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Ashraf MU, Nyqvist D, Comoglio C, Nikora V, Marion A, Domenici P, Manes C. Decoding burst swimming performance: a scaling perspective on time-to-fatigue. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:20240276. [PMID: 39353564 PMCID: PMC11444792 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2024.0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Fatigue curves quantify fish swimming performance, providing information about the time ([Formula: see text]) fish can swim against a steady flow velocity (Uf) before fatiguing. Such curves represent a key tool for many applications in ecological engineering, especially for fish pass design and management. Despite years of research, though, our current ability to model fatigue curves still lacks theoretical foundations and relies primarily on fitting empirical data, as obtained from time-consuming and costly experiments. In the present article, we address this shortcoming by proposing a theoretical analysis that builds upon concepts of fish hydrodynamics to derive scaling laws linking statistical properties of [Formula: see text] to velocities Uf, pertaining to the so-called burst range. Theoretical arguments, in the present study, suggest that the proposed scaling laws may hold true for all fish species and sizes. A new experimental database obtained from over 800 trials and five small-sized Cypriniformes support theoretical predictions satisfactorily and calls for further experiments on more fish species and sizes to confirm their general validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usama Ashraf
- Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniel Nyqvist
- Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Comoglio
- Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Vladimir Nikora
- Department of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Andrea Marion
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Domenici
- CNR-IAS, Italian National Research Council, Institute of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in the Marine Environment, Oristano, Italy
- CNR-IBF, Institute of Biophysics, Pisa, Italy
| | - Costantino Manes
- Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
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2
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Morin A, Culbert BM, Mehdi H, Balshine S, Turko AJ. Status-dependent metabolic effects of social interactions in a group-living fish. Biol Lett 2024; 20:20240056. [PMID: 39045657 PMCID: PMC11267398 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2024.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Social interactions can sometimes be a source of stress, but social companions can also ameliorate and buffer against stress. Stress and metabolism are closely linked, but the degree to which social companions modulate metabolic responses during stressful situations-and whether such effects differ depending on social rank-is poorly understood. To investigate this question, we studied Neolamprologus pulcher, a group-living cichlid fish endemic to Lake Tanganyika and measured the metabolic responses of dominant and subordinate individuals when they were either visible or concealed from one another. When individuals could see each other, subordinates had lower maximum metabolic rates and tended to take longer to recover following an exhaustive chase compared with dominants. In contrast, metabolic responses of dominants and subordinates did not differ when individuals could not see one another. These findings suggest that the presence of a dominant individual has negative metabolic consequences for subordinates, even in stable social groups with strong prosocial relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Morin
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brett M. Culbert
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hossein Mehdi
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sigal Balshine
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andy J. Turko
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Van Wert JC, Birnie-Gauvin K, Gallagher J, Hardison EA, Landfield K, Burkepile DE, Eliason EJ. Despite plasticity, heatwaves are costly for a coral reef fish. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13320. [PMID: 38858427 PMCID: PMC11164959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change is intensifying extreme weather events, including marine heatwaves, which are prolonged periods of anomalously high sea surface temperature that pose a novel threat to aquatic animals. Tropical animals may be especially vulnerable to marine heatwaves because they are adapted to a narrow temperature range. If these animals cannot acclimate to marine heatwaves, the extreme heat could impair their behavior and fitness. Here, we investigated how marine heatwave conditions affected the performance and thermal tolerance of a tropical predatory fish, arceye hawkfish (Paracirrhites arcatus), across two seasons in Moorea, French Polynesia. We found that the fish's daily activities, including recovery from burst swimming and digestion, were more energetically costly in fish exposed to marine heatwave conditions across both seasons, while their aerobic capacity remained the same. Given their constrained energy budget, these rising costs associated with warming may impact how hawkfish prioritize activities. Additionally, hawkfish that were exposed to hotter temperatures exhibited cardiac plasticity by increasing their maximum heart rate but were still operating within a few degrees of their thermal limits. With more frequent and intense heatwaves, hawkfish, and other tropical fishes must rapidly acclimate, or they may suffer physiological consequences that alter their role in the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacey C Van Wert
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
| | - Kim Birnie-Gauvin
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Section for Freshwater Fisheries and Ecology, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Jordan Gallagher
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Emily A Hardison
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Landfield
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Deron E Burkepile
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Erika J Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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4
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Rees BB, Reemeyer JE, Binning SA, Brieske SD, Clark TD, De Bonville J, Eisenberg RM, Raby GD, Roche D, Rummer JL, Zhang Y. Estimating maximum oxygen uptake of fishes during swimming and following exhaustive chase - different results, biological bases and applications. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246439. [PMID: 38819376 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The maximum rate at which animals take up oxygen from their environment (ṀO2,max) is a crucial aspect of their physiology and ecology. In fishes, ṀO2,max is commonly quantified by measuring oxygen uptake either during incremental swimming tests or during recovery from an exhaustive chase. In this Commentary, we compile recent studies that apply both techniques to the same fish and show that the two methods typically yield different mean estimates of ṀO2,max for a group of individuals. Furthermore, within a group of fish, estimates of ṀO2,max determined during swimming are poorly correlated with estimates determined during recovery from chasing (i.e. an individual's ṀO2,max is not repeatable across methods). One explanation for the lack of agreement is that these methods measure different physiological states, each with their own behavioural, anatomical and biochemical determinants. We propose that these methods are not directly interchangeable but, rather, each is suited to address different questions in fish biology. We suggest that researchers select the method that reflects the biological contexts of their study, and we advocate for the use of accurate terminology that acknowledges the technique used to elevate ṀO2 (e.g. peak ṀO2,swim or peak ṀO2,recovery). If the study's objective is to estimate the 'true' ṀO2,max of an individual or species, we recommend that pilot studies compare methods, preferably using repeated-measures designs. We hope that these recommendations contribute new insights into the causes and consequences of variation in ṀO2,max within and among fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard B Rees
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
| | | | - Sandra A Binning
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, CanadaH2V 0B3
| | - Samantha D Brieske
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
| | - Timothy D Clark
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia3216
| | - Jeremy De Bonville
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, CanadaH2V 0B3
| | - Rachel M Eisenberg
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, CanadaV6T 1Z4
| | - Graham D Raby
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, CanadaK9L 0G2
| | - Dominique Roche
- Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, CanadaK1R 0E3
| | - Jodie L Rummer
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Yangfan Zhang
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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5
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Sibeaux A, Newport C, Green JP, Karlsson C, Engelmann J, Burt de Perera T. Taking a shortcut: what mechanisms do fish use? Commun Biol 2024; 7:578. [PMID: 38755224 PMCID: PMC11099040 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Path integration is a powerful navigational mechanism whereby individuals continuously update their distance and angular vector of movement to calculate their position in relation to their departure location, allowing them to return along the most direct route even across unfamiliar terrain. While path integration has been investigated in several terrestrial animals, it has never been demonstrated in aquatic vertebrates, where movement occurs through volumetric space and sensory cues available for navigation are likely to differ substantially from those in terrestrial environments. By performing displacement experiments with Lamprologus ocellatus, we show evidence consistent with fish using path integration to navigate alongside other mechanisms (allothetic place cues and route recapitulation). These results indicate that the use of path integration is likely to be deeply rooted within the vertebrate phylogeny irrespective of the environment, and suggests that fish may possess a spatial encoding system that parallels that of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide Sibeaux
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK.
| | - Cait Newport
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Jonathan P Green
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Cecilia Karlsson
- Wolfson College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 9BB, UK
| | - Jacob Engelmann
- Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Universitätstrasse 25, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
| | - Theresa Burt de Perera
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
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6
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Brieske SD, Mullen SC, Rees BB. Method dependency of maximum oxygen uptake rate and its repeatability in the Gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:1537-1547. [PMID: 38403734 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The maximum rate at which fish can take up oxygen from their environment to fuel aerobic metabolism is an important feature of their physiology and ecology. Methods to quantify maximum oxygen uptake rate (ṀO2), therefore, should reliably and reproducibly estimate the highest possible ṀO2 by an individual or species under a given set of conditions (peak ṀO2). This study determined peak ṀO2 and its repeatability in Gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis, subjected to three methods to elevate metabolism: swimming at increasing water speeds, during recovery after an exhaustive chase, and after ingestion of a large meal. Estimates of peak ṀO2 during swimming and after an exhaustive chase were repeatable across two trials, whereas peak ṀO2 after feeding was not. Peak ṀO2 determined by the three methods was significantly different from one another, being highest during swimming, lowest after an exhaustive chase, and intermediate after feeding. In addition, peak ṀO2 during recovery from an exhaustive chase depended on the length of time of recovery: in nearly 60% of the trials, values within the first hour of the chase were lower than those measured later. A novel and important finding was that an individual's peak ṀO2 was not repeatable when compared across methods. Therefore, the peak ṀO2 estimated for a group of fish, as well as the ranking of individual ṀO2 within that group, depends on the method used to elevate aerobic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha D Brieske
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sylvia C Mullen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Bernard B Rees
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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7
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Perelló-Amorós M, Fernández-Borràs J, Yu S, Sánchez-Moya A, García de la serrana D, Gutiérrez J, Blasco J. Improving the Aerobic Capacity in Fingerlings of European Sea Bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax) through Moderate and Sustained Exercise: A Metabolic Approach. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:274. [PMID: 38254443 PMCID: PMC10812480 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Sustained swimming induces beneficial effects on growth and energy metabolism in some fish species. However, the absence of a standardized exercise regimen that guarantees an optimal response to physical activity is due to the anatomical, behavioral, and physiological differences among species, and the different conditions of tests applied, which are especially notable for the early stages of cultured species. The objective of this study was to assess the growth and metabolic responses of European sea bass submitted to continuous and moderate exercise exposure, selecting a practical swimming speed from swimming tests of groups of five fingerlings. The exercise-effects trial was carried out with 600 sea bass fingerlings (3-5 g body weight) distributed in two groups (control: voluntary swimming; exercised: under sustained swimming at 1.5 body lengths·s-1). After 6 weeks, growth parameters and proximal composition of both muscles were not altered by sustained swimming, but an increased synthetic capacity (increased RNA/DNA ratio) and more efficient use of proteins (decreased ΔN15) were observed in white muscle. The gene expression of mitochondrial proteins in white and red muscle was not affected by exercise, except for ucp3, which increased. The increase of UCP3 and Cox4 protein expression, as well as the higher COX/CS ratio of enzyme activity in white muscle, pointed out an enhanced oxidative capacity in this tissue during sustained swimming. In the protein expression of red muscle, only CS increased. All these metabolic adaptations to sustained exercise were also reflected in an enhanced maximum metabolic rate (MMR) with higher aerobic scope (AMS) of exercised fish in comparison to the non-trained fish, during a swimming test. These results demonstrated that moderate sustained swimming applied to sea bass fingerlings can improve the physical fitness of individuals through the enhancement of their aerobic capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Josefina Blasco
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.-A.); (J.F.-B.); (S.Y.); (A.S.-M.); (D.G.d.l.s.); (J.G.)
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8
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Lawrence MJ, Prystay TS, Dick M, Eliason EJ, Elvidge CK, Hinch SG, Patterson DA, Lotto AG, Cooke SJ. Metabolic constraints and individual variation shape the trade-off between physiological recovery and anti-predator responses in adult sockeye salmon. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37102404 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic scope represents the aerobic energy budget available to an organism to perform non-maintenance activities (e.g., escape a predator, recover from a fisheries interaction, compete for a mate). Conflicting energetic requirements can give rise to ecologically relevant metabolic trade-offs when energy budgeting is constrained. The objective of this study was to investigate how aerobic energy is utilized when individual sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) are exposed to multiple acute stressors. To indirectly assess metabolic changes in free-swimming individuals, salmon were implanted with heart rate biologgers. The animals were then exercised to exhaustion or briefly handled as a control, and allowed to recover from this stressor for 48 h. During the first 2 h of the recovery period, individual salmon were exposed to 90 ml of conspecific alarm cues or water as a control. Heart rate was recorded throughout the recovery period. Recovery effort and time was higher in exercised fish, relative to control fish, whereas exposure to an alarm cue had no effect on either of these metrics. Individual routine heart rate was negatively correlated with recovery time and effort. Together, these findings suggest that metabolic energy allocation towards exercise recovery (i.e., an acute stressor; handling, chase, etc.) trumps anti-predator responses in salmon, although individual variation may mediate this effect at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lawrence
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tanya S Prystay
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa Dick
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erika J Eliason
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Chris K Elvidge
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew G Lotto
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Kerman K, Roggero A, Rolando A, Palestrini C. Sexual horn dimorphism predicts the expression of active personality trait: males perform better only in the sexually horn dimorphic Onthophagus dung beetle. J ETHOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-023-00782-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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10
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Molina JM, Kunzmann A, Reis JP, Guerreiro PM. Metabolic Responses and Resilience to Environmental Challenges in the Sedentary Batrachoid Halobatrachus didactylus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040632. [PMID: 36830420 PMCID: PMC9951689 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of climate change, warming of the seas and expansion of hypoxic zones are challenges that most species of fish are, or will be subjected to. Understanding how different species cope with these changes in their environment at the individual level can shed light on how populations and ecosystems will be affected. We provide first-time estimates on the metabolic rates, thermal, and oxygen-related limits for Halobatrachus didactylus, a coastal sedentary fish that lives in intertidal environments of the Northeast Atlantic. Using respirometry in different experimental designs, we found that this species is highly resistant to acute thermal stress (CTmax: 34.82 ± 0.66 °C) and acute hypoxia (Pcrit: 0.59-1.97 mg O2 L-1). We found size-specific differences in this stress response, with smaller individuals being more sensitive. We also quantified its aerobic scope and daily activity patterns, finding this fish to be extremely sedentary, with one of the lowest standard metabolic rates found in temperate fish (SMR: 14.96 mg O2 kg-1h-1). H. didactylus activity increases at night, when its metabolic rate increases drastically (RMR: 36.01 mg O2 kg-1h-1). The maximum metabolic rate of H. didactylus was estimated to be 67.31 mg O2 kg-1h-1, producing an aerobic scope of 52.35 mg O2 kg-1h-1 (77.8% increase). The metrics obtained in this study prove that H. didactylus is remarkably resilient to acute environmental variations in temperature and oxygen content, which might enable it to adapt to the extreme abiotic conditions forecasted for the world's oceans in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Molina
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (CONICET), Bahía Blanca B8000, Argentina
- Leibniz-Zentrum für Marine Tropenforschung (ZMT), 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Andreas Kunzmann
- Leibniz-Zentrum für Marine Tropenforschung (ZMT), 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - João Pena Reis
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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11
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Blasco FR, Taylor EW, Leite CAC, Monteiro DA, Rantin FT, McKenzie DJ. Tolerance of an acute warming challenge declines with body mass in Nile tilapia: evidence of a link to capacity for oxygen uptake. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:276171. [PMID: 35909333 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that larger individuals within fish species may be more sensitive to global warming, due to limitations in their capacity to provide oxygen for aerobic metabolic activities. This could affect size distributions of populations in a warmer world but evidence is lacking. In Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (n=18, mass range 21 - 313g), capacity to provide oxygen for aerobic activities (aerobic scope) was independent of mass at an acclimation temperature of 26 °C. Tolerance of acute warming, however, declined significantly with mass when evaluated as the critical temperature for fatigue from aerobic swimming (CTSmax). The CTSmax protocol challenges a fish to meet the oxygen demands of constant aerobic exercise while their demands for basal metabolism are accelerated by incremental warming, culminating in fatigue. CTSmax elicited pronounced increases in oxygen uptake in the tilapia but the maximum rates achieved prior to fatigue declined very significantly with mass. Mass-related variation in CTSmax and maximum oxygen uptake rates were positively correlated, which may indicate a causal relationship. When fish populations are faced with acute thermal stress, larger individuals may become constrained in their ability to perform aerobic activities at lower temperatures than smaller conspecifics. This could affect survival and fitness of larger fish in a future world with more frequent and extreme heatwaves, with consequences for population productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Blasco
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos (SP), Brazil.,Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar/São Paulo State University, UNESP Campus Araraquara, 14801-903, Araraquara SP, Brazil
| | - E W Taylor
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos (SP), Brazil.,School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - C A C Leite
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos (SP), Brazil
| | - D A Monteiro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos (SP), Brazil
| | - F T Rantin
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos (SP), Brazil
| | - D J McKenzie
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos (SP), Brazil.,MARBEC, Université Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34095 Montpellier, France
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12
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Fu SJ, Dong YW, Killen SS. Aerobic scope in fishes with different lifestyles and across habitats: Trade-offs among hypoxia tolerance, swimming performance and digestion. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 272:111277. [PMID: 35870773 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Exercise and aerobic scope in fishes have attracted scientists' attention for several decades. While it has been suggested that aerobic scope may limit behavioral expression and tolerance to environmental stressors in fishes, the exact importance of aerobic scope in an ecological context remains poorly understood. In this review, we examine the ecological relevance of aerobic scope by reconsidering and reanalyzing the existing literature on Chinese freshwater fishes across a wide-range of habitats and lifestyles. The available evidence suggests that natural selection in fast-flowing aquatic habitats may favor species with a high aerobic scope and anaerobic capacity for locomotion, whereas in relatively slow-flowing habitats, hypoxia tolerance may be favored at the cost of reduced locomotor capacity. In addition, while physical activity can usually cause fishes from fast-flowing habitats to reach their aerobic metabolic ceiling (i.e., maximum metabolic rate), possibly due to selection pressure on locomotion, most species from slow-flowing habitats can only reach their metabolic ceiling during digestion, either alone or in combination with physical activity. Overall, we suggest that fish exhibit a continuum of metabolic types, from a 'visceral metabolic type' with a higher digestive performance to a 'locomotion metabolic type' which appears to have reduced capacity for digestion but enhanced locomotor performance. Generally, locomotor-type species can either satisfy the demands of their high swimming capacity with a high oxygen uptake capacity or sacrifice digestion while swimming. In contrast, most visceral-type species show a pronounced decrease in swimming performance while digesting, probably owing to conflicts within their aerobic scope. In conclusion, the ecological relevance of aerobic scope and the consequent effects on other physiological functions are closely related to habitat and the lifestyle of a given species. These results suggest that swimming performance, digestion and hypoxia tolerance might coevolve due to dependence on metabolic traits such as aerobic scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China.
| | - Yun-Wei Dong
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Shaun S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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13
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Zhang Y, Montgomery DW, White CF, Richards JG, Brauner CJ, Farrell AP. Characterizing the hypoxic performance of a fish using a new metric: PAAS-50. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:275279. [PMID: 35502769 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The hypoxic constraint on peak oxygen uptake (ṀO2peak) was characterized in rainbow trout over a range of ambient oxygen tensions with different testing protocols and statistical models. The best-fit model was selected using both statistical criteria (R2 & AIC) and the model's prediction of three anchor points for hypoxic performance: critical PO2 (Pcrit), maximum ṀO2 and a new metric, the minimum PO2 that supports 50% of absolute aerobic scope (PAAS-50). The best-fitting model was curvilinear using five strategically selected PO2 values. This model predicted PAAS-50 as 70 mm Hg (CV=9%) for rainbow trout. Thus, while a five-point hypoxic performance curve can characterize the limiting effects of hypoxia in fish, as envisioned by Fry over 75 years ago, PAAS-50 is a promising metric to compare hypoxic constraints on performance in a standardized manner both within and across fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Zhang
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, VT6 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford St, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA
| | - Daniel W Montgomery
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, VT6 1Z4, Canada
| | - Connor F White
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford St, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Richards
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, VT6 1Z4, Canada
| | - Colin J Brauner
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, VT6 1Z4, Canada
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, VT6 1Z4, Canada
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14
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Hou Q, Fu S, Huang T, Li X, Shi X. Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training on the Growth, Swimming Performance, Antipredation Ability and Immune Parameters of Juvenile Rock Carp (Procypris rabaudi). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030257. [PMID: 35158581 PMCID: PMC8833362 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have found that aerobic exercise training at a moderate water velocity can improve the growth, swimming performance and survival rate of fish. To investigate the effects of aerobic exercise training on the growth, swimming performance, antipredation ability and immune parameters of rock carp, juveniles were placed in training channels with different water velocities (i.e., 3 cm s−1, 1 (body length s−1) bl s−1, 2 bl s−1 and 4 bl s−1) for 6 weeks. Then, the specific growth rate, critical swimming speed (Ucrit) and its metabolism, constant acceleration speed (Ucat), survival rate under predation, spleen index, lysozyme (LZM) activity and immunoglobulin (IgM) level were measured. Training showed no significant effect on the length-specific growth rate, weight-specific growth rate, Ucrit, maximum metabolic rate (MMR), metabolic scope (MS), Ucat or spleen index. The resting metabolic rates (RMRs) of the 2 bl s−1 and 4 bl s−1 training groups were significantly higher than those of the control group and 1 bl s−1 training group. The survival rate of the 1 bl s−1 training group in the presence of predators was significantly higher than that of the control group but significantly lower than those of the 2 bl s−1 and 4 bl s−1 training groups. The LZM activity of the 4 bl s−1 training group was significantly higher than that of the control group. The IgM level of the 2 bl s−1 training group was significantly higher than that of the control group. These data indicate that aerobic exercise training does not improve the growth and swimming performance of juvenile rock carp but can improve their antipredation ability and immunologic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qimiao Hou
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China; (Q.H.); (S.F.); (T.H.)
| | - Shijian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China; (Q.H.); (S.F.); (T.H.)
| | - Tiji Huang
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China; (Q.H.); (S.F.); (T.H.)
| | - Xiuming Li
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China; (Q.H.); (S.F.); (T.H.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiaotao Shi
- Hubei International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Fish Passage, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (X.S.)
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15
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Killen SS, Cortese D, Cotgrove L, Jolles JW, Munson A, Ioannou CC. The Potential for Physiological Performance Curves to Shape Environmental Effects on Social Behavior. Front Physiol 2021; 12:754719. [PMID: 34858209 PMCID: PMC8632012 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.754719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As individual animals are exposed to varying environmental conditions, phenotypic plasticity will occur in a vast array of physiological traits. For example, shifts in factors such as temperature and oxygen availability can affect the energy demand, cardiovascular system, and neuromuscular function of animals that in turn impact individual behavior. Here, we argue that nonlinear changes in the physiological traits and performance of animals across environmental gradients—known as physiological performance curves—may have wide-ranging effects on the behavior of individual social group members and the functioning of animal social groups as a whole. Previous work has demonstrated how variation between individuals can have profound implications for socially living animals, as well as how environmental conditions affect social behavior. However, the importance of variation between individuals in how they respond to changing environmental conditions has so far been largely overlooked in the context of animal social behavior. First, we consider the broad effects that individual variation in performance curves may have on the behavior of socially living animals, including: (1) changes in the rank order of performance capacity among group mates across environments; (2) environment-dependent changes in the amount of among- and within-individual variation, and (3) differences among group members in terms of the environmental optima, the critical environmental limits, and the peak capacity and breadth of performance. We then consider the ecological implications of these effects for a range of socially mediated phenomena, including within-group conflict, within- and among group assortment, collective movement, social foraging, predator-prey interactions and disease and parasite transfer. We end by outlining the type of empirical work required to test the implications for physiological performance curves in social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Daphne Cortese
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Cotgrove
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jolle W Jolles
- Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF), Campus de Bellaterra (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amelia Munson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christos C Ioannou
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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16
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Fu C, Yi LC, Wu WP, Sun CX, Liu RN, Fu SJ. Qingbo, a common cyprinid fish, responds diversely in behavior and locomotion to predators with different hunting modes. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:1415-1427. [PMID: 34292455 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-00988-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Almost all prey live in habitats with predators with different hunting modes; however, most studies on predation have investigated the effects of only one predator at a time. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis), a common cyprinid fish, responds differently to active hunting and ambush predators and how qingbo responds when both types of predators coexist. Juvenile qingbo were subjected to catfish (Clarias fuscus, active hunter) exposure, snakehead fish (Channa argus, ambush hunter) exposure, or mixed predator exposure (catfish and snakehead coexistence) for a duration of 60 days. Then, their growth, behaviors, swimming performance, and metabolism were measured. Qingbo subjected to active hunting predator exposure exhibited decreased activity and predator inspection and improved fast-start escape performance compared to those in the control group. However, none of the parameters of the fish subjected to ambush predator exposure changed significantly. Fish subjected to mixed predator exposure exhibited improved fast-start escape performance but increased maintenance energy expenditure, whereas no changes were observed in any of the behavioral variables. Qingbo showed a stronger anti-predator response to active hunting predators than to ambush predators, suggesting that the fish exhibit a stronger anti-predator response to a current direct threat than to a potential threat (a predator exists nearby but seldom presents in attack behavior). Additionally, the response of prey fish to multiple predators was quite complex, and the coexistence and interaction of multiple predator species with different hunting modes may lead to serious stress responses and confound the prey's behavioral responses to each predator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Lian-Chun Yi
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Wen-Pei Wu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Chun-Xiao Sun
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Rui-Na Liu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Shi-Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
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17
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Makaras T, Stankevičiūtė M, Šidagytė-Copilas E, Virbickas T, Razumienė J. Acclimation effect on fish behavioural characteristics: determination of appropriate acclimation period for different species. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:502-512. [PMID: 33783817 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the authors investigated the effect of acclimation duration (up to 4 h) on behavioural characteristics of taxonomically and functionally different fish species, i.e., the migratory rheophilic salmonids rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and the non-migratory eurytopic European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Specifically, the authors explored fish behavioural patterns based on specific endpoints (average, maximum and angular velocity) during the acclimation period, and determined the acclimation period suitable for the tested fish species. The performed behavioural data analysis showed that the minimum time needed to adjust fish activity to a more stable (baseline) level should be at least 2 h for O. mykiss and S. salar and 1 h for G. aculeatus. Nonetheless, P. fluviatilis behaviour did not show significant changes during the 4 h acclimation. The results of this study revealed that the effect of the acclimation duration on such rheophilic species as O. mykiss and S. salar was greater than that on the eurytopic species P. fluviatilis and G. aculeatus, indicating that acclimation period is important in managing fish stress before behavioural observations. For all species, the highest variability was found in the endpoint of maximum velocity, and the lowest in that of angular velocity. This study showed that before starting actual toxicity testing experiments, it is important to determine an appropriate, species-specific acclimation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Makaras
- Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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18
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Lin F, Baillon L, Langlois VS, Kennedy CJ. Environmental modulators of diluted bitumen effects in juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 169:105392. [PMID: 34174542 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent and potential expansions in the transportation of diluted bitumen (dilbit) through marine terminals in coastal regions of British Columbia require the examination of potential risks to estuarine species such as Pacific salmon. The estuarine habitat of out-migrated pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) exhibits dynamic temperature and salinity regimes, possibly modifying dilbit exposure, bioavailability and/or its effects. To examine dilbit toxicity and its modification by environmental stressors, juvenile pinks were subchronically exposed for 3 months to the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of Cold Lake Blend dilbit (winter) in seawater at three salinities (7, 14, and 28‰ [temperature 12.5 °C]) and three temperatures (8.5, 12.5, and 16.5 °C [salinity of 28‰]). Temperature and salinity alone did not affect any measured endpoints in control fish. Dilbit exposure induced higher mortality at high (16.5 °C) and low temperatures (8.5 °C) as well as at higher salinity (28‰) in fish exposed to the highest dilution of WAF [total polycyclic aromatic compounds (TPAC) = 128.9 μg/L]. A concentration-dependent reduction of growth was evident in fish exposed to the medium (TPAC = 97.3 μg/L) and high dilution of WAF at higher temperatures (12.5 and 16.5 °C) and high salinity (28‰). At 28‰, swimming performance (Uburst) was decreased in fish exposed to the highest concentration of dilbit at all 3 temperatures. Gill Na+-K+-ATPase activity, white muscle lactate, glycogen, and triglyceride concentrations were altered by dilbit exposure and modified by temperature and salinity. In addition, gene expression associated with phase I biotransformation, energy metabolism, mitochondrial activity, and inflammation showed significant upregulation with exposure and temperature stress. Dilbit exposure at PAC concentrations in the ppb range, affected pink salmon at the molecular, biochemical, and whole organism level; effects that were exacerbated by environmental temperature and salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lucie Baillon
- Royal Military College of Canada, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Valerie S Langlois
- Royal Military College of Canada, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Institut National de la recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Christopher J Kennedy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
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19
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Pang X, Pu DY, Xia DY, Liu XH, Ding SH, Li Y, Fu SJ. Individual variation in metabolic rate, locomotion capacity and hypoxia tolerance and their relationships in juveniles of three freshwater fish species. J Comp Physiol B 2021; 191:755-764. [PMID: 34091751 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-021-01382-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Individual variations in metabolic rate, locomotion capacity and hypoxia tolerance and their relationships were investigated in three cyprinid species [crucian carp (Carassius auratus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis), in 60 individuals of each species]. Either the active metabolic rate (AMR) and critical swimming speed (Ucrit) (30 individuals) or critical oxygen tension (Pcrit) and loss of equilibrium (LOE) (30 individuals) were measured in each species after measuring the resting metabolic rate (RMR). Both the AMR and Ucrit were found to be significantly and positively correlated with the RMR in all three cyprinid species, indicating that high-RMR individuals have high aerobic capacity and thus good swimming performance. Pcrit was positively correlated with the RMR in all three species, whereas the LOE was highly positively correlated, weakly positively correlated and not correlated with the RMR in qingbo, common carp and crucian carp, respectively, possibly due to specialized morphological and biochemical adaptations involved in hypoxia tolerance in crucian and common carp. Crucian carp showed relatively poor swimming performance, i.e., a low Ucrit (relatively high variation), strong hypoxia tolerance, and low LOE (relatively low variation); qingbo showed relatively good swimming performance (relatively low variation) and weak hypoxia tolerance (relatively high variation); and common carp showed moderate swimming performance and relatively strong hypoxia tolerance (moderate variation). These interspecific differences may be due to the different lifestyles of these cyprinid fishes based on their associated fast-slow-flow regime and are outcomes of long-term selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Pang
- College of Fisheries, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Education of Ministry, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - De-Yong Pu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Education of Ministry, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Dan-Yang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Education of Ministry, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Education of Ministry, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Shi-Hua Ding
- College of Fisheries, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Education of Ministry, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yun Li
- College of Fisheries, Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Education of Ministry, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Shi-Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behaviour, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
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20
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Rodde C, de Verdal H, Vandeputte M, Allal F, Nati J, Besson M, Blasco FR, Benzie JAH, McKenzie DJ. An investigation of links between metabolic rate and feed efficiency in European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:skab152. [PMID: 33966070 PMCID: PMC8219042 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed efficiency (FE) is the amount of body weight gain for a given feed intake. Improving FE through selective breeding is key for sustainable finfish aquaculture but its evaluation at individual level is technically challenging. We therefore investigated whether individual routine metabolic rate (RMR) was a predictor of individual FE in the European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax, a major species in European mariculture. The European sea bass has three genetically distinct populations across its geographical range, namely Atlantic (AT), West Mediterranean (WM), and East Mediterranean (EM). We compared FE and RMR of fish from these three populations at 18 or 24 °C. We held 200 fish (62 AT, 66 WM, and 72 EM) in individual aquaria and fed them from ad libitum down to fasting. FI was assessed for an ad libitum feeding rate and for a fixed restricted ration (1% of metabolic body weight·day-1, with metabolic body weight = body weight0.8). After being refed 12 wk in a common tank, individual RMR was measured over 36 h by intermittent flow respirometry. There was a significant effect of temperature whereby fish at 18 °C had greater mean FE (P < 0.05) and lower RMR (P < 0.001). There was also a significant effect of population, where AT fish had lower FE (P < 0.05) and greater RMR (P < 0.001) than WM and EM, at both temperatures. Despite these differences in temperature and population means, individual FE and RMR were not significantly correlated (P > 0.05). Therefore, although the results provide evidence of an association between metabolic rate and FE, RMR was not a predictor of individual FE, for reasons that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Rodde
- CIRAD, UMR ISEM, 34398 Montpellier, France
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 34095 Montpellier, France
- Worldfish, Jalan Batu Maung, Bayan Lepas, 11960 Penang, Malaysia
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34250 Palavas-les-Flots, France
| | - Hugues de Verdal
- CIRAD, UMR ISEM, 34398 Montpellier, France
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Vandeputte
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34250 Palavas-les-Flots, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - François Allal
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34250 Palavas-les-Flots, France
| | - Julie Nati
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34250 Palavas-les-Flots, France
| | - Mathieu Besson
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34250 Palavas-les-Flots, France
- SYSAAF Section Aquacole, Campus de Beaulieu, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Felipe R Blasco
- Laboratório de Zoofisiologia e Bioquímica Comparativa, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brasil
| | - John A H Benzie
- Worldfish, Jalan Batu Maung, Bayan Lepas, 11960 Penang, Malaysia
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - David J McKenzie
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34250 Palavas-les-Flots, France
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21
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Jones PE, Champneys T, Vevers J, Börger L, Svendsen JC, Consuegra S, Jones J, Garcia de Leaniz C. Selective effects of small barriers on river‐resident fish. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter E. Jones
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research Department of Biosciences College of Science Swansea University Swansea UK
| | - Toby Champneys
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research Department of Biosciences College of Science Swansea University Swansea UK
| | - Jessica Vevers
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research Department of Biosciences College of Science Swansea University Swansea UK
| | - Luca Börger
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research Department of Biosciences College of Science Swansea University Swansea UK
| | - Jon C. Svendsen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU‐Aqua)Technical University of Denmark Lyngby Denmark
| | - Sofia Consuegra
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research Department of Biosciences College of Science Swansea University Swansea UK
| | - Joshua Jones
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research Department of Biosciences College of Science Swansea University Swansea UK
| | - Carlos Garcia de Leaniz
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research Department of Biosciences College of Science Swansea University Swansea UK
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22
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Oufiero CE, Kraskura K, Bennington R, Nelson JA. Individual Repeatability of Locomotor Kinematics and Swimming Performance in a Gymnotiform Swimmer. Physiol Biochem Zool 2020; 94:22-34. [PMID: 33275536 DOI: 10.1086/712058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractGymnotiform swimming is a specialized form of swimming wherein thrust is produced by the ribbonlike motion of an elongate anal fin, while the body is held relatively stiff. This form of swimming has been extensively examined in relation to the biomechanics of thrust production, the kinematics of the anal fin, and neuromuscular control, whereas few studies have examined whole-animal performance parameters of this swimming mode. The goals of this research were to (1) assess the maximum abilities and repeatability of two swimming performance measures, sprinting and prolonged swimming, which would indicate that these performance measures in a gymnotiform swimmer may be a target for selection, similar to body-caudal fin-swimming fish; (2) examine how a gymnotiform swimmer modulates swimming speed; and (3) determine whether modulatory behavior is consistent across different-sized fish and within individuals across time. Sprinting and prolonged swimming were examined in black ghost knifefish (Apteronotus albifrons; N=15), multiple times on the same day, and were measured again 4 wk later. Sprinting ability was measured by chasing a fish down a photocell-lined racetrack and obtaining the fastest speed between any 8-cm span. Prolonged swimming abilities were measured in a constant acceleration test (Ucat) in a Brett-style swim tunnel by measuring the maximum speed the fish could attain against a steadily increasing water velocity. We determined frequency, wavelength, and amplitude of the anal fin sine wave in fish swimming at different speeds during the Ucat trials. We found repeatable measures of sprint speed and Ucat performance over short (day) and medium (4 wk) time periods for both tests. Neither sprint nor Ucat performance was significantly dependent on size, suggesting that the primary driver of performance variation was individual differences in physiology. Most modulation of swimming speed occurred through changes in the frequency of the wave train processing down the anal fin, with only modest changes to the wavelength and minimal changes to amplitude. Finally, we compare our measures of swimming performance in this gymnotiform swimmer to published values of body-caudal fin swimmers to demonstrate that this form of locomotion results in comparable sprint and constant-acceleration values.
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23
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Palstra AP, Kals J, Böhm T, Bastiaansen JWM, Komen H. Swimming Performance and Oxygen Consumption as Non-lethal Indicators of Production Traits in Atlantic Salmon and Gilthead Seabream. Front Physiol 2020; 11:759. [PMID: 32733272 PMCID: PMC7358457 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate swimming performance and oxygen consumption as non-lethal indicator traits of production parameters in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. and Gilthead seabream Sparus aurata L. A total of 34 individual fish of each species were subjected to a series of experiments: (1) a critical swimming speed (Ucrit) test in a swim-gutter, followed by (2) two starvation-refeeding periods of 42 days, and (3) swimming performance experiments coupled to respirometry in swim-tunnels. Ucrit was assessed first to test it as a predictor trait. Starvation-refeeding traits included body weight; feed conversion ratio based on dry matter; residual feed intake; average daily weight gain and loss. Swim-tunnel respirometry provided oxygen consumption in rest and while swimming at the different speeds, optimal swim speed and minimal cost of transport (COT). After experiments, fish were dissected and measured for tissue weights and body composition in terms of dry matter, ash, fat, protein and moist, and energy content. The Ucrit test design was able to provide individual Ucrit values in high throughput manner. The residual Ucrit (RUcrit) should be considered in order to remove the size dependency of swimming performance. Most importantly, RUcrit predicted filet yield in both species. The minimal COT, the oxygen consumption when swimming at Uopt, added predictive value to the seabream model for feed intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan P Palstra
- Wageningen University & Research Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University & Research, Yerseke, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kals
- Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University & Research, Yerseke, Netherlands.,Wageningen University & Research Animal Nutrition, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Thijs Böhm
- Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University & Research, Yerseke, Netherlands
| | - John W M Bastiaansen
- Wageningen University & Research Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Hans Komen
- Wageningen University & Research Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Methling C, Blažek R, Řežucha R, Reichard M. Individual-level pace-of-life syndromes in annual killifish are mediated by intersexual and interspecific differences. Evol Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-020-10059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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Zhao Z, Liang R, Wang Y, Yuan Q, Zhang Z, Li K. Study on the swimming ability of endemic fish in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River: A case study. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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26
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Kieffer JD, May LE. Repeat UCrit and endurance swimming in juvenile shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 96:1379-1387. [PMID: 32128813 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous results show that juvenile shortnose sturgeon are steady swimmers and, compared with salmonids, generally have low critical swimming (UCrit) and endurance swimming capacities. Most studies on swimming capacities of sturgeon, and other fishes, include those where fish have only been swum once and the metrics of swimming performance are assessed (e.g., time swum, speed achieved). Under natural conditions, there are ample instances where fish undergo multiple swimming cycles when traversing fish ways, culverts and other sources of fast water flow. While some evidence exists for salmonids, the effects of repeat swimming are not well known for sturgeon. The current study consisted of two experiments. The first examined the UCrit of juvenile shortnose sturgeon following three consecutive swimming trials with a 30 min recovery period between subsequent tests. The second examined the endurance swimming capacities of juvenile shortnose sturgeon following three consecutive swimming trials with a 60 min recovery period between subsequent tests. Our findings indicate that (i) UCrit was consistent (~2 body lengths/s) among swimming trials; (ii) significant individual variation exists between individuals in the endurance swimming trials; and (iii) consistent results exist for individuals across swimming trials in both the UCrit and the endurance swimming tests. These results suggest that juvenile shortnose sturgeon have a high recovery capacity, and their behaviour and morphology likely reflect aspects of their swimming capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Kieffer
- Department of Biological Sciences and MADSAM Sturgeon Eco-Physiology Lab, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Lindsay E May
- Department of Biological Sciences and MADSAM Sturgeon Eco-Physiology Lab, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
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Kraskura K, Nelson JA. Hypoxia tolerance is unrelated to swimming metabolism of wild, juvenile striped bass ( Morone saxatilis). J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb217125. [PMID: 32098876 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.217125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile striped bass residing in Chesapeake Bay are likely to encounter hypoxia that could affect their metabolism and performance. The ecological success of this economically valuable species may depend on their ability to tolerate hypoxia and perform fitness-dependent activities in hypoxic waters. We tested whether there is a link between hypoxia tolerance (HT) and oxygen consumption rate (ṀO2 ) of juvenile striped bass measured while swimming in normoxic and hypoxic water, and to identify the interindividual variation and repeatability of these measurements. HT (loss of equilibrium) of fish (N=18) was measured twice collectively, 11 weeks apart, between which ṀO2 was measured individually for each fish while swimming in low flow (10.2 cm s-1) and high flow (∼67% of critical swimming speed, Ucrit) under normoxia and hypoxia. Both HT and ṀO2 varied substantially among individuals. HT increased across 11 weeks while the rank order of individual HT was significantly repeatable. Similarly, ṀO2 increased in fish swimming at high flow in a repeatable fashion, but only within a given level of oxygenation. ṀO2 was significantly lower when fish were swimming against high flow under hypoxia. There were no clear relationships between HT and ṀO2 while fish were swimming under any conditions. Only the magnitude of increase in HT over 11 weeks and an individual's ṀO2 under low flow were correlated. The results suggest that responses to the interacting stressors of hypoxia and exercise vary among individuals, and that HT and change in HT are not simple functions of aerobic metabolic rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Kraskura
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Jay A Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
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28
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Weidner J, Jensen CH, Giske J, Eliassen S, Jørgensen C. Hormones as adaptive control systems in juvenile fish. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio046144. [PMID: 31996351 PMCID: PMC7044463 DOI: 10.1242/bio.046144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth is an important theme in biology. Physiologists often relate growth rates to hormonal control of essential processes. Ecologists often study growth as a function of gradients or combinations of environmental factors. Fewer studies have investigated the combined effects of environmental and hormonal control on growth. Here, we present an evolutionary optimization model of fish growth that combines internal regulation of growth by hormone levels with the external influence of food availability and predation risk. The model finds a dynamic hormone profile that optimizes fish growth and survival up to 30 cm, and we use the probability of reaching this milestone as a proxy for fitness. The complex web of interrelated hormones and other signalling molecules is simplified to three functions represented by growth hormone, thyroid hormone and orexin. By studying a range from poor to rich environments, we find that the level of food availability in the environment results in different evolutionarily optimal strategies of hormone levels. With more food available, higher levels of hormones are optimal, resulting in higher food intake, standard metabolism and growth. By using this fitness-based approach we also find a consequence of evolutionary optimization of survival on optimal hormone use. Where foraging is risky, the thyroid hormone can be used strategically to increase metabolic potential and the chance of escaping from predators. By comparing model results to empirical observations, many mechanisms can be recognized, for instance a change in pace-of-life due to resource availability, and reduced emphasis on reserves in more stable environments.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Weidner
- University of Bergen, Department of Biological Sciences, Postboks 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Jarl Giske
- University of Bergen, Department of Biological Sciences, Postboks 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Sigrunn Eliassen
- University of Bergen, Department of Biological Sciences, Postboks 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Christian Jørgensen
- University of Bergen, Department of Biological Sciences, Postboks 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
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Rodgers EM, De Boeck G. Nitrite-induced reductions in heat tolerance are independent of aerobic scope in a freshwater teleost. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.212035. [PMID: 31704898 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.212035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitrite is a widespread form of pollution that directly lowers the blood oxygen carrying capacity of aquatically respiring species. It is unknown if this impairment of oxygen transport translates into an increased susceptibility to elevated temperatures. We hypothesised that nitrite exposure would lower blood oxygen carrying capacity and decrease both aerobic scope (maximum-standard metabolic rate) and heat tolerance. To test these hypotheses, juvenile European carp (Cyprinus carpio) were exposed to two levels of nitrite (0 mmol l-1 or 1 mmol l-1) for 7 days and haematological parameters, critical thermal maxima (CTmax) and aerobic scope were assessed. Nitrite exposure reduced total haemoglobin by 32.9%. Aerobic scope remained unchanged in fish exposed to nitrite; however, marked declines in CTmax (1.2°C reduction) were observed in nitrite-exposed fish. These findings demonstrate that nitrite exposure can significantly impair heat tolerance, even when aerobic capacity is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essie M Rodgers
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Gudrun De Boeck
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
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Addis BR, Tobalske BW, Davenport JM, Lowe WH. A distance-performance trade-off in the phenotypic basis of dispersal. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:10644-10653. [PMID: 31624572 PMCID: PMC6787857 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Across taxa, individuals vary in how far they disperse, with most individuals staying close to their origin and fewer dispersing long distances. Costs associated with dispersal (e.g., energy, risk) are widely believed to trade off with benefits (e.g., reduced competition, increased reproductive success) to influence dispersal propensity. However, this framework has not been applied to understand variation in dispersal distance, which is instead generally attributed to extrinsic environmental factors. We alternatively hypothesized that variation in dispersal distances results from trade-offs associated with other aspects of locomotor performance. We tested this hypothesis in the stream salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus and found that salamanders that dispersed farther in the field had longer forelimbs but swam at slower velocities under experimental conditions. The reduced swimming performance of long-distance dispersers likely results from drag imposed by longer forelimbs. Longer forelimbs may facilitate moving longer distances, but the proximate costs associated with reduced swimming performance may help to explain the rarity of long-distance dispersal. The historical focus on environmental drivers of dispersal distances misses the importance of individual traits and associated trade-offs among traits affecting locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett R. Addis
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMTUSA
| | - Bret W. Tobalske
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMTUSA
| | | | - Winsor H. Lowe
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMTUSA
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31
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Hechter DT, Hasler CT. Repeatability of burst swimming performance in medaka (Oryzias latipes). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:1299-1307. [PMID: 31250162 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00679-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Burst swimming performance (Uburst) is a putative indicator of "success" in wild fish. In this study, thirty-five lab-reared medaka (Oryzias latipes) were tested for Uburst using a French press exercise system. Fish were tested once a week for four consecutive weeks and repeatability was estimated in several ways to allow comparisons between studies. Following the initial swimming tests, 50% of fish were either thermally stressed, or not, for 180 s prior to testing Uburst once a week for four consecutive weeks. Burst swimming performance was found to be 24.0 ± 6.7 (s.d.) cm s-1 and repeatability prior to the thermal stress experiment was estimated to be 0.28 (intraclass correlation coefficient) with an upper and lower limit of 0.48 and 0.12, respectively. The measured Uburst and repeatability estimate in the thermal stressor experiment did not significantly differ from the first four trials. Swimming velocities observed match what is known about medaka swimming capabilities and, interestingly, are similar to maximum current velocities observed in their native habitat. Furthermore, our repeatability estimates confirm that burst swimming performance in medaka is a repeatable trait and validate the apparatus and swimming test used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drake T Hechter
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Ave, Winnipeg, MB, R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Caleb T Hasler
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Ave, Winnipeg, MB, R3B 2E9, Canada.
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32
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Zhang Y, Gilbert MJH, Farrell AP. Finding the peak of dynamic oxygen uptake during fatiguing exercise in fish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.196568. [PMID: 31053645 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.196568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As fish approach fatigue at high water velocities in a critical swimming speed (U crit) test, their swimming mode and oxygen cascade typically move to an unsteady state because they adopt an unsteady, burst-and-glide swimming mode despite a constant, imposed workload. However, conventional rate of oxygen uptake (Ṁ O2 ) sampling intervals (5-20 min) tend to smooth any dynamic fluctuations in active Ṁ O2 (Ṁ O2active) and thus likely underestimate the peak Ṁ O2active Here, we used rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to explore the dynamic nature of Ṁ O2active near U crit using various sampling windows and an iterative algorithm. Compared with a conventional interval regression analysis of Ṁ O2active over a 10-min period, our new analytical approach generated a 23% higher peak Ṁ O2active Therefore, we suggest that accounting for such dynamics in Ṁ O2active with this new analytical approach may lead to more accurate estimates of maximum Ṁ O2 in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Zhang
- Department of Zoology & Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T1Z4
| | - Matthew J H Gilbert
- Department of Zoology & Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T1Z4
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Department of Zoology & Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T1Z4
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Martos-Sitcha JA, Sosa J, Ramos-Valido D, Bravo FJ, Carmona-Duarte C, Gomes HL, Calduch-Giner JÀ, Cabruja E, Vega A, Ferrer MÁ, Lozano M, Montiel-Nelson JA, Afonso JM, Pérez-Sánchez J. Ultra-Low Power Sensor Devices for Monitoring Physical Activity and Respiratory Frequency in Farmed Fish. Front Physiol 2019; 10:667. [PMID: 31191358 PMCID: PMC6548888 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Integration of technological solutions aims to improve accuracy, precision and repeatability in farming operations, and biosensor devices are increasingly used for understanding basic biology during livestock production. The aim of this study was to design and validate a miniaturized tri-axial accelerometer for non-invasive monitoring of farmed fish with re-programmable schedule protocols. The current device (AE-FishBIT v.1s) is a small (14 mm × 7 mm × 7 mm), stand-alone system with a total mass of 600 mg, which allows monitoring animals from 30 to 35 g onwards. The device was attached to the operculum of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles for monitoring their physical activity by measurements of movement accelerations in x- and y-axes, while records of operculum beats (z-axis) served as a measurement of respiratory frequency. Data post-processing of exercised fish in swimming test chambers revealed an exponential increase of fish accelerations with the increase of fish speed from 1 body-length to 4 body-lengths per second, while a close relationship between oxygen consumption (MO2) and opercular frequency was consistently found. Preliminary tests in free-swimming fish kept in rearing tanks also showed that device data recording was able to detect changes in daily fish activity. The usefulness of low computational load for data pre-processing with on-board algorithms was verified from low to submaximal exercise, increasing this procedure the autonomy of the system up to 6 h of data recording with different programmable schedules. Visual observations regarding tissue damage, feeding behavior and circulating levels of stress markers (cortisol, glucose, and lactate) did not reveal at short term a negative impact of device tagging. Reduced plasma levels of triglycerides revealed a transient inhibition of feed intake in small fish (sea bream 50-90 g, sea bass 100-200 g), but this disturbance was not detected in larger fish. All this considered together is the proof of concept that miniaturized devices are suitable for non-invasive and reliable metabolic phenotyping of farmed fish to improve their overall performance and welfare. Further work is underway for improving the attachment procedure and the full device packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Martos-Sitcha
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Castellón, Spain.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Javier Sosa
- Institute for Applied Microelectronics (IUMA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Dailos Ramos-Valido
- Institute for Applied Microelectronics (IUMA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Bravo
- Institute of Microelectronics of Barcelona (IMB-CNM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Carmona-Duarte
- Technological Centre for Innovation in Communications (iDeTIC), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | | | - Josep Àlvar Calduch-Giner
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Enric Cabruja
- Institute of Microelectronics of Barcelona (IMB-CNM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurelio Vega
- Institute for Applied Microelectronics (IUMA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Ferrer
- Technological Centre for Innovation in Communications (iDeTIC), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Manuel Lozano
- Institute of Microelectronics of Barcelona (IMB-CNM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Juan Manuel Afonso
- Aquaculture Research Group, Institute of Sustainable Aquaculture and Marine Ecosystems (IU-ECOAQUA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Castellón, Spain
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Shi C, Wang J, Yang Z, Gao X, Liu Y, Wang C. Sustained Swimming Training Is Associated With Reversible Filet Texture Changes of European Sea Bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Front Physiol 2019; 10:725. [PMID: 31263426 PMCID: PMC6584975 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This present study aimed to investigate the effect of training and detraining on the growth, chemical composition, white muscle fibers, and filet texture of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Fish were divided into control and training groups, which were subjected to water velocities of 0.2 and 1.0 body length per second (bl s-1), respectively, for 32 days (phase I). Half of the fish in the training group were then randomly selected and detrained at a velocity of 0.2 bl s-1 for another 32 days (detraining group), while the velocity of the remaining fish in the training group (1 bl s-1), and control group (0.2 bl s-1) remained unchanged (phase II). The results showed that the growth, body composition, and white muscle fiber densities of the control and trained fish were not significantly different in either phase. Training significantly altered the muscle fiber distribution (P < 0.05), with the training group having fewer 80-90 μm fibers than the control and detraining group at the end of the experiment (P < 0.05). The training group also had significantly higher values for white fiber muscle textural parameters (hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness) in phase I (P < 0.05), and these parameters correlated significantly with pH (P < 0.05). However, these differences in texture and the pH correlation weakened when the fish were detrained in phase II. These results indicated that an increase in muscle pH after training may alter the flesh texture characteristics of sea bass. In addition, sustained swimming could induce a reversible change in the filet texture of sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Shi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-Efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, China
| | - J. Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Z. Yang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - X. Gao
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Y. Liu
- College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - C. Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-Efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, China
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35
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Bergstrom CA, Alba J, Pacheco J, Fritz T, Tamone SL. Polymorphism and multiple correlated characters: Do flatfish asymmetry morphs also differ in swimming performance and metabolic rate? Ecol Evol 2019; 9:4772-4782. [PMID: 31031943 PMCID: PMC6476766 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic polymorphisms often differ in multiple correlated traits including morphology, behavior, and physiology, all of which can affect performance. How selection acts on these suites of traits can be complex and difficult to discern. Starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) is a pleuronectid flatfish that exhibits rare polymorphism for the direction of eye migration and resulting whole-body asymmetry. P. stellatus asymmetry morphs differ subtly in several anatomical traits, foraging behavior, and stable isotope signatures, suggesting they may be ecologically segregated, yet performance and metabolic differences are unknown.Here we tested the hypothesis that sinistral and dextral P. stellatus asymmetry morphs diverge in performance and routine metabolic rate (RMR) by comparing prolonged swimming endurance (time to exhaustion at a constant swimming speed), fast-start swimming velocity and acceleration, and rate of oxygen consumption. Based on subtle morphological differences in caudal tail size, we expected sinistral P. stellatus to have superior prolonged swimming endurance relative to dextral fish, but inferior fast-start performance.Sinistral P. stellatus exhibited both significantly greater prolonged swimming performance and fast-start swimming performance. However, sinistral P. stellatus also exhibited greater RMR, suggesting that their general swimming performance could be enhanced by an elevated metabolic rate.Divergence between P. stellatus asymmetry morphs in swimming performance and metabolic rates contributes to growing evidence of ecological segregation between them, as well as our understanding of possible ecological consequences of asymmetry direction in flatfishes. These data provide an example of the complexity of polymorphisms associated with multiple correlated traits in a rare case of asymmetry polymorphism in a marine flatfish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A. Bergstrom
- Biology Program, Department of Natural SciencesUniversity of Alaska SoutheastJuneauAlaska
| | - JoMarie Alba
- Department of Biological SciencesWalla Walla UniversityCollege Place, Walla WallaWashington
| | - Julienne Pacheco
- Biology Program, Department of Natural SciencesUniversity of Alaska SoutheastJuneauAlaska
| | - Trevor Fritz
- Biology Program, Department of Natural SciencesUniversity of Alaska SoutheastJuneauAlaska
| | - Sherry L. Tamone
- Biology Program, Department of Natural SciencesUniversity of Alaska SoutheastJuneauAlaska
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Buttemer WA, Bauer S, Emmenegger T, Dimitrov D, Peev S, Hahn S. Moult-related reduction of aerobic scope in passerine birds. J Comp Physiol B 2019; 189:463-470. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-019-01213-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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A study on the physiological and behavioral mechanisms underlying the differences in survival capacity between two cyprinid fish species. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 231:74-81. [PMID: 30703561 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The crucian carp (Carassius auratus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) are close relatives and coexist in most of their natural habitats but with different levels of abundance. The crucian carp is usually more abundant than the common carp in high predation-pressure habitats. To verify whether the crucian carp exhibits a significantly higher survival capacity combined with additional antipredator strategies than the common carp, we measured the morphology, behavioral traits, fast-start escape swimming performance and survival time under predation in both fish species. Additionally, the relationships between morphology, behavioral traits, locomotion and survival in both fish species were analyzed to determine which components can explain survival. We found that the crucian carp showed significantly higher survival times combined with greater body depth and fast-start escape performance than did the common carp, and the fast-start escape performance may be the main reason that the crucian carp showed a higher survival capacity. Additionally, the predator (Channa argus) chased the common carp more frequently when exposed to both species simultaneously. The higher survival capacity of the crucian carp and the preference of the predator for the common carp may be partial reasons that crucian carp were more abundant in habitats with high-predation pressure. Despite the differences among species, only the fast-start maximum velocity and exploration of the crucian carp were significantly related to survival time based on Pearson correlations. Overall, the relationships between the components measured in this study and survival in both fish species were quite weak or even lacking, which may be associated with the lack of predation experience in the fish specimens used.
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Hollins JPW, Thambithurai D, Van Leeuwen TE, Allan B, Koeck B, Bailey D, Killen SS. Shoal familiarity modulates effects of individual metabolism on vulnerability to capture by trawling. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz043. [PMID: 31380110 PMCID: PMC6661965 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Impacts of fisheries-induced evolution may extend beyond life history traits to more cryptic aspects of biology, such as behaviour and physiology. Understanding roles of physiological traits in determining individual susceptibility to capture in fishing gears and how these mechanisms change across contexts is essential to evaluate the capacity of commercial fisheries to elicit phenotypic change in exploited populations. Previous work has shown that metabolic traits related to anaerobic swimming may determine individual susceptibility to capture in trawls, with fish exhibiting higher anaerobic performance more likely to evade capture. However, high densities of fish aggregated ahead of a trawl net may exacerbate the role of social interactions in determining an individual fish's behaviour and likelihood of capture, yet the role of social environment in modulating relationships between individual physiological traits and vulnerability to capture in trawls remains unknown. By replicating the final moments of capture in a trawl using shoals of wild minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus), we investigated the role of individual metabolic traits in determining susceptibility to capture among shoals of both familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics. We expected that increased shoal cohesion and conformity of behaviour in shoals of familiar fish would lessen the role of individual metabolic traits in determining susceptibility to capture. However, the opposite pattern was observed, with individual fish exhibiting high anaerobic capacity less vulnerable to capture in the trawl net, but only when tested alongside familiar conspecifics. This pattern is likely due to stronger cohesion within familiar shoals, where maintaining a minimal distance from conspecifics, and thus staying ahead of the net, becomes limited by individual anaerobic swim performance. In contrast, lower shoal cohesion and synchronicity of behaviours within unfamiliar shoals may exacerbate the role of stochastic processes in determining susceptibility to capture, disrupting relationships between individual metabolic traits and vulnerability to capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P W Hollins
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Corresponding author: Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - D Thambithurai
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - T E Van Leeuwen
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Salmonid Section, 80 East White Hills Road, PO Box 5667, St. John’s, Newfoundland A1C 5X1, Canada
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - B Allan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - B Koeck
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - D Bailey
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - S S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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Kunz KL, Claireaux G, Pörtner HO, Knust R, Mark FC. Aerobic capacities and swimming performance of polar cod ( Boreogadus saida) under ocean acidification and warming conditions. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb184473. [PMID: 30190318 PMCID: PMC6240293 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.184473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Polar cod (Boreogadus saida) is an important prey species in the Arctic ecosystem, yet its habitat is changing rapidly: climate change, through rising seawater temperatures and CO2 concentrations, is projected to be most pronounced in Arctic waters. This study aimed to investigate the influence of ocean acidification and warming on maximum performance parameters of B. saida as indicators for the species' acclimation capacities under environmental conditions projected for the end of this century. After 4 months at four acclimation temperatures (0, 3, 6, 8°C) each combined with two PCO2 levels (390 and 1170 µatm), aerobic capacities and swimming performance of B. saida were recorded following a Ucrit protocol. At both CO2 levels, standard metabolic rate (SMR) was elevated at the highest acclimation temperature indicating thermal limitations. Maximum metabolic rate (MMR) increased continuously with temperature, suggesting an optimum temperature for aerobic scope for exercise (ASex) at 6°C. Aerobic swimming performance (Ugait) increased with acclimation temperature irrespective of CO2 levels, while critical swimming speed (Ucrit) did not reveal any clear trend with temperature. Hypercapnia evoked an increase in MMR (and thereby ASex). However, swimming performance (both Ugait and Ucrit) was impaired under elevated near-future PCO2 conditions, indicating reduced efficiencies of oxygen turnover. The contribution of anaerobic metabolism to swimming performance was very low overall, and further reduced under hypercapnia. Our results revealed high sensitivities of maximum performance parameters (MMR, Ugait, Ucrit) of B. saida to ocean acidification. Impaired swimming capacity under ocean acidification may reflect reduced future competitive strength of B. saida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Lore Kunz
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bentho-Pelagic Processes, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Integrative Ecophysiology, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
- University of Bremen, Fachbereich 2, NW 2/Leobener Strasse, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Guy Claireaux
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, LEMAR (UMR 6539), Unité PFOM, Laboratoire ARN, Centre Ifremer de Brest, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Hans-Otto Pörtner
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Integrative Ecophysiology, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
- University of Bremen, Fachbereich 2, NW 2/Leobener Strasse, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Rainer Knust
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bentho-Pelagic Processes, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Felix Christopher Mark
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Integrative Ecophysiology, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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Fu C, Cao ZD, Fu SJ. Predation experience underlies the relationship between locomotion capability and survival. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 227:32-38. [PMID: 30236912 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The positive relationship between locomotion performance and survival under predation has long been suggested yet seldom demonstrated with direct evidence. We investigate the effects of predator exposure on locomotion capacity (both fast-start escape and critical swimming performance), survival under predation and the relationships between these factors in juvenile Chinese bream (Parabramis pekinensis). This study aims to test whether there is a positive relationship between the above factors and whether such relationships are context dependent (i.e., with or without 20 d of predator exposure). We found that predator-exposed Chinese bream showed higher rates of survival under predation and improved fast-start swimming performance compared with individuals not exposed to predation. At individual level, no relationship was found between survival and any locomotion performance component in the no-predator group, but mean fast-start swimming speed, maneuverability and responsiveness were all positively related to survival in the predator group after 20 d of exposure. This finding indicates that the recognition of and vigilance for predators achieved through predation experience can be crucial preconditions for prey to employ the fast-start escape response, especially to escape ambush predators. Furthermore, a tradeoff was observed between the critical and fast-start swimming performances in the predator group, but not in the no-predator group, which may have been due to the intensified competition throughout the entire locomotion-support system (e.g., energy, proportions of slow- and fast-twitch muscle fibers) between critical and fast-start swimming because the increased demand for fast-start escape capacity constrains (or compromises) critical swimming performance under the threat of predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen-Dong Cao
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shi-Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China.
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41
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Fu SJ, Peng J, Killen SS. Digestive and locomotor capacity show opposing responses to changing food availability in an ambush predatory fish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.173187. [PMID: 29636411 PMCID: PMC6031316 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.173187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic rates vary widely within species, but little is known about how variation in the ‘floor’ [i.e. standard metabolic rate (SMR) in ectotherms] and ‘ceiling’ [maximum metabolic rate (MMR)] for an individual's aerobic scope (AS) are linked with digestive and locomotor function. Any links among metabolic traits and aspects of physiological performance may also be modulated by fluctuations in food availability. This study followed changes in SMR, MMR, and digestive and locomotor capacity in southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis) throughout 15 days of food deprivation and 15 days of refeeding. Individuals downregulated SMR during food deprivation and showed only a 10% body mass decrease during this time. Whereas critical swim speed (Ucrit) was robust to food deprivation, digestive function decreased after fasting with a reduced peak oxygen uptake during specific dynamic action (SDA) and prolonged SDA duration. During refeeding, individuals displayed rapid growth and digestive function recovered to pre-fasting levels. However, refed fish showed a lower Ucrit than would be expected for their increased body length and in comparison to measures at the start of the study. Reduced swimming ability may be a consequence of compensatory growth: growth rate was negatively correlated with changes in Ucrit during refeeding. Southern catfish downregulate digestive function to reduce energy expenditure during food deprivation, but regain digestive capacity during refeeding, potentially at the cost of decreased swimming performance. The plasticity of maintenance requirements suggests that SMR is a key fitness trait for in this ambush predator. Shifts in trait correlations with food availability suggest that the potential for correlated selection may depend on context. Summary: Southern catfish downregulate digestive function and metabolic rate during food deprivation, but regain digestive capacity during refeeding, potentially at the cost of decreased swimming performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behaviour, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behaviour, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China
| | - Shaun S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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Biro PA, Garland T, Beckmann C, Ujvari B, Thomas F, Post JR. Metabolic Scope as a Proximate Constraint on Individual Behavioral Variation: Effects on Personality, Plasticity, and Predictability. Am Nat 2018; 192:142-154. [PMID: 30016170 DOI: 10.1086/697963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral ecologists have hypothesized that among-individual differences in resting metabolic rate (RMR) may predict consistent individual differences in mean values for costly behaviors or for behaviors that affect energy intake rate. This hypothesis has empirical support and presently attracts considerable attention, but, notably, it does not provide predictions for individual differences in (a) behavioral plasticity or (b) unexplained variation (residual variation from mean individual behavior, here termed predictability). We outline how consideration of aerobic maximum metabolic rate (MMR) and particularly aerobic scope (= MMR - RMR) can be used to simultaneously make predictions about mean and among- and within-individual variation in behavior. We predict that while RMR should be proportional to an individual's mean level of sustained behavioral activity (one aspect of its personality), individuals with greater aerobic scope will also have greater scope to express behavioral plasticity and/or greater unpredictability in behavior (=greater residual variation). As a first step toward testing these predictions, we analyze existing activity data from selectively bred lines of mice that differ in both daily activity and aerobic scope. We find that replicate high-scope mice are more active on average and show greater among-individual variation in activity, greater among-individual variation in plasticity, and greater unpredictability. These data provide some tentative first support for our hypothesis, suggesting that further research on this topic would be valuable.
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43
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Deslauriers D, Svendsen JC, Genz J, Wall AJ, Baktoft H, Enders EC, Anderson WG. Environmental calcium and variation in yolk sac size influence swimming performance in larval lake sturgeon ( Acipenser fulvescens). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.164533. [PMID: 29440358 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.164533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In many animal species, performance in the early life stages strongly affects recruitment to the adult population; however, factors that influence early life history stages are often the least understood. This is particularly relevant for lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, living in areas where environmental calcium concentrations are declining, partly due to anthropogenic activity. As calcium is important for muscle contraction and fatigue resistance, declining calcium levels could constrain swimming performance. Similarly, swimming performance could be influenced by variation in yolk sac volume, because the yolk sac is likely to affect drag forces during swimming. Testing swimming performance of larval A. fulvescens reared in four different calcium treatments spanning the range of 4-132 mg l-1 [Ca2+], this study found no treatment effects on the sprint swimming speed. A novel test of volitional swimming performance, however, revealed reduced swimming performance in the low calcium environment. Specifically, volitionally swimming larvae covered a shorter distance before swimming cessation in the low calcium environment compared with the other treatments. Moreover, sprint swimming speed in larvae with a large yolk sac was significantly slower than in larvae with a small yolk sac, regardless of body length variation. Thus, elevated maternal allocation (i.e. more yolk) was associated with reduced swimming performance. Data suggest that larvae in low calcium environments or with a large yolk sac exhibit reduced swimming performance and could be more susceptible to predation or premature downstream drift. Our study reveals how environmental factors and phenotypic variation influence locomotor performance in a larval fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Deslauriers
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 369 Duff Roblin, 190 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.,Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Central & Arctic Region, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Jon C Svendsen
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Central & Arctic Region, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada .,Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.,Technical University of Denmark, National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU-Aqua), Section for Ecosystem based Marine Management, Kemitorvet, Building 201, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Janet Genz
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 369 Duff Roblin, 190 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.,University of West Georgia, Biology Department, 1601 Maple Street, Carrollton, GA 30118, USA
| | - Alex J Wall
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Central & Arctic Region, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Henrik Baktoft
- Technical University of Denmark, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Section for Freshwater Fisheries and Ecology, Vejlsøvej 39, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Eva C Enders
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Central & Arctic Region, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - W Gary Anderson
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 369 Duff Roblin, 190 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Hollins J, Thambithurai D, Koeck B, Crespel A, Bailey DM, Cooke SJ, Lindström J, Parsons KJ, Killen SS. A physiological perspective on fisheries-induced evolution. Evol Appl 2018; 11:561-576. [PMID: 29875803 PMCID: PMC5978952 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that intense fishing pressure is not only depleting fish stocks but also causing evolutionary changes to fish populations. In particular, body size and fecundity in wild fish populations may be altered in response to the high and often size‐selective mortality exerted by fisheries. While these effects can have serious consequences for the viability of fish populations, there are also a range of traits not directly related to body size which could also affect susceptibility to capture by fishing gears—and therefore fisheries‐induced evolution (FIE)—but which have to date been ignored. For example, overlooked within the context of FIE is the likelihood that variation in physiological traits could make some individuals within species more vulnerable to capture. Specifically, traits related to energy balance (e.g., metabolic rate), swimming performance (e.g., aerobic scope), neuroendocrinology (e.g., stress responsiveness) and sensory physiology (e.g., visual acuity) are especially likely to influence vulnerability to capture through a variety of mechanisms. Selection on these traits could produce major shifts in the physiological traits within populations in response to fishing pressure that are yet to be considered but which could influence population resource requirements, resilience, species’ distributions and responses to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Hollins
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Davide Thambithurai
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Barbara Koeck
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Amelie Crespel
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - David M Bailey
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science Carleton University Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Jan Lindström
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Kevin J Parsons
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Shaun S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
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45
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Kraskura K, Nelson JA. Hypoxia and Sprint Swimming Performance of Juvenile Striped Bass, Morone saxatilis. Physiol Biochem Zool 2017; 91:682-690. [PMID: 29120695 DOI: 10.1086/694933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Annual hypoxia in the Chesapeake Bay has expanded to the point where Darwinian fitness of juvenile striped bass (Morone saxatilis) may depend on their ability to perform in low-oxygen environments. The locomotion they use in predator/prey dynamics relies primarily on white (type II) muscle that is powered by anaerobic metabolic pathways and has generally been thought to be immune to aquatic hypoxia. We tested the sprint performance of 15 juvenile striped bass twice under acute hypoxia (20% air saturation [AS]) 5 wk apart and once under normoxia (>85% AS) in between. Average sprint performance was lower under the first hypoxia exposure than in normoxia and increased in the second hypoxia test relative to the first. The rank order of individual sprint performance was significantly repeatable when comparing the two hypoxia tests but not when compared with sprint performance measured under normoxic conditions. The maximum sprint performance of each individual was also significantly repeatable within a given day. Thus, sprint performance of striped bass is reduced under hypoxia, is phenotypically plastic, and improves with repetitive hypoxia exposures but is unrelated to relative sprint performance under normoxia. Since energy to fuel a sprint comes from existing ATP and creatine phosphate stores, the decline in sprint performance probably reflects reduced function of a part of the reflex chain leading from detection of aversive stimuli to activation of the muscle used to power the escape response.
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Yuan X, Zhou YH, Huang YP, Guo WT, Johnson D, Jiang Q, Jing JJ, Tu ZY. Effects of temperature and fatigue on the metabolism and swimming capacity of juvenile Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 43:1279-1287. [PMID: 28474195 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0371-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) is a critically endangered species. A flume-type respirometer, with video, was used to conduct two consecutive stepped velocity tests at 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C. Extent of recovery was measured after the 60-min recovery period between trials, and the recovery ratio for critical swimming speed (U crit) averaged 91.88% across temperatures. Temperature (T) effects were determined by comparing U crit, oxygen consumption rate (MO 2), and tail beat frequency (TBF) for each temperature. Results from the two trials were compared to determine the effect of exercise. The U crit occurring at 15 °C in both trials was significantly higher than that at 10 and 25 °C (p < 0.05). The U crit was plotted as a function of T and curve-fitting allowed calculation of the optimal swimming temperature 3.28 BL/s at 15.96 °C (trial 1) and 2.98 BL/s at 15.85 °C (trial 2). In trial 1, MO 2 increased rapidly with U, but then declined sharply as swimming speed approached U crit. In trial 2, MO 2 increased more slowly, but continuously, to U crit. TBF was directly proportional to U and the slope (dTBF/dU) for trial 2 was significantly lower than that for trial 1. The inverse slope (tail beats per body length, TB/BL) is a measure of swimming efficiency and the significant difference in slopes implies that the exercise training provided by trial 1 led to a significant increase in swimming efficiency in trial 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China
- College of Hydraulic & Environmental engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China
| | - Yi-Hong Zhou
- College of Hydraulic & Environmental engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China.
| | - Ying-Ping Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China.
| | - Wen-Tao Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Project for Conservation of Fishes, Chinese sturgeon Research Institute, China Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China
| | - David Johnson
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ferrum College, Ferrum, VA, 24088, USA
| | - Qing Jiang
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China
| | - Jin-Jie Jing
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Tu
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China
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Zeng LQ, Fu C, Fu SJ. Does aerobic capacity predict the spatial position of individuals within schools in juvenile qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis)? Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 214:1-12. [PMID: 28893665 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Schooling behavior is an adaptive trait of important biological and ecological significance in fish species. However, the question of how aerobic capacity and environmental factors (i.e., food and water velocity) affect the spatial positioning within fish schools has received little attention. Our study measured the aerobic capacity-as indicated by standard metabolic rate (SMR), maximum metabolic rate (MMR) and aerobic scope (AS)-and swimming performance of juvenile qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis) and filmed their schooling behavior in a swim tunnel under both a control treatment and food stimulus treatment at three water velocities (20, 30 and 40cms-1). Neither aerobic capacity nor swimming performance was related to spatial position within schools. Food stimulation did not trigger any change in the characteristics of spatial position at three water velocities. However, an intra-school positional preference was found between water velocities under the control treatment and food stimulus treatment. Individuals who preferred the rear of the school had smaller coefficients of variation in position under the two treatments, but this behavior was not correlated with any parameters for metabolic rates. Inter-school social interaction level, as indicated by total chase times, was not affected by either water velocity or food appearance. Although aerobic capacity and food stimulus did not influence the spatial position of individuals within schools, individual qingbo had spatial positional preferences within schools between different water speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Qing Zeng
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Colleges of Life Sciences, Chongqing National University, Key Laboratory of Animal Biology of Chongqing, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Cheng Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Colleges of Life Sciences, Chongqing National University, Key Laboratory of Animal Biology of Chongqing, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Shi-Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Colleges of Life Sciences, Chongqing National University, Key Laboratory of Animal Biology of Chongqing, Chongqing 401331, China
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McKenzie DJ, Blasco FR, Belão TC, Killen SS, Martins ND, Taylor EW, Rantin FT. Physiological determinants of individual variation in sensitivity to an organophosphate pesticide in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 189:108-114. [PMID: 28605647 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Individual variation in sub-lethal sensitivity to the organophosphate pesticide trichlorfon was investigated in Nile tilapia, using critical swimming speed (Ucrit) as an indicator. Tilapia exposed for 96h to 500μgl-1 trichlorfon at 26°C (Tcfn group, n=27) showed a significant decline in mean Ucrit, compared to their own control (pre-exposure) performance in clean water (-14.5±2.3%, mean±SEM), but also compared to a Sham group (n=10) maintained for 96h in clean water. Individuals varied in their relative sensitivity to the pesticide, with the decline in Ucrit after exposure varying from 1 to 41%. The Ucrit of the Tcfn group did not recover completely after 96h in clean water, remaining 9.4±3.2% below their own control performance. The decline in performance was associated with a significant increase in net cost of aerobic swimming, of +28.4±6.5% at a sustained speed of 2bodylengthss-1, which translated into a significant decline in swimming efficiency (Eswim) of -17.6±4.0% at that speed. Within the Tcfn group, individual Eswim was a strong positive determinant of individual Ucrit across all trials, and a strong negative determinant of individual% decline in Ucrit after pesticide exposure (P<0.001, linear mixed effect models). Trichlorfon had no effects on standard metabolic rate or active metabolic rate (AMR) but, nonetheless, individual Ucrit in all trials, and% decline in Ucrit after exposure, were strongly associated with individual AMR (positively and negatively, respectively, P<0.001). Individual Ucrit under control conditions was also a strong positive determinant of Ucrit after trichlorfon exposure (P<0.001), but not of the% decline in Ucrit performance. In conclusion, the OP pesticide impaired Ucrit performance by reducing Eswim but individual tilapia varied widely in their relative sensitivity. Intrinsic individual physiology determined effects of the pesticide on performance and, in particular, good swimmers remained better swimmers after exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J McKenzie
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; UMR9190 Centre for Marine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation, Université Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Felipe R Blasco
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar/São Paulo State University, UNESP Campus Araraquara, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago C Belão
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar/São Paulo State University, UNESP Campus Araraquara, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Shaun S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan D Martins
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar/São Paulo State University, UNESP Campus Araraquara, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Edwin W Taylor
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham BH5 4LU, United Kingdom
| | - F Tadeu Rantin
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Li J, Lin X, Xu Z, Sun J. Differences in swimming ability and its response to starvation among male and female Gambusia affinis. Biol Open 2017; 6:625-632. [PMID: 28396491 PMCID: PMC5450316 DOI: 10.1242/bio.022822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the differences in the swimming ability and environmental adaptive abilities between male and female Gambusia affinis, we assessed the differences in burst swimming speeds (Uburst), critical swimming speeds (Ucrit) and their related fin areas, and consumption of energy substances after starvation at 0 (control group), 15, 30, 45, and 60 days, respectively. The results showed that the pectoral and caudal fin areas did not differ significantly between male and female G. affinis. However, the dry mass, condition factors, and absolute contents of glycogen, lipids, and proteins were significantly elevated in females in the control group (P<0.05), whereas Uburst and Ucrit were significantly low (P<0.05). After starvation of 60 days, the rate of consumption of lipids was significantly low in the females (P<0.05). Although Uburst and Ucrit decreased linearly with increased duration of starvation, the coefficient of linear equation between Ucrit and starvation time was significantly lower in females than males (P<0.05). These findings indicated that low body mass and condition factors reduce the relative bear load and moving resistance that causes high swimming performance in male G. affinis. High contents of energy substances and low rate of consumption of lipids result in stable Ucrit in females during hunger. Summary: The study explored the causes of variation in swimming performance with respect to morphological and physiological characteristics, which provides further information about environmental adaptive ability in Gambusia affinis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Li
- Institute of hydrobiology, Jinan University; Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Xiaotao Lin
- Institute of hydrobiology, Jinan University; Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Zhongneng Xu
- Institute of hydrobiology, Jinan University; Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Institute of hydrobiology, Jinan University; Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
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Veillard MF, Ruppert JL, Tierney K, Watkinson DA, Poesch M. Comparative swimming and station-holding ability of the threatened Rocky Mountain Sculpin ( Cottus sp.) from four hydrologically distinct rivers. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 5:cox026. [PMID: 28480038 PMCID: PMC5417056 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cox026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrologic alterations, such as dams, culverts or diversions, can introduce new selection pressures on freshwater fishes, where they are required to adapt to novel environmental conditions. Our study investigated how species adapt to natural and altered stream flow, where we use the threatened Rocky Mountain Sculpin (Cottus sp.) as a model organism. We compared the swimming and station-holding performance of Rocky Mountain Sculpin from four different hydrologic regimes in Alberta and British Columbia, including the North Milk River, a system that experiences increased flows from a large-scale diversion. We measured the slip (Uslip) and failure (Uburst) velocities over three constant acceleration test trials. Uslip was defined as the point at which individuals required the addition of bursting or swimming to maintain position. Uburst was defined as the point at which individuals were unable to hold position in the swimming chamber through swimming, bursting or holding techniques without fully or partially resting on the electrified back plate. We found individuals from the Flathead River in British Columbia (with the highest natural flow) failed at significantly higher Uburst velocities than fish from the southern Albertan populations. However, there was no relationship between peak hydrologic flow from the natal river and Uburst or Uslip. Further, Uburst velocities decreased from 51.8 cm s-1 (7.2 BL s-1) to 45.6 cm s-1 (6.3 BL s-1) by the third consecutive test suggesting the use of anaerobic metabolism. Uslip was not different between trials suggesting the use of aerobic metabolism in station-holding behaviours (Uslip). Moreover, we found no significant differences in individuals from the altered North Milk River system. Finally, individual caudal morphological characteristics were related to both slip and failure velocities. Our study contributes to the conservation of Rocky Mountain Sculpin by providing the first documentation of swimming and station-holding abilities of this benthic fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie F. Veillard
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 751 General Services Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H1
| | - Jonathan L.W. Ruppert
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 751 General Services Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H1
| | - Keith Tierney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, G408 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Douglas A. Watkinson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Central and Arctic Region, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2NG
| | - Mark Poesch
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 751 General Services Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H1
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