cells. Here, we report the expression and
function of cfl1l in pouch development in zebrafish. We first
showed that fish cfl1l might be an ortholog of vertebrate
adf, based on phylogenetic analysis of vertebrate
adf and cfl genes. During pouch formation,
cfl1l was expressed sequentially in the developing pouches
but not in the posterior cell mass in which future pouch-forming cells are
present. However, pouches, as well as facial cartilages whose development is
dependent upon pouch formation, were unaffected by loss-of-function mutations in
cfl1l. Although it could not be completely ruled out a
possibility of a genetic redundancy of Cfl1l with other Cfls, our results
suggest that the cfl1l expression in the developing pouches
might be dispensable for regulating actin cytoskeleton dynamics in pouch-forming
cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sil Jin
- Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Haewon Jeon
- Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Chong Pyo Choe
- Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.,Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
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25
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Jin S, Na H, Jeon H, Park J, Choe CP. egfl6 expression in the pharyngeal pouch is dispensable for craniofacial development. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2021; 25:255-263. [PMID: 34745432 PMCID: PMC8567925 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2021.1970018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor-like domain multiple 6 (Egfl6) is a basement membrane protein and plays an important role in hair follicle morphogenesis, angiogenesis, notochord development in vertebrates. Although egfl6 expression in the developing head was observed in zebrafish, its role for craniofacial development and the determination of the pharyngeal region expressing egfl6, have not been reported yet. Here, we report the expression patterns and function of egfl6 in craniofacial development in zebrafish. egfl6 was expressed sequentially in the developing pharyngeal pouches that are key epithelial structures governing the development of the vertebrate head. However, loss-of-function mutations in egfl6 did not cause any craniofacial defects, including the pouches as well as the thymus and facial cartilages whose development is contingent upon appropriate pouch formation. egfl6 was unlikely redundant with egfl7 expressed in a distinct pharyngeal region from that of egfl6 in craniofacial development because reduction of egfl7 with a MO in egfl6 mutants did not affect craniofacial development. In addition, we found that egfl6 carried an endogenous start loss mutation in the wild-type Tübingen strain, implying egfl6 would be a non-functional gene. Taken all together, we suggest that egfl6 expression in the pharyngeal pouches is not required for craniofacial development in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sil Jin
- Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Hyejee Na
- Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Haewon Jeon
- Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Jangwon Park
- Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Chong Pyo Choe
- Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea.,Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
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26
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Khasawneh RR, Kist R, Queen R, Hussain R, Coxhead J, Schneider JE, Mohun TJ, Zaffran S, Peters H, Phillips HM, Bamforth SD. Msx1 haploinsufficiency modifies the Pax9-deficient cardiovascular phenotype. BMC Dev Biol 2021; 21:14. [PMID: 34615475 PMCID: PMC8493722 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-021-00245-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful embryogenesis relies on the coordinated interaction between genes and tissues. The transcription factors Pax9 and Msx1 genetically interact during mouse craniofacial morphogenesis, and mice deficient for either gene display abnormal tooth and palate development. Pax9 is expressed specifically in the pharyngeal endoderm at mid-embryogenesis, and mice deficient for Pax9 on a C57Bl/6 genetic background also have cardiovascular defects affecting the outflow tract and aortic arch arteries giving double-outlet right ventricle, absent common carotid arteries and interruption of the aortic arch. RESULTS In this study we have investigated both the effect of a different genetic background and Msx1 haploinsufficiency on the presentation of the Pax9-deficient cardiovascular phenotype. Compared to mice on a C57Bl/6 background, congenic CD1-Pax9-/- mice displayed a significantly reduced incidence of outflow tract defects but aortic arch defects were unchanged. Pax9-/- mice with Msx1 haploinsufficiency, however, have a reduced incidence of interrupted aortic arch, but more cases with cervical origins of the right subclavian artery and aortic arch, than seen in Pax9-/- mice. This alteration in arch artery defects was accompanied by a rescue in third pharyngeal arch neural crest cell migration and smooth muscle cell coverage of the third pharyngeal arch arteries. Although this change in phenotype could theoretically be compatible with post-natal survival, using tissue-specific inactivation of Pax9 to maintain correct palate development whilst inducing the cardiovascular defects was unable to prevent postnatal death in the mutant mice. Hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage formation were abnormal in Pax9-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Msx1 haploinsufficiency mitigates the arch artery defects in Pax9-/- mice, potentially by maintaining the survival of the 3rd arch artery through unimpaired migration of neural crest cells to the third pharyngeal arches. With the neural crest cell derived hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage also being defective in Pax9-/- mice, we speculate that the pharyngeal endoderm is a key signalling centre that impacts on neural crest cell behaviour highlighting the ability of cells in different tissues to act synergistically or antagonistically during embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramada R. Khasawneh
- grid.419328.50000 0000 9225 6820Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Centre for Life, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ UK ,grid.14440.350000 0004 0622 5497Present Address: Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ralf Kist
- grid.419328.50000 0000 9225 6820Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Centre for Life, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ UK ,grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE2 4BW UK
| | - Rachel Queen
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212Bioinformatics Support Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ UK
| | - Rafiqul Hussain
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212Genomics Core Facility, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ UK
| | - Jonathan Coxhead
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212Genomics Core Facility, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ UK
| | - Jürgen E. Schneider
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403Biomedical Imaging, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Timothy J. Mohun
- grid.451388.30000 0004 1795 1830The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT UK
| | - Stéphane Zaffran
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817INSERM, Marseille Medical Genetics, U1251, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Heiko Peters
- grid.419328.50000 0000 9225 6820Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Centre for Life, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ UK
| | - Helen M. Phillips
- grid.419328.50000 0000 9225 6820Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Centre for Life, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ UK
| | - Simon D. Bamforth
- grid.419328.50000 0000 9225 6820Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Centre for Life, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ UK
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27
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Washausen S, Knabe W. Responses of Epibranchial Placodes to Disruptions of the FGF and BMP Signaling Pathways in Embryonic Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:712522. [PMID: 34589483 PMCID: PMC8473811 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.712522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Placodes are ectodermal thickenings of the embryonic vertebrate head. Their descendants contribute to sensory organ development, but also give rise to sensory neurons of the cranial nerves. In mammals, the signaling pathways which regulate the morphogenesis and neurogenesis of epibranchial placodes, localized dorsocaudally to the pharyngeal clefts, are poorly understood. Therefore, we performed mouse whole embryo culture experiments to assess the impact of pan-fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitors, anti-FGFR3 neutralizing antibodies or the pan-bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR) inhibitor LDN193189 on epibranchial development. We demonstrate that each of the three paired epibranchial placodes is regulated by a unique combination of FGF and/or bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. Thus, neurogenesis depends on fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signals, albeit to different degrees, in all epibranchial placodes (EP), whereas only EP1 and EP3 significantly rely on neurogenic BMP signals. Furthermore, individual epibranchial placodes vary in the extent to which FGF and/or BMP signals (1) have access to certain receptor subtypes, (2) affect the production of Neurogenin (Ngn)2+ and/or Ngn1+ neuroblasts, and (3) regulate either neurogenesis alone or together with structural maintenance. In EP2 and EP3, all FGF-dependent production of Ngn2+ neuroblasts is mediated via FGFR3 whereas, in EP1, it depends on FGFR1 and FGFR3. Differently, production of FGF-dependent Ngn1+ neuroblasts almost completely depends on FGFR3 in EP1 and EP2, but not in EP3. Finally, FGF signals turned out to be responsible for the maintenance of both placodal thickening and neurogenesis in all epibranchial placodes, whereas administration of the pan-BMPR inhibitor, apart from its negative neurogenic effects in EP1 and EP3, causes only decreases in the thickness of EP3. Experimentally applied inhibitors most probably not only blocked receptors in the epibranchial placodes, but also endodermal receptors in the pharyngeal pouches, which act as epibranchial signaling centers. While high doses of pan-FGFR inhibitors impaired the development of all pharyngeal pouches, high doses of the pan-BMPR inhibitor negatively affected only the pharyngeal pouches 3 and 4. In combination with partly concordant, partly divergent findings in other vertebrate classes our observations open up new approaches for research into the complex regulation of neurogenic placode development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Washausen
- Prosektur Anatomie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Knabe
- Prosektur Anatomie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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28
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Choe CP, Choi SY, Kee Y, Kim MJ, Kim SH, Lee Y, Park HC, Ro H. Transgenic fluorescent zebrafish lines that have revolutionized biomedical research. Lab Anim Res 2021; 37:26. [PMID: 34496973 PMCID: PMC8424172 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-021-00103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its debut in the biomedical research fields in 1981, zebrafish have been used as a vertebrate model organism in more than 40,000 biomedical research studies. Especially useful are zebrafish lines expressing fluorescent proteins in a molecule, intracellular organelle, cell or tissue specific manner because they allow the visualization and tracking of molecules, intracellular organelles, cells or tissues of interest in real time and in vivo. In this review, we summarize representative transgenic fluorescent zebrafish lines that have revolutionized biomedical research on signal transduction, the craniofacial skeletal system, the hematopoietic system, the nervous system, the urogenital system, the digestive system and intracellular organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Pyo Choe
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.,Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Yong Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Kee
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hyung Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences and Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonsung Lee
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Chul Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan, 15355, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju Ro
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
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29
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Na H, Park J, Jeon H, Jin S, Choe CP. Pharyngeal endoderm expression of nanos1 is dispensable for craniofacial development. Gene Expr Patterns 2021; 41:119202. [PMID: 34389512 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2021.119202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nanos proteins are essential for developing primordial germ cells (PGCs) in both invertebrates and vertebrates. In invertebrates, also contribute to the patterning of the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo and the neural development. In vertebrates, however, besides the role of Nanos proteins in PGC development, the biological functions of the proteins in normal development have not yet been identified. Here, we analyzed the expression and function of nanos1 during craniofacial development in zebrafish. nanos1 was expressed in the pharyngeal endoderm and endodermal pouches essential for the development of facial skeletons and endocrine glands in the vertebrate head. However, no craniofacial defects, such as abnormal pouches, hypoplasia of the thymus, malformed facial skeletons, have been found in nanos1 knockout animals. The normal craniofacial development of nanos1 knockout animals is unlikely a consequence of the genetic redundancy of Nanos1 with Nanos2 or Nanos3 or a result of the genetic compensation for the loss of Nanos1 by Nanos2 or Nanos3 because the expression of nanos2 and nanos3 was rarely seen in the pharyngeal endoderm and endodermal pouches in wild-type and nanos1 mutant animals during craniofacial development. Our findings suggest that nanos1 expression in the pharyngeal endoderm might be dispensable for craniofacial development in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejee Na
- Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Jangwon Park
- Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Haewon Jeon
- Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Sil Jin
- Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Chong Pyo Choe
- Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea; Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea.
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30
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Fabik J, Psutkova V, Machon O. The Mandibular and Hyoid Arches-From Molecular Patterning to Shaping Bone and Cartilage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7529. [PMID: 34299147 PMCID: PMC8303155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mandibular and hyoid arches collectively make up the facial skeleton, also known as the viscerocranium. Although all three germ layers come together to assemble the pharyngeal arches, the majority of tissue within viscerocranial skeletal components differentiates from the neural crest. Since nearly one third of all birth defects in humans affect the craniofacial region, it is important to understand how signalling pathways and transcription factors govern the embryogenesis and skeletogenesis of the viscerocranium. This review focuses on mouse and zebrafish models of craniofacial development. We highlight gene regulatory networks directing the patterning and osteochondrogenesis of the mandibular and hyoid arches that are actually conserved among all gnathostomes. The first part of this review describes the anatomy and development of mandibular and hyoid arches in both species. The second part analyses cell signalling and transcription factors that ensure the specificity of individual structures along the anatomical axes. The third part discusses the genes and molecules that control the formation of bone and cartilage within mandibular and hyoid arches and how dysregulation of molecular signalling influences the development of skeletal components of the viscerocranium. In conclusion, we notice that mandibular malformations in humans and mice often co-occur with hyoid malformations and pinpoint the similar molecular machinery controlling the development of mandibular and hyoid arches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Fabik
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (V.P.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Viktorie Psutkova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (V.P.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Machon
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (V.P.)
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31
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Schnabl J, Litz MPH, Schneider C, PenkoffLidbeck N, Bashiruddin S, Schwartz MS, Alligood K, Devoto SH, Barresi MJF. Characterizing the diverse cells that associate with the developing commissures of the zebrafish forebrain. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:671-695. [PMID: 33314626 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic development of bilaterally symmetrical organisms, neurons send axons across the midline at specific points to connect the two halves of the nervous system with a commissure. Little is known about the cells at the midline that facilitate this tightly regulated process. We exploit the conserved process of vertebrate embryonic development in the zebrafish model system to elucidate the identity of cells at the midline that may facilitate postoptic (POC) and anterior commissure (AC) development. We have discovered that three different gfap+ astroglial cell morphologies persist in contact with pathfinding axons throughout commissure formation. Similarly, olig2+ progenitor cells occupy delineated portions of the postoptic and anterior commissures where they act as multipotent, neural progenitors. Moreover, we conclude that both gfap+ and olig2+ progenitor cells give rise to neuronal populations in both the telencephalon and diencephalon; however, these varied cell populations showed significant developmental timing differences between the telencephalon and diencephalon. Lastly, we also showed that fli1a+ mesenchymal cells migrate along the presumptive commissure regions before and during midline axon crossing. Furthermore, following commissure maturation, specific blood vessels formed at the midline of the POC and immediately ventral and parallel to the AC. This comprehensive account of the cellular populations that correlate with the timing and position of commissural axon pathfinding has supported the conceptual modeling and identification of the early forebrain architecture that may be necessary for proper commissure development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Schnabl
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Mackenzie P H Litz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA.,Computational and Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caitlin Schneider
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA.,McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Sarah Bashiruddin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA.,Family Medicine Assoc, Westfield, MA, USA
| | - Morgan S Schwartz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA.,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Kristin Alligood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA.,Farmers Conservation Alliance, Hood River, OR, USA
| | | | - Michael J F Barresi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA
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32
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Xu X, Wang B, Jiang Z, Chen Q, Mao K, Shi X, Yan C, Hu J, Zha Y, Ma C, Zhang J, Guo R, Wang L, Zhao S, Liu H, Zhang Q, Zhang YB. Novel risk factors for craniofacial microsomia and assessment of their utility in clinic diagnosis. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:1045-1056. [PMID: 33615373 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial microsomia (CFM, OMIM%164 210) is one of the most common congenital facial abnormalities worldwide, but it's genetic risk factors and environmental threats are poorly investigated, as well as their interaction, making the diagnosis and prenatal screening of CFM impossible. We perform a comprehensive association study on the largest CFM cohort of 6074 samples. We identify 15 significant (P < 5 × 10-8) associated genomic loci (including eight previously reported) and decipher 107 candidates based on multi-omics data. Gene Ontology term enrichment found that these candidates are mainly enriched in neural crest cell (NCC) development and hypoxic environment. Single-cell RNA-seq data of mouse embryo demonstrate that nine of them show dramatic expression change during early cranial NCC development whose dysplasia is involved in pathogeny of CFM. Furthermore, we construct a well-performed CFM risk-predicting model based on polygenic risk score (PRS) method and estimate seven environmental risk factors that interacting with PRS. Single-nucleotide polymorphism-based PRS is significantly associated with CFM [P = 7.22 × 10-58, odds ratio = 3.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.74-3.63], and the top fifth percentile has a 6.8-fold CFM risk comparing with the 10th percentile. Father's smoking increases CFM risk as evidenced by interaction parameter of -0.324 (95% CI -0.578 to -0.070, P = 0.011) with PRS. In conclusion, the newly identified risk loci will significantly improve our understandings of genetics contribution to CFM. The risk prediction model is promising for CFM prediction, and father's smoking is a key environmental risk factor for CFM through interacting with genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.,Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510320, China
| | - Bingqing Wang
- Department of Ear Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Zhuoyuan Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.,School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Ear Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Ke Mao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.,School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaofeng Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chun Yan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jintian Hu
- Department of Ear Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Yan Zha
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.,School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.,School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Department of Ear Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Ear Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Liguo Wang
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Shouqin Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Huisheng Liu
- Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510320, China
| | - Qingguo Zhang
- Department of Ear Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Yong-Biao Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Big Data-Based Precision Medicine (Beihang University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing 100191, China
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33
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Mao A, Zhang M, Li L, Liu J, Ning G, Cao Y, Wang Q. Pharyngeal pouches provide a niche microenvironment for arch artery progenitor specification. Development 2021; 148:dev.192658. [PMID: 33334861 PMCID: PMC7847271 DOI: 10.1242/dev.192658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The paired pharyngeal arch arteries (PAAs) are transient blood vessels connecting the heart with the dorsal aorta during embryogenesis. Although PAA malformations often occur along with pharyngeal pouch defects, the functional interaction between these adjacent tissues remains largely unclear. Here, we report that pharyngeal pouches are essential for PAA progenitor specification in zebrafish embryos. We reveal that the segmentation of pharyngeal pouches coincides spatiotemporally with the emergence of PAA progenitor clusters. These pouches physically associate with pharyngeal mesoderm in discrete regions and provide a niche microenvironment for PAA progenitor commitment by expressing BMP proteins. Specifically, pouch-derived BMP2a and BMP5 are the primary niche cues responsible for activating the BMP/Smad pathway in pharyngeal mesoderm, thereby promoting progenitor specification. In addition, BMP2a and BMP5 play an inductive function in the expression of the cloche gene npas4l in PAA progenitors. cloche mutants exhibit a striking failure to specify PAA progenitors and display ectopic expression of head muscle markers in the pharyngeal mesoderm. Therefore, our results support a crucial role for pharyngeal pouches in establishing a progenitor niche for PAA morphogenesis via BMP2a/5 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Linwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guozhu Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China .,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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34
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Okada K, Takada S. The second pharyngeal pouch is generated by dynamic remodeling of endodermal epithelium in zebrafish. Development 2020; 147:dev194738. [PMID: 33158927 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pharyngeal arches (PAs) are segmented by endodermal outpocketings called pharyngeal pouches (PPs). Anterior and posterior PAs appear to be generated by different mechanisms, but it is unclear how the anterior and posterior PAs combine. Here, we addressed this issue with precise live imaging of PP development and cell tracing of pharyngeal endoderm in zebrafish embryos. We found that two endodermal bulges are initially generated in the future second PP (PP2) region, which separates anterior and posterior PAs. Subsequently, epithelial remodeling causes contact between these two bulges, resulting in the formation of mature PP2 with a bilayered morphology. The rostral and caudal bulges develop into the operculum and gill, respectively. Development of the caudal PP2 and more posterior PPs is affected by impaired retinoic acid signaling or pax1a/b dysfunction, suggesting that the rostral front of posterior PA development corresponds to the caudal PP2. Our study clarifies an aspect of PA development that is essential for generation of a seamless array of PAs in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Okada
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaijicho, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Shinji Takada
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaijicho, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Department for Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
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Stundl J, Pospisilova A, Matějková T, Psenicka M, Bronner ME, Cerny R. Migratory patterns and evolutionary plasticity of cranial neural crest cells in ray-finned fishes. Dev Biol 2020; 467:14-29. [PMID: 32835652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cranial neural crest (CNC) arises within the developing central nervous system, but then migrates away from the neural tube in three consecutive streams termed mandibular, hyoid and branchial, respectively, according to the order along the anteroposterior axis. While the process of neural crest emigration generally follows a conserved anterior to posterior sequence across vertebrates, we find that ray-finned fishes (bichir, sterlet, gar, and pike) exhibit several heterochronies in the timing and order of CNC emergence that influences their subsequent migratory patterns. First, emigration of the cranial neural crest in these fishes occurs prematurely compared to other vertebrates, already initiating during early neurulation and well before neural tube closure. Second, delamination of the hyoid stream occurs prior to the more anterior mandibular stream; this is associated with early morphogenesis of key hyoid structures like external gills (bichir), a large opercular flap (gar) or first forming cartilage (pike). In sterlet, the hyoid and branchial CNC cells form a single hyobranchial sheet, which later segregates in concert with second pharyngeal pouch morphogenesis. Taken together, the results show that despite generally conserved migratory patterns, heterochronic alterations in the timing of emigration and pattern of migration of CNC cells accompanies morphological diversity of ray-finned fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stundl
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA; South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Anna Pospisilova
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Matějková
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Psenicka
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Robert Cerny
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Oralová V, Rosa JT, Larionova D, Witten PE, Huysseune A. Multiple epithelia are required to develop teeth deep inside the pharynx. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:11503-12. [PMID: 32398375 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000279117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To explain the evolutionary origin of vertebrate teeth from odontodes, it has been proposed that competent epithelium spread into the oropharyngeal cavity via the mouth and other possible channels such as the gill slits [Huysseune et al., 2009, J. Anat. 214, 465-476]. Whether tooth formation deep inside the pharynx in extant vertebrates continues to require external epithelia has not been addressed so far. Using zebrafish we have previously demonstrated that cells derived from the periderm penetrate the oropharyngeal cavity via the mouth and via the endodermal pouches and connect to periderm-like cells that subsequently cover the entire endoderm-derived pharyngeal epithelium [Rosa et al., 2019, Sci. Rep. 9, 10082]. We now provide conclusive evidence that the epithelial component of pharyngeal teeth in zebrafish (the enamel organ) is derived from medial endoderm, as hitherto assumed based on position deep in the pharynx. Yet, dental morphogenesis starts only after the corresponding endodermal pouch (pouch 6) has made contact with the skin ectoderm, and only after periderm-like cells have covered the prospective tooth-forming endodermal epithelium. Manipulation of signaling pathways shown to adversely affect tooth development indicates they act downstream of these events. We demonstrate that pouch-ectoderm contact and the presence of a periderm-like layer are both required, but not sufficient, for tooth initiation in the pharynx. We conclude that the earliest interactions to generate pharyngeal teeth encompass those between different epithelial populations (skin ectoderm, endoderm, and periderm-like cells in zebrafish), in addition to the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions that govern the formation of all vertebrate teeth.
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Rodrigues AS, Teixeira EC, Antunes LS, Nelson-Filho P, Cunha AS, Levy SC, de Souza Araújo MT, de Carvalho Ramos AG, Cruz GV, Omori MA, Matsumoto MAN, Vieira AR, Küchler EC, Marañón-Vásquez GA, Antunes LAA. Association between craniofacial morphological patterns and tooth agenesis-related genes. Prog Orthod 2020; 21:9. [PMID: 32249341 PMCID: PMC7131971 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-020-00309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the present study was to assess if genetic polymorphisms in tooth agenesis (TA)-related genes are associated with craniofacial morphological patterns. Methods This cross-sectional, multi-center, genetic study evaluated 594 orthodontic Brazilians patients. The presence or absence of TA was determined by analysis of panoramic radiography. The patients were classified according to their skeletal malocclusion and facial growth pattern by means of digital cephalometric analysis. Genomic DNA was extracted from squamous epithelial cells of buccal mucosa and genetic polymorphisms in MSX1 (rs1042484), PAX9 (rs8004560), TGF-α (rs2902345), FGF3 (rs1893047), FGF10 (rs900379), and FGF13 (rs12838463, rs5931572, and rs5974804) were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction using TaqMan chemistry and end-point analysis. Results Genotypes (p = 0.038) and allele (p = 0.037) distributions for the FGF3 rs1893047 were significantly different according to the skeletal malocclusion. Carrying at least one G allele increased in more than two times the chance of presenting skeletal class III malocclusion (OR = 2.21, CI 95% = 1.14–4.32; p = 0.017). There was no association between another skeletal craniofacial pattern and some polymorphism assessed in the present study. Conclusion Our results suggest that the genetic polymorphism rs1893047 in FGF3 might contribute to variations in the craniofacial sagittal pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Silva Rodrigues
- School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Rua São Paulo 28, Campus do Valonguinho, Niterói, RJ, 24020-150, Brazil
| | - Ellen Cardoso Teixeira
- School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Doutor Sílvio Henrique Braune 22, Niterói, Nova Friburgo, RJ, 28625-650, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Santos Antunes
- School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Doutor Sílvio Henrique Braune 22, Niterói, Nova Friburgo, RJ, 28625-650, Brazil.,Clinical Research Unit, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Mario Santos Braga 30, Niterói, RJ, 24020-140, Brazil
| | - Paulo Nelson-Filho
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n-Campus da USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Arthur Silva Cunha
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n-Campus da USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Simone Carvalho Levy
- School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Rua São Paulo 28, Campus do Valonguinho, Niterói, RJ, 24020-150, Brazil
| | - Mônica Tirre de Souza Araújo
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 325-Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-617, Brazil
| | | | - Giuseppe Valduga Cruz
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Positivo University, Rua Professor Pedro Viriato Parigot de Souza 5300-Campo Comprido, Curitiba, PR, 81200-452, Brazil
| | - Marjorie Ayumi Omori
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n-Campus da USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Mírian Aiko Nakane Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n-Campus da USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Rezende Vieira
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 412 Salk Pavilion, 335 Sutherland Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Erika Calvano Küchler
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n-Campus da USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Positivo University, Rua Professor Pedro Viriato Parigot de Souza 5300-Campo Comprido, Curitiba, PR, 81200-452, Brazil
| | - Guido Artemio Marañón-Vásquez
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 325-Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-617, Brazil.
| | - Lívia Azeredo Alves Antunes
- School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Rua São Paulo 28, Campus do Valonguinho, Niterói, RJ, 24020-150, Brazil. .,School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Doutor Sílvio Henrique Braune 22, Niterói, Nova Friburgo, RJ, 28625-650, Brazil.
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Magaletta ME, Siller R, Maehr R. Differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells toward pharyngeal endoderm derivatives: Current status and potential. Curr Top Dev Biol 2020; 138:175-208. [PMID: 32220297 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The pharyngeal apparatus, a transient embryological structure, includes diverse cells from all three germ layers that ultimately contribute to a variety of adult tissues. In particular, pharyngeal endoderm produces cells of the inner ear, palatine tonsils, the thymus, parathyroid and thyroid glands, and ultimobranchial bodies. Each of these structures and organs contribute to vital human physiological processes, including central immune tolerance (thymus) and metabolic homeostasis (parathyroid and thyroid glands, and ultimobranchial bodies). Thus, improper development or damage to pharyngeal endoderm derivatives leads to complicated and severe human maladies, such as autoimmunity, immunodeficiency, hypothyroidism, and/or hypoparathyroidism. To study and treat such diseases, we can utilize human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), which differentiate into functionally mature cells in vitro given the proper developmental signals. Here, we discuss current efforts regarding the directed differentiation of hPSCs toward pharyngeal endoderm derivatives. We further discuss model system and therapeutic applications of pharyngeal endoderm cell types produced from hPSCs. Finally, we provide suggestions for improving hPSC differentiation approaches to pharyngeal endoderm derivatives with emphasis on current single cell-omics and 3D culture system technologies.
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Liu YH, Lin TC, Hwang SPL. Zebrafish Pax1a and Pax1b are required for pharyngeal pouch morphogenesis and ceratobranchial cartilage development. Mech Dev 2020; 161:103598. [PMID: 32061871 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2020.103598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pharyngeal arches are derived from all three germ layers and molecular interactions among the tissue types are required for proper development of subsequent pharyngeal cartilages; however, the mechanisms underlying this process are not fully described. Here we report that in zebrafish, Pax1a and Pax1b have overlapping and essential functions in pharyngeal pouch morphogenesis and subsequent ceratobranchial cartilage development. Both pax1a and pax1b are co-expressed in pharyngeal pouches, and time-lapse imaging of a novel Tg(pax1b:eGFP) enhancer trap line further revealed the sequential segmental development of pharyngeal pouches. Zebrafish pax1a-/-; pax1b-/- double mutant embryos generated by CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis exhibit unsegmented pharyngeal pouches 2-5 with small outpocketings. Endodermal expression of fgf3, tbx1 and edn1 is also absent in pharyngeal pouches 2-5 at 36 h post fertilization (hpf). Loss of ceratobranchial cartilage 1-4 and reduced or absent expression of dlx2a and hand2 in the pharyngeal arches 3-6 are observed in CRISPR mutant and morphant embryos that are deficient in both zebrafish pax1a and pax1b at 96 or 36 hpf. These results suggest that zebrafish Pax1a and Pax1b both regulate pharyngeal pouch morphogenesis by modulating expression of fgf3 and tbx1. Furthermore, our data support a model wherein endodermal Pax1a and Pax1b act through Fgf3 and Tbx-Edn1 signaling to non-autonomously regulate the development of ceratobranchial cartilage via expression of dlx2a and hand2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiu Liu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tz-Chi Lin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Ping L Hwang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology (ICOB), Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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York JR, McCauley DW. Functional genetic analysis in a jawless vertebrate, the sea lamprey: insights into the developmental evolution of early vertebrates. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:223/Suppl_1/jeb206433. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.206433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Lampreys and hagfishes are the only surviving relicts of an ancient but ecologically dominant group of jawless fishes that evolved in the seas of the Cambrian era over half a billion years ago. Because of their phylogenetic position as the sister group to all other vertebrates (jawed vertebrates), comparisons of embryonic development between jawless and jawed vertebrates offers researchers in the field of evolutionary developmental biology the unique opportunity to address fundamental questions related to the nature of our earliest vertebrate ancestors. Here, we describe how genetic analysis of embryogenesis in the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) has provided insight into the origin and evolution of developmental-genetic programs in vertebrates. We focus on recent work involving CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing to study gene regulatory mechanisms involved in the development and evolution of neural crest cells and new cell types in the vertebrate nervous system, and transient transgenic assays that have been instrumental in dissecting the evolution of cis-regulatory control of gene expression in vertebrates. Finally, we discuss the broad potential for these functional genomic tools to address previously unanswerable questions related to the evolution of genomic regulatory mechanisms as well as issues related to invasive sea lamprey population control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. York
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - David W. McCauley
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA
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41
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Swartz ME, Lovely CB, McCarthy N, Kuka T, Eberhart JK. Novel Ethanol-Sensitive Mutants Identified in an F3 Forward Genetic Screen. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 44:56-65. [PMID: 31742718 PMCID: PMC6980918 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Background Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) collectively refer to all deleterious outcomes due to prenatal alcohol exposures. Alterations to the face are common phenotypes in FASD. While alcohol exposure is the underlying cause of FASD, many variables modify the outcomes of such exposures. Genetic risk is one such variable, yet we still have a limited understanding of the nature of the genetic loci mediating susceptibility to FASD. Methods We employed ENU‐based random mutagenesis in zebrafish to identify mutations that enhanced the teratogenicity of ethanol (EtOH). F3 embryos obtained from 126 inbred F2 families were exposed to 1% EtOH in the medium (approximately 41 mM tissue levels). Zebrafish stained with Alcian Blue and Alizarin Red were screened for qualitative alterations to the craniofacial skeleton between 4 and 7 days postfertilization (dpf). Results In all, we recovered 6 EtOH‐sensitive mutants, 5 from the genetic screen itself and one as a background mutation in one of our wild‐type lines. Each mutant has a unique EtOH‐induced phenotype relative to the other mutant lines. All but 1 mutation appears to be recessive in nature, and only 1 mutant, au29, has apparent craniofacial defects in the absence of EtOH. To validate the genetic screen, we genetically mapped au29 and found that it carries a mutation in a previously uncharacterized gene, si:dkey‐88l16.3. Conclusions The phenotypes of these EtOH‐sensitive mutants differ from those in previous characterizations of gene–EtOH interactions. Thus, each mutant is likely to provide novel insights into EtOH teratogenesis. Given that most of these mutants only have craniofacial defects in the presence of EtOH and our mapping of au29, it is also likely that many of the mutants will be previously uncharacterized. Collectively, our findings point to the importance of unbiased genetic screens in the identification, and eventual characterization, of risk alleles for FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Swartz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Austin, Texas
| | - Charles Ben Lovely
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Austin, Texas
| | - Neil McCarthy
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Austin, Texas
| | - Tim Kuka
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Austin, Texas
| | - Johann K Eberhart
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Austin, Texas
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Mao A, Zhang M, Liu J, Cao Y, Wang Q. PDGF signaling from pharyngeal pouches promotes arch artery morphogenesis. J Genet Genomics 2019; 46:551-559. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Rocha M, Singh N, Ahsan K, Beiriger A, Prince VE. Neural crest development: insights from the zebrafish. Dev Dyn 2019; 249:88-111. [PMID: 31591788 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the neural crest, a key vertebrate innovation, is built upon studies of multiple model organisms. Early research on neural crest cells (NCCs) was dominated by analyses of accessible amphibian and avian embryos, with mouse genetics providing complementary insights in more recent years. The zebrafish model is a relative newcomer to the field, yet it offers unparalleled advantages for the study of NCCs. Specifically, zebrafish provide powerful genetic and transgenic tools, coupled with rapidly developing transparent embryos that are ideal for high-resolution real-time imaging of the dynamic process of neural crest development. While the broad principles of neural crest development are largely conserved across vertebrate species, there are critical differences in anatomy, morphogenesis, and genetics that must be considered before information from one model is extrapolated to another. Here, our goal is to provide the reader with a helpful primer specific to neural crest development in the zebrafish model. We focus largely on the earliest events-specification, delamination, and migration-discussing what is known about zebrafish NCC development and how it differs from NCC development in non-teleost species, as well as highlighting current gaps in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rocha
- Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Noor Singh
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kamil Ahsan
- Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anastasia Beiriger
- Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Victoria E Prince
- Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Gebuijs IGE, Raterman ST, Metz JR, Swanenberg L, Zethof J, Van den Bos R, Carels CEL, Wagener FADTG, Von den Hoff JW. Fgf8a mutation affects craniofacial development and skeletal gene expression in zebrafish larvae. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.039834. [PMID: 31471293 PMCID: PMC6777363 DOI: 10.1242/bio.039834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial development is tightly regulated and therefore highly vulnerable to disturbance by genetic and environmental factors. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) direct migration, proliferation and survival of cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) forming the human face. In this study, we analyzed bone and cartilage formation in the head of five dpf fgf8ati282 zebrafish larvae and assessed gene expression levels for 11 genes involved in these processes. In addition, in situ hybridization was performed on 8 and 24 hours post fertilization (hpf) larvae (fgf8a, dlx2a, runx2a, col2a1a). A significant size reduction of eight out of nine craniofacial cartilage structures was found in homozygous mutant (6–36%, P<0.01) and heterozygous (7–24%, P<0.01) larvae. Also, nine mineralized structures were not observed in all or part of the homozygous (0–71%, P<0.0001) and heterozygous (33–100%, P<0.0001) larvae. In homozygote mutants, runx2a and sp7 expression was upregulated compared to wild type, presumably to compensate for the reduced bone formation. Decreased col9a1b expression may compromise cartilage formation. Upregulated dlx2a in homozygotes indicates impaired CNCC function. Dlx2a expression was reduced in the first and second stream of CNCCs in homozygous mutants at 24 hpf, as shown by in situ hybridization. This indicates an impairment of CNCC migration and survival by fgf8 mutation. Summary: A function-blocking mutation in fgf8a causes craniofacial malformations in zebrafish larvae due to impaired cranial neural crest cell migration and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G E Gebuijs
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - S T Raterman
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J R Metz
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - L Swanenberg
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Zethof
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R Van den Bos
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - C E L Carels
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Oral Health Sciences and Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - F A D T G Wagener
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J W Von den Hoff
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands .,Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Hasten E, Morrow BE. Tbx1 and Foxi3 genetically interact in the pharyngeal pouch endoderm in a mouse model for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008301. [PMID: 31412026 PMCID: PMC6709926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether Tbx1, the gene for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) and Foxi3, both required for segmentation of the pharyngeal apparatus (PA) to individual arches, genetically interact. We found that all Tbx1+/-;Foxi3+/- double heterozygous mouse embryos had thymus and parathyroid gland defects, similar to those in 22q11.2DS patients. We then examined Tbx1 and Foxi3 heterozygous, null as well as conditional Tbx1Cre and Sox172A-iCre/+ null mutant embryos. While Tbx1Cre/+;Foxi3f/f embryos had absent thymus and parathyroid glands, Foxi3-/- and Sox172A-iCre/+;Foxi3f/f endoderm conditional mutant embryos had in addition, interrupted aortic arch type B and retroesophageal origin of the right subclavian artery, which are all features of 22q11.2DS. Tbx1Cre/+;Foxi3f/f embryos had failed invagination of the third pharyngeal pouch with greatly reduced Gcm2 and Foxn1 expression, thereby explaining the absence of thymus and parathyroid glands. Immunofluorescence on tissue sections with E-cadherin and ZO-1 antibodies in wildtype mouse embryos at E8.5-E10.5, revealed that multilayers of epithelial cells form where cells are invaginating as a normal process. We noted that excessive multilayers formed in Foxi3-/-, Sox172A-iCre/+;Foxi3f/f as well as Tbx1 null mutant embryos where invagination should have occurred. Several genes expressed in the PA epithelia were downregulated in both Tbx1 and Foxi3 null mutant embryos including Notch pathway genes Jag1, Hes1, and Hey1, suggesting that they may, along with other genes, act downstream to explain the observed genetic interaction. We found Alcam and Fibronectin extracellular matrix proteins were reduced in expression in Foxi3 null but not Tbx1 null embryos, suggesting that some, but not all of the downstream mechanisms are shared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Hasten
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Bernice E. Morrow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
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Leerberg DM, Hopton RE, Draper BW. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors Function Redundantly During Zebrafish Embryonic Development. Genetics 2019; 212:1301-1319. [PMID: 31175226 PMCID: PMC6707458 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) signaling regulates many processes during development. In most cases, one tissue layer secretes an Fgf ligand that binds and activates an Fgf receptor (Fgfr) expressed by a neighboring tissue. Although studies have identified the roles of specific Fgf ligands during development, less is known about the requirements for the receptors. We have generated null mutations in each of the five fgfr genes in zebrafish. Considering the diverse requirements for Fgf signaling throughout development, and that null mutations in the mouse Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 genes are embryonic lethal, it was surprising that all zebrafish homozygous mutants are viable and fertile, with no discernable embryonic defect. Instead, we find that multiple receptors are involved in coordinating most Fgf-dependent developmental processes. For example, mutations in the ligand fgf8a cause loss of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary, whereas, in the fgfr mutants, this phenotype is seen only in embryos that are triple mutant for fgfr1a;fgfr1b;fgfr2, but not in any single or double mutant combinations. We show that this apparent fgfr redundancy is also seen during the development of several other tissues, including posterior mesoderm, pectoral fins, viscerocranium, and neurocranium. These data are an essential step toward defining the specific Fgfrs that function with particular Fgf ligands to regulate important developmental processes in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena M Leerberg
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Rachel E Hopton
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Bruce W Draper
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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Ahi EP, Singh P, Duenser A, Gessl W, Sturmbauer C. Divergence in larval jaw gene expression reflects differential trophic adaptation in haplochromine cichlids prior to foraging. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:150. [PMID: 31340758 PMCID: PMC6657104 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding how variation in gene expression contributes to morphological diversity is a major goal in evolutionary biology. Cichlid fishes from the East African Great lakes exhibit striking diversity in trophic adaptations predicated on the functional modularity of their two sets of jaws (oral and pharyngeal). However, the transcriptional basis of this modularity is not so well understood, as no studies thus far have directly compared the expression of genes in the oral and pharyngeal jaws. Nor is it well understood how gene expression may have contributed to the parallel evolution of trophic morphologies across the replicate cichlid adaptive radiations in Lake Tanganyika, Malawi and Victoria. Results We set out to investigate the role of gene expression divergence in cichlid fishes from these three lakes adapted to herbivorous and carnivorous trophic niches. We focused on the development stage prior to the onset of exogenous feeding that is critical for understanding patterns of gene expression after oral and pharyngeal jaw skeletogenesis, anticipating environmental cues. This framework permitted us for the first time to test for signatures of gene expression underlying jaw modularity in convergent eco-morphologies across three independent adaptive radiations. We validated a set of reference genes, with stable expression between the two jaw types and across species, which can be important for future studies of gene expression in cichlid jaws. Next we found evidence of modular and non-modular gene expression between the two jaws, across different trophic niches and lakes. For instance, prdm1a, a skeletogenic gene with modular anterior-posterior expression, displayed higher pharyngeal jaw expression and modular expression pattern only in carnivorous species. Furthermore, we found the expression of genes in cichlids jaws from the youngest Lake Victoria to exhibit low modularity compared to the older lakes. Conclusion Overall, our results provide cross-species transcriptional comparisons of modularly-regulated skeletogenic genes in the two jaw types, implicating expression differences which might contribute to the formation of divergent trophic morphologies at the stage of larval independence prior to foraging. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-019-1483-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Pashay Ahi
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010, Graz, Austria. .,Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Pooja Singh
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Duenser
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Gessl
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Sturmbauer
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010, Graz, Austria
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Teixeira Rosa J, Oralová V, Larionova D, Eisenhoffer GT, Eckhard Witten P, Huysseune A. Periderm invasion contributes to epithelial formation in the teleost pharynx. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10082. [PMID: 31300674 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The gnathostome pharyngeal cavity functions in food transport and respiration. In amniotes the mouth and nares are the only channels allowing direct contact between internal and external epithelia. In teleost fish, gill slits arise through opening of endodermal pouches and connect the pharynx to the exterior. Using transgenic zebrafish lines, cell tracing, live imaging and different markers, we investigated if pharyngeal openings enable epithelial invasion and how this modifies the pharyngeal epithelium. We conclude that in zebrafish the pharyngeal endoderm becomes overlain by cells with a peridermal phenotype. In a wave starting from pouch 2, peridermal cells from the outer skin layer invade the successive pouches until halfway their depth. Here the peridermal cells connect to a population of cells inside the pharyngeal cavity that express periderm markers, yet do not invade from outside. The latter population expands along the midline from anterior to posterior until the esophagus-gut boundary. Together, our results show a novel role for the periderm as an internal epithelium becomes adapted to function as an external surface.
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Oralová V, Rosa JT, Soenens M, Bek JW, Willaert A, Witten PE, Huysseune A. Beyond the whole-mount phenotype: high-resolution imaging in fluorescence-based applications on zebrafish. Biol Open 2019; 8:8/5/bio042374. [PMID: 31126903 PMCID: PMC6550072 DOI: 10.1242/bio.042374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish is now widely used in biomedical research as a model for human diseases, but the relevance of the model depends on a rigorous analysis of the phenotypes obtained. Many zebrafish disease models, experimental techniques and manipulations take advantage of fluorescent reporter molecules. However, phenotypic analysis often does not go beyond establishing overall distribution patterns of the fluorophore in whole-mount embryos or using vibratome or paraffin sections with poor preservation of tissue architecture and limited resolution. Obtaining high-resolution data of fluorescent signals at the cellular level from internal structures mostly depends on the availability of expensive imaging technology. Here, we propose a new and easily applicable protocol for embedding and sectioning of zebrafish embryos using in-house prepared glycol methacrylate (GMA) plastic that is suited for preservation of fluorescent signals (including photoactivatable fluorophores) without the need for antibodies. Four main approaches are described, all involving imaging fluorescent signals on semithin (3 µm or less) sections. These include sectioning transgenic animals, whole-mount immunostained embryos, cell tracking, as well as on-section enzyme histochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Oralová
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Biology Department, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 602 00 Brno2, Czech Republic
| | - Joana T Rosa
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Biology Department, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Center of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Mieke Soenens
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Biology Department, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Willem Bek
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andy Willaert
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul Eckhard Witten
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Biology Department, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ann Huysseune
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Biology Department, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Stundl J, Pospisilova A, Jandzik D, Fabian P, Dobiasova B, Minarik M, Metscher BD, Soukup V, Cerny R. Bichir external gills arise via heterochronic shift that accelerates hyoid arch development. eLife 2019; 8:43531. [PMID: 30910008 PMCID: PMC6440740 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In most vertebrates, pharyngeal arches form in a stereotypic anterior-to-posterior progression. To gain insight into the mechanisms underlying evolutionary changes in pharyngeal arch development, here we investigate embryos and larvae of bichirs. Bichirs represent the earliest diverged living group of ray-finned fishes, and possess intriguing traits otherwise typical for lobe-finned fishes such as ventral paired lungs and larval external gills. In bichir embryos, we find that the anteroposterior way of formation of cranial segments is modified by the unique acceleration of the entire hyoid arch segment, with earlier and orchestrated development of the endodermal, mesodermal, and neural crest tissues. This major heterochronic shift in the anteroposterior developmental sequence enables early appearance of the external gills that represent key breathing organs of bichir free-living embryos and early larvae. Bichirs thus stay as unique models for understanding developmental mechanisms facilitating increased breathing capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stundl
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.,National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Pospisilova
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Jandzik
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Fabian
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Dobiasova
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Minarik
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Brian D Metscher
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladimir Soukup
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Cerny
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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