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Fischer N, Costa CP, Hur M, Kirkwood JS, Woodard SH. Impacts of neonicotinoid insecticides on bumble bee energy metabolism are revealed under nectar starvation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169388. [PMID: 38104805 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Bumble bees are an important group of insects that provide essential pollination services as a consequence of their foraging behaviors. These pollination services are driven, in part, by energetic exchanges between flowering plants and individual bees. Thus, it is important to examine bumble bee energy metabolism and explore how it might be influenced by external stressors contributing to declines in global pollinator populations. Two stressors that are commonly encountered by bees are insecticides, such as the neonicotinoids, and nutritional stress, resulting from deficits in pollen and nectar availability. Our study uses a metabolomic approach to examine the effects of neonicotinoid insecticide exposure on bumble bee metabolism, both alone and in combination with nutritional stress. We hypothesized that exposure to imidacloprid disrupts bumble bee energy metabolism, leading to changes in key metabolites involved in central carbon metabolism. We tested this by exposing Bombus impatiens workers to imidacloprid according to one of three exposure paradigms designed to explore how chronic versus more acute (early or late) imidacloprid exposure influences energy metabolite levels, then also subjecting them to artificial nectar starvation. The strongest effects of imidacloprid were observed when bees also experienced nectar starvation, suggesting a combinatorial effect of neonicotinoids and nutritional stress on bumble bee energy metabolism. Overall, this study provides important insights into the mechanisms underlying the impact of neonicotinoid insecticides on pollinators, and underscores the need for further investigation into the complex interactions between environmental stressors and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Fischer
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Claudinéia P Costa
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Manhoi Hur
- IIGB Metabolomics Core Facility, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jay S Kirkwood
- IIGB Metabolomics Core Facility, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - S Hollis Woodard
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
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2
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Phonsiri K, Geffroy B, Lokesh J, Goikoetxea A, Skiba-Cassy S, Panserat S. Early starvation in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae has no drastic effect on hepatic intermediary metabolism in juveniles. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024:10.1007/s10695-024-01320-x. [PMID: 38367082 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-024-01320-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate nutritional programming through early starvation in the European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). European seabass larvae were fasted at three different developmental periods for three durations from 60 to 65 dph (F1), 81 to 87 dph (F2), and 123 to 133 dph (F3). Immediate effects were investigated by studying gene expression of npy (neuropeptide Y) and avt (Arginine vasotocin) in the head, while potential long-term effects (i.e., programming) were evaluated on intermediary metabolism later in life (in juveniles). Our findings indicate a direct effect regarding gene expression in the head only for F1, with higher avt mRNA level in fasted larved compared to controls. The early starvation periods had no long-term effect on growth performance (body weight and body length). Regarding intermediary metabolism, we analyzed related key plasma metabolites which reflect the intermediary metabolism: no differences for glucose, triglycerides, and free fatty acids in the plasma were observed in juveniles irrespective of the three early starvation stimuli. As programming is mainly linked to molecular mechanisms, we then studied hepatic mRNA levels for 23 key actors of glucose, lipid, amino acid, and energy metabolism. For many of the metabolic genes, there was no impact of early starvation in juveniles, except for three genes involved in glucose metabolism (glut2-glucose transporter and pk-pyruvate kinase) and lipid metabolism (acly-ATP citrate lyase) which were higher in F2 compared to control. Together, these results highlight that starvation between 81 to 87 dph may have more long-term impact, suggesting the existence of a developmental window for programming by starvation. In conclusion, European seabass appeared to be resilient to early starvation during larvae stages without drastic impacts on intermediary metabolism later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanakorn Phonsiri
- INRAE, Université de Pau Et Des Pays de L'Adour, NuMeA, Aquapôle, 64310, Saint-Pée-Sur-Nivelle, France
- School of School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Tambon Suranaree, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Jep Lokesh
- INRAE, Université de Pau Et Des Pays de L'Adour, NuMeA, Aquapôle, 64310, Saint-Pée-Sur-Nivelle, France
| | | | - Sandrine Skiba-Cassy
- INRAE, Université de Pau Et Des Pays de L'Adour, NuMeA, Aquapôle, 64310, Saint-Pée-Sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Stephane Panserat
- INRAE, Université de Pau Et Des Pays de L'Adour, NuMeA, Aquapôle, 64310, Saint-Pée-Sur-Nivelle, France.
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3
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Earls KN, Campbell JB, Rinehart JP, Greenlee KJ. Effects of temperature on metabolic rate during metamorphosis in the alfalfa leafcutting bee. Biol Open 2023; 12:bio060213. [PMID: 38156711 PMCID: PMC10805150 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Spring conditions, especially in temperate regions, may fluctuate abruptly and drastically. Environmental variability can expose organisms to temperatures outside of their optimal thermal ranges. For ectotherms, sudden changes in temperature may cause short- and long-term physiological effects, including changes in respiration, morphology, and reproduction. Exposure to variable temperatures during active development, which is likely to occur for insects developing in spring, can cause detrimental effects. Using the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata, we aimed to determine if oxygen consumption could be measured using a new system and to test the hypothesis that female and male M. rotundata have a thermal performance curve with a wide optimal range. Oxygen consumption of M. rotundata pupae was measured across a large range of temperatures (6-48°C) using an optical oxygen sensor in a closed respirometry system. Absolute and mass-specific metabolic rates were calculated and compared between bees that were extracted from their brood cells and those remaining in the brood cell to determine whether pupae could be accurately measured inside their brood cells. The metabolic response to temperature was non-linear, which is an assumption of a thermal performance curve; however, the predicted negative slope at higher temperatures was not observed. Despite sexual dimorphism in body mass, sex differences only occurred in mass-specific metabolic rates. Higher metabolic rates in males may be attributed to faster development times, which could explain why there were no differences in absolute metabolic rate measurements. Understanding the physiological and ecological effects of thermal environmental variability on M. rotundata will help to better predict their response to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla N. Earls
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Jacob B. Campbell
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Joseph P. Rinehart
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Station, Fargo, ND 58102,USA
| | - Kendra J. Greenlee
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
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4
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Rittschof CC, Denny AS. The Impacts of Early-Life Experience on Bee Phenotypes and Fitness. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:808-824. [PMID: 36881719 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Across diverse animal species, early-life experiences have lifelong impacts on a variety of traits. The scope of these impacts, their implications, and the mechanisms that drive these effects are central research foci for a variety of disciplines in biology, from ecology and evolution to molecular biology and neuroscience. Here, we review the role of early life in shaping adult phenotypes and fitness in bees, emphasizing the possibility that bees are ideal species to investigate variation in early-life experience and its consequences at both individual and population levels. Bee early life includes the larval and pupal stages, critical time periods during which factors like food availability, maternal care, and temperature set the phenotypic trajectory for an individual's lifetime. We discuss how some common traits impacted by these experiences, including development rate and adult body size, influence fitness at the individual level, with possible ramifications at the population level. Finally, we review ways in which human alterations to the landscape may impact bee populations through early-life effects. This review highlights aspects of bees' natural history and behavioral ecology that warrant further investigation with the goal of understanding how environmental disturbances threaten these vulnerable species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare C Rittschof
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, S-225 Agricultural Science Center North, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Amanda S Denny
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, S-225 Agricultural Science Center North, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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DesJardins NS, Smith BH, Harrison JF. A mitotoxic fungicide alters post-ingestive glucose signals necessary for associative learning in honey bees. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 149:104554. [PMID: 37586476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The Proboscis Extension Reflex (PER) paradigm trains honey bees to associate an odor with a sugar reward and is commonly used to assess impacts on associative learning after exposure to pesticides. While the effects of some types of pesticides have been well-investigated, relatively little attention has been focused on fungicides that are applied to flowering crops. We have previously shown that consumption of field-relevant concentrations of the fungicide Pristine® (active ingredients: 25.2% boscalid, 12.8% pyraclostrobin) impairs honey bee performance in an associative learning assay, but the mechanism of its action has not been investigated. We hypothesized that Pristine® interferes with carbohydrate absorption and/or regulation, thereby disrupting the post-ingestive feedback mechanisms necessary for robust learning. To test this hypothesis, we measured hemolymph glucose and trehalose levels at five time points during the ten minutes after bees consumed a sucrose solution. Pristine®-exposed bees had elevated baseline glucose concentrations in the hemolymph relative to control bees. Hemolymph glucose levels rose significantly within five minutes of feeding in control bees, but not in Pristine®-fed bees. These data suggest that the post-ingestive feedback mechanisms necessary for robust learning are disrupted in bees that have consumed this fungicide, providing a plausible mechanistic explanation for its effects on learning performance in the PER assay. Pristine®-exposed bees may have elevated hemolymph glucose levels because the fungicide elicits an inflammatory response. These results provide additional mechanistic understanding of the negative physiological effects of mitotoxic fungicides on this important pollinator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S DesJardins
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Brian H Smith
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Jon F Harrison
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Radwan IT, Sayed-Ahmed MZ, Ghazawy NA, Alqahtani SS, Ahmad S, Alam N, Alkhaibari AM, Ali MS, Selim A, AbdelFattah EA. Effect of nanostructure lipid carrier of methylene blue and monoterpenes as enzymes inhibitor for Culex pipiens. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12522. [PMID: 37532732 PMCID: PMC10397322 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39385-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid lipid nanoparticles second generation, nanostructure lipid carrier (NLC), is one of the most important biodegradable nanoparticles. Nanostructure Lipid carrier (NLC) was used to encapsulate methylene blue (MB) dye, carvacrol and citronellal and their efficacy as insecticidal against Culex pipiens (Cx. pipiens) were distinguished. The prepared nanoformulation revealed very good physicochemical properties, especially the homogeneity of the particle size. Transmission electron microscope showed spherical shaped nanoparticles within range less than 200 nm. The prepared NLC-MB-MT system showed a very competitive insecticidal activity and high virulence against the mosquito larvae with higher mortality rate of LC50 of 0.141 µl/mL, in addition to high level of Oxidative stress parameters obtained through all the tested enzymes including hydrogen peroxide (4.8 ppm), protein carbonyl amount (0.12 OD/mg protein), ascorbic acid (0.15 mg) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) showed strong increasing (0.09 OD/mg protein/min) at 6 µg/mL, respectively. Whereas paradoxical results of the oxidative stress enzymes were obtained from different concentration of nanoformulation that introduce a convenient reason for their potential insecticidal effect. The cytotoxic effect of NLC-MB-MT was evaluated using WI38 human lung cell lines, the LC50 was 6.4 mg/mL. The low cytotoxic reactivity towards the tested cell line makes the NLC-MB-MT nanoformulation has its promising insecticidal efficacy. Molecular docking study for each component were done against acetylcholine esterase protein and accepted binding modes achieved by the three compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Taha Radwan
- Supplementary General Sciences Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, 11835, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Z Sayed-Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, 45142, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | | | - Saad S Alqahtani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, 45142, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawazish Alam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, 45142, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer Mousa Alkhaibari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, 71491, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Sajid Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelfattah Selim
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, 13736, Egypt.
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Wang S, Tang H, Huang W, Liu X, Hou W, Cesar Piñero J, Peng X, Chen M. Octopamine receptor genes are involved in the starvation response of Rhopalosiphum padi (Hemiptera: Aphididae). INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 31:471-481. [PMID: 35312201 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Insect octopamine (OA) receptors are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that play essential roles in physiological and behavioural processes. However, there is little information about the function of OA receptors in the aphids' response to stress. From the genome sequence of Rhopalosiphum padi genome sequence, a cosmopolitan cereal pest, we identified six OA receptor genes RpOAMB, RpOctR, RpOctβ1R, RpOctβ2R, RpOctβ3R, RpOctR-like with two, one, one, four, four, seven exons, respectively. All the OA receptors contain seven transmembrane domains, which were the signature of GPCRs. Our results showed that (1) the contents of OA increased significantly after food starvation, (2) the transcription levels of RpOAMB, RpOctR, RpOctβ2R and RpOctβ3R increased after starvation and were restored after re-feeding, and (3) the expression levels of these four genes decreased significantly 48 h post-injection of dsRNA that targeted the respective genes. Knockdown of RpOctR, RpOctβ2R or RpOctβ3R genes significantly increased aphid mortality under 24 h starvation conditions. Mortality of R. padi injected with dsRpOctR or dsRpOctβ2R was significantly higher than control under 48 h starvation treatments. This is the first report on the role of OA receptors in the starvation response of aphids. The current study provides knowledge for a better understanding the physiological roles of insect OA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongcheng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenhua Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jaime Cesar Piñero
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Maohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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8
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Li Z, Ma R, Wang L, Wang Y, Qin Q, Chen L, Dang X, Zhou Z. Starvation stress affects iron metabolism in honeybee Apis mellifera. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Schilcher F, Hilsmann L, Rauscher L, Değirmenci L, Krischke M, Krischke B, Ankenbrand M, Rutschmann B, Mueller MJ, Steffan-Dewenter I, Scheiner R. In Vitro Rearing Changes Social Task Performance and Physiology in Honeybees. INSECTS 2021; 13:insects13010004. [PMID: 35055848 PMCID: PMC8779213 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The rearing of honeybee larvae in the laboratory is an important tool for studying the effects of plant protection products or pathogens on developing and adult bees, yet how rearing under artificial conditions affects the later social behavior and physiology of the honeybees is mostly unknown. We, here, show that honeybees reared in the laboratory generally had a lower probability for performing nursing or foraging tasks compared to bees reared under natural conditions in bee colonies. Nursing behavior itself appeared normal in in vitro honeybees. In contrast, bees reared in the laboratory foraged for a shorter period in life and performed fewer trips compared to bees reared in colonies. In addition, in vitro honeybees did not display the typical increase in juvenile hormone titer, which goes hand-in-hand with the initiation of foraging in colony-reared bees. Abstract In vitro rearing of honeybee larvae is an established method that enables exact control and monitoring of developmental factors and allows controlled application of pesticides or pathogens. However, only a few studies have investigated how the rearing method itself affects the behavior of the resulting adult honeybees. We raised honeybees in vitro according to a standardized protocol: marking the emerging honeybees individually and inserting them into established colonies. Subsequently, we investigated the behavioral performance of nurse bees and foragers and quantified the physiological factors underlying the social organization. Adult honeybees raised in vitro differed from naturally reared honeybees in their probability of performing social tasks. Further, in vitro-reared bees foraged for a shorter duration in their life and performed fewer foraging trips. Nursing behavior appeared to be unaffected by rearing condition. Weight was also unaffected by rearing condition. Interestingly, juvenile hormone titers, which normally increase strongly around the time when a honeybee becomes a forager, were significantly lower in three- and four-week-old in vitro bees. The effects of the rearing environment on individual sucrose responsiveness and lipid levels were rather minor. These data suggest that larval rearing conditions can affect the task performance and physiology of adult bees despite equal weight, pointing to an important role of the colony environment for these factors. Our observations of behavior and metabolic pathways offer important novel insight into how the rearing environment affects adult honeybees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Schilcher
- Biocentre, Department of Behavioural Physiology and Sociobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; (L.H.); (L.R.); (L.D.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-931-31-85373
| | - Lioba Hilsmann
- Biocentre, Department of Behavioural Physiology and Sociobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; (L.H.); (L.R.); (L.D.); (R.S.)
| | - Lisa Rauscher
- Biocentre, Department of Behavioural Physiology and Sociobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; (L.H.); (L.R.); (L.D.); (R.S.)
| | - Laura Değirmenci
- Biocentre, Department of Behavioural Physiology and Sociobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; (L.H.); (L.R.); (L.D.); (R.S.)
| | - Markus Krischke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany; (M.K.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Beate Krischke
- Biocentre, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; (B.K.); (B.R.); (I.S.-D.)
| | - Markus Ankenbrand
- Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology (CCTB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Klara-Oppenheimer-Weg 32, 97074 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Benjamin Rutschmann
- Biocentre, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; (B.K.); (B.R.); (I.S.-D.)
| | - Martin J. Mueller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany; (M.K.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
- Biocentre, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; (B.K.); (B.R.); (I.S.-D.)
| | - Ricarda Scheiner
- Biocentre, Department of Behavioural Physiology and Sociobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; (L.H.); (L.R.); (L.D.); (R.S.)
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10
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Common Noninfectious Conditions of the Honey bees (Apis mellifera) Colony. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2021; 37:413-425. [PMID: 34689911 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Honey bee colonies can be afflicted by serious conditions beyond infectious etiologies. Noninfectious conditions, such as starvation, laying worker colonies, and environmental dysregulation, can be as devastating as any disease. Improper hive monitoring and care often are the underlying causes of noninfectious conditions and each condition may be prevented by instituting best management practices.
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11
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Walton A, Toth AL. Resource limitation, intra‐group aggression and brain neuropeptide expression in a social wasp. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Walton
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Iowa State University Ames IA USA
| | - Amy L. Toth
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Iowa State University Ames IA USA
- Department of Entomology Iowa State University Ames IA USA
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12
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Hasebe M, Shiga S. Immunoreactive Response of Plast-MIPs to Fasting and Their Functional Role in the Reduction of Hemolymph Reducing Sugars in the Brown-Winged Green Bug, Plautia stali. Zoolog Sci 2021; 38:332-342. [PMID: 34342954 DOI: 10.2108/zs200162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Animals survive nutrient deficiency by controlling their physiology, such as sugar metabolism and energy-consuming developmental events. Although research on the insect neural mechanisms of the starvation-induced modulation has progressed, the mechanisms have not been fully understood due to their complexity. Myoinhibitory peptides are known to be neuropeptides involved in various physiological activities, development, and behavior. Here, we analyzed the responsiveness of Plautia stali myoinhibitory peptides (Plast-MIPs) to starvation and their physiological role in the brown-winged green bug, P. stali. First, we performed immunohistochemical analyses to investigate the response of Plast-MIP neurons in the cephalic ganglion to fasting under long day conditions. Fasting significantly enhanced the immunoreactivity to Plast-MIPs in the pars intercerebralis (PI), which is known to be a brain region related to various endocrine regulations. Next, to analyze the physiological role of Plast-MIPs, we performed RNA interference-mediated knockdown of Plast-Mip and injection of synthetic Plast-MIP in normally fed and fasted females. The knockdown of Plast-Mip did not have significant effects on the body weight or proportions of ovarian development in each feeding condition. On the other hand, the knockdown of Plast-Mip increased the gonadosomatic index of normally fed females whereas it did not have a significant effect on food intake. Notably, the knockdown of Plast-Mip diminished the fasting-induced reduction of hemolymph reducing sugar levels. Additionally, injection of synthetic Plast-MIP acutely decreased the hemolymph reducing sugar level. Our results suggested responsiveness of Plast-MIPs in the PI to fasting and their functional role in reduction of the hemolymph reducing sugar level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Hasebe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan,
| | - Sakiko Shiga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
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Almeida LZ, Hovick SM, Ludsin SA, Marschall EA. Which factors determine the long‐term effect of poor early‐life nutrition? A meta‐analytic review. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L. Zoe Almeida
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
- Aquatic Ecology Laboratory The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43212 USA
| | - Stephen M. Hovick
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Stuart A. Ludsin
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
- Aquatic Ecology Laboratory The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43212 USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Marschall
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
- Aquatic Ecology Laboratory The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43212 USA
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Developmental environment shapes honeybee worker response to virus infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13961. [PMID: 34234217 PMCID: PMC8263599 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The consequences of early-life experiences are far reaching. In particular, the social and nutritional environments that developing animals experience can shape their adult phenotypes. In honeybees, larval nutrition determines the eventual social roles of adults as reproductive queens or sterile workers. However, little is known about the effects of developmental nutrition on important adult worker phenotypes such as disease resilience. In this study, we manipulated worker developmental nutrition in two distinct ways under semi-natural field conditions. In the first experiment, we restricted access to nutrition via social isolation by temporarily preventing alloparental care. In the second experiment, we altered the diet quality experienced by the entire colony, leading to adult bees that had developed entirely in a nutritionally restricted environment. When bees from these two experiments reached the adult stage, we challenged them with a common bee virus, Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) and compared mortality, body condition, and the expression of immune genes across diet and viral inoculation treatments. Our findings show that both forms of early life nutritional stress, whether induced by lack of alloparental care or diet quality restriction, significantly reduced bees' resilience to virus infection and affected the expression of several key genes related to immune function. These results extend our understanding of how early life nutritional environment can affect phenotypes relevant to health and highlight the importance of considering how nutritional stress can be profound even when filtered through a social group. These results also provide important insights into how nutritional stress can affect honeybee health on a longer time scale and its potential to interact with other forms of stress (i.e. disease).
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Fisher A, DeGrandi-Hoffman G, Smith BH, Ozturk C, Kaftanoglu O, Fewell JH, Harrison JF. Field cross-fostering and in vitro rearing demonstrate negative effects of both larval and adult exposure to a widely used fungicide in honey bees (Apis mellifera). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 217:112251. [PMID: 33905983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pollinators and other insects are experiencing an ongoing worldwide decline. While various environmental stressors have been implicated, including pesticide exposure, the causes of these declines are complex and highly debated. Fungicides may constitute a particularly prevalent threat to pollinator health due to their application on many crops during bloom, and because pollinators such as bees may consume fungicide-tainted pollen or nectar. In a previous study, consumption of pollen containing the fungicide Pristine® at field-relevant concentrations by honey bee colonies increased pollen foraging, caused earlier foraging, lowered worker survival, and reduced colony population size. Because most pollen is consumed by young adults, we hypothesized that Pristine® (25.2% boscalid, 12.8% pyraclostrobin) in pollen exerts its negative effects on honey bee colonies primarily on the adult stage. To rigorously test this hypothesis, we used a cross-fostering experimental design, with bees reared in colonies provided Pristine® incorporated into pollen patties at a supra-field concentration (230 mg/kg), only in the larvae, only in the adult, or both stages. In contrast to our predictions, exposure to Pristine® in either the larval or adult stage reduced survival relative to control bees not exposed to Pristine®, and exposure to the fungicide at both larval and adult stages further reduced survival. Adult exposure caused precocious foraging, while larval exposure increased the tendency to forage for pollen. These results demonstrate that pollen containing Pristine® can induce significant negative effects on both larvae and adults in a hive, though the magnitude of such effects may be smaller at field-realistic doses. To further test the potential negative effects of direct consumption of Pristine® on larvae, we reared them in vitro on food containing Pristine® at a range of concentrations. Consumption of Pristine® reduced survival rates of larvae at all concentrations tested. Larval and adult weights were only reduced at a supra-field concentration. We conclude that consumption of pollen containing Pristine® by field honey bee colonies likely exerts impacts on colony population size and foraging behavior by affecting both larvae and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Fisher
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.
| | - Gloria DeGrandi-Hoffman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, 2000 E Allen Rd., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Brian H Smith
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Cahit Ozturk
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Osman Kaftanoglu
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Jennifer H Fewell
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Jon F Harrison
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
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16
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DeGrandi-Hoffman G, Corby-Harris V, Carroll M, Toth AL, Gage S, Watkins deJong E, Graham H, Chambers M, Meador C, Obernesser B. The Importance of Time and Place: Nutrient Composition and Utilization of Seasonal Pollens by European Honey Bees ( Apis mellifera L.). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12030235. [PMID: 33801848 PMCID: PMC8000538 DOI: 10.3390/insects12030235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Honey bees rely on pollen and nectar to provide nutrients to support their yearly colony cycle. Specifics of the cycle differ among geographic regions as do the species of flowering plants and the nutrients they provide. We examined responses of honey bees from two different queen lines fed pollens from locations that differed in floral species composition and yearly colony cycles. We detected differences between the queen lines in the amount of pollen they consumed and the size of their hypopharyngeal glands (HPG). There were also seasonal differences between the nutrient composition of pollens. Spring pollens collected from colonies in both locations had higher amino and fatty acid concentrations than fall pollens. There also were seasonal differences in responses to the pollens consumed by bees from both queen lines. Bees consumed more spring than fall pollen, but digested less of it so that bees consumed more protein from fall pollens. Though protein consumption was higher with fall pollen, HPG were larger in spring bees. Abstract Honey bee colonies have a yearly cycle that is supported nutritionally by the seasonal progression of flowering plants. In the spring, colonies grow by rearing brood, but in the fall, brood rearing declines in preparation for overwintering. Depending on where colonies are located, the yearly cycle can differ especially in overwintering activities. In temperate climates of Europe and North America, colonies reduce or end brood rearing in the fall while in warmer climates bees can rear brood and forage throughout the year. To test the hypothesis that nutrients available in seasonal pollens and honey bee responses to them can differ we analyzed pollen in the spring and fall collected by colonies in environments where brood rearing either stops in the fall (Iowa) or continues through the winter (Arizona). We fed both types of pollen to worker offspring of queens that emerged and open mated in each type of environment. We measured physiological responses to test if they differed depending on the location and season when the pollen was collected and the queen line of the workers that consumed it. Specifically, we measured pollen and protein consumption, gene expression levels (hex 70, hex 110, and vg) and hypopharyngeal gland (HPG) development. We found differences in macronutrient content and amino and fatty acids between spring and fall pollens from the same location and differences in nutrient content between locations during the same season. We also detected queen type and seasonal effects in HPG size and differences in gene expression between bees consuming spring vs. fall pollen with larger HPG and higher gene expression levels in those consuming spring pollen. The effects might have emerged from the seasonal differences in nutritional content of the pollens and genetic factors associated with the queen lines we used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria DeGrandi-Hoffman
- Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (V.C.-H.); (Mark Carroll); (E.W.d.); (H.G.); (Mona Chambers); (C.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Vanessa Corby-Harris
- Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (V.C.-H.); (Mark Carroll); (E.W.d.); (H.G.); (Mona Chambers); (C.M.)
| | - Mark Carroll
- Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (V.C.-H.); (Mark Carroll); (E.W.d.); (H.G.); (Mona Chambers); (C.M.)
| | - Amy L. Toth
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, 2310 Pammel Drive, 339 Science Hall II, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Stephanie Gage
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Physics, Howey Physics Building, 837 State Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30313, USA;
| | - Emily Watkins deJong
- Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (V.C.-H.); (Mark Carroll); (E.W.d.); (H.G.); (Mona Chambers); (C.M.)
| | - Henry Graham
- Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (V.C.-H.); (Mark Carroll); (E.W.d.); (H.G.); (Mona Chambers); (C.M.)
| | - Mona Chambers
- Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (V.C.-H.); (Mark Carroll); (E.W.d.); (H.G.); (Mona Chambers); (C.M.)
| | - Charlotte Meador
- Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (V.C.-H.); (Mark Carroll); (E.W.d.); (H.G.); (Mona Chambers); (C.M.)
| | - Bethany Obernesser
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Forbes 410, P.O. Box 210036, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
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Santos DE, Souza ADO, Tibério GJ, Alberici LC, Hartfelder K. Differential expression of antioxidant system genes in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) caste development mitigates ROS-mediated oxidative damage in queen larvae. Genet Mol Biol 2020; 43:e20200173. [PMID: 33306776 PMCID: PMC7783730 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of morphological differences between the castes of social bees is
triggered by dietary regimes that differentially activate nutrient-sensing
pathways and the endocrine system, resulting in differential gene expression
during larval development. In the honey bee, Apis mellifera,
mitochondrial activity in the larval fat body has been postulated as a link that
integrates nutrient-sensing via hypoxia signaling. To understand regulatory
mechanisms in this link, we measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels,
oxidative damage to proteins, the cellular redox environment, and the expression
of genes encoding antioxidant factors in the fat body of queen and worker
larvae. Despite higher mean H2O2 levels in queens, there
were no differences in ROS-mediated protein carboxylation levels between the two
castes. This can be explained by their higher expression of antioxidant genes
(MnSOD, CuZnSOD, catalase, and
Gst1) and the lower ratio between reduced and oxidized
glutathione (GSH/GSSG). In worker larvae, the GSG/GSSH ratio is elevated and
antioxidant gene expression is delayed. Hence, the higher ROS production
resulting from the higher respiratory metabolism in queen larvae is effectively
counterbalanced by the up-regulation of antioxidant genes, avoiding oxidative
damage. In contrast, the delay in antioxidant gene expression in worker larvae
may explain their endogenous hypoxia response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Elias Santos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson de Oliveira Souza
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Jacomini Tibério
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciane Carla Alberici
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Klaus Hartfelder
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Polan DM, Alansari M, Lee B, Grewal SS. Early-life hypoxia alters adult physiology and reduces stress resistance and lifespan in Drosophila. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb226027. [PMID: 32988998 PMCID: PMC10668336 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.226027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
In many animals, short-term fluctuations in environmental conditions in early life often exert long-term effects on adult physiology. In Drosophila, one ecologically relevant environmental variable is hypoxia. Drosophila larvae live on rotting, fermenting food rich in microorganisms, an environment characterized by low ambient oxygen. They have therefore evolved to tolerate hypoxia. Although the acute effects of hypoxia in larvae have been well studied, whether early-life hypoxia affects adult physiology and fitness is less clear. Here, we show that Drosophila exposed to hypoxia during their larval period subsequently show reduced starvation stress resistance and shorter lifespan as adults, with these effects being stronger in males. We find that these effects are associated with reduced whole-body insulin signaling but elevated TOR kinase activity, a manipulation known to reduce lifespan. We also identify a sexually dimorphic effect of larval hypoxia on adult nutrient storage and mobilization. Thus, we find that males, but not females, show elevated levels of lipids and glycogen. Moreover, we see that both males and females exposed to hypoxia as larvae show defective lipid mobilization upon starvation stress as adults. These data demonstrate how early-life hypoxia can exert persistent, sexually dimorphic, long-term effects on Drosophila adult physiology and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Polan
- Clark H. Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Calgary, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Mohammed Alansari
- Clark H. Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Calgary, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Byoungchun Lee
- Clark H. Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Calgary, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Savraj S Grewal
- Clark H. Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Calgary, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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Mayack C, Carmichael K, Phalen N, Khan Z, Hirche F, Stangl GI, White HK. Gas chromatography - Mass spectrometry as a preferred method for quantification of insect hemolymph sugars. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 127:104115. [PMID: 32976817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Insects, due to their small size, have limited energy storage space, but they also have high metabolic rate, so their hemolymph sugars are incredibly dynamic and play a number of important physiological functional roles in maintaining energetic homeostasis. In contrast to vertebrates, trehalose is generally the primary sugar found in insect hemolymph, which is followed by glucose and fructose. Many analytical chemistry methods exist to measure sugars, yet a direct comparison of methods that can measure all three simultaneously, and trehalose in particular, from low sample volumes, are sparse. Using the honey bee as a model, we directly compare the leading current methods of using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with an evaporative light-scattering detector and Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine which method would be better for measuring trehalose, glucose, and fructose in terms of reproducibility, accuracy, and sensitivity. Furthermore, we injected the enzyme inhibitors trehalozin (a trehalase inhibitor) and sorbose (a trehalase p-synthase inhibitor) to manipulate the trehalose levels in honey bee foragers as a proof of concept that this sugar can be altered independently of hemolymph glucose and fructose levels. Overall the HPLC method was less reproducible for measuring fructose and glucose, and it also had lower sensitivity for measuring trehalose. Consequently, significant differences in trehalose levels within the forager class were only detected with the GC-MS and not the HPLC method. Lastly, using the GC-MS method in the follow up study we found that trehalozin and sorbose causes a significant increase and decrease of trehalose levels respectively, in forager honey bees, independent of the glucose and fructose levels, ten minutes after injection. Taken together, these methods will provide useful tools for future studies exploring the many different physiological functional roles that trehalose can play in maintaining insect energetic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Mayack
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey; Biology Department, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA, USA; Institute for Biology/General Zoology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Kathleen Carmichael
- Biology Department, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Nicole Phalen
- Biology Department, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA, USA; Yale School of Nursing, 400 West Campus Drive, Orange, CT, USA
| | - Zaeema Khan
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Frank Hirche
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gabriele I Stangl
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Helen K White
- Department of Chemistry, Haverford College, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, PA, USA
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20
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Wang Y, Amdam GV, Daniels BC, Page RE. Tyramine and its receptor TYR1 linked behavior QTL to reproductive physiology in honey bee workers (Apis mellifera). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 126:104093. [PMID: 32763247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Honey bees (Apis mellifera) provide an excellent model for studying how complex social behavior evolves and is regulated. Social behavioral traits such as the division of labor have been mapped to specific genomic regions in quantitative trait locus (QTL) studies. However, relating genomic mapping to gene function and regulatory mechanism remains a big challenge for geneticists. In honey bee workers, division of labor is known to be regulated by reproductive physiology, but the genetic basis of this regulation remains unknown. In this case, QTL studies have identified tyramine receptor 1 (TYR1) as a candidate gene in region pln2, which is associated with multiple worker social traits and reproductive anatomy. Tyramine (TA), a neurotransmitter, regulates physiology and behavior in diverse insect species including honey bees. Here, we examine directly the effects of TYR1 and TA on worker reproductive physiology, including ovariole number, ovary function and the production of vitellogenin (VG, an egg yolk precursor). First, we used a pharmacology approach to demonstrate that TA affects ovariole number during worker larval development and increases ovary maturation during the adult stage. Second, we used a gene knockdown approach to show that TYR1 regulates vg transcription in adult workers. Finally, we estimated correlations in gene expression and propose that TYR1 may regulate vg transcription by coordinating hormonal and nutritional signals. Taken together, our results suggest TYR1 and TA play important roles in regulating worker reproductive physiology, which in turn regulates social behavior. Our study exemplifies a successful forward-genetic strategy going from QTL mapping to gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Banner Health Corporation, PO Box 16423, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA
| | - Gro V Amdam
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Aas, Norway
| | - Bryan C Daniels
- ASU-SFI Center for Biosocial Complex Systems, Arizona State University, PO Box 872701, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Robert E Page
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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21
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Rittschof CC, Rubin BER, Palmer JH. The transcriptomic signature of low aggression in honey bees resembles a response to infection. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:1029. [PMID: 31888487 PMCID: PMC6937707 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6417-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavior reflects an organism's health status. Many organisms display a generalized suite of behaviors that indicate infection or predict infection susceptibility. We apply this concept to honey bee aggression, a behavior that has been associated with positive health outcomes in previous studies. We sequenced the transcriptomes of the brain, fat body, and midgut of adult sibling worker bees who developed as pre-adults in relatively high versus low aggression colonies. Previous studies showed that this pre-adult experience impacts both aggressive behavior and resilience to pesticides. We performed enrichment analyses on differentially expressed genes to determine whether variation in aggression resembles the molecular response to infection. We further assessed whether the transcriptomic signature of aggression in the brain is similar to the neuromolecular response to acute predator threat, exposure to a high-aggression environment as an adult, or adult behavioral maturation. RESULTS Across all three tissues assessed, genes that are differentially expressed as a function of aggression significantly overlap with genes whose expression is modulated by a variety of pathogens and parasitic feeding. In the fat body, and to some degree the midgut, our data specifically support the hypothesis that low aggression resembles a diseased or parasitized state. However, we find little evidence of active infection in individuals from the low aggression group. We also find little evidence that the brain molecular signature of aggression is enriched for genes modulated by social cues that induce aggression in adults. However, we do find evidence that genes associated with adult behavioral maturation are enriched in our brain samples. CONCLUSIONS Results support the hypothesis that low aggression resembles a molecular state of infection. This pattern is most robust in the peripheral fat body, an immune responsive tissue in the honey bee. We find no evidence of acute infection in bees from the low aggression group, suggesting the physiological state characterizing low aggression may instead predispose bees to negative health outcomes when they are exposed to additional stressors. The similarity of molecular signatures associated with the seemingly disparate traits of aggression and disease suggests that these characteristics may, in fact, be intimately tied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare C Rittschof
- University of Kentucky, S-225 Agricultural Science Center North, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
| | - Benjamin E R Rubin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Joseph H Palmer
- Kentucky State University, 400 E. Main St., Frankfort, KY, 40601, USA
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22
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Paul SC, Putra R, Müller C. Early life starvation has stronger intra-generational than transgenerational effects on key life-history traits and consumption measures in a sawfly. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226519. [PMID: 31856200 PMCID: PMC6922382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Resource availability during development shapes not only adult phenotype but also the phenotype of subsequent offspring. When resources are absent and periods of starvation occur in early life, such developmental stress often influences key life-history traits in a way that benefits individuals and their offspring when facing further bouts of starvation. Here we investigated the impacts of different starvation regimes during larval development on life-history traits and measures of consumption in the turnip sawfly, Athalia rosae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). We then assessed whether offspring of starved and non-starved parents differed in their own life-history if reared in conditions that either matched that of their parents or were a mismatch. Early life starvation effects were more pronounced within than across generations in A. rosae, with negative impacts on adult body mass and increases in developmental time, but no effects on adult longevity in either generation. We found some evidence of higher growth rates in larvae having experienced starvation, although this did not ameliorate the overall negative effect of larval starvation on adult size. However, further work is necessary to disentangle the effects of larval size and instar from those of starvation treatment. Finally, we found weak evidence for transgenerational effects on larval growth, with intra-generational larval starvation experience being more decisive for life-history traits. Our study demonstrates that intra-generational effects of starvation are stronger than transgenerational effects on life-history traits and consumption measures in A. rosae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rocky Putra
- Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Caroline Müller
- Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- * E-mail:
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23
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Jiang T, Ma L, Liu XY, Xiao HJ, Zhang WN. Effects of starvation on respiratory metabolism and energy metabolism in the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 119:103951. [PMID: 31563619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Intermittent food shortages are commonly encountered in the wild. To cope with the threat of starvation, insects initiate a suite of behavioral activities and physiological countermeasures. The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, is a major agricultural pest worldwide, but how H. armigera modulates its metabolism under starvation remains ambiguous. In the present study, the respiratory rates (V̇O2; ml g-1 h-1) from the third-larval instar to the pupal stage were first determined. Our results highlighted a transient rise during the larval-larval molt and larval-pupal transition, followed by a sharp decline in the pupal stage and, finally, an upward trend before eclosion. When subjected to food deprivation, the starved larvae experienced a significant decline in the rates of O2 consumed and CO2 produced, as well as in respiratory quotient (RQ) values, indicative of severe metabolic depression during starvation and a shift of metabolic substrates with prolonged starvation. For metabolic substrate analysis, an apparent decline in triglyceride and glycogen contents was observed in the starved larvae, and the hemolymph trehalose content was significantly reduced throughout starvation. In addition, comparative transcriptome analysis showed that 48 h of larval starvation caused substantial transcriptional regulations in several energetically costly processes, wherein the marked up-regulations were detected in the pathways of glycolysis and fatty acid metabolism. Overall, our work makes a comprehensive study on the respiratory rate and energy metabolism in the starved H. armigera larvae, and provides a deep insight into the physiological adaptive strategies to alleviate nutritional stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Jiang
- Institute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Long Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Xiang-Ya Liu
- Institute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Hai-Jun Xiao
- Institute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Wan-Na Zhang
- Institute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
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Zhang DW, Xiao ZJ, Zeng BP, Li K, Tang YL. Insect Behavior and Physiological Adaptation Mechanisms Under Starvation Stress. Front Physiol 2019; 10:163. [PMID: 30890949 PMCID: PMC6411660 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent food shortages are commonly encountered in the wild. During winter or starvation stress, mammals often choose to hibernate while insects-in the form of eggs, mature larvae, pupae, or adults opt to enter diapause. In response to food shortages, insects may try to find sufficient food to maintain normal growth and metabolism through distribution of populations or even migration. In the face of hunger or starvation, insect responses can include changes in behavior and/or maintenance of a low metabolic rate through physiological adaptations or regulation. For instance, in order to maintain homeostasis of the blood sugar, trehalose under starvation stress, other sugars can be transformed to sustain basic energy metabolism. Furthermore, as the severity of starvation increases, lipids (especially triglycerides) are broken down to improve hunger resistance. Starvation stress simultaneously initiates a series of neural signals and hormone regulation processes in insects. These processes involve neurons or neuropeptides, immunity-related genes, levels of autophagy, heat shock proteins and juvenile hormone levels which maintain lower levels of physiological metabolic activity. This work focuses on hunger stress in insects and reviews its effects on behavior, energy reserve utilization, and physiological regulation. In summary, we highlight the diversity in adaptive strategies of insects to hunger stress and provides potential ideas to improve hunger resistance and cold storage development of natural enemy insects. This gist of literature on insects also broadens our understanding of the factors that dictate phenotypic plasticity in adjusting development and life histories around nutritionally optimal environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Wei Zhang
- School of Biological and Agricultural Science and Technology, Zunyi Normal University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhong-Jiu Xiao
- School of Biological and Agricultural Science and Technology, Zunyi Normal University, Zunyi, China
| | - Bo-Ping Zeng
- School of Biological and Agricultural Science and Technology, Zunyi Normal University, Zunyi, China
| | - Kun Li
- School of Biological and Agricultural Science and Technology, Zunyi Normal University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yan-Long Tang
- School of Biological and Agricultural Science and Technology, Zunyi Normal University, Zunyi, China
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25
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Mobilization of fat body glycogen and haemolymph trehalose under nutritional stress in Bombyx mori larvae in relation to their physiological age and the duration of food deprivation. Biologia (Bratisl) 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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26
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Reade AJ, Dillon M, Naug D. Spare to share? How does interindividual variation in metabolic rate influence food sharing in the honeybee? JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 112:35-38. [PMID: 30472008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A central benefit of group living is the cooperative acquisition and sharing of resources but the costs associated with these processes can set up a potential conflict between individual and group level fitness. Within a honeybee colony, the task of resource acquisition is relegated to the foragers and any interindividual differences in their metabolic rate and the consequent carbohydrate demand may pose a constraint on the amount of resources they can contribute to the colony. We investigated whether the carbohydrate demand of a forager is a function of her metabolic rate and if this impacts the amount of food she shares with the nestmates. Our results show that the sucrose consumption rates of foragers with high metabolic rates did not meet their carbohydrate demand, placing them at an energy deficit while those with lower metabolic rates had an energy surplus. Our food sharing experiments showed a trend but did not detect a significant difference among individuals with different consumption rates in terms of the amount of food they shared with their nestmates. These results suggest that honeybee foragers with different metabolic rates are likely to differ in terms of whether they have an energy surplus or deficit, but more long-term datasets may be required to detect how this may influence food sharing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbie J Reade
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Michael Dillon
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, USA
| | - Dhruba Naug
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.
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27
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Walton A, Dolezal AG, Bakken MA, Toth AL. Hungry for the queen: Honeybee nutritional environment affects worker pheromone response in a life stage‐dependent manner. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Walton
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal BiologyIowa State University Ames Iowa
| | - Adam G. Dolezal
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois
| | - Marit A. Bakken
- School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin
| | - Amy L. Toth
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal BiologyIowa State University Ames Iowa
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28
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Molina‐García L, Pérez JM, Sarasa M, Ureña‐Gutiérrez B, Espinosa J, Azorit C. HPLC-QTOF method for quantifying 11-ketoetiocholanolone, a cortisol metabolite, in ruminants' feces: Optimization and validation. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:9218-9228. [PMID: 30377495 PMCID: PMC6194299 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of animal ecology can benefit from a quantified understanding of eco-physiological processes and, in particular, of the physiological responses in free-ranging animals to potential stressors. The determination of fecal cortisol metabolites as a noninvasive method for monitoring stress has proved to be a powerful tool. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) has emerged as the most accurate method for avoiding problems related to the nonspecificity of immunoassays. In this study, we optimize and validate a reliable method using HPLC-MS/MS for quantifying 11-ketoetiocholanolone (11-k), a representative fecal cortisol metabolite in ruminants. An appropriate extraction and purification procedure was developed taking into account the complex nature of feces. The final extract obtained was then analyzed with HPLC-MS/MS using a quadrupole-time-of-fly (QTOF) tandem mass spectrometer with an electrospray ionization interface operating in positive mode, which allowed an unequivocal determination of the metabolite due to its accurate mass capabilities. After rigorous optimization of both sample extraction and the HPLC-QTOF parameters, making use of feces from free-ranging Iberian ibex, ideal conditions were established. Matrix-matched standards were used to calibrate the method. The limit of detection and quantification was 13- and 40- ng/g, respectively. The validation of the method was performed with recoveries in the range of 85-110%, a figure much higher than the 60% obtained with the previous extraction methods used in our laboratory, and with relative standard deviations (RSDs) no higher than 15% for the complete analytical procedure, including extraction and analysis. The time required for the fecal 11-k analysis was greatly reduced in comparison with the previous work carried out in our laboratory. This is the first time that QTOF mass detection coupled with HPLC has been validated for 11-k quantification in feces from free-ranging ruminants such as Iberian ibex. Given the high selectivity and sensitivity attained, our method could become a useful tool for noninvasive stress quantification in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Molina‐García
- Department of Animal and Plant Biology, and EcologyUniversity of JaénJaénSpain
| | - Jesus M. Pérez
- Department of Animal and Plant Biology, and EcologyUniversity of JaénJaénSpain
| | - Mathieu Sarasa
- Fédération Nationale des Chasseurs (FNC)Issy‐les‐MoulineauxFrance
- Present address:
BEOPSToulouseFrance
| | | | - Jose Espinosa
- Department of Animal and Plant Biology, and EcologyUniversity of JaénJaénSpain
| | - Concepción Azorit
- Department of Animal and Plant Biology, and EcologyUniversity of JaénJaénSpain
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29
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Li G, Zhao H, Liu Z, Wang H, Xu B, Guo X. The Wisdom of Honeybee Defenses Against Environmental Stresses. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:722. [PMID: 29765357 PMCID: PMC5938604 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the predominant pollinator, honeybees provide important ecosystem service to crops and wild plants, and generate great economic benefit for humans. Unfortunately, there is clear evidence of recent catastrophic honeybee colony failure in some areas, resulting in markedly negative environmental and economic effects. It has been demonstrated that various environmental stresses, including both abiotic and biotic stresses, functioning singly or synergistically, are the potential drivers of colony collapse. Honeybees can use many defense mechanisms to decrease the damage from environmental stress to some extent. Here, we synthesize and summarize recent advances regarding the effects of environmental stress on honeybees and the wisdom of honeybees to respond to external environmental stress. Furthermore, we provide possible future research directions about the response of honeybees to various form of stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Hongfang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Baohua Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xingqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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30
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Garcia-Reyero N. The clandestine organs of the endocrine system. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 257:264-271. [PMID: 28822775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review analyzes what could be regarded as the "clandestine organs" of the endocrine system: the gut microbiome, the immune system, and the stress system. The immune system is very closely related to the endocrine system, with many intertwined processes and signals. Many researchers now consider the microbiome as an 'organ' that affects the organism at many different levels. While stress is certainly not an organ, it affects so many processes, including endocrine-related processes, that the stress response system deserved a special section in this review. Understanding the connections, effects, and feedback mechanisms between the different "clandestine organs" and the endocrine system will provide us with a better understanding of how an organism functions, as well as reinforce the idea that there are no independent organs or systems, but a complex, interacting network of molecules, cells, tissues, signaling pathways, and mechanisms that constitute an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natàlia Garcia-Reyero
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, United States.
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31
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Perl CD, Niven JE. Metabolic rate scaling, ventilation patterns and respiratory water loss in red wood ants: activity drives ventilation changes, metabolic rate drives water loss. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.182501. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.182501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic rate and its relationship with body size is a fundamental determinant of many life history traits and potentially of organismal fitness. Alongside various environmental and physiological factors, the metabolic rate of insects is linked to distinct ventilation patterns. Despite significant attention, however, the precise role of these ventilation patterns remains uncertain. Here we determine the allometric scaling of metabolic rate and respiratory water loss in the red wood ant, as well as assessing the effect of movement upon metabolic rate and ventilation pattern. Metabolic rate and respiratory water loss are both negatively allometric. We observed both continuous and cyclic ventilation associated with relatively higher and lower metabolic rates, respectively. In wood ants, however, movement not metabolic rate is the primary determinant of which ventilation pattern is performed. Conversely, metabolic rate not ventilation pattern is the primary determinant of respiratory water loss. Our statistical models produced a range of relatively shallow intraspecific scaling exponents between 0.40 and 0.59, emphasising the dependency upon model structure. Previous investigations have revealed substantial variation in morphological allometry among wood ant workers from different nests within a population. Metabolic rate scaling does not exhibit the same variability, suggesting that these two forms of scaling respond to environmental factors in different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig D. Perl
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Computational Neuroscience and Robotics, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Jeremy E. Niven
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Computational Neuroscience and Robotics, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
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32
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McCue MD, Terblanche JS, Benoit JB. Learning to starve: impacts of food limitation beyond the stress period. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:4330-4338. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.157867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Starvation is common among wild animal populations, and many individuals experience repeated bouts of starvation over the course of their lives. Although much information has been gained through laboratory studies of acute starvation, little is known about how starvation affects an animal once food is again available (i.e. during the refeeding and recovery phases). Many animals exhibit a curious phenomenon – some seem to ‘get better’ at starving following exposure to one or more starvation events – by this we mean that they exhibit potentially adaptive responses, including reduced rates of mass loss, reduced metabolic rates, and lower costs of digestion. During subsequent refeedings they may also exhibit improved digestive efficiency and more rapid mass gain. Importantly, these responses can last until the next starvation bout or even be inherited and expressed in the subsequent generation. Currently, however, little is known about the molecular regulation and physiological mechanisms underlying these changes. Here, we identify areas of research that can fill in the most pressing knowledge gaps. In particular, we highlight how recently refined techniques (e.g. stable isotope tracers, quantitative magnetic resonance and thermal measurement) as well as next-generation sequencing approaches (e.g. RNA-seq, proteomics and holobiome sequencing) can address specific starvation-focused questions. We also describe outstanding unknowns ripe for future research regarding the timing and severity of starvation, and concerning the persistence of these responses and their interactions with other ecological stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall D. McCue
- Department of Biological Sciences, St Mary's University, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
| | - John S. Terblanche
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Joshua B. Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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33
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Buckemüller C, Siehler O, Göbel J, Zeumer R, Ölschläger A, Eisenhardt D. Octopamine Underlies the Counter-Regulatory Response to a Glucose Deficit in Honeybees ( Apis mellifera). Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:63. [PMID: 28912693 PMCID: PMC5582081 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An animal’s internal state is a critical parameter required for adaptation to a given environment. An important aspect of an animal’s internal state is the energy state that is adjusted to the needs of an animal by energy homeostasis. Glucose is one essential source of energy, especially for the brain. A shortage of glucose therefore triggers a complex response to restore the animal’s glucose supply. This counter-regulatory response to a glucose deficit includes metabolic responses like the mobilization of glucose from internal glucose stores and behavioral responses like increased foraging and a rapid intake of food. In mammals, the catecholamines adrenalin and noradrenalin take part in mediating these counter-regulatory responses to a glucose deficit. One candidate molecule that might play a role in these processes in insects is octopamine (OA). It is an invertebrate biogenic amine and has been suggested to derive from an ancestral pathway shared with adrenalin and noradrenalin. Thus, it could be hypothesized that OA plays a role in the insect’s counter-regulatory response to a glucose deficit. Here we tested this hypothesis in the honeybee (Apis mellifera), an insect that, as an adult, mainly feeds on carbohydrates and uses these as its main source of energy. We investigated alterations of the hemolymph glucose concentration, survival, and feeding behavior after starvation and examined the impact of OA on these processes in pharmacological experiments. We demonstrate an involvement of OA in these three processes in honeybees and conclude there is an involvement of OA in regulating a bee’s metabolic, physiological, and behavioral response following a phase of prolonged glucose deficit. Thus, OA in honeybees acts similarly to adrenalin and noradrenalin in mammals in regulating an animal’s counter-regulatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Buckemüller
- Neurobiologie, Institut für Biologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Siehler
- Neurobiologie, Institut für Biologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Josefine Göbel
- Neurobiologie, Institut für Biologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Richard Zeumer
- Neurobiologie, Institut für Biologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Anja Ölschläger
- Neurobiologie, Institut für Biologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Dorothea Eisenhardt
- Neurobiologie, Institut für Biologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
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34
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Shi ZK, Wang S, Wang SG, Zhang L, Xu YX, Guo XJ, Zhang F, Tang B. Effects of starvation on the carbohydrate metabolism in Harmonia axyridis (Pallas). Biol Open 2017; 6:1096-1103. [PMID: 28606937 PMCID: PMC5550912 DOI: 10.1242/bio.025189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose plays an important role in energy storage, metabolism, and protection from extreme environmental conditions in insects. Trehalose is the main blood sugar in insects, and it can be rapidly used as an energy source in times of need. To elucidate the mechanisms of the starvation response, we observed the effects of starvation on trehalose and glycogen, trehalase activity, and the relative gene expression of genes in the trehalose and glycogen metabolic pathways in the invasive beetle Harmonia axyridis. Our results show that trehalose levels and the activities of two types of trehalases decreased significantly in the first 8 h of starvation, while the relative expression of HaTreh1-1 increased. While trehalose remained nearly constant at a relatively high level from 8 to 24 h, glycogen levels decreased significantly from 8 h to 24 h of starvation. Likewise, glycogen phosphorylase (HaGP) expression was significantly higher at 12 to 24 h starvation than the first 8 h, while the expression of glycogen synthase (HaGS) was relatively stable. Furthermore, trehalose decreased significantly from 24 h starvation to 72 h starvation, while trehalase activities and the relative expression of some HaTreh genes generally increased toward the end of the starvation period. The expression of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (HaTPS) increased significantly, supporting the increase in trehalose synthesis. These results show that trehalose plays a key role in the energy provided during the starvation process through the molecular and biochemical regulation of trehalose and glycogen metabolism. Summary: Effects of starvation on the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of carbohydrate metabolism were regulated by trehalose and glycogen metabolism genes' expression changed in Harmonia axyridis (Pallas).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo-Kun Shi
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Su Wang
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Shi-Gui Wang
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Yan-Xia Xu
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Guo
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
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35
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Woodard SH, Jha S. Wild bee nutritional ecology: predicting pollinator population dynamics, movement, and services from floral resources. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 21:83-90. [PMID: 28822494 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pollination services are inherently shaped by floral resource availability, through the mediation of pollinator population dynamics and the influence on energetically costly processes, such as foraging. Here, we review recent insights that have improved our mechanistic understanding of how floral resources shape bee populations and pollination services. Our scope includes advances in our understanding of how individual bees and their populations are shaped by nutrient availability; investigations into how contemporary floral resource landscapes influence foraging; and new insights into how these relationships are indirectly impacted by biotic and abiotic factors across communities and landscapes. Throughout our review, we take a mechanistic, multi-scalar approach that highlights the complexity of interactions between floral resources and bees, across space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hollis Woodard
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Shalene Jha
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78782, USA
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36
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Brown S, Soroker V, Ribak G. Effect of larval growth conditions on adult body mass and long-distance flight endurance in a wood-boring beetle: Do smaller beetles fly better? JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 98:327-335. [PMID: 28237580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The tropical fig borer, Batocera rufomaculata De Geer, is a large beetle that is a pest on a number of fruit trees, including fig and mango. Adults feed on the leaves and twigs and females lay their eggs under the bark of the tree. The larvae bore into the tree trunk, causing substantial damage that may lead to the collapse and death of the host tree. We studied how larval development under inferior feeding conditions (experienced during development in dying trees) affects flight endurance in the adult insect. We grew larvae either in their natural host or on sawdust enriched with stale fig tree twigs. Flight endurance of the adults was measured using a custom-built flight-mill. Beetles emerging from the natural host were significantly larger but flew shorter distances than beetles reared on less favourable substrates. There was no difference in the allometric slope of wing area with body mass between the beetles groups; however flight muscle mass scaled with total body mass with an exponent significantly lower than 1.0. Hence, smaller beetles had proportionally larger flight muscles. These findings suggest that beetles that developed smaller as a result from poor nutritional conditions in deteriorating hosts, are better equipped to fly longer distances in search of a new host tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stav Brown
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Victoria Soroker
- Deptartment of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, P.O.B 15159, Israel
| | - Gal Ribak
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
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37
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Rueppell O, Yousefi B, Collazo J, Smith D. Early life stress affects mortality rate more than social behavior, gene expression or oxidative damage in honey bee workers. Exp Gerontol 2017; 90:19-25. [PMID: 28122251 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Early life stressors can affect aging and life expectancy in positive or negative ways. Individuals can adjust their behavior and molecular physiology based on early life experiences but relatively few studies have connected such mechanisms to demographic patterns in social organisms. Sociality buffers individuals from environmental influences and it is unclear how much early life stress affects later life history. Workers of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) were exposed to two stressors, Varroa parasitism and Paraquat exposure, early in life. Consequences were measured at the molecular, behavioral, and demographic level. While treatments did not significantly affect levels of oxidative damage, expression of select genes, and titers of the common deformed wing virus, most of these measures were affected by age. Some of the age effects, such as declining levels of deformed wing virus and oxidative damage, were opposite to our predictions but may be explained by demographic selection. Further analyses suggested some influences of worker behavior on mortality and indicated weak treatment effects on behavior. The latter effects were inconsistent among the two experiments. However, mortality rate was consistently reduced by Varroa mite stress during development. Thus, mortality was more responsive to early life stress than our other response variables. The lack of treatment effects on these measures may be due to the social organization of honey bees that buffers the individual from the impact of stressful developmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav Rueppell
- Department of of Biology, 312 Eberhart Building, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 321 McIver Street, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA.
| | - Babak Yousefi
- Department of of Biology, 312 Eberhart Building, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 321 McIver Street, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Juan Collazo
- Department of of Biology, 312 Eberhart Building, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 321 McIver Street, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Daniel Smith
- Department of of Biology, 312 Eberhart Building, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 321 McIver Street, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
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Zhang L, Wang H, Chen J, Shen Q, Wang S, Xu H, Tang B. Glycogen Phosphorylase and Glycogen Synthase: Gene Cloning and Expression Analysis Reveal Their Role in Trehalose Metabolism in the Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2017; 17:3075279. [PMID: 28365765 PMCID: PMC5469382 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iex015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference has been used to study insects' gene function and regulation. Glycogen synthase (GS) and glycogen phosphorylase (GP) are two key enzymes in carbohydrates' conversion in insects. Glycogen content and GP and GS gene expression in several tissues and developmental stages of the Brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) were analyzed in the present study, using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction to determine their response to double-stranded trehalases (dsTREs), trehalose-6-phosphate synthases (dsTPSs), and validamycin injection. The highest expression of both genes was detected in the wing bud, followed by leg and head tissues, and different expression patterns were shown across the developmental stages analyzed. Glycogen content significantly decreased 48 and 72 h after dsTPSs injection and 48 h after dsTREs injection. GP expression increased 48 h after dsTREs and dsTPSs injection and significantly decreased 72 h after dsTPSs, dsTRE1-1, and dsTRE1-2 injection. GS expression significantly decreased 48 h after dsTPS2 and dsTRE2 injection and 72 h after dsTRE1-1 and dsTRE1-2 injection. GP and GS expression and glycogen content significantly decreased 48 h after validamycin injection. The GP activity significantly decreased 48 h after validamycin injection, while GS activities of dsTPS1 and dsTRE2 injection groups were significantly higher than that of double-stranded GFP (dsGFP) 48 h after injection, respectively. Thus, glycogen is synthesized, released, and degraded across several insect tissues according to the need to maintain stable trehalose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China (; ; ; ; )
| | - Huijuan Wang
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China (; ; ; ; )
| | - Jianyi Chen
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China (; ; ; ; )
| | - Qida Shen
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China (; ; ; ; )
| | - Shigui Wang
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China (; ; ; ; )
| | - Hongxing Xu
- Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China (xu )
| | - Bin Tang
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China (; ; ; ; )
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Knight K. Famished bee larvae cope better with starvation in later life. J Exp Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.140269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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