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Qin D, Han S, Liu M, Guo T, Hu Z, Zhou Y, Luo F. Polysaccharides from Phellinus linteus: A systematic review of their extractions, purifications, structures and functions. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123163. [PMID: 36623622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Phellinus linteus (P. linteus) is a famous Chinese medicine and has a long history in China. In recent years, P. linteus polysaccharides (PLPs) have attracted extensive attention because of their biological activities such as anti-bacteria, anti-aging, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-tumor, hepatoprotective effect and hypoglycemic effect. In this review, we systemically summarized the advances in extractions, purifications and structural characterizations of PLPs, and also analyzed their biological functions and molecular mechanisms. Meanwhile, the structure-activity relationships of PLPs are closely related to their anti-oxidation and anti-tumor activities. So far, the applications of PLPs are still very limited, further exploring structure-activity relationships, biological functions and their mechanisms of PLPs will promote to develop functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Qin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, National Research Center of Rice Deep Processing and Byproducts, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Shuai Han
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, National Research Center of Rice Deep Processing and Byproducts, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Menglin Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, National Research Center of Rice Deep Processing and Byproducts, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Tianyi Guo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, National Research Center of Rice Deep Processing and Byproducts, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Zuomin Hu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, National Research Center of Rice Deep Processing and Byproducts, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Yaping Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, National Research Center of Rice Deep Processing and Byproducts, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Feijun Luo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, National Research Center of Rice Deep Processing and Byproducts, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
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Structural diversity and bioactivity of polysaccharides from medicinal mushroom Phellinus spp.: A review. Food Chem 2022; 397:133731. [PMID: 35908464 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phellinus spp., an important medicinal fungus mushroom extensively cultivated and consumed in East Asia for over 2000 years, is traditionally considered a precious food supplement and medicinal ingredient. Published studies showed that the polysaccharides are major bioactive macromolecules from Phellinus spp. (PPs) with multiple health-promoting effects, including immunomodulatory, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, and other bioactivities. Although the polysaccharides extracted from the fruiting body, mycelium, and fermentation broth of Phellinus spp. have been extensively studied for the extraction and purification methods, structural characteristics, and pharmacological activities, the knowledge for their structures and bioactivity relationship, toxicologic effects, and pharmacokinetic profile is limited. This review systematically summarizes the recent progress in the isolation and purification, chemical structures, bioactivities, and the underlying mechanisms of PPs. Information from this review provides insights into the further development of polysaccharides from PPs as therapeutic agents and functional foods.
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Yu K, Tan Z, Xin Y. Systematic evaluation of the anti-tumor effect of Phellinus linteus polysaccharide in thyroid carcinoma in vitro. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:2785-2793. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Min GJ, Kang HW. Artificial Cultivation Characteristics and Bioactive Effects of Novel Tropicoporus linteus (Syn. Phellinus linteus) Strains HN00K9 and HN6036 in Korea. MYCOBIOLOGY 2021; 49:161-172. [PMID: 37970180 PMCID: PMC10635112 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2021.1892568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Phellinus strains were collected from different areas in Korea. Of them, the fast mycelial growing strains were artificially cultivated on the oak logs to produce fruiting body. The varieties, Phellinus linteus ASI26099 (Korea Sanghwang) and P. baumii PBJS (Jangsoo Sanghwang) were grown under the same conditions as controls. Their cultivating characteristics including mycelial colonization, pinhead formation, and fruiting body formation rate were investigated on the logs. Basidiocarps of Phellinus strains HN00K9, HN6036, and ASI26099 were concentrically zonate and shallowly sulcate, and dark chestnut showing typical characteristics of Tropicoporus linteus (synonyum: P. linteus, Inonotus linteus, polyporus linteus), which is distinguishably different to PBJS. HN00K9 showed the highest yield of fruiting body among the mushroom strains. The β-glucan content in fruiting bodies of HN00K9 was 20% higher than those of other strains. Bioactive effects of polysaccharide samples from fruiting bodies of Phellinus strains, HN00K9, HN6036, ASI26099, and PBJS were assessed on cell viability and cytokine (IL-6 and TNF-α) inhibition and finally on anticancer to different human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong-Jin Min
- Graduate School of Future Convergence Technology, Hankyong National University, Ansung, Korea
| | - Hee-Wan Kang
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, Division of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Korea
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Korea
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The Biofunctional Effects of Mesima as a Radiosensitizer for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030871. [PMID: 32013255 PMCID: PMC7036851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The tropical basidiomycete fungus Phellinus linteus (Mesima) exhibits anti-tumor, anti-angiogenic, and immunomodulatory properties in various cancers including prostate, colon, and lung cancer along with melanoma by, for example, inducing apoptosis or cell cycle arrest. However, whether medina also facilitates treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the third global cause of cancer deaths, remains unknown. Here, we examined its potential as a radiosensitizer in HCC radiotherapy using human HCC Hep3B and HepG2 cell lines and xenograft tumors. Mesima pretreatment significantly enhanced HCC cell radiosensitivity in vitro and the combination of mesima + radiation treatment significantly reduced xenograft tumor growth and size in vivo compared to those with single treatments. Mechanistically, mesima significantly enhanced radiotherapy efficiency by inhibiting tumor cell survival through inducing apoptosis (assessed via annexin V), impairing cell cycle regulation (shown by flow cytometry), and reducing radiation-induced DNA damage repair (measured via γ-H2AX foci). Combination treatment also facilitated autophagic cell death beyond that from single treatments (assessed by quantifying stained acidic vesicular organelles), and diminished tumor cell metastatic potentials (shown by wound and Transwell assays). These findings support the synergistic anti-tumor effects of mesima combined with radiation and suggest scientific evidence for mesima as a radiosensitizer in HCC.
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Su HH, Chu YC, Liao JM, Wang YH, Jan MS, Lin CW, Wu CY, Tseng CY, Yen JC, Huang SS. Phellinus linteus Mycelium Alleviates Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury through Autophagic Regulation. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:175. [PMID: 28420993 PMCID: PMC5378821 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is rapidly increasing around the world and this disease is a major contributor to global morbidity and mortality. It is known that regulation of programmed cell death including apoptosis and autophagy reduces the impact of myocardial IR injury. In this study, the cardioprotective effects and underlying mechanisms of Phellinus linteus (Berk. and Curt.) Teng, Hymenochaetaceae (PL), a type of medicinal mushroom, were examined in rats subjected to myocardial IR injury. The left main coronary artery of rats was ligated for 1 h and reperfused for 3 h. The arrhythmia levels were monitored during the entire process and the infarct size was evaluated after myocardial IR injury. Furthermore, the expression levels of proteins in apoptotic and autophagic pathways were observed. Pretreatment with PL mycelium (PLM) significantly reduced ventricular arrhythmia and mortality due to myocardial IR injury. PLM also significantly decreased myocardial infarct size and plasma lactate dehydrogenase level after myocardial IR injury. Moreover, PLM administration resulted in decreased caspase 3 and caspase 9 activation and increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Phosphorylation level of AMPK was elevated while mTOR level was reduced. Becline-1 and p62 levels decreased. These findings suggest that PLM is effective in protecting the myocardium against IR injury. The mechanism involves mediation through suppressed pro-apoptotic signaling and regulation of autophagic signaling, including stimulation of AMPK-dependent pathway and inhibition of beclin-1-dependent pathway, resulting in enhancement of protective autophagy and inhibition of excessive autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Hui Su
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chun Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, National Yang-Ming UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiuan-Miaw Liao
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University HospitalTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Wang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shiou Jan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan.,Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University HospitalTaichung, Taiwan.,Immunology Research Center, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Lin
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Yeh Wu
- Department of Culinary Arts, Chung Chou University of Science and TechnologyChanghua, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yin Tseng
- Department of Health Food, Chung Chou University of Science and TechnologyChanghua, Taiwan
| | - Jiin-Cherng Yen
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Suo Huang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University HospitalTaichung, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
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Yan JK, Pei JJ, Ma HL, Wang ZB, Liu YS. Advances in antitumor polysaccharides from phellinus sensu lato: Production, isolation, structure, antitumor activity, and mechanisms. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:1256-1269. [PMID: 26506312 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.984802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Edible and medicinal fungi (mushrooms) are widely applied to functional foods and nutraceutical products because of their proven nutritive and medicinal properties. Phellinus sensu lato is a well-known medicinal mushroom that has long been used in preventing ailments, including gastroenteric dysfunction, diarrhea, hemorrhage, and cancers, in oriental countries, particularly in China, Japan, and Korea. Polysaccharides represent a major class of bioactive molecules in Phellinus s. l., which have notable antitumor, immunomodulatory, and medicinal properties. Polysaccharides that were isolated from fruiting bodies, cultured mycelia, and filtrates of Phellinus s. l. have not only activated different immune responses of the host organism but have also directly suppressed tumor growth and metastasis. Studies suggest that polysaccharides from Phellinus s. l. are promising alternative anticancer agents or synergizers for existing antitumor drugs. This review summarizes the recent development of polysaccharides from Phellinus s. l., including polysaccharide production, extraction and isolation methods, chemical structure, antitumor activities, and mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Kun Yan
- a School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
| | - Juan-Juan Pei
- a School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
| | - Hai-Le Ma
- a School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
| | - Zhen-Bin Wang
- a School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
| | - Yuan-Shuai Liu
- b Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Kowloon, Hong Kong , Hong Kong
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Chen H, Tian T, Miao H, Zhao YY. Traditional uses, fermentation, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Phellinus linteus : A review. Fitoterapia 2016; 113:6-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Yang NC, Wu CC, Liu RH, Chai YC, Tseng CY. Comparing the functional components, SOD-like activities, antimutagenicity, and nutrient compositions of Phellinus igniarius and Phellinus linteus mushrooms. J Food Drug Anal 2016; 24:343-349. [PMID: 28911588 PMCID: PMC9339555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many species of the genus Phellinus possess beneficial properties, including antioxidant, immune-enhancing, and antimutagenic effects. Phenolic compounds and polysaccharides are two kinds of bioactive compounds; however, few studies have compared the differences between Phellinus igniarius and Phellinus linteus in their functional components, functional activities, and nutrient compositions. Herein, the proximate compositions and microelements of the fruiting body of P. igniarius and P. linteus were determined. The fruiting body of P. igniarius and P. linteus were extracted by boiling water [water extract of P. igniarius (WEPI) and P. linteus (WEPL)]. The contents of total phenolics and polysaccharides, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like and antimutagenic activities of WEPI and WEPL, were compared. We found that WEPI was rich in phenolics and polysaccharides and had higher SOD-like activity than WEPL. Nutrient compositions were mainly different in minerals, whereas anitmutagenicity was similar. All of these results suggested that P. igniarius has greater potential for the development of antioxidant and immunomodulating food products than P. linteus.
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Li XH, Li Y, Cheng ZY, Cai XG, Wang HM. The Effects of Phellinus linteus Polysaccharide Extracts on Cholesterol Efflux in Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein–Loaded THP-1 Macrophages. J Investig Med 2015; 63:752-7. [DOI: 10.1097/jim.0000000000000201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mei Y, Zhu H, Hu Q, Liu Y, Zhao S, Peng N, Liang Y. A novel polysaccharide from mycelia of cultured Phellinus linteus displays antitumor activity through apoptosis. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 124:90-7. [PMID: 25839798 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two novel polysaccharides termed PLPS-1 and PLPS-2 were isolated from mycelia of cultured Phellinus linteus by hot water extraction, purified by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography, and structurally characterized by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy, GC-MS, periodate oxidation/Smith degradation, and methylation analysis. The monosaccharide compositions of PLPS-1 (MW 2.5×10(5)Da) and PLPS-2 (MW 2.8×10(4)Da) were respectively Glc, Ara, Fuc, Gal, and Xyl in molar ratio 21.964:1.336:1.182:1:1, and Glc, Gal, Man, Ara, Fuc, Xyl in molar ratio 14.368:2.594:1.956:1.552:1.466:1; i.e., both were heteropolysaccharides. The backbone of PLPS-1 consisted primarily of repeating α-d-Glc(1→4)-α-d-Glc(1→6) units, while that of PLPS-2 consisted of α-(1→3)-d-Glc and α-(1→6)-d-Glc. The side branches were also different in their carbohydrate components. In in vitro antitumor assays, PLPS-1 displayed strong anti-proliferative effect against S-180 sarcoma cells through apoptosis, whereas PLPS-2 had no such effect. The difference in antitumor activity between the two PLPS evidently results from their structural differences. PLPS-1 has potential as a novel anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Hai Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Qiming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Shumiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Nan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yunxiang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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Lin CJ, Lien HM, Chang HY, Huang CL, Liu JJ, Chang YC, Chen CC, Lai CH. Biological evaluation of Phellinus linteus-fermented broths as anti-inflammatory agents. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 118:88-93. [PMID: 24503424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Phellinus linteus and its constituent hispolon induce potent anti-inflammatory activity in macrophages. Efficient production of the effective constituent and the biological function of P. linteus in the regulation of innate sensing have rarely been investigated. The aim of this study was to efficiently manufacture P. linteus-fermented broth containing the effective constituent, hispolon, and evaluate its immunoregulatory functions in macrophages. Four distinct fermented broths (PL1-4) and the medium dialyzate (MD) were prepared to screen suitable culture conditions for the mycelial growth of P. linteus. The P. linteus-fermented broth exhibited a dose-responsive inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production by murine macrophages. In addition, the P. linteus-fermented broths suppressed macrophage LPS-mediated nuclear factor (NF)-κB activity and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Among the tested samples from P. linteus, PL4 contained vast amounts of hispolon and showed the greatest anti-inflammatory activity in both the RAW264.7 cells and murine primary peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEMs). This study demonstrates that the purification of the effective constituent from P. linteus-fermented broth may enable the production of a potent therapeutic agent for anti-inflammation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, 91 Hsuehshih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Man Lien
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, 1727, Section 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yun Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Road, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Lu Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuokuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Jin Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, 91 Hsuehshih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chieh Chang
- Department of Optometry, Yuanpei University, 306, Yuanpei Street, Hsinchu 30015, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chang Chen
- School of Management, Feng Chia University, 100, Wenhwa Road, Taichung 40724, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ho Lai
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, 91 Hsuehshih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, 91 Hsuehshih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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Kim JM, Park JD, Park DC, Kim BO. In vivo Antitumor Activity and Acute, Subacute Toxicity of Keumsa (Phellinus linteus) Extracts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5352/jls.2013.23.11.1388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Lee S, Kim JI, Heo J, Lee I, Park S, Hwang MW, Bae JY, Park MS, Park HJ, Park MS. The anti-influenza virus effect of Phellinus igniarius extract. J Microbiol 2013; 51:676-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-013-3384-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Matsuba S, Matsuno H, Sakuma M, Komatsu Y. Phellinus linteus Extract Augments the Immune Response in Mitomycin C-Induced Immunodeficient Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 5:85-90. [PMID: 18317553 PMCID: PMC2249738 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nem001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phellinus linteus is a fungus distributed throughout Japan, Korea and China. Boiled water-soluble extracts from P. linteus (PLW) have shown anti-tumor and immunomodulatory properties in experiments done by intraperitoneal treatment, or in in vitro cell cultures. This is the first investigation on how oral administration of PLW influences immune responses. Here, we established immunodeficient mice by mitomycin C (MMC) and then researched how PLW influenced plaque-forming cell (PFC) production and populations of cytokine [interferon- (IFNγ-) and interleukin-4 (IL-4)]-producing T lymphocytes. PLW samples were administered orally for 19 days (1, 2 or 4 g/kg/day). PFC assay was followed using Jerne's method. IFN- and IL-4-producing T lymphocyte populations were measured by flow-activated cell sorter (FACS). These assays were conducted the day after the last oral administration. MMC groups were given MMC (1 mg/kg/day) intraperitoneally for 6 days with PLW administration. The number of PFC per 106 spleen cells increased significantly in the PLW (2 g/kg/day) group when compared with the MMC-control (P < 0.05) while populations of IFNγ- and IL-4-producing T lymphocytes decreased by MMC treatment. However, the PLW group tended to increase more than the MMC-control. Our results indicated that PLW augments the immune response of the spleen in MMC-induced immunodeficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Matsuba
- Kanazawa Medical University, Department of Fundamental Research for CAM, Uchinada, Ishikawa prefecture and Sun R&D Institute for Natural Medicines Co, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
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AKT signalling and mitochondrial pathways are involved in mushroom polysaccharide-induced apoptosis and G1 or S phase arrest in human hepatoma cells. Food Chem 2013; 138:2130-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Wang H, Wu G, Park HJ, Jiang PP, Sit WH, van Griensven LJ, Wan JMF. Protective effect of Phellinus linteus polysaccharide extracts against thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis in rats: a proteomics analysis. Chin Med 2012; 7:23. [PMID: 23075396 PMCID: PMC3536605 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-7-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The hepatoprotective potential of Phellinus linteus polysaccharide (PLP) extracts has been described. However, the molecular mechanism of PLP for the inhibition of liver fibrosis is unclear. This study aims to investigate the molecular protein signatures involved in the hepatoprotective mechanisms of PLP via a proteomics approach using a thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver fibrosis rat model. Methods Male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into three groups of six as follows: Normal group; TAA group, in which rats received TAA only; and PLP group, in which rats received PLP and TAA. Liver fibrosis was induced in the rats by repeated intraperitoneal injections of TAA at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight twice a week for 4 weeks. PLP was given orally at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight twice a day from the beginning of the TAA treatment until the end of the experiment. The development of liver cirrhosis was verified by histological examination. Liver proteomes were established by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Proteins with significantly altered expression levels were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight/time of flight mass spectrometry and the differentially expressed proteins were validated by immunohistochemical staining and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results Histological staining showed a remarkable reduction in liver fibrosis in the rats with PLP treatment. A total of 13 differentially expressed proteins including actin, tubulin alpha-1C chain, preprohaptoglobin, hemopexin, galectin-5, glutathione S-transferase alpha-4 (GSTA4), branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase hterotetrameric E1 subunit alpha (BCKDHA), glutathione S-transferase mu (GSTmu); glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH); thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TFT); betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1 (BHMT1); quinoid dihydropteridine reductase (QDPR); ribonuclease UK114 were observed between the TAA and PLP groups. These proteins are involved in oxidative stress, heme and iron metabolism, cysteine metabolism, and branched-chain amino acid catabolism. Conclusion The proteomics data indicate that P. linteus may be protective against TAA-induced liver fibrosis via regulation of oxidative stress pathways, heat shock pathways, and metabolic pathways for amino acids and nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualin Wang
- Food and Nutrition Division, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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Pielesz A. Vibrational spectroscopy and electrophoresis as a "golden means" in monitoring of polysaccharides in medical plant and gels. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 93:63-69. [PMID: 22465769 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, some bioactive polysaccharides isolated from natural sources have attracted much attention in the field of biochemistry and pharmacology. Of them, polysaccharides or their glycoconjugates were shown to exhibit multiple biological activities including anticarcinogenic, anticoagulant, immunostimulating, antioxidant, etc. Pharmacotherapy using plant-derived substances can be currently regarded as a very promising future alternative to conventional therapy. The advanced biotechnologies available today enable chemical investigation of well-defined bioactive plant components as sources of novel drugs. The need for safer drugs without side effects has led to the use of natural ingredients with proven safety. Special interest is focused on plant polysaccharides. This article attempts to review the current structural and conformational characterization of some importantly bioactive monosaccharides isolated from following plant cell-wall: Symphytum officinale (comfrey), Thymus pulegioides (thyme), Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek), Tussilago farfara L. (coltsfoot), Hyssopus officinalis (hyssop), Althaea officinalis L. (marshmallow) and Equisetum arvense L. (horsetail). The chemical structures of monosaccharides were analysed using FTIR and Raman spectroscopies as well as cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis (CAE). The dried plant samples were gently hydrolysed with sulphuric acid. The presence of glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, alginic acid, glucose, mannose and xylose in the hydrolysates of reference substances and non-defatted plant films was proved. The possibility of a taxonomic classification of plant cell walls based on infrared and Raman spectroscopies and the use of spectral fingerprinting for authentication and detection of adulteration of products rich in cell-wall materials are discussed. Individual bands were selected to monitor the sugar content in medical plant cell walls and to confirm the identity of the analysed plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pielesz
- University of Bielsko-Biała, Faculty of Materials and Environment Sciences, Bielsko-Biała, Poland.
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Inhibition of human neutrophil elastase by ergosterol derivatives from the mycelium of Phellinus linteus. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2012; 65:437-40. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2012.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Polysaccharides from Phellinus linteus inhibit cell growth and invasion and induce apoptosis in HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biologia (Bratisl) 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-011-0160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wang H, Wang M, Chen J, Tang Y, Dou J, Yu J, Xi T, Zhou C. A polysaccharide from Strongylocentrotus nudus eggs protects against myelosuppression and immunosuppression in cyclophosphamide-treated mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1946-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Song KS, Li G, Kim JS, Jing K, Kim TD, Kim JP, Seo SB, Yoo JK, Park HD, Hwang BD, Lim K, Yoon WH. Protein-bound polysaccharide from Phellinus linteus inhibits tumor growth, invasion, and angiogenesis and alters Wnt/β-catenin in SW480 human colon cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:307. [PMID: 21781302 PMCID: PMC3154178 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polysaccharides extracted from the Phellinus linteus (PL) mushroom are known to possess anti-tumor effects. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the anti-tumor properties of PL remain to be explored. Experiments were carried out to unravel the anticancer effects of PL. METHODS The anti-cancer effects of PL were examined in SW480 colon cancer cells by evaluating cell proliferation, invasion and matrix metallo-proteinase (MMP) activity. The anti-angiogenic effects of PL were examined by assessing human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation and capillary tube formation. The in vivo effect of PL was evaluated in an athymic nude mouse SW480 tumor engraft model. RESULTS PL (125-1000 μg/mL) significantly inhibited cell proliferation and decreased β-catenin expression in SW480 cells. Expression of cyclin D1, one of the downstream-regulated genes of β-catenin, and T-cell factor/lymphocyte enhancer binding factor (TCF/LEF) transcription activity were also significantly reduced by PL treatment. PL inhibited in vitro invasion and motility as well as the activity of MMP-9. In addition, PL treatment inhibited HUVEC proliferation and capillary tube formation. Tumor growth of SW480 cells implanted into nude mice was significantly decreased as a consequence of PL treatment, and tumor tissues from treated animals showed an increase in the apoptotic index and a decrease in β-catenin expression. Moreover, the proliferation index and microvessel density were significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that PL suppresses tumor growth, invasion, and angiogenesis through the inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in certain colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Sub Song
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Joong-gu, Daejeon 301-747, Korea
| | - Ge Li
- Department of General Surgery, Yanbian University Hospital, Jilin 133000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jong-Seok Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Joong-gu, Daejeon 301-747, Korea
| | - Kaipeng Jing
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Joong-gu, Daejeon 301-747, Korea
| | - Tae-Dong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Joong-gu, Daejeon 301-747, Korea
| | - Jin-Pyo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, Korea
| | - Seung-Bo Seo
- Ja Kwang Research Institute, Hankook Sin Yak Pharmaceutical Company, Nonsan 320-854, Korea
| | - Jae-Kuk Yoo
- Ja Kwang Research Institute, Hankook Sin Yak Pharmaceutical Company, Nonsan 320-854, Korea
| | | | - Byung-Doo Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Joong-gu, Daejeon 301-747, Korea
| | - Kyu Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Joong-gu, Daejeon 301-747, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Joong-Ku, Daejeon 301-747, Korea
- Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University, Joong-Ku, Daejeon 301-747, Korea
| | - Wan-Hee Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Joong-gu, Daejeon 301-747, Korea
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Phellinus linteus : un mycélium prometteur en cancérologie ou contre les désordres immunitaires. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10298-011-0642-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Jeon T, Hwang SG, Jung YH, Hyo-Seon Y, Sung NY, Lee J, Park DK, Yoo YC. Inhibitory effect of oral administration of Sangwhang mushroom (Phellinus linteus) grown on germinated brown rice on experimental lung metastasis and tumor growth in mice. Food Sci Biotechnol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-011-0028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Harikrishnan R, Balasundaram C, Heo MS. Diet enriched with mushroom Phellinus linteus extract enhances the growth, innate immune response, and disease resistance of kelp grouper, Epinephelus bruneus against vibriosis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 30:128-134. [PMID: 20883799 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 09/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The effect of diet supplemented with Phellinus linteus fed for 30 days was investigated in grouper Epinephelus bruneus challenged with Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio alginolyticus, and Vibrio carchariae; infected and treated fish had a significantly higher percent weight gain and feed efficiency. In groups fed with enriched diet and challenged with V. anguillarum and V. harveyi the mortality rate declined with a consequent rise in survival rate than with other pathogens. On the other hand, in groups fed with P. linteus enriched diet and challenged with V. anguillarum, V. harveyi, and V. alginolyticus the cellular and humoral immune responses, such as the alternative complement activity (ACH(50)), serum lysozyme activity, phagocytic activity (PA), phagocytic index (PI) significantly higher than in the control group. The respiratory bursts (RB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were found significantly enhanced when the groups fed with enriched diet against V. anguillarum and V. harveyi. The results reveal that kelp grouper fed for 30 days with P. linteus enriched diet had higher cellular and humoral immune response and disease protection from vibriosis than the group fed on basal diet with the protection linked to stimulation of immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Harikrishnan
- Marine Applied Microbes and Aquatic Organism Disease Control Lab, Department of Aquatic Biomedical Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, College of Ocean Sciences and Marine and Environmental Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea.
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27
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Seo HC. Optimization for Production of Phellinus linteus Mycelia with Anti-Complement Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3839/jabc.2010.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ganeshpurkar A, Rai G, Jain AP. Medicinal mushrooms: Towards a new horizon. Pharmacogn Rev 2010; 4:127-35. [PMID: 22228952 PMCID: PMC3249912 DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.70904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The arising awareness about functional food has created a boom in this new millennium. Mushrooms are widely consumed by the people due to their nutritive and medicinal properties. Belonging to taxonomic category of basidiomycetes or ascomycetes, these mushrooms possess antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. They are also one of the richest source of anticancer and immunomodulating agents. Thus these novel myochemicals from these mushrooms are the wave of future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Ganeshpurkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Ram Institute of Technology- Pharmacy, In front of ITI, Madhotal, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh – 482 002, India
| | - G. Rai
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Ram Institute of Technology- Pharmacy, In front of ITI, Madhotal, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh – 482 002, India
| | - A. P. Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Ram Institute of Technology- Pharmacy, In front of ITI, Madhotal, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh – 482 002, India
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29
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Effect of Phellinus linteus extract supplementation on cortisol and related cytokines in young male adults. Food Sci Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-010-0094-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Tsuji T, Du W, Nishioka T, Chen L, Yamamoto D, Chen CY. Phellinus linteus extract sensitizes advanced prostate cancer cells to apoptosis in athymic nude mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9885. [PMID: 20360989 PMCID: PMC2847601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Phellinus linteus (PL) mushroom possesses anti-tumor property. We previously reported that the treatment with PL caused cultured human prostate cancer cells to undergo apoptosis. To further studying the mechanisms of PL-mediated apoptosis, we performed xenograft assay, together with in vitro assays, to evaluate the effect of PL on the genesis and progression of the tumors formed from the inoculation of prostate cancer PC3 or DU145 cells. After the inoculation, nude mice were injected with PL every two days for 12 days. Although PL treatment did not prevent the formation of the inoculated tumors, the growth rate of the tumors after PL treatment was dramatically attenuated. We then tested the effect of PL on the tumors 12 days after the inoculation. After inoculated tumors reached a certain size, PL was administrated to the mice by subcutaneous injection. The histochemistry or immunochemistry analysis showed that apoptosis occurred with the activation of caspase 3 in the tumors formed by inoculating prostate cancer DU145 or PC3 cells. The data was in a good agreement with that from cultured cells. Thus, our in vivo study suggests that PL not only is able to attenuate tumor growth, but also to cause tumor regression by inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Tsuji
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Takashi Nishioka
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lihua Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daisuke Yamamoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chang Yan Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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BAE SONGHWAN, JUNG EUNYOUNG, KIM SEONGYEONG, SHIN KWANGSOON, SUH HYUNGJOO. ANTIOXIDANT AND IMMUNO-MODULATING ACTIVITIES OF KOREAN TRADITIONAL RICE WINE, TAKJU. J Food Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2009.00327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kim HM, Kang JS, Kim JY, Park SK, Kim HS, Lee YJ, Yun J, Hong JT, Kim Y, Han SB. Evaluation of antidiabetic activity of polysaccharide isolated from Phellinus linteus in non-obese diabetic mouse. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:72-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 09/12/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lyu HN, Lee DY, Lee MK, Cho MH, Jeong TS, Kim IH, Lee CH, Baek NI. Inhibition on LDL-oxidation by Phenolic Compounds from the Fruit Body of Phellinus linteus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3839/jabc.2009.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Charles AL, Huang TC. Sweet cassava polysaccharide extracts protects against CCl4 liver injury in Wistar rats. Food Hydrocoll 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lee JW, Baek SJ, Kim YS. Submerged Culture of Phellinus linteus for Mass Production of Polysaccharides. MYCOBIOLOGY 2008; 36:178-182. [PMID: 23997621 PMCID: PMC3755190 DOI: 10.4489/myco.2008.36.3.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to increase the mycelial production of Phellinus linteus, which exhibits potent anticancer activity, some ingredients of the medium used to culture P. linteus were investigated. The optimal medium composition for the production of Phellinus linteus was determined to be as follows: fructose, 40 g/l; yeast extract, 20 g/l; K2HPO4, 0.46 g/l; KH2PO4, 1.00 g/l; MgSO4·7H2O, 0.50 g/l; FeCl2·62O, 0.01 g/l; MnCl2·4H2O, 0.036 g/l; ZnCl2, 0.03 g/l; and CuSO4·7H2O, 0.005 g/l. The optimal culture conditions were determined to be as follows: temperature, 28℃; initial pH, 5.5; aeration, 0.6 vvm; and agitation, 100 rpm, respectively. Under optimal composition and conditions, the maximum mycelial biomass achieved in a 5 l jar fermentor was 29.9 g/l.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Woo Lee
- Department of Food Processing and Cooking, Kyungbuk College, Yeongjusi 750-712, Korea
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Hur H, Imtiaj A, Lee MW, Lee TS. Suitable Conditions for Mycelial Growth of Phellinus spp. MYCOBIOLOGY 2008; 36:152-6. [PMID: 23997616 PMCID: PMC3755185 DOI: 10.4489/myco.2008.36.3.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Phellinus is a mushroom that is widely used medicinally. The optimal conditions for mycelial growth of 13 strains of the fungus were investigated. Mycelial growth was optimal at 25℃ and was uniformly minimal at 15℃ and 35℃. Growth was optimal at pH 6~7. The mycelial phenotype was best promoted by growth using Potato Dextrose agar, Hamada, Glucose peptone, and Yeast-Malt media, whereas Czapek Dox, Hennerberg, and Lilly media were the most unfavorable for the mycelial growth of Phellinus spp. Glucose, sucrose, fructose, and dextrin were the most suitable carbon sources for mycelial growth, while lactose, maltose, and galactose were unsuitable. Among tested nitrogen sources, ammonium phosphate, potassium nitrate, and arginine best promoted mycelial growth, while alanine, urea, and histidine least promoted mycelial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Hur
- Department of Biology, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Korea
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Baker JR, Kim JS, Park SY. Composition and proposed structure of a water-soluble glycan from the Keumsa Sangwhang Mushroom (Phellinus linteus). Fitoterapia 2008; 79:345-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Borchers AT, Krishnamurthy A, Keen CL, Meyers FJ, Gershwin ME. The immunobiology of mushrooms. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008; 233:259-76. [PMID: 18296732 DOI: 10.3181/0708-mr-227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been enormous interest in the biologic activity of mushrooms and innumerable claims have been made that mushrooms have beneficial effects on immune function with subsequent implications for inhibition of tumor growth. The majority of these observations are anecdotal and often lack standardization. However, there remains considerable data on both in vitro and in vivo effects that reflect on the potential of mushroom compounds to influence human immunity. A number of these effects are beneficial but, unfortunately, many responses are still characterized based on phenomenology and there is more speculation than substance. With respect to tumor biology, although many neoplastic lesions are immunogenic, tumor antigens frequently are self antigens and induce tolerance and many patients with cancer exhibit suppressed immune responses, including defective antigen presentation. Therefore, if and when mushroom extracts are effective, they more likely function as a result of improved antigen presentation by dendritic cells than by a direct cytopathic effect. In this review we attempt to place these data in perspective, with a particular focus on dendritic cell populations and the ability of mushroom extracts to modulate immunity. There is, at present, no scientific basis for the use of either mushrooms or mushroom extracts in the treatment of human patients but there is significant potential for rigorous research to understand the potential of mushrooms in human disease and thence to focus on appropriate clinical trials to demonstrate effectiveness and/ or potential toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T Borchers
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 451 E. Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6510, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Phellinus linteus suppresses growth, angiogenesis and invasive behaviour of breast cancer cells through the inhibition of AKT signalling. Br J Cancer 2008; 98:1348-56. [PMID: 18362935 PMCID: PMC2361714 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The antitumour activity of a medicinal mushroom Phellinus linteus (PL), through the stimulation of immune system or the induction of apoptosis, has been recently described. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the inhibition of invasive behaviour of cancer cells remain to be addressed. In the present study, we demonstrate that PL inhibits proliferation (anchorage-dependent growth) as well as colony formation (anchorage-independent growth) of highly invasive human breast cancer cells. The growth inhibition of MDA-MB-231 cells is mediated by the cell cycle arrest at S phase through the upregulation of p27Kip1 expression. Phellinus linteus also suppressed invasive behaviour of MDA-MB-231 cells by the inhibition of cell adhesion, cell migration and cell invasion through the suppression of secretion of urokinase-plasminogen activator from breast cancer cells. In addition, PL markedly inhibited the early event in angiogenesis, capillary morphogenesis of the human aortic endothelial cells, through the downregulation of secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor from MDA-MB-231 cells. These effects are mediated by the inhibition of serine-threonine kinase AKT signalling, because PL suppressed phosphorylation of AKT at Thr308 and Ser473 in breast cancer cells. Taken together, our study suggests potential therapeutic effect of PL against invasive breast cancer.
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Kim JH, Son IS, Kim JS, Kim KH, Kwon CS. Lipase-Inhibitory and Anti-Oxidative Activity of the Methanol Extract and the Powder of Phellinus linteus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3746/jkfn.2008.37.2.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Yang Y, Zhang J, Liu Y, Tang Q, Zhao Z, Xia W. Structural elucidation of a 3-O-methyl-d-galactose-containing neutral polysaccharide from the fruiting bodies of Phellinus igniarius. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:1063-70. [PMID: 17359952 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PIP60-1, a novel heteropolysaccharide isolated from fruiting bodies of the medicinal fungus, Phellinus igniarius, has a molecular weight of 1.71 x 10(4)Da and is composed of L-fucose, D-glucose, D-mannose, D-galactose and 3-O-Me-D-galactose in a ratio of 1:1:1:2:1. A structural investigation of PIP60-1 carried out using sugar and methylation analyses, combined with (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy, including COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, HSQC and HMBC experiments, established the repeating unit of the polysaccharide as the following: [structure: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Food Science and Safety, Ministry of Education, Southern Yangtze University, Wuxi 214060, Jiangsu, China.
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Guo J, Zhu T, Collins L, Xiao ZXJ, Kim SH, Chen CY. Modulation of lung cancer growth arrest and apoptosis by Phellinus Linteus. Mol Carcinog 2007; 46:144-54. [PMID: 17131292 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The Phellinus Linteus (PL) mushroom has been shown to possess anti-tumor properties. Through influencing lymphocytes, PL indirectly augments the host's immune system against cancer cells. PL has also been demonstrated to reduce tumor proliferation. However, the mechanisms of PL against malignant growth have not yet been fully explored. In this study, we report that PL mediates the following two activities in mouse and human lung cancer cells: cell-cycle arrest at a low concentration of PL and apoptosis in response to a high dose of PL. After exposure to a low dose of PL, G(1) growth arrest occurred in the lung cancer cells. The negative growth control mediated by PL is evidenced by the decrease of the activities of cyclin-dependent kinases CDK2, 4, and 6. In contrast, at high doses, PL-induced lung cancer cells to undergo apoptosis in a dose-dependent fashion. This was evidenced by DNA fragmentation, caspase activation, and loss of clonogenecity in the lung cancer cells, all of which were lacking in the lung cancer cells treated with low concentrations of PL as well as the normal mouse lung epithelial cells exposed to either low or high concentrations of PL. The addition of the caspase inhibitor Z-VADfmk completely suppressed PL-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, the low dose of PL was able to synergize with doxorubicin to induce apoptosis in the lung cancer cells. Thus, our findings suggest that PL regulates two responses in the lung cancer cells: cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Guo
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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43
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Zhu T, Guo J, Collins L, Kelly J, Xiao ZJ, Kim SH, Chen CY. Phellinus linteus activates different pathways to induce apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:583-90. [PMID: 17262078 PMCID: PMC2360058 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that polysaccharides extracted from the Phellinus linteus (PL) mushroom possess antitumour activity. We previously have demonstrated that high doses of PL render murine or human lung cancer cells susceptible to apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanisms of PL-mediated apoptosis have not been fully explored. In this study, we demonstrate that LNCaP cells expressing the androgen receptor (AR) are highly susceptible to apoptosis in response to treatment with high doses of PL. In this process, caspase 8 and its downstream effectors (such as BID), as well as ER stress-related, apoptotic signalling, are activated. In contrast, a moderate amount of apoptosis occurs in PC3 cells (that lack AR) after the same treatment, which does not activate ER-mediated apoptotic signalling. We also show that, in the process of PL-induced apoptosis, caspase 2 is induced in LNCaP cells, but not in PC3 cells. However, LNCaP cells that express a mutated AR or LNCaP cells treated with a caspase 2 inhibitor blocked ER stress-induced apoptotic signals. The magnitudes of the induction of apoptosis in these cells are comparable with what occurred in the PC3 cells. The data demonstrate that high doses of PL activate the AR-dependent and independent apoptotic pathways. Our study also suggests that caspase 2 is a key target in the determination of the susceptibility of prostate cancer cells to PL-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L Collins
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Kelly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Z J Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - S-H Kim
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Chemoprevention, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyunghee University, Boston, South Korea
| | - C-Y Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- E-mail:
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Lee JW, Baek SJ, Bae WC, Park JM, Kim YS. Antitumor and Antioxidant Activities of the Extracts from Fruiting Body of Phellinus linteus. MYCOBIOLOGY 2006; 34:230-5. [PMID: 24039504 PMCID: PMC3769579 DOI: 10.4489/myco.2006.34.4.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fruiting bodies of Phellinus linteus were extracted by hot water and alkali methods. Sugar contents of PL-H (hot water extract) and PL-A (alkali water extract) were 81.1%, 37.4% and protein contents were 6.2%, 21.8%, respectively. Amino acid pattern showed that two extracts contained large amount of aspartic acid and alanine. Two extracts showed characteristic IR absorption pattern for glycosidic bond at 890 cm(-1). PL-H was divided two fractions by gel filtration chromatography and the molecular weights of each fraction were estimated to be about 10 kD and 225 kD, respectively and also PL-A was estimated 10 kD. Two extracts showed strong antitumor, immunomodulating and antioxidant activities, and were compared with commercialized glycopeptide anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Woo Lee
- Department of Food Processing and Cooking, Kyungbuk College, Yeongjusi 750-712, Korea
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Oh GS, Lee MS, Pae HO, Kwon J, Lee SS, Jeong JG, Shin MK, Kwon TO, Chung HT. Effects of oral administration of Phellinus linteus on the production of Th1- and Th2-type cytokines in mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2006; 28:281-93. [PMID: 16873096 DOI: 10.1080/08923970600809363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The mushroom Phellinus linteus (PL) has been shown to have antitumor and immunostimulatory effects. We hypothesized that the hot water extract of PL (WEPL) exerts its significant immunostimulatory effect by inducing production of the Th1-derived cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) by T lymphocytes. T lymphocytes were isolated from the mice fed with 200 mg/kg of WEPL once a day for 4 weeks and then stimulated with the mitogen concanavaline A (Con A). IFN-gamma gene and intracellular protein expressions were analyzed by RT-PCR and flow cytometry, respectively. The production of IFN-gamma was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. WEPL significantly enhanced the transcription of IFN-gamma mRNA. The effect of WEPL on IFN-gamma expression was further supported by a concomitant increase in the number of cells with intracellular IFN-gamma protein as well as the secretion of IFN-gamma. However, WEPL did not modulate either gene expression or protein secretion of interleukin-4, a Th2-associated cytokine, by Con A-stimulated T lymphocytes. Our results demonstrate that one of the potentially beneficial antitumor and immunostimulatory effects of WEPL may be mediated through the enhancement of IFN-gamma secretion by T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Su Oh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Chonbuk, Korea
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46
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Collins L, Zhu T, Guo J, Xiao ZJ, Chen CY. Phellinus linteus sensitises apoptosis induced by doxorubicin in prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2006; 95:282-8. [PMID: 16868541 PMCID: PMC2360641 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that the Phellinus linteus (PL) mushroom, which mainly consists of polysaccharides, possesses antitumour activity. The mechanisms of PL against malignant growth remain unknown. The anticancer drug doxorubicin (Dox) has been shown to induce apoptosis via initiating a caspase cascade. In this investigation, we tested the effect of PL on Dox-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer LNCaP cells. We showed that PL or Dox, at relatively low doses, does not induce apoptosis in the cells. However, combination treatment with low doses of PL and Dox results in a synergistic effect on the induction of apoptosis. In this apoptotic process, caspases 8, 3 and BID are cleaved, and the addition of caspase inhibitor z-VADfmk completely blocks apoptosis. In addition, JNK is activated in response to PL or the combination treatment in LNCaP cells. The suppression of JNK partially inhibits the induction of apoptosis elicited by the co-treatment. These findings indicate that PL has a synergistic effect with Dox to activate caspases in prostate cancer LNCaP cells. Our study also suggests that PL has therapeutic potential to augment the magnitude of apoptosis induced by antiprostate cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Collins
- Department of Pathology, K522, Boston University School of Medicine, 80 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - T Zhu
- Department of Pathology, K522, Boston University School of Medicine, 80 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - J Guo
- Department of Pathology, K522, Boston University School of Medicine, 80 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Z J Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, 80 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - C-Y Chen
- Department of Pathology, K522, Boston University School of Medicine, 80 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- E-mail:
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Kim YO, Park HW, Kim JH, Lee JY, Moon SH, Shin CS. Anti-cancer effect and structural characterization of endo-polysaccharide from cultivated mycelia of Inonotus obliquus. Life Sci 2006; 79:72-80. [PMID: 16458328 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Revised: 12/07/2005] [Accepted: 12/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The endo-polysaccharide extracted from mycelia of Inonotus obliquus (Pers.:Fr.) Pil. (Hymenochaetaceae) is a specific activator of B cells and macrophages. However, the in vivo anti-cancer effects and the chemical structure of the endo-polysaccharide are unknown. We purified the endo-polysaccharide, investigated its anti-cancer effects via in vitro and in vivo assays, and performed a structural characterization. The endo-polysaccharide was extracted from I. obliquus mycelia cultivated in a 300-l pilot fermenter, followed by hot water extraction and ethanol precipitation. Purification was achieved by DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography and gel-permeation chromatography. Chemical analysis revealed that the purified endo-polysaccharide is an alpha-linked fucoglucomannan with a molecular weight of approximately 1,000 kDa. The anti-cancer activities of the endo-polysaccharide against various types of tumor cells were determined. No direct toxicity against either cancer or normal cells was observed. Intraperitoneal administration of the endo-polysaccharide significantly prolonged the survival rate of B16F10-implanted mice, resulting in a 4.07-fold increase in the survival rate at a dose of 30 mg/kg/day. After 60 days of feeding, approximately 67% of the initial number of mice survived with no tumor incidence based on macroscopic examination. These results indicate that the anti-cancer effect of endo-polysaccharide is not directly tumorcidal but rather is immuno-stimulating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ook Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Shinchon-dong, Seodaemoon-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
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Han SB, Lee CW, Kang JS, Yoon YD, Lee KH, Lee K, Park SK, Kim HM. Acidic polysaccharide from Phellinus linteus inhibits melanoma cell metastasis by blocking cell adhesion and invasion. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 6:697-702. [PMID: 16504934 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Revised: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The acidic polysaccharide (PL) from Phellinus linteus is an immunostimulator that has therapeutic activity against cancers. Here, we show that PL markedly inhibits melanoma cell metastasis in mice, and report that PL directly inhibits cancer cell adhesion to and invasion through the extracellular matrix, but that it has no direct effect on cancer cell growth. In addition, we found that PL increased macrophage NO production. These results suggest that PL has two antimetastatic functions, i.e., it acts as an immunopotentiator and as a direct inhibitor of cancer cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Bae Han
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Yusong, Taejon
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Inagaki N, Shibata T, Itoh T, Suzuki T, Tanaka H, Nakamura T, Akiyama Y, Kawagishi H, Nagai H. Inhibition of IgE-dependent mouse triphasic cutaneous reaction by a boiling water fraction separated from mycelium of Phellinus linteus. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2005; 2:369-74. [PMID: 16136215 PMCID: PMC1193546 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neh105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Accepted: 07/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Phellinus linteus, a mushroom, contains constituents that exhibit potent antitumor effects through activating immune cells. Recently, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties of P. linteus extracts have also been implicated. In the present study, therefore, we separated the constituents of mycelium of P. linteus into five fractions—chloroform-soluble (CF), ethyl acetate-soluble (EA), methanol-soluble (AE), water-soluble (WA) and boiling water-soluble (BW) fractions—and examined their suppressive effects on the IgE-dependent mouse triphasic cutaneous reaction. The triphasic reaction was induced in the ear of BALB/c mice passively sensitized with anti-dinitrophenol IgE by painting with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene 24 h later. Ear swelling appeared triphasically with peak responses at 1 h, 24 h and 8 days after the challenge. ME, WA and BW given orally at a dose of 100 mg kg−1 significantly inhibited the first and second phase ear swelling, and BW also inhibited the third phase response. CF only inhibited the second phase. The inhibition by BW was the most potent and almost dose-dependent at doses of 30–300 mg kg−1. BW also inhibited vascular permeability increase caused by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and histamine, and ear swelling caused by tumor necrosis factor-α. In contrast, BW apparently potentiated the production of interleukin-4 and interferon-γ from anti-CD3-stimulated mouse splenocytes. These results indicate that BW derived from mycelium of P. linteus contains some constituents with anti-allergic as well as immunopotentiating properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Inagaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical UniversityGifu, Japan
| | - Tomonori Shibata
- Department of Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical UniversityGifu, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Itoh
- Department of Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical UniversityGifu, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Suzuki
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka UniversityShizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical UniversityGifu, Japan
| | | | | | - Hirokazu Kawagishi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka UniversityShizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroichi Nagai
- Department of Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical UniversityGifu, Japan
- For reprints and all correspondence: Hiroichi Nagai, PhD, Department of Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 5-6-1 Mitahorahigashi, Gifu 502-8585, Japan. Tel/Fax: +81-58-237-8584; E-mail:
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Shibata Y, Kashiwagi B, Arai S, Fukabori Y, Suzuki K. Administration of extract of mushroom Phellinus linteus induces prostate enlargement with increase in stromal component in experimentally developed rat model of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 2005; 66:455-60. [PMID: 16098375 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2005.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2004] [Revised: 02/19/2005] [Accepted: 03/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To clarify the effect of the mushroom extract Phellinus linteus on noncancerous prostate cells using an experimentally developed rat benign prostatic hyperplasia model. A growing number of people take some natural herbal extracts for maintenance of their health. Among them, the extracts of certain mushrooms are believed to have a marked tumoricidal effect but low toxicity for normal tissues, and they are being drunk widely in Japan and Korea. However, until now, their effect on noncancerous benign prostate growth has not been examined. METHODS The mushroom extract was administered daily for 5 weeks to experimentally developed benign prostatic hyperplasia rats. Prostate organ weight, histologic composition, and gene expression levels of sex hormone receptors, transforming growth factor-beta, vascular endothelial growth factor, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase were examined. RESULTS Prostate weight increased significantly by 37% owing to treatment with the mushroom extract (P < 0.05). In particular, the stromal component of the prostate increased significantly by 80% (P < 0.05). A suppression of transforming growth factor-beta1 expression by 56% was observed with the mushroom extract treatment (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We found that the mushroom extract enlarged the prostate. The effect was suggested to be on the prostate stroma, which may be involved in transforming growth factor-beta1 regulation. Administration of mushroom extract should be considered carefully by those with an enlarged prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shibata
- Department of Urology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
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