1
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Hypoxia signaling in human health and diseases: implications and prospects for therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:218. [PMID: 35798726 PMCID: PMC9261907 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular oxygen (O2) is essential for most biological reactions in mammalian cells. When the intracellular oxygen content decreases, it is called hypoxia. The process of hypoxia is linked to several biological processes, including pathogenic microbe infection, metabolic adaptation, cancer, acute and chronic diseases, and other stress responses. The mechanism underlying cells respond to oxygen changes to mediate subsequent signal response is the central question during hypoxia. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) sense hypoxia to regulate the expressions of a series of downstream genes expression, which participate in multiple processes including cell metabolism, cell growth/death, cell proliferation, glycolysis, immune response, microbe infection, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. Importantly, hypoxia signaling also interacts with other cellular pathways, such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) signaling, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. This paper systematically reviews the mechanisms of hypoxia signaling activation, the control of HIF signaling, and the function of HIF signaling in human health and diseases. In addition, the therapeutic targets involved in HIF signaling to balance health and diseases are summarized and highlighted, which would provide novel strategies for the design and development of therapeutic drugs.
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2
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Martín-Escolano J, Marín C, Rosales MJ, Tsaousis AD, Medina-Carmona E, Martín-Escolano R. An Updated View of the Trypanosoma cruzi Life Cycle: Intervention Points for an Effective Treatment. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1107-1115. [PMID: 35652513 PMCID: PMC9194904 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Chagas disease (CD)
is a parasitic, systemic, chronic, and often
fatal illness caused by infection with the protozoan Trypanosoma
cruzi. The World Health Organization classifies CD as the
most prevalent of poverty-promoting neglected tropical diseases, the
most important parasitic one, and the third most infectious disease
in Latin America. Currently, CD is a global public health issue that
affects 6–8 million people. However, the current approved treatments
are limited to two nitroheterocyclic drugs developed more than 50
years ago. Many efforts have been made in recent decades to find new
therapies, but our limited understanding of the infection process,
pathology development, and long-term nature of this disease has made
it impossible to develop new drugs, effective treatment, or vaccines.
This Review aims to provide a comprehensive update on our understanding
of the current life cycle, new morphological forms, and genetic diversity
of T. cruzi, as well as identify intervention points
in the life cycle where new drugs and treatments could achieve a parasitic
cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Martín-Escolano
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, E41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Clotilde Marín
- Department of Parasitology, University of Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - María J. Rosales
- Department of Parasitology, University of Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Anastasios D. Tsaousis
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, U.K
| | - Encarnación Medina-Carmona
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, U.K
| | - Rubén Martín-Escolano
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, U.K
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3
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Shikanai Yasuda MA. Emerging and reemerging forms of Trypanosoma cruzi transmission. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e210033. [PMID: 35584508 PMCID: PMC9113729 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760210033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to update and discuss the main challenges in controlling emergent and reemergent forms of Trypanosoma cruzi transmission through organ transplantation, blood products and vertical transmission in endemic and non-endemic areas as well as emergent forms of transmission in endemic countries through contaminated food, currently representing the major cause of acute illness in several countries. As a neglected tropical disease potentially controllable with a major impact on morbimortality and socioeconomic aspects, Chagas disease (CD) was approved at the WHO global plan to interrupt four transmission routes by 2030 (vector/blood transfusion/organ transplant/congenital). Implementation of universal or target screening for CD are highly recommended in blood banks of non-endemic regions; in organ transplants donors in endemic/non-endemic areas as well as in women at risk from endemic areas (reproductive age women/pregnant women-respective babies). Moreover, main challenges for surveillance are the application of molecular methods for identification of infected babies, donor transmitted infection and of live parasites in the food. In addition, the systematic recording of acute/non-acute cases and transmission sources is crucial to establish databases for control and surveillance purposes. Remarkably, antiparasitic treatment of infected reproductive age women and infected babies is essential for the elimination of congenital CD by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Aparecida Shikanai Yasuda
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Ptarasitárias, São Paulo, SP, Brasil,Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório de Imunologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil,WHO Technical Group IVb on Prevention and Control of Transmission and Case Management of Trypanosoma cruzi Infections, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland,+ Corresponding author:
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4
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Rincón-Acevedo CY, Parada-García AS, Olivera MJ, Torres-Torres F, Zuleta-Dueñas LP, Hernández C, Ramírez JD. Clinical and Epidemiological Characterization of Acute Chagas Disease in Casanare, Eastern Colombia, 2012-2020. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:681635. [PMID: 34368188 PMCID: PMC8343227 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.681635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chagas disease (CD), caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is considered a public health problem in Latin America. In Colombia, it affects more than 437,000 inhabitants, mainly in Casanare, an endemic region with eco-epidemiological characteristics that favor its transmission. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the cases of acute CD in Casanare, eastern Colombia, in the period 2012–2020. Methods: In the present study, 103 medical records of confirmed cases of acute CD were reviewed. The departmental/national incidence and fatality were compared by year; the climatological data of mean temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation per year were reviewed and plotted at IDEAM (Colombian Meteorology Institute) concerning the number of cases of acute CD per month, and it was compared with the frequency of triatomines collected in infested houses by community surveillance. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were performed, comparing symptoms and signs according to transmission routes, complications, and age groups. Results: The incidence was 3.16 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, and the fatality rate was 20% in the study period. The most frequent symptoms included: fever 98.1%, myalgia 62.1%, arthralgia 60.2%, and headache 49.5%. There were significant differences in the frequency of myalgia, abdominal pain, and periorbital edema in oral transmission. The main complications were pericardial effusion, myocarditis, and heart failure in the group over 18 years of age. In Casanare, TcI Discrete Typing Unit (DTU) has mainly been identified in humans, triatomines, and reservoirs such as opossums and dogs and TcBat in bats. An increase in the number of acute CD cases was evidenced in March, a period when precipitation increases due to the beginning of the rainy season. Conclusions: The results corroborate the symptomatic heterogeneity of the acute phase of CD, which delays treatment, triggering possible clinical complications. In endemic regions, clinical suspicion, diagnostic capacity, detection, and surveillance programs should be strengthened, including intersectoral public health policies for their prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Yaneth Rincón-Acevedo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Maestría en Salud Pública, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrea Stella Parada-García
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Maestría en Salud Pública, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | | | - Carolina Hernández
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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5
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Bruneto EG, Fernandes-Silva MM, Toledo-Cornell C, Martins S, Ferreira JMB, Corrêa VR, da Costa JM, Pinto AYDN, de Souza DDSM, Pinto MCG, Neto JADF, Ramos AN, Maguire JH, Silvestre OM. Case-fatality From Orally-transmitted Acute Chagas Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:1084-1092. [PMID: 32772104 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Orally-transmitted acute Chagas disease (CD) is emerging as an important public health problem. The prognosis of acute infection following oral transmission is unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze and summarize data on orally-transmitted acute CD. We searched for publications from 1968 to 31 January 2018. We included studies and unpublished data from government sources that reported patients with acute orally-transmitted CD. We identified 41 papers and we added 932 unpublished cases. In all, our study covered 2470 cases and occurrence of 97 deaths. Our meta-analysis estimated that the case-fatality rate was 1.0% (95% CI 0.0-4.0%). Lethality rates have declined over time (P = .02). In conclusion, orally-transmitted acute CD has considerable lethality in the first year after infection. The lethality in symptomatic cases is similar to that from other routes of infection. The lethality rate of orally-acquired disease has declined over the years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - James H Maguire
- Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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6
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Borghi SM, Fattori V, Carvalho TT, Tatakihara VLH, Zaninelli TH, Pinho-Ribeiro FA, Ferraz CR, Staurengo-Ferrari L, Casagrande R, Pavanelli WR, Cunha FQ, Cunha TM, Pinge-Filho P, Verri WA. Experimental Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Induces Pain in Mice Dependent on Early Spinal Cord Glial Cells and NFκB Activation and Cytokine Production. Front Immunol 2021; 11:539086. [PMID: 33574810 PMCID: PMC7870690 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.539086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The neglected tropical infirmity Chagas disease (CD) presents high mortality. Its etiological agent T. cruzi is transmitted by infected hematophagous insects. Symptoms of the acute phase of the infection include fever, fatigue, body aches, and headache, making diagnosis difficult as they are present in other illnesses as well. Thus, in endemic areas, individuals with undetermined pain may be considered for CD. Although pain is a characteristic symptom of CD, its cellular and molecular mechanisms are unknown except for demonstration of a role for peripheral TNF-α in CD pain. In this study, we evaluate the role of spinal cord glial cells in experimental T. cruzi infection in the context of pain using C57BL/6 mice. Pain, parasitemia, survival, and glial and neuronal function as well as NFκB activation and cytokine/chemokine production were assessed. T. cruzi infection induced chronic mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia. Systemic TNF-α and IL-1β peaked 14 days postinfection (p.i.). Infected mice presented increased spinal gliosis and NFκB activation compared to uninfected mice at 7 days p.i. Glial and NFκB inhibitors limited T. cruzi–induced pain. Nuclear phosphorylated NFκB was detected surrounded by glia markers, and glial inhibitors reduced its detection. T. cruzi–induced spinal cord production of cytokines/chemokines was also diminished by glial inhibitors. Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons presented increased activity in infected mice, and the production of inflammatory mediators was counteracted by glial/NFκB inhibitors. The present study unveils the contribution of DRG and spinal cord cellular and molecular events leading to pain in T. cruzi infection, contributing to a better understanding of CD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio M Borghi
- Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Science, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,Center for Research in Health Science, University of Northern Paraná-Unopar, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Victor Fattori
- Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Science, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Thacyana T Carvalho
- Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Science, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Vera L H Tatakihara
- Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Science, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Tiago H Zaninelli
- Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Science, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Felipe A Pinho-Ribeiro
- Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Science, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Camila R Ferraz
- Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Science, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Larissa Staurengo-Ferrari
- Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Science, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Rubia Casagrande
- Departament of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, University Hospital, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Wander R Pavanelli
- Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Science, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Phileno Pinge-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Science, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Science, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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7
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Yashiro M, Kinoshita H, Tsujio G, Fukuoka T, Yamamoto Y, Sera T, Sugimoto A, Nishimura S, Kushiyama S, Togano S, Kuroda K, Toyokawa T, Ohira M. SDF1α/CXCR4 axis may be associated with the malignant progression of gastric cancer in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Oncol Lett 2020; 21:38. [PMID: 33262830 PMCID: PMC7693388 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal cell-derived factor 1α (SDF1α) and its receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) have been reported to form an important chemokine signaling pathway. Our previous study reported that SDF1α from tumor stromal cells may stimulate the proliferation of gastric cancer (GC) cells through the CXCR4 axis in a hypoxic microenvironment. However, a limited number of studies have addressed the clinicopathological significance of the expression of SDF1α and CXCR4 in GC, particularly at hypoxic regions. Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the expression levels of SDF1α, CXCR4 and the hypoxic marker carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) in 185 patients with stage II and III GC. The results demonstrated that CA9 was expressed on cancer and stromal cells in hypoxic lesions, CXCR4 was mainly expressed in cancer cells, and SDFα was mainly expressed in stromal cells. CXCR4 expression in cancer cells and SDFα expression in stromal cells were associated with the hypoxic regions with CA9 expression. The CA9 and CXCR4 expression in the cancer cells, and the SDF1α expression in the stromal cells (CA9/CXCR4/SDF1α) was significantly associated with macroscopic type 4 tumor (P=0.012) and the pattern of tumor infiltration into the surrounding tissue (P<0.001). The prognosis of the all CA9/CXCR4/SDF1α-positive patients was significantly poorer compared with that of patients with CA9-, CXCR4- or SDF1α-negative GC at Stage III (P=0.041). These results indicated that hypoxia may upregulate SDFα production in stromal cells and CXCR4 expression in cancer cells. The SDF1α/CXCR4 axis may serve an important role in the progression of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Yashiro
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Haruhito Kinoshita
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Gen Tsujio
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tatsunari Fukuoka
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yurie Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sera
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sugimoto
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Sadaaki Nishimura
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Shuhei Kushiyama
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Shingo Togano
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Kuroda
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Takahiro Toyokawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masaichi Ohira
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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8
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Clinical, Cardiological and Serologic Follow-Up of Chagas Disease in Children and Adolescents from the Amazon Region, Brazil: Longitudinal Study. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5030139. [PMID: 32878335 PMCID: PMC7559478 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5030139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outbreaks of Chagas disease (CD) by foodborne transmission is a problem related to deforestation, exposing people to triatomines infected by T. cruzi, in the Amazon region. Once involving long-time follow-up, the treatment efficacy of the CD during its acute phase is still unknown. The authors aim to describe the clinical and epidemiologic profile of children and adolescents with CD, as well as treatment and cardiac involvement during the follow-up. Methods: A descriptive cohort study was conducted from 1998 to 2013 among children and adolescents up to 18 years-old with confirmed diagnosis of CD. All participants met the criteria of CD in the acute phase. Results: A total of 126 outpatients were included and received treatment and follow-up examinations during a medium period of 10.9 years/person. Most of them (68.3%) had their diagnosis established during oral transmission outbreaks. The diagnostic method with the most positive results rate (80.9%) was the IgM class anti-T. cruzi antibody test as an acute phase marker, followed by the thick blood smears (60.8%). Acute myopericarditis was demonstrated in 18.2% of the patients, most of them with favorable evolution, though 2.4% (3/126) persisted with cardiac injury observed at the end point of the follow-up. Conclusions: Antibodies against T. cruzi persisted in 54.8% of sera from the patients without prognostic correlation with cardiac involvement. Precocious treatment can decrease potential cardiac complications and assure good treatment response, especially for inhabitants living in areas with difficult accessibility.
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9
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Velásquez-Ortiz N, Ramírez JD. Understanding the oral transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi as a veterinary and medical foodborne zoonosis. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:448-461. [PMID: 32781335 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease transmitted by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi that lately has been highlighted because several outbreaks attributed to oral transmission of the parasite have occurred. These outbreaks are characterized by high mortality rates and massive infections that cannot be related to other types of transmission such as the vectorial route. Oral transmission of Chagas disease has been reported in Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina and French Guiana, most of them are massive oral outbreaks caused by the ingestion of beverages and food contaminated with triatomine feces or parasites' reservoirs secretions and considered since 2012 as a foodborne disease. In this review, we present the current status and all available data regarding oral transmission of Chagas disease, highlighting its relevance as a veterinary and medical foodborne zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Velásquez-Ortiz
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
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10
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Bern C, Messenger LA, Whitman JD, Maguire JH. Chagas Disease in the United States: a Public Health Approach. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 33:e00023-19. [PMID: 31776135 PMCID: PMC6927308 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00023-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiological agent of Chagas disease, usually transmitted by triatomine vectors. An estimated 20 to 30% of infected individuals develop potentially lethal cardiac or gastrointestinal disease. Sylvatic transmission cycles exist in the southern United States, involving 11 triatomine vector species and infected mammals such as rodents, opossums, and dogs. Nevertheless, imported chronic T. cruzi infections in migrants from Latin America vastly outnumber locally acquired human cases. Benznidazole is now FDA approved, and clinical and public health efforts are under way by researchers and health departments in a number of states. Making progress will require efforts to improve awareness among providers and patients, data on diagnostic test performance and expanded availability of confirmatory testing, and evidence-based strategies to improve access to appropriate management of Chagas disease in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caryn Bern
- University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey D Whitman
- University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James H Maguire
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Tietbohl LA, Mello CB, Silva LR, Dolabella IB, Franco TC, Enríquez JJ, Santos MG, Fernandes CP, Machado FP, Mexas R, Azambuja P, Araújo HP, Moura W, Ratcliffe NA, Feder D, Rocha L, Gonzalez MS. Green insecticide against Chagas disease: effects of essential oil from Myrciaria floribunda (Myrtaceae) on the development of Rhodnius prolixus nymphs. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2019.1631894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis A.C. Tietbohl
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Produtos Naturais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cicero B. Mello
- Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos–LABI, Departamento de Biologia Geral (GBG), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM, CNPq), Brazil
| | - Lucas R. Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos–LABI, Departamento de Biologia Geral (GBG), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Izadora B. Dolabella
- Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos–LABI, Departamento de Biologia Geral (GBG), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thais C. Franco
- Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos–LABI, Departamento de Biologia Geral (GBG), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jairo J.S. Enríquez
- Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos–LABI, Departamento de Biologia Geral (GBG), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo G. Santos
- Departamento de Ciências, Faculdade de Formação de Professores, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, São Gonçalo, RJ, Brazil
| | - Caio P. Fernandes
- Laboratório de Farmacotécnica, Colegiado de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Amapá, AP, Brazil
| | - Francisco P. Machado
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Produtos Naturais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Mexas
- Laboratório de Produção e Tratamento de Imagens, Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Azambuja
- Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM, CNPq), Brazil
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Humberto P. Araújo
- Laboratório de Vacinas Bacterianas e Soros Hiperimunes, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Wlamir Moura
- Laboratório de Vacinas Bacterianas e Soros Hiperimunes, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Norman A. Ratcliffe
- Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos–LABI, Departamento de Biologia Geral (GBG), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK
| | - Denise Feder
- Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos–LABI, Departamento de Biologia Geral (GBG), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM, CNPq), Brazil
| | - Leandro Rocha
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Produtos Naturais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo S. Gonzalez
- Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos–LABI, Departamento de Biologia Geral (GBG), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM, CNPq), Brazil
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Trypanosoma cruzi immunoproteome: Calpain-like CAP5.5 differentially detected throughout distinct stages of human Chagas disease cardiomyopathy. J Proteomics 2019; 194:179-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Llau AF, Tejada CE, Ahmed NU. Chagas Disease Prevalence in Colombia: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:81-89. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anthoni F. Llau
- Global Health Consortium, Florida International University, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Miami, Florida
| | - Carlos Espinal Tejada
- Global Health Consortium, Florida International University, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Miami, Florida
| | - Nasar U. Ahmed
- Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Miami, Florida
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Sousa Júnior ADS, Palácios VRDCM, Miranda CDS, Costa RJFD, Catete CP, Chagasteles EJ, Pereira ALRR, Gonçalves NV. Análise espaço-temporal da doença de Chagas e seus fatores de risco ambientais e demográficos no município de Barcarena, Pará, Brasil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2017; 20:742-755. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-5497201700040015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO: Introdução: A doença de Chagas é uma parasitose considerada um grave problema de saúde pública. No município de Barcarena, Pará, de 2007 a 2014, ocorreu a maior prevalência dessa doença no Brasil. Objetivo: Analisar a distribuição dessa doença relacionada às variáveis epidemiológicas, ambientais e demográficas, na área e no período do estudo. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados epidemiológicos e demográficos da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Barcarena e imagens de satélites do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais. Os dados de desmatamento foram obtidos por classificação de imagens de satélites, utilizando rede neural artificial. As análises de significância estatística foram realizadas com o teste do χ2, e as de dependência espacial entre as variáveis, com as técnicas de Kernel e Moran. Resultados: A curva epidemiológica indicou um padrão sazonal da doença. O maior percentual dos casos foi em indivíduos do sexo masculino, pardos, adultos, analfabetos, da zona urbana e com provável contaminação oral. Foi confirmada dependência espacial dos casos da doença com os diferentes tipos de desmatamento identificados no município, bem como aglomerados de casos em áreas urbanas e rurais. Discussão: A distribuição da doença não ocorreu de forma homogênea, possivelmente pela dinâmica demográfica do município, com intensos fluxos migratórios que causam os desmatamentos. Conclusão: Foram observadas diferentes relações entre as variáveis estudadas e a ocorrência da doença no município. As tecnologias utilizadas foram satisfatórias para a construção dos cenários epidemiológicos da doença.
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Brandão E, Romero S, da Silva MAL, Santos FLN. Neglected tropical diseases in Brazilian children and adolescents: data analysis from 2009 to 2013. Infect Dis Poverty 2017; 6:154. [PMID: 29096720 PMCID: PMC5668976 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-017-0369-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) prevail in conditions of poverty and contribute to the maintenance of social inequality. Out of the NTDs prioritized by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, four parasitic infections require mandatory notification: acute Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, malaria, and schistosomiasis. Data on the behaviour of these NTDs in the young population are currently limited. This study seeks to analyse the epidemiological aspects of these parasitic infections in children and adolescents in Brazil. METHODS A retrospective exploratory ecological study was conducted. A spatial analysis of the cases reported between 2009 and 2013 in individuals aged between 0 and 19 years that were notified through the Health Notification Aggravation Information System (SINAN) was performed. RESULTS In total, 64,567 cases of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, malaria, schistosomiasis, and acute Chagas disease were recorded in the SINAN database, representing a rate of 20.15 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. The average age of the cases was 12.2 years and 62.32% were male. Four hundred and three deaths related to these obligatorily reported parasites were recorded, indicating a case fatality rate of 0.62%. Visceral leishmaniasis and acute Chagas disease had the highest rates of lethality. A heterogeneous spatial distribution of the studied parasites was observed. CONCLUSIONS The number of cases and the lethality rate described in this study show that these diseases still represent a serious problem for public health in Brazil. This points to the need to encourage new research and the reformulation of social, economic, and public health policies aimed at ensuring better health and living conditions for all individuals, especially those among the populations considered vulnerable, as is the case of the young.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Brandão
- National Reference Service for Filariasis, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (Fiocruz-PE), Recife, Pernambuco Brazil
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Sebastián Romero
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Maria Almerice Lopes da Silva
- Laboratory of Communicable Diseases, Parasitology Department, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (Fiocruz-PE), Recife, Pernambuco Brazil
| | - Fred Luciano Neves Santos
- Laboratory of Pathology and Bio-Intervention, Gonçalo Moniz Institute (Fiocruz-BA), Salvador, Bahia Brazil
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[Possible oral transmission of Chagas disease among hydrocarbons sector workers in Casanare, Colombia, 2014]. BIOMEDICA 2017; 37:218-232. [PMID: 28527286 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v37i3.3153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent for Chagas disease, can be transmitted by oral intake of contaminated food or drinks. During epidemiological week 14 of 2014, two cases of acute Chagas disease were notified among hydrocarbons sector workers in Paz de Ariporo, Casanare. OBJECTIVE To characterize the affected population, to establish control and prevention measures and to confirm the outbreak. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted an outbreak investigation that included the following components: a) Search for symptomatic people compatible with Chagas disease according to the case definition for their referral to medical services; b) entomological survey (192/197 houses); c) sanitary inspection and microbiological analysis of food samples; and d) study of reservoirs. Data management and analysis were done with Epi-Info 7.1.5 using descriptive statistics. We also calculated intradomicile and peridomicile triatomine infestation indexes. RESULTS We detected 552 exposed people; 40 had the disease (7.2%), of whom seven were women (17,5%) and 33, men (82.5%), i.e., a male-female ratio of 5:1. The mean age was 39.1 ± 10.8 years; the attack rate was 7.2% and lethality, 5% (2/40). Symptoms included fever (100% of cases), headache (80%), myalgia and arthralgia (65%), facial edema (55%), and abdominal pain (37.5%). The mean incubation time was 17 days (range: 3-21). Rhodnius prolixus domiciliary infestation index was 3.3 % and 2.2% in the peridomicile. In the five restaurants inspected sanitary conditions were deficient and food samples were microbiologically non-conforming. We found a dog and two opossums positive for IgG antibodies by ELISA. CONCLUSIONS Environmental, sanitary and epidemiological conditions at the place confirmed an outbreak of Chagas diseases related to occupational exposure, possibly by oral transmission, which may be the largest to date in Colombia.
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de Góes Costa E, Dos Santos SO, Sojo-Milano M, Amador ECC, Tatto E, Souza DSM, de A Costa F, Póvoa RMS. Acute Chagas Disease in the Brazilian Amazon: Epidemiological and clinical features. Int J Cardiol 2017; 235:176-178. [PMID: 28268086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.02.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Erica Tatto
- Secretary of Health, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Polymorphisms of blood forms and in vitro metacyclogenesis of Trypanosoma cruzi I, II, and IV. Exp Parasitol 2017; 176:8-15. [PMID: 28212811 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of American trypanosomiasis has broad biological and genetic diversity. Remaining to be studied are polymorphisms of the blood forms and metacyclogenesis of different T. cruzi discrete typing units (DTUs). Our goal was to evaluate the relationship between T. cruzi DTUs, the morphology of blood trypomastigotes, and in vitro metacyclogenesis. T. cruzi strains that pertained to DTUs TcI, TcII, and TcIV from different Brazilian states were used. Parameters that were related to the morphology of eight strains were assessed in thin blood smears that were obtained from mice that were inoculated with blood or culture forms, depending on strain. The metacyclogenesis of 12 strains was measured using smears with Liver Infusion Tryptose culture medium and M16 culture medium (which is poor in nutrients and has a low pH) at the exponential phase of growth, both stained with Giemsa. The morphological pattern of TcII strains was consistent with broad forms of the parasite. In TcIV strains, slender forms predominated. The Y strain (TcII) was morphologically more similar to TcIV. Significant differences in polymorphisms were observed between DTUs. Metacyclogenesis parameters, although displaying large standard deviations, differed between the DTUs, with the following descending rank order: TcII > TcI > TcIV. The mean numbers of metacyclic trypomastigotes for TcII were significantly higher than the other DTUs. Although the DTUs presented overlapping characteristics, the general pattern was that different DTUs exhibited significantly different morphologies and metacyclogenesis, suggesting that the genetic diversity of T. cruzi could be related to parameters that are associated with the evolution of infection in mammalian hosts and its ability to disperse in nature.
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da Silva Junior GB, Antunes VVH, Motta M, Barros EJG, Daher EDF. Chagas disease-associated kidney injury – A review. NEFROLOGÍA LATINOAMERICANA 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nefrol.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Everybody loves sugar: first report of plant feeding in triatomines. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:114. [PMID: 26928036 PMCID: PMC4772290 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1401-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triatomines, which are the vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, have been considered to be exclusive blood feeders for more than 100 years, since the discovery of Chagas disease. METHODS We offered artificial sugar meals to the laboratory model-insect Rhodnius prolixus, which is considered a strict haematophagous insect. We registered feeding by adding colorant to sugar meals. To assess putative phytophagy, fruits of the tomato Solanum lycopersicum were offered to R. prolixus and the presence of tomato DNA was assessed in the insects using PCR. We also assessed longevity, blood feeding and urine production of fruit-exposed triatomines and control insects. RESULTS All instars of R. prolixus ingested sugar from artificial sugar meals in laboratory conditions. First instar R. prolixus ingested plant tissue from S. lycopersicum fruits, and this increased the amount of blood ingested and urine excreted. Decreased mortality was also observed after blood feeding. Exposure to S. lycopersicum increased longevity and reduced weight loss caused by desiccation. CONCLUSIONS We describe here the first report of sugar feeding and phytophagy in a species that was considered to be a strict blood-feeder for over a century. We suggest that local plants might be not merely shelters for insects and vertebrate hosts as previously described, but may have a nutritional role for the maintenance of the triatomine vectors. The description of sugar and plant meals in triatomines opens new perspectives for the study and control of Chagas Disease.
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Santos FLN, Lorena VMBD, Souza WVD, Gomes YDM. Spatiotemporal analysis of reported cases of acute Chagas disease in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil, from 2002 to 2013. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2016; 48:181-7. [PMID: 25992933 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0312-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Control strategies to eliminate the transmission of Chagas disease by insect vectors have significantly decreased the number of reported acute cases in Brazil. However, data regarding the incidence and distribution of acute Chagas disease cases in the State of Pernambuco are unavailable in the literature. METHODS A geographical information system was used to delineate the spatiotemporal distribution profile of the cases from 2002 to 2013 in 185 municipalities of Pernambuco based on the municipality where notification occurred. The results were presented in digital maps generated by the TerraView software (INPE). RESULTS A total of 302 cases of acute disease were recorded in 37.8% of the municipalities, for a total of 0.13 cases per 1,000,000 inhabitants per year. Out of the 302 cases, 99.3% were reported between 2002 and 2006. The most affected municipalities were Carnaubeira da Penha, Mirandiba and Terra Nova. The risk maps showed a significant decrease in the number of notifications and a concentration of cases in the Midwest region. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights a significant decrease in new cases of acute Chagas disease in Pernambuco starting in 2006 when Brazil received an international certification for the interruption of vectorial transmission by Triatoma infestans. However, control strategies should still be encouraged because other triatomine species can also transmit the parasite; moreover, other transmission modes must not be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Luciano Neves Santos
- Serviço de Referência em Doença de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Virginia Maria Barros de Lorena
- Serviço de Referência em Doença de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Wayner Vieira de Souza
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Yara de Miranda Gomes
- Serviço de Referência em Doença de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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de Noya BA, González ON. An ecological overview on the factors that drives to Trypanosoma cruzi oral transmission. Acta Trop 2015; 151:94-102. [PMID: 26066984 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
American trypanosomiasis is one of the few native parasites of this continent. As a zoonosis, Trypanosoma cruzi infects about 180 species out of 25 families of mammals. Its regular transmission is through triatomines, which can easily transmit parasites either by the skin route (contamination of mammals skin with their feces) or by oral route (ingestion of food contaminated with complete triatomines or their feces) and additionally through haematogenous via (congenital and transfusional) and by tissues (transplants). The oral route, which seems to be the ancestral form of transmission to wild and domestic mammals, has recently become more important after the success achieved in the control of domicile vectors using residual pesticides. From its initial diagnosis in 1967, tens of oral outbreaks have been diagnosed mostly in the Brazilian Amazon and subsequently in other four countries in South America. Environmental imbalance caused by man through the invasion and deforestation of woodlands, results in reduction of biodiversity of mammals as food source for triatomines, affecting the "dilution effect" of T. cruzi in the nature increasing the risk of human infection. On the other hand, triatomines invade houses looking for new blood sources. One of the consequences of domiciliated triatomines is the food contamination spread, especially in home-made juices, which has been the source of infection of most oral outbreaks. Other biotic and abiotic factors help to explain the recent increase of oral transmission outbreaks of Chagas disease, distributed in nine eco-regions of America.
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Messenger LA, Miles MA, Bern C. Between a bug and a hard place: Trypanosoma cruzi genetic diversity and the clinical outcomes of Chagas disease. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:995-1029. [PMID: 26162928 PMCID: PMC4784490 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1056158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 30 years, concomitant with successful transnational disease control programs across Latin America, Chagas disease has expanded from a neglected, endemic parasitic infection of the rural poor to an urbanized chronic disease, and now a potentially emergent global health problem. Trypanosoma cruzi infection has a highly variable clinical course, ranging from complete absence of symptoms to severe and often fatal cardiovascular and/or gastrointestinal manifestations. To date, few correlates of clinical disease progression have been identified. Elucidating a putative role for T. cruzi strain diversity in Chagas disease pathogenesis is complicated by the scarcity of parasites in clinical specimens and the limitations of our contemporary genotyping techniques. This article systematically reviews the historical literature, given our current understanding of parasite genetic diversity, to evaluate the evidence for any association between T. cruzi genotype and chronic clinical outcome, risk of congenital transmission or reactivation and orally transmitted outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa A Messenger
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Michael A Miles
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Caryn Bern
- Global Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Noya BAD, Díaz-Bello Z, Colmenares C, Ruiz-Guevara R, Mauriello L, Muñoz-Calderón A, Noya O. Update on oral Chagas disease outbreaks in Venezuela: epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic approaches. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:377-86. [PMID: 25946155 PMCID: PMC4489475 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760140285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Orally transmitted Chagas disease has become a matter of concern due to outbreaks
reported in four Latin American countries. Although several mechanisms for orally
transmitted Chagas disease transmission have been proposed, food and beverages
contaminated with whole infected triatomines or their faeces, which contain
metacyclic trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, seems to be the
primary vehicle. In 2007, the first recognised outbreak of orally transmitted Chagas
disease occurred in Venezuela and largest recorded outbreak at that time. Since then,
10 outbreaks (four in Caracas) with 249 cases (73.5% children) and 4% mortality have
occurred. The absence of contact with the vector and of traditional cutaneous and
Romana’s signs, together with a florid spectrum of clinical manifestations during the
acute phase, confuse the diagnosis of orally transmitted Chagas disease with other
infectious diseases. The simultaneous detection of IgG and IgM by ELISA and the
search for parasites in all individuals at risk have been valuable diagnostic tools
for detecting acute cases. Follow-up studies regarding the microepidemics primarily
affecting children has resulted in 70% infection persistence six years after
anti-parasitic treatment. Panstrongylus geniculatus has been the
incriminating vector in most cases. As a food-borne disease, this entity requires
epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches that differ from
those approaches used for traditional direct or cutaneous vector transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belkisyolé Alarcón de Noya
- Sección de Inmunología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Zoraida Díaz-Bello
- Sección de Inmunología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Cecilia Colmenares
- Sección de Inmunología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Raiza Ruiz-Guevara
- Escuela de Medicina Luís Razetti, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Luciano Mauriello
- Sección de Inmunología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Arturo Muñoz-Calderón
- Sección de Inmunología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Oscar Noya
- Sección de Inmunología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by infection with the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, and although over 100 years have passed since the discovery of Chagas disease, it still presents an increasing problem for global public health. A plethora of information concerning the chronic phase of human Chagas disease, particularly the severe cardiac form, is available in the literature. However, information concerning events during the acute phase of the disease is scarce. In this review, we will discuss (1) the current status of acute Chagas disease cases globally, (2) the immunological findings related to the acute phase and their possible influence in disease outcome, and (3) reactivation of Chagas disease in immunocompromised individuals, a key point for transplantation and HIV infection management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela V. Andrade
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kenneth J. Gollob
- National Institute for Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, INCT-DT, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Hospital Santa Casa-BH, Institute for Education and Research, Graduate Program in Biomedicine and Medicine, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Walderez O. Dutra
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute for Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, INCT-DT, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Xavier SCDC, Roque ALR, Bilac D, de Araújo VAL, Neto SFDC, Lorosa ES, da Silva LFCF, Jansen AM. Distantiae transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi: a new epidemiological feature of acute Chagas disease in Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2878. [PMID: 24854494 PMCID: PMC4031066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The new epidemiological scenario of orally transmitted Chagas disease that has emerged in Brazil, and mainly in the Amazon region, needs to be addressed with a new and systematic focus. Belém, the capital of Pará state, reports the highest number of acute Chagas disease (ACD) cases associated with the consumption of açaí juice. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The wild and domestic enzootic transmission cycles of Trypanosoma cruzi were evaluated in the two locations (Jurunas and Val-de Cães) that report the majority of the autochthonous cases of ACD in Belém city. Moreover, we evaluated the enzootic cycle on the three islands that provide most of the açaí fruit that is consumed in these localities. We employed parasitological and serological tests throughout to evaluate infectivity competence and exposure to T. cruzi. In Val-de-Cães, no wild mammal presented positive parasitological tests, and 56% seroprevalence was observed, with low serological titers. Three of 14 triatomines were found to be infected (TcI). This unexpected epidemiological picture does not explain the high number of autochthonous ACD cases. In Jurunas, the cases of ACD could not be autochthonous because of the absence of any enzootic cycle of T. cruzi. In contrast, in the 3 island areas from which the açaí fruit originates, 66.7% of wild mammals and two dogs displayed positive hemocultures, and 15.6% of triatomines were found to be infected by T. cruzi. Genotyping by mini-exon gene and PCR-RFLP (1f8/Akw21I) targeting revealed that the mammals and triatomines from the islands harbored TcI and Trypanosoma rangeli in single and mixed infections. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE These findings show that cases of Chagas disease in the urban area of Belém may be derived from infected triatomines coming together with the açaí fruits from distant islands. We term this new epidemiological feature of Chagas disease as "Distantiae transmission".
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Affiliation(s)
| | - André Luiz Rodrigues Roque
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniele Bilac
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Sócrates Fraga da Costa Neto
- Laboratory of Biology and Parasitology of Wild Reservoir Mammals, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elias Seixas Lorosa
- International and National Laboratory of Reference for Triatominae Taxonomy, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Maria Jansen
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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The 2014 FIFA World Cup: communicable disease risks and advice for visitors to Brazil--a review from the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI). Travel Med Infect Dis 2014; 12:208-18. [PMID: 24821081 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The next FIFA World Cup will be held in Brazil in June-July 2014. Around 600,000 international visitors and participants (as well over 3 million domestic travelers) are expected. This event will take place in twelve cities. This event poses specific challenges, given its size and the diversity of attendees, including the potential for the transmission of imported or endemic communicable diseases, especially those that have an increased transmission rate as a result of close human proximity, eg, seasonal influenza, measles but also tropical endemic diseases. In anticipation of increased travel, a panel of experts from the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) developed the current recommendations regarding the epidemiology and risks of the main communicable diseases in the major potential destinations, recommended immunizations and other preventives measures to be used as a basis for advice for travelers and travel medicine practitioners. Mosquito-borne infections also pose a challenge. Dengue poses a significant risk in all states, including the host cities. Vaccination against yellow fever is recommended except for travelers who will only visit coastal areas. Travelers visiting high-risk areas for malaria (Amazon) should be assessed regarding the need for chemoprophylaxis. Chikunguya fever may be a threat for Brazil, given the presence of Aedes aegypti, vector of dengue, and the possibility of travelers bringing the virus with them when attending the event. Advice on the correct timing and use of repellents and other personal protection measures is key to preventing these vector-borne infections. Other important recommendations for travelers should focus on preventing water and food-borne diseases such as hepatitis A, typhoid fever, giardiasis and traveler's diarrhea. Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) should be also mentioned and the use of condoms advocated. This review addresses pre-travel, preventive strategies to reduce the risk of acquiring communicable diseases during a mass gathering such as the World Cup and also reviews the spectrum of endemic infections in Brazil to facilitate the recognition and management of infectious diseases in travelers returning to their countries of origin.
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Oliveira I, Torrico F, Muñoz J, Gascon J. Congenital transmission of Chagas disease: a clinical approach. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 8:945-56. [DOI: 10.1586/eri.10.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Cortez C, Sobreira TJP, Maeda FY, Yoshida N. The gp82 surface molecule of Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic forms. Subcell Biochem 2014; 74:137-150. [PMID: 24264244 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7305-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Gp82 is a surface glycoprotein expressed in Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic trypomastigotes, the parasite forms from the insect vector that initiate infection in the mammalian host. Studies with metacyclic forms generated in vitro, as counterparts of insect-borne parasites, have shown that gp82 plays an essential role in host cell invasion and in the establishment of infection by the oral route. Among the gp82 properties relevant for infection are the gastric mucin-binding capacity and the ability to induce the target cell signaling cascades that result in actin cytoskeleton disruption and lysosome exocytosis, events that facilitate parasite internalization. The gp82 sequences from genetically divergent T. cruzi strains are highly conserved, displaying >90 % identity. Both the host cell-binding sites, as well as the gastric mucin-binding sequence of gp82, are localized in the C-terminal domain of the molecule. In the gp82 structure model, the main cell-binding site consists of an α-helix, which connects the N-terminal β-propeller domain to the C-terminal β-sandwich domain, where the second cell binding site is nested. The two cell binding sites are fully exposed on gp82 surface. Downstream and close to the α-helix is the gp82 gastric mucin-binding site, which is partially exposed. All available data support the notion that gp82 is structurally suited for metacyclic trypomastigote invasion of host cells and for initiating infection by the oral route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Cortez
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 6º andar, 04039-032, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Matsuoka J, Yashiro M, Doi Y, Fuyuhiro Y, Kato Y, Shinto O, Noda S, Kashiwagi S, Aomatsu N, Hirakawa T, Hasegawa T, Shimizu K, Shimizu T, Miwa A, Yamada N, Sawada T, Hirakawa K. Hypoxia stimulates the EMT of gastric cancer cells through autocrine TGFβ signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62310. [PMID: 23690936 PMCID: PMC3656884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is considered to be correlated with malignancy of cancer cells and responsible for cancer invasion and metastasis. We previously reported that distant metastasis was associated with hypoxia in gastric cancer. We therefore investigated the effect of hypoxic condition on EMT of gastric cancer cells. Gastric cancer cells were cultured in normoxia (21% O2) or hypoxia (1% O2) for 24 h. EMT was evaluated as the percentage of spindle-shaped cells in total cells. Effect of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) or tyrosine kinase inhibitors on the EMT was evaluated. The expression level of TGFβ1 and TGFβR was evaluated by real time RT-PCR. The TGFβ1 production from cancer cells was measured by ELISA. Hypoxia stimulated EMT of OCUM-2MD3 and OCUM-12 cells, but not that of OCUM-2M cells. The expression level of TGFβ1 mRNA under hypoxia was significantly higher than that under normoxia in all of three cell lines. The expression level of TGFβR mRNA was significantly increased by hypoxia in OCUM-2MD3 cells, but not in OCUM-2M cells. TGFβR inhibitor, SB431542 or Ki26894, significantly suppressed EMT of OCUM-2MD3 and OCUM-12. TGFβ1 production from OCUM-2MD3 and OCUM-12 cells was significantly increased under hypoxia in comparison with that under normoxia. These findings might suggest that hypoxia stimulates the EMT of gastric cancer cells via autocrine TGFβ/TGFβR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Matsuoka
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
- Oncology Institute of Geriatrics and Medical Science, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yosuke Doi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuhiko Fuyuhiro
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Kato
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Osamu Shinto
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoru Noda
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Kashiwagi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Aomatsu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiki Hirakawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hasegawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Shimizu
- Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Chiyodaku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shimizu
- Research Planning Department, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Chiyodaku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miwa
- Biologics Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Chiyodaku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuya Yamada
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Sawada
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosei Hirakawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
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Aridgides D, Salvador R, PereiraPerrin M. Trypanosoma cruzi highjacks TrkC to enter cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts while exploiting TrkA for cardioprotection against oxidative stress. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:1357-66. [PMID: 23414299 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC), caused by the obligate intracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Latin America. CCC begins when T. cruzi enters cardiac cells for intracellular multiplication and differentiation, a process that starts with recognition of host-cell entry receptors. However, the nature of these surface molecules and corresponding parasite counter-receptor(s) is poorly understood. Here we show that antibodies against neurotrophin (NT) receptor TrkC, but not against family members TrkA and TrkB, prevent T. cruzi from invading primary cultures of cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts. Invasion is also selectively blocked by the TrkC ligand NT-3, and by antagonists of Trk autophosphorylation and downstream signalling. Therefore, these results indicate that T. cruzi gets inside cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts by activating TrkC preferentially over TrkA. Accordingly, short hairpin RNA interference of TrkC (shTrkC), but not TrkA, selectively prevents T. cruzi from entering cardiac cells. Additionally, T. cruzi parasite-derived neurotrophic factor (PDNF)/trans-sialidase, a TrkC-binding protein, but not family member gp85, blocks entry dose-dependently, underscoring the specificity of PDNF as TrkC counter-receptor in cardiac cell invasion. In contrast to invasion, competitive and shRNA inhibition studies demonstrate that T. cruzi-PDNF recognition of TrkA, but not TrkC on primary cardiomyocytes and the cardiomyocyte cell line H9c2 protects the cells against oxidative stress. Thus, this study shows that T. cruzi via PDNF favours neurotrophin receptor TrkC for cardiac cell entry and TrkA for cardiomyocyte protection against oxidative stress, and suggests a new therapeutic opportunity in PDNF and/or fragments thereof for CCC therapy as entry inhibitors and/or cardioprotection agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Aridgides
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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Cortez C, Yoshida N, Bahia D, Sobreira TJ. Structural basis of the interaction of a Trypanosoma cruzi surface molecule implicated in oral infection with host cells and gastric mucin. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42153. [PMID: 22860068 PMCID: PMC3409152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Host cell invasion and dissemination within the host are hallmarks of virulence for many pathogenic microorganisms. As concerns Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes Chagas disease, the insect vector-derived metacyclic trypomastigotes (MT) initiate infection by invading host cells, and later blood trypomastigotes disseminate to diverse organs and tissues. Studies with MT generated in vitro and tissue culture-derived trypomastigotes (TCT), as counterparts of insect-borne and bloodstream parasites, have implicated members of the gp85/trans-sialidase superfamily, MT gp82 and TCT Tc85-11, in cell invasion and interaction with host factors. Here we analyzed the gp82 structure/function characteristics and compared them with those previously reported for Tc85-11. One of the gp82 sequences identified as a cell binding site consisted of an α-helix, which connects the N-terminal β-propeller domain to the C-terminal β-sandwich domain where the second binding site is nested. In the gp82 structure model, both sites were exposed at the surface. Unlike gp82, the Tc85-11 cell adhesion sites are located in the N-terminal β-propeller region. The gp82 sequence corresponding to the epitope for a monoclonal antibody that inhibits MT entry into target cells was exposed on the surface, upstream and contiguous to the α-helix. Located downstream and close to the α-helix was the gp82 gastric mucin binding site, which plays a central role in oral T. cruzi infection. The sequences equivalent to Tc85-11 laminin-binding sites, which have been associated with the parasite ability to overcome extracellular matrices and basal laminae, was poorly conserved in gp82, compatible with its reduced capacity to bind laminin. Our study indicates that gp82 is structurally suited for MT to initiate infection by the oral route, whereas Tc85-11, with its affinity for laminin, would facilitate the parasite dissemination through diverse organs and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Cortez
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Nobuko Yoshida
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- * E-mail:
| | - Diana Bahia
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Tiago J.P. Sobreira
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, Brasil
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Hotez PJ, Dumonteil E, Woc-Colburn L, Serpa JA, Bezek S, Edwards MS, Hallmark CJ, Musselwhite LW, Flink BJ, Bottazzi ME. Chagas disease: "the new HIV/AIDS of the Americas". PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1498. [PMID: 22666504 PMCID: PMC3362306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Hotez
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, and Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Center for Vaccine Development, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Eric Dumonteil
- Laboratorio de Parasitologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Laila Woc-Colburn
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jose A. Serpa
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sarah Bezek
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Morven S. Edwards
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Camden J. Hallmark
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Houston Department of Health and Human Services, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Laura W. Musselwhite
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Flink
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, and Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Center for Vaccine Development, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Silva DRD, Castro SLD, Alves MCDS, Batista WDS, Oliveira GMD. Acute experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection: establishing a murine model that utilises non-invasive measurements of disease parameters. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 107:211-6. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Abstract
Chagas disease is now an active disease in the urban centers of countries of nonendemicity and endemicity because of congenital and blood and/or organ transplantation transmissions and the reactivation of the chronic disease in smaller scale than vectorial transmission, reported as controlled in countries of endemicity. Oral transmission of Chagas disease has emerged in unpredictable situations in the Amazon region and, more rarely, in areas of nonendemicity where the domiciliary triatomine cycle was under control because of exposition of the food to infected triatomine and contaminated secretions of reservoir hosts. Oral transmission of Chagas disease is considered when >1 acute case of febrile disease without other causes is linked to a suspected food and should be confirmed by the presence of the parasite after direct microscopic examination of the blood or other biological fluid sample from the patient.
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Abstract
The acute phase of Chagas disease lasts 4-8 weeks and is characterized by microscopically detectable parasitaemia. Symptoms are usually mild with severe acute disease occurring in less than 1% of patients. Orally transmitted Trypanosoma cruzi outbreaks can have more severe acute morbidity and higher mortality than vector-borne infection. Congenital T. cruzi infection occurs in 1-10% of infants of infected mothers. Most congenital infections are asymptomatic or cause non-specific signs, requiring laboratory screening for detection. A small proportion of congenital infections cause severe morbidity with hepatosplenomegaly, anaemia, meningoencephalitis and/or respiratory insufficiency, with an associated high mortality. Infected infants are presumed to carry the same 20-30% lifetime risk of cardiac or gastrointestinal disease as other infected individuals. Most control programs in Latin America employ prenatal serological screening followed by microscopic examination of cord blood from infants of seropositive mothers. Recent data confirm that polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is more sensitive and detects congenital infections earlier than conventional techniques. For infants not diagnosed at birth, conventional serology is recommended at at 6 to 9 months of age. In programs that have been evaluated, less than 20% of at risk infants completed all steps of the screening algorithm. A sensitive, specific and practical screening test for newborns is needed to enable Chagas disease to be added to newborn screening programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caryn Bern
- Parasitic Diseases Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Bern C, Kjos S, Yabsley MJ, Montgomery SP. Trypanosoma cruzi and Chagas' Disease in the United States. Clin Microbiol Rev 2011; 24:655-81. [PMID: 21976603 PMCID: PMC3194829 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00005-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas' disease is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and causes potentially life-threatening disease of the heart and gastrointestinal tract. The southern half of the United States contains enzootic cycles of T. cruzi, involving 11 recognized triatomine vector species. The greatest vector diversity and density occur in the western United States, where woodrats are the most common reservoir; other rodents, raccoons, skunks, and coyotes are also infected with T. cruzi. In the eastern United States, the prevalence of T. cruzi is highest in raccoons, opossums, armadillos, and skunks. A total of 7 autochthonous vector-borne human infections have been reported in Texas, California, Tennessee, and Louisiana; many others are thought to go unrecognized. Nevertheless, most T. cruzi-infected individuals in the United States are immigrants from areas of endemicity in Latin America. Seven transfusion-associated and 6 organ donor-derived T. cruzi infections have been documented in the United States and Canada. As improved control of vector- and blood-borne T. cruzi transmission decreases the burden in countries where the disease is historically endemic and imported Chagas' disease is increasingly recognized outside Latin America, the United States can play an important role in addressing the altered epidemiology of Chagas' disease in the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caryn Bern
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Yoshida N, Tyler KM, Llewellyn MS. Invasion mechanisms among emerging food-borne protozoan parasites. Trends Parasitol 2011; 27:459-66. [PMID: 21840261 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Food-borne parasitic diseases, many known to be more prevalent in poor countries with deficient sanitary conditions, are becoming common worldwide. Among the emerging protozoan parasites, the most prominent is Trypanosoma cruzi, rarely reported in the past to be transmitted by the oral route but currently responsible for frequent outbreaks of acute cases of Chagas disease contracted orally and characterized by high mortality. Several other food-borne protozoans considered emerging include the apicomplexans Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium, as well as Giardia and Entamoeba histolytica. Here, the interactions of these protozoans with the mucosal epithelia of the host are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Yoshida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Pedro de Toledo 669, São Paulo, Brasil.
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Eickhoff CS, Giddings OK, Yoshida N, Hoft DF. Immune responses to gp82 provide protection against mucosal Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011; 105:687-91. [PMID: 20835618 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762010000500015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential use of the Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic trypomastigote (MT) stage-specific molecule glycoprotein-82 (gp82) as a vaccine target has not been fully explored. We show that the opsonization of T. cruzi MT with gp82-specific antibody prior to mucosal challenge significantly reduces parasite infectivity. In addition, we investigated the immune responses as well as the systemic and mucosal protective immunity induced by intranasal CpG-adjuvanted gp82 vaccination. Spleen cells from mice immunized with CpG-gp82 proliferated and secreted IFN-γ in a dose-dependent manner in response to in vitro stimulation with gp82 and parasite lysate. More importantly, these CpG-gp82-immunized mice were significantly protected from a biologically relevant oral parasite challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Eickhoff
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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Induction of proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide by Trypanosoma cruzi in renal cells. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:483-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2279-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the cause of American trypanosomiasis, or Chagas disease, is a protozoan parasite that is enzootic and endemic in much of the Americas, where it infects a wide variety of wild and domestic mammals as well as many species of triatomine vectors, in addition to humans. Historically, vector-borne transmission of T. cruzi has been the most important mechanism through which humans have become infected with the parasite, but transmission by blood transfusion and congenital transmission also have been important. In many of the endemic countries transmission of T. cruzi has improved markedly in recent years as vector control and donor screening programs have been implemented on a widespread basis. In the United States autochthonous transmission of T. cruzi appears to be extremely rare. Five persons are known to have become infected with T. cruzi through organ transplants here, and prior to the implementation of blood donor screening in 2007 five instances of transmission by transfusion had been reported. Current estimates put the total number of T. cruzi-infected persons living in the United States at 300,000, essentially all of whom are immigrants from the endemic countries. The obstacles that stand in the way of the total elimination of T. cruzi transmission throughout the endemic range are economic and political, and no major technological advances are needed to accomplish this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis V Kirchhoff
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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