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Martinez-Morata I, Sobel M, Tellez-Plaza M, Navas-Acien A, Howe CG, Sanchez TR. A State-of-the-Science Review on Metal Biomarkers. Curr Environ Health Rep 2023; 10:215-249. [PMID: 37337116 PMCID: PMC10822714 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-023-00402-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Biomarkers are commonly used in epidemiological studies to assess metals and metalloid exposure and estimate internal dose, as they integrate multiple sources and routes of exposure. Researchers are increasingly using multi-metal panels and innovative statistical methods to understand how exposure to real-world metal mixtures affects human health. Metals have both common and unique sources and routes of exposure, as well as biotransformation and elimination pathways. The development of multi-element analytical technology allows researchers to examine a broad spectrum of metals in their studies; however, their interpretation is complex as they can reflect different windows of exposure and several biomarkers have critical limitations. This review elaborates on more than 500 scientific publications to discuss major sources of exposure, biotransformation and elimination, and biomarkers of exposure and internal dose for 12 metals/metalloids, including 8 non-essential elements (arsenic, barium, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, tin, uranium) and 4 essential elements (manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc) commonly used in multi-element analyses. RECENT FINDINGS We conclude that not all metal biomarkers are adequate measures of exposure and that understanding the metabolic biotransformation and elimination of metals is key to metal biomarker interpretation. For example, whole blood is a good biomarker of exposure to arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and tin, but it is not a good indicator for barium, nickel, and uranium. For some essential metals, the interpretation of whole blood biomarkers is unclear. Urine is the most commonly used biomarker of exposure across metals but it should not be used to assess lead exposure. Essential metals such as zinc and manganese are tightly regulated by homeostatic processes; thus, elevated levels in urine may reflect body loss and metabolic processes rather than excess exposure. Total urinary arsenic may reflect exposure to both organic and inorganic arsenic, thus, arsenic speciation and adjustment for arsebonetaine are needed in populations with dietary seafood consumption. Hair and nails primarily reflect exposure to organic mercury, except in populations exposed to high levels of inorganic mercury such as in occupational and environmental settings. When selecting biomarkers, it is also critical to consider the exposure window of interest. Most populations are chronically exposed to metals in the low-to-moderate range, yet many biomarkers reflect recent exposures. Toenails are emerging biomarkers in this regard. They are reliable biomarkers of long-term exposure for arsenic, mercury, manganese, and selenium. However, more research is needed to understand the role of nails as a biomarker of exposure to other metals. Similarly, teeth are increasingly used to assess lifelong exposures to several essential and non-essential metals such as lead, including during the prenatal window. As metals epidemiology moves towards embracing a multi-metal/mixtures approach and expanding metal panels to include less commonly studied metals, it is important for researchers to have a strong knowledge base about the metal biomarkers included in their research. This review aims to aid metals researchers in their analysis planning, facilitate sound analytical decision-making, as well as appropriate understanding and interpretation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Martinez-Morata
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, 1107, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Marisa Sobel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, 1107, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Maria Tellez-Plaza
- Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, 1107, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Caitlin G Howe
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Tiffany R Sanchez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, 1107, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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Brown JS, Diamond GL. Derivation of first-order dissolution rates to estimate particle clearance and burden in the human respiratory tract. Part Fibre Toxicol 2023; 20:17. [PMID: 37106371 PMCID: PMC10134572 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-023-00523-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhalation is a portal-of-entry for aerosols via the respiratory tract where particulate burden accumulates depending on sites of particle deposition, normal clearance mechanisms, and particle solubility. The time available for dissolution of particles is determined by the balance between the rate of particle clearance from a region and their solubility in respiratory solvents. Dissolution is a function of particle surface area divided by particle volume or mass (i.e., dissolution is inversely proportional to the physical diameter of particles). As a conservative approach, investigators commonly assume the complete and instantaneous dissolution of metals from particles depositing in the alveolar region of the respiratory tract. We derived first-order dissolution rate constants to facilitate biokinetic modeling of particle clearance, dissolution, and absorption into the blood. We then modeled pulmonary burden and total dissolution of particles over time as a function of particle size, density, and solubility. We show that assuming poorly soluble particle forms will enter the blood as quickly as highly soluble forms causes an overestimation of concentrations of the compound of interest in blood and other extrapulmonary tissues while also underestimating its pulmonary burden. We conclude that, in addition to modeling dose rates for particle deposition into the lung, physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tissues concentrations of moderately and poorly soluble materials can be improved by including estimates of lung burden and particle dissolution over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Brown
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Mail Code B243-01, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
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Ledingham GJ, Pan W, Giammar DE, Catalano JG. Exchange of Adsorbed Pb(II) at the Rutile Surface: Rates and Mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12169-12178. [PMID: 35952381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of Pb(II) at mineral surfaces affect its mobility in the environment. Pb(II) forms inner- and outer-sphere complexes on mineral surfaces, and this adsorbed pool often represents a large portion of the bioaccessible Pb in contaminated soils. To assess the lability of this potentially reactive adsorbed Pb(II) pool at metal oxide surfaces, we performed Pb(II) isotope exchange measurements between dissolved Pb(II) enriched in 207Pb and natural isotopic abundance Pb(II) adsorbed to rutile at pH 5, 6, and 7. We find that ∼95% of the adsorbed lead is exchangeable. An initially fast exchange (<1 h) is followed by a slower exchange that occurs on a time scale of hours to days. Pb LIII-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectra indicate that similar binding mechanisms are present at all pH values and Pb(II) loadings, implying that differences in exchange rates across the pH range examined are not attributable to changes in the coordination environment. The slower exchange at pH 5 may be associated with interparticle and intraparticle diffusion resulting from particle aggregation. These findings demonstrate that the dissolved Pb(II) pool can be rapidly replenished by adsorbed Pb(II) if this pool is drawn down incrementally by biological uptake or a shift in chemical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg J Ledingham
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Weiyi Pan
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Daniel E Giammar
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Jeffrey G Catalano
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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Swaringen BF, Gawlik E, Kamenov GD, McTigue NE, Cornwell DA, Bonzongo JCJ. Children's exposure to environmental lead: A review of potential sources, blood levels, and methods used to reduce exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112025. [PMID: 34508773 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lead has been used for thousands of years in different anthropogenic activities thanks to its unique properties that allow for many applications such as the manufacturing of drinking water pipes and its use as additives to gasoline and paint. However, knowledge of the adverse impacts of lead on human health has led to its banning from several of its applications, with the main goal of reducing environmental pollution and protecting human health. Human exposure to lead has been linked to different sources of contamination, resulting in high blood lead levels (BLLs) and adverse health implications, primarily in exposed children. Here, we present a summary of a literature review on potential lead sources affecting blood levels and on the different approaches used to reduce human exposure. The findings show a combination of different research approaches, which include the use of inspectors to identify problematic areas in homes, collection and analysis of environmental samples, different lead detection methods (e.g. smart phone applications to identify the presence of lead and mass spectrometry techniques). Although not always the most effective way to predict BLLs in children, linear and non-linear regression models have been used to link BLLs and environmental lead. However, multiple regressions and complex modelling systems would be ideal, especially when seeking results in support of decision-making processes. Overall, lead remains a pollutant of concern and many children are still exposed to it through environmental and drinking water sources. To reduce exposure to lead through source apportionment methods, recent technological advances using high-precision lead stable isotope ratios measured on multi-collector induced coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) instruments have created a new direction for identifying and then eliminating prevalent lead sources associated with high BLLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F Swaringen
- Dept. of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructures and Environment. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Emory Gawlik
- Dept. of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructures and Environment. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - George D Kamenov
- Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Nancy E McTigue
- Cornwell Engineering Group, 712 Gum Rock Ct, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - David A Cornwell
- Dept. of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructures and Environment. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Cornwell Engineering Group, 712 Gum Rock Ct, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Jean-Claude J Bonzongo
- Dept. of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructures and Environment. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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Griggs JL, Thomas DJ, Fry R, Bradham KD. Improving the predictive value of bioaccessibility assays and their use to provide mechanistic insights into bioavailability for toxic metals/metalloids - A research prospectus. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2021; 24:307-324. [PMID: 34092204 PMCID: PMC8390437 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2021.1934764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Widespread contamination of soil, dust, and food with toxic metal(loid)s pose a significant public health concern. Only a portion of orally ingested metal(loid) contaminants are bioavailable, which is defined as the fraction of ingested metal(loid)s absorbed across the gastrointestinal barrier and into systemic circulation. Bioaccessibility tools are a class of in vitro assays used as a surrogate to estimate risk of oral exposure and bioavailability. Although development and use of bioaccessibility tools have contributed to our understanding of the factors influencing oral bioavailability of metal(loid)s, some of these assays may lack data that support their use in decisions concerning adverse health risks and soil remediation. This review discusses the factors known to influence bioaccessibility of metal(loid) contaminants and evaluates experimental approaches and key findings of SW-846 Test Method 1340, Unified BARGE Method, Simulated Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem, Solubility Bioaccessibility Research Consortium assay, In Vitro Gastrointestinal model, TNO-Gastrointestinal Model, and Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment bioaccessibility models which are used to assess oral absolute bioavailability and relative bioavailability in solid matrices. The aim of this review was to identify emerging knowledge gaps and research needs with an emphasis on research required to evaluate these models on (1) standardization of assay techniques and methodology, and (2) use of common criteria for assessing the performance of bioaccessibility models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Griggs
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599 USA
| | - David J. Thomas
- Chemical Characterization and Exposure Division, Center for Computational Toxicology & Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709 USA
| | - Rebecca Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599 USA
| | - Karen D. Bradham
- Watershed and Ecosystem Characterization Division, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modelling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709 USA
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Li Y, Chen J, Bu S, Wang S, Geng X, Guan G, Zhao Q, Ao L, Qu W, Zheng Y, Jin Y, Tang J. Blood lead levels and their associated risk factors in Chinese adults from 1980 to 2018. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 218:112294. [PMID: 33984660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In China, studies on lead exposure to grownup are scarce compared to children, although relevant disease burdens for adults are much severe than that in developed countries. The present study evaluated blood lead levels (BLLs) in Chinese adults by data mining using Monte Carlo simulation. A total of 115 scientific studies published between January 1980 and March 2021 reflecting 45,514 Chinese adults were included in the study. After a continuous increase in Chinese adult BLLs from 1980-1983 (GM 74.84 μg/L) to 1994-1996 (GM 92.27 μg/L), BLLs began to decline from 2000--2002 (GM 80.32 μg/L) to 2016-2018 (GM 21.57 μg/L). This decline implied that the lead phase-out policy in gasoline was effective over the past two decades. The study indicated that North, South, and Southwest China were still relatively high compared to other regions in the past decade. Statistical analysis showed that BLLs of males (GM 68.45 μg/L) were higher than females (GM 56.51 μg/L), smokers (GM 80.96 μg/L) higher than nonsmokers (GM 58.95 μg/L), and populations over 40 (GM 40.43 μg/L) higher than younger populations (GM 40.37 μg/L). The significantly positive correlation between the concentrations of PM2.5 and topsoil lead and BLLs in Chinese adults indicated that air and soil pollution affect adult BLLs. Taken together, our results showed that strict lead control strategies and regular bio-monitoring are needed to maintain low BLLs in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Shuhua Bu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Xue Geng
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Ge Guan
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Qianwen Zhao
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Lin Ao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weidong Qu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Yuan Jin
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Jinglong Tang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China.
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Du X, Zheng W, Ye Q. Rare cases of severe life-threatening lead poisoning due to accident or chronic occupational exposure to lead and manganese: Diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Toxicol Ind Health 2020; 36:951-959. [PMID: 33094697 DOI: 10.1177/0748233720958969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic long-term, low-dose environmental and occupational exposure to lead (Pb) has been extensively studied in large cohorts worldwide among general populations, miners, smelters, or battery workers. However, studies on severe life-threatening Pb poisoning due to accidental or chronic occupational exposure to Pb and manganese (Mn) were rarely reported. METHODS We present one case of acute severe Pb poisoning and compare it with another severe chronic occupational exposure case involving Pb and Mn. A 27-year-old woman mistakenly took a large quantity of pure Pb powder as an herbal remedy; she developed abdominal colic, severe nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and cutaneous and sclera icterus. Laboratory tests showed her blood lead level (BLL) of 173.5 µg dL-1 and urinary lead level (ULL) of 1240 µg dL-1. The patient was diagnosed with acute Pb poisoning and acute liver failure. In another chronic exposure case, a 56-year-old man worked in a Pb and Mn smelting factory for 15 years. He was brought to the emergency room with severe nausea, vomiting, and paroxysmal abdominal colic, which was intolerable during the onset of pain. His BLL was 64.8 µg dL-1 and ULL was 38 µg dL-1, but his blood and urinary Mn levels were normal. The patient was diagnosed with chronic Pb poisoning. Both patients received chelation therapy with calcium disodium ethylene-diamine-tetraacetate (CaNa2EDTA). The woman with acute severe Pb intoxication recovered well and was discharged from the hospital after treatment, and the man who survived severe Pb poisoning was diagnosed with lung cancer. CONCLUSION Clinical manifestations of acute and chronic severe Pb poisoning are different. Chelation therapy with CaNa2EDTA is proven to be an effective life-saving therapy in both cases by reducing BLL. Occupational exposure to both Pb and Mn does not appear to increase Mn neurotoxicity; however, the probability that co-exposure to Mn may increase Pb toxicity in the same patient cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuqin Du
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 74639Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,138262School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- 138262School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Qiao Ye
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 74639Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Mehta N, Cipullo S, Cocerva T, Coulon F, Dino GA, Ajmone-Marsan F, Padoan E, Cox SF, Cave MR, De Luca DA. Incorporating oral bioaccessibility into human health risk assessment due to potentially toxic elements in extractive waste and contaminated soils from an abandoned mine site. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 255:126927. [PMID: 32417510 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The waste rock, tailings and soil around an abandoned mine site in Gorno (northwest Italy) contain elevated concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTE) exceeding the permissible limits for residential uses. Specifically, the maximum concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, and Zn were 107 mg/kg, 340 mg/kg, 1064 mg/kg, and 148 433 mg/kg, respectively. A site-specific human health risk assessment (HHRA) was conducted for residential and recreational exposure scenarios, using an approach based on Risk Based Corrective Action (RBCA) method, refined by incorporating oral bioaccessibility data. Oral bioaccessibility analyses were performed by simulating the human digestion process in vitro (Unified BARGE Method). Detailed analysis of oral bioaccessible fraction (BAF i.e. ratio of bioaccessible concentrations to total concentrations on <250 μm fraction) indicated BAF of As (5-33%), Cd (72-98%), Co (24-42%), Cr (3-11%), Cu (25-90%), Ni (17-60%), Pb (16-88%) and Zn (73-94%). The solid phase distribution and mineralogical analyses showed that the variation of BAF is attributed to presence of alkaline calcareous rocks and association of PTE with a variety of minerals. The HHRA for ingestion pathway, suggested that bioaccessibility-corrected cancer risk reached up to 2.7 × 10-5 and 0.55 × 10-5 for residential and recreational senarios respectively (acceptable level is 1 × 10-5). The hazard index (HI) recalculated after incorporation of oral bioaccessible concentrations for a residential scenario ranged from 0.02 to 17.9. This was above the acceptable level (>1) for 50% of the samples, indicating potential human health risks. This study provides information for site-specific risk assessments and planning future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Mehta
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Belfast, BT9 5AH, UK; University of Torino, Department of Earth Sciences, Torino, 10125, Italy.
| | - Sabrina Cipullo
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Tatiana Cocerva
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Natural and Built Environment, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Frederic Coulon
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK
| | | | - Franco Ajmone-Marsan
- University of Torino, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Grugliasco, 10095, Italy
| | - Elio Padoan
- University of Torino, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Grugliasco, 10095, Italy
| | - Siobhan Fiona Cox
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Natural and Built Environment, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Mark R Cave
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
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Kastury F, Placitu S, Boland J, Karna RR, Scheckel KG, Smith E, Juhasz AL. Relationship between Pb relative bioavailability and bioaccessibility in phosphate amended soil: Uncertainty associated with predicting Pb immobilization efficacy using in vitro assays. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:104967. [PMID: 31284111 PMCID: PMC7393514 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an in vitro in vivo correlation (IVIVC) between Pb in vitro bioaccessibility (IVBA) and relative bioavailability (RBA) was explored to determine whether the efficacy of Pb immobilization in phosphate amended soils could be predicted using an in vitro approach. Mining/smelting impacted soil from Broken Hill, Australia (582-3536 mg/kg of Pb in the <250 μm soil particle fraction) was amended with Phosphoric Acid (PA), Mono Ammonium Phosphate (MAP) or Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) at Pb:P molar ratios of 1:1-1:5. Pb speciation in pre- and post-treated soil was assessed using X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS), Pb IVBA was measured using the Solubility Bioaccessibility Research Consortium (SBRC) assay (gastric and intestinal phases), and Pb RBA was determined in mice using blood Pb concentration as the bioavailability endpoint. XAS analysis revealed a 3.75-6.00 fold increase in the weighted % of Pb phosphates in soil containing >1000 mg/kg Pb while treatment effect ratios of 0.89-0.99 (SBRC-G), 0.09-0.71 (SBRC-I) and 0.27-0.80 (RBA) were observed in PA amended soil (Pb:P = 1:5). Although significant (p < 0.05) correlation were obtained between Pb RBA and IVBA (%) determined using SBRC-G (r = 0.64) and SBRC-I (r = 0.67), the strengths of the relationships were weak (r2 = 0.41-0.45). This research highlights the complexities associated with the prediction of Pb RBA in phosphate amended soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Kastury
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Australia.
| | | | - John Boland
- School of Information Technology and Mathematical Sciences, University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Ranju R Karna
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, National Risk Management Research Laboratory-Land Remediation and Pollution Control Division, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kirk G Scheckel
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Land Remediation and Pollution Control Division, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Euan Smith
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Albert L Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Australia
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Kastury F, Smith E, Doelsch E, Lombi E, Donnelley M, Cmielewski PL, Parsons DW, Scheckel KG, Paterson D, de Jonge MD, Herde C, Juhasz AL. In Vitro, in Vivo, and Spectroscopic Assessment of Lead Exposure Reduction via Ingestion and Inhalation Pathways Using Phosphate and Iron Amendments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10329-10341. [PMID: 31356748 PMCID: PMC7436645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This study compared lead (Pb) immobilization efficacies in mining/smelting impacted soil using phosphate and iron amendments via ingestion and inhalation pathways using in vitro and in vivo assays, in conjunction with investigating the dynamics of dust particles in the lungs and gastro-intestinal tract via X-ray fluorescence (XRF) microscopy. Phosphate amendments [phosphoric acid (PA), hydroxyapatite, monoammonium phosphate (MAP), triple super phosphate (TSP), and bone meal biochar] and hematite were applied at a molar ratio of Pb:Fe/P = 1:5. Pb phosphate formation was investigated in the soil/post-in vitro bioaccessibility (IVBA) residuals and in mouse lung via extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and X-ray absorption near edge structures (XANES) spectroscopy, respectively. EXAFS analysis revealed that anglesite was the dominant phase in the ingestible (<250 μm) and inhalable (<10 μm) particle fractions. Pb IVBA was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) by phosphate amendments in the <250 μm fraction (solubility bioaccessibility research consortium assay) and by PA, MAP, and TSP in the <10 μm fraction (inhalation-ingestion bioaccessibility assay). A 21.1% reduction in Pb RBA (<250 μm fraction) and 56.4% reduction in blood Pb concentration (<10 μm fraction) were observed via the ingestion and inhalation pathways, respectively. XRF microscopy detected Pb in the stomach within 4 h, presumably via mucociliary clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Kastury
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5095, Australia
| | - Euan Smith
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5095, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Doelsch
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5095, Australia
- CIRAD, UPR Recyclage et risque, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- Recyclage et Risque, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Enzo Lombi
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5095, Australia
| | - Martin Donnelley
- Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Adelaide 5006, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Patricia L. Cmielewski
- Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Adelaide 5006, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - David W. Parsons
- Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Adelaide 5006, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Kirk G. Scheckel
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati 45224, United States
| | | | | | - Carina Herde
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide 5086, Australia
| | - Albert L. Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5095, Australia
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Mehta N, Cocerva T, Cipullo S, Padoan E, Dino GA, Ajmone-Marsan F, Cox SF, Coulon F, De Luca DA. Linking oral bioaccessibility and solid phase distribution of potentially toxic elements in extractive waste and soil from an abandoned mine site: Case study in Campello Monti, NW Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:2799-2810. [PMID: 30463133 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Oral bioaccessibility and solid phase distribution of potentially toxic elements (PTE) from extractive waste streams were investigated to assess the potential human health risk posed by abandoned mines. The solid phase distribution along with micro-X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were also performed. The results showed that the total concentrations of PTE were higher in <250 μm size fractions of waste rock and soil samples in comparison to the <2 mm size fractions. Mean value of total concentrations of chromium(Cr), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni) in waste rocks (size fractions <250 μm) were found to be 1299, 1570, and 4010 mg/kg respectively due to the parent material. However, only 11% of Ni in this sample was orally bioaccessible. Detailed analysis of the oral bioaccessible fraction (BAF, reported as the ratio of highest bioaccessible concentration compared with the total concentration from the 250 μm fraction) across all samples showed that Cr, Cu, and Ni varied from 1 to 6%, 14 to 47%, and 5 to 21%, respectively. The variation can be attributed to the difference in pH, organic matter content and mineralogical composition of the samples. Non-specific sequential extraction showed that the non-mobile forms of PTE were associated with the clay and Fe oxide components of the environmental matrices. The present study demonstrates how oral bioaccessibility, solid phase distribution and mineralogical analysis can provide insights into the distribution, fate and behaviour of PTE in waste streams from abandoned mine sites and inform human health risk posed by such sites .
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Mehta
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Torino, Italy.
| | - Tatiana Cocerva
- School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - Sabrina Cipullo
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, UK
| | - Elio Padoan
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences,University of Torino, Italy
| | | | - Franco Ajmone-Marsan
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences,University of Torino, Italy
| | - Siobhan Fiona Cox
- School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - Frederic Coulon
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, UK
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12
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Bolan S, Kunhikrishnan A, Seshadri B, Choppala G, Naidu R, Bolan NS, Ok YS, Zhang M, Li CG, Li F, Noller B, Kirkham MB. Sources, distribution, bioavailability, toxicity, and risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in complementary medicines. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 108:103-118. [PMID: 28843139 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The last few decades have seen the rise of alternative medical approaches including the use of herbal supplements, natural products, and traditional medicines, which are collectively known as 'Complementary medicines'. However, there are increasing concerns on the safety and health benefits of these medicines. One of the main hazards with the use of complementary medicines is the presence of heavy metal(loid)s such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg). This review deals with the characteristics of complementary medicines in terms of heavy metal(loid)s sources, distribution, bioavailability, toxicity, and human risk assessment. The heavy metal(loid)s in these medicines are derived from uptake by medicinal plants, cross-contamination during processing, and therapeutic input of metal(loid)s. This paper discusses the distribution of heavy metal(loid)s in these medicines, in terms of their nature, concentration, and speciation. The importance of determining bioavailability towards human health risk assessment was emphasized by the need to estimate daily intake of heavy metal(loid)s in complementary medicines. The review ends with selected case studies of heavy metal(loid) toxicity from complementary medicines with specific reference to As, Cd, Pb, and Hg. The future research opportunities mentioned in the conclusion of review will help researchers to explore new avenues, methodologies, and approaches to the issue of heavy metal(loid)s in complementary medicines, thereby generating new regulations and proposing fresh approach towards safe use of these medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Bolan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Anitha Kunhikrishnan
- Department of Agro-Food Safety, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Balaji Seshadri
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Girish Choppala
- Southern Cross GeoScience, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales 2480, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI) & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Guang Li
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Feng Li
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Barry Noller
- Sustainable Minerals Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mary Beth Kirkham
- Department of Agronomy, Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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13
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Karna RR, Noerpel M, Betts AR, Scheckel KG. Lead and Arsenic Bioaccessibility and Speciation as a Function of Soil Particle Size. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2017; 46:1225-1235. [PMID: 29293839 PMCID: PMC5868743 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2016.10.0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Bioavailability research of soil metals has advanced considerably from default values to validated in vitro bioaccessibility (IVBA) assays for site-specific risk assessment. Previously, USEPA determined that the soil-size fraction representative of dermal adherence and consequent soil ingestion was <250 μm. This size fraction was widely used in testing efforts for both in vivo and in vitro experiments. However, recent studies indicate the <150-μm size fraction better represents the particle size that adheres to skin for potential ingestion. At issue is the relevance of validated in vivo and in vitro methods developed with <250 μm moving to the <150-μm fraction. The objectives of this study were to investigate <250-μm versus <150-μm particle size and particle size groups for evaluating lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) IVBA and speciation. Soils with different properties were homogenized, oven dried, and sieved: <250 to > 150, <150 to >75, <75 to >38, and <38 μm. Sieved versus ground subsamples of <250-μm and <150-μm bulk soils were also used for IVBA and synchrotron-based Pb and As speciation. Although we observed an increase in total and IVBA-extractable Pb and As with decreased soil particle size, changes in %IVBA of Pb and As (dependent on the ratio extractable:total) remained consistent in all of the tested soils. No significant changes in Pb and As speciation were observed across the soil fractions. The results suggest that using the more relevant <150-μm fraction will not undermine currently validated IVBA protocols in future bioavailability studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranju R. Karna
- Research Participant, Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, National Risk Management Research Laboratory-Land Remediation and Pollution Control Division, 5995 Center Hill Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45224-1701
| | - Matt Noerpel
- Research Participant, Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, National Risk Management Research Laboratory-Land Remediation and Pollution Control Division, 5995 Center Hill Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45224-1701
| | - Aaron R. Betts
- Research Participant, Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, National Risk Management Research Laboratory-Land Remediation and Pollution Control Division, 5995 Center Hill Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45224-1701
- Graduate Student, Department of Soil and Plant Sciences, University of Delaware, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE-19711
| | - Kirk G. Scheckel
- Senior Research Soil Scientist, United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory-Land Remediation and Pollution Control Division, 5995 Center Hill Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45224-1701
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14
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Yan K, Dong Z, Wijayawardena MAA, Liu Y, Naidu R, Semple K. Measurement of soil lead bioavailability and influence of soil types and properties: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:27-42. [PMID: 28578193 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a widespread heavy metal which is harmful to human health, especially to young children. To provide a human health risk assessment that is more relevant to real conditions, Pb bioavailability in soils is increasingly employed in the assessment procedure. Both in vivo and in vitro measurements for lead bioavailability are available. In vivo models are time- consuming and expensive, while in vitro models are rapid, economic, reproducible, and reliable while involving more uncertainties. Uncertainties in various measurements create difficulties in accurately predicting Pb bioavailability, resulting in the unnecessary remediation of sites. In this critical review, we utilised available data from in vivo and in vitro studies to identify the key parameters influencing the in vitro measurements, and presented uncertainties existing in Pb bioavailability measurements. Soil type, properties and metal content are reported to influence lead bioavailability; however, the differences in methods for assessing bioavailability and the differences in Pb source limit one's ability to conduct statistical analyses on influences of soil factors on Pb bioavailability. The information provided in the review is fundamentally useful for the measurement of bioavailability and risk assessment practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihong Yan
- ATC Building, Global Center for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Zhaomin Dong
- ATC Building, Global Center for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - M A Ayanka Wijayawardena
- ATC Building, Global Center for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Yanju Liu
- ATC Building, Global Center for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- ATC Building, Global Center for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Kirk Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, United Kingdom
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15
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Gomes WR, Devóz PP, Araújo ML, Batista BL, Barbosa F, Barcelos GRM. Milk and Dairy Products Intake Is Associated with Low Levels of Lead (Pb) in Workers highly Exposed to the Metal. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 178:29-35. [PMID: 27988825 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0913-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a toxic metal, frequently associated with occupational exposure, due to its widespread use in industry and several studies have shown high Pb levels in workers occupationally exposed to the metal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of milk and dairy products (MDP) on Pb levels in blood (B-Pb), plasma (P-Pb), and urine (U-Pb), in workers from automotive battery industries in Brazil. The study included 237 male workers; information concerning diet and lifestyle were gathered through a questionnaire, and B-Pb, P-Pb, and U-Pb were determined by ICP-MS. Mean B-Pb, P-Pb, and U-Pb were 21 ± 12, 0.62 ± 0.73 μg/dL, and 39 ± 47 μg/g creatinine, respectively. Forty three percent of participants declared consuming ≤3 portions/week of MDP (classified as low-MDP intake), while 57% of individuals had >3portions/week of MDP (high-MDP intake). B-Pb and P-Pb were correlated with working time (r s = 0.21; r s = 0.20; p < 0.010). Multivariable linear regressions showed a significant influence of MDP intake on B-Pb (β = -0.10; p = 0.012) and P-Pb (β = -0.16; p < 0.010), while no significance was seen on U-Pb. Our results suggest that MDP consumption may modulate Pb levels in individuals highly exposed to the metal; these findings may be due to the Pb-Ca interactions, since the adverse effects of Pb are partially based on its interference with Ca metabolism and proper Ca supplementation may help to reduce the adverse health effects induced by Pb exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian Robert Gomes
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n°, CEP, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Paula Pícoli Devóz
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n°, CEP, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Marília Ladeira Araújo
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar 470, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lemos Batista
- Center of Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, Santo André, CEP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n°, CEP, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Rafael Mazzaron Barcelos
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Santos, CEP: 11015-020, Brazil.
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16
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Unda-Calvo J, Martínez-Santos M, Ruiz-Romera E. Chemical and physiological metal bioaccessibility assessment in surface bottom sediments from the Deba River urban catchment: Harmonization of PBET, TCLP and BCR sequential extraction methods. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 138:260-270. [PMID: 28081488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the physiologically based extraction test PBET (gastric and intestinal phases) and two chemical based extraction methods, the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and the sequential extraction procedure BCR 701 (Community Bureau of Reference of the European Commission) have been used to estimate and evaluate the bioaccessibility of metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr and Pb) in sediments from the Deba River urban catchment. The statistical analysis of data and comparison among physiological and chemical methods have highlighted the relevance of simulate the gastrointestinal tract environment since metal bioaccessibility seems to depend on water and sediment properties such as pH, redox potential and organic matter content, and, primordially, on the form in which metals are present in the sediment. Indeed, metals distributed among all fractions (Mn, Ni, Zn) were the most bioaccessible, followed by those predominantly bound to oxidizable fraction (Cu, Cr and Pb), especially near major urban areas. Finally, a toxicological risk assessment was also performed by determining the hazard quotient (HQ), which demonstrated that, although sediments from mid- and downstream sampling points presented the highest metal bioaccessibilities, were not enough to have adverse effects on human health, Cr being the most potentially toxic element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Unda-Calvo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of the Basque Country, Alameda Urquijo z/g, Bilbao 48013, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Miren Martínez-Santos
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of the Basque Country, Alameda Urquijo z/g, Bilbao 48013, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Estilita Ruiz-Romera
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of the Basque Country, Alameda Urquijo z/g, Bilbao 48013, Basque Country, Spain.
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17
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Binkowski ŁJ, Meissner W, Trzeciak M, Izevbekhai K, Barker J. Lead isotope ratio measurements as indicators for the source of lead poisoning in Mute swans (Cygnus olor) wintering in Puck Bay (northern Poland). CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 164:436-442. [PMID: 27599010 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) poisoning is most commonly linked amongst anthropogenically-caused deaths in waterfowl and this is often associated with hunting and fishing activities. However, the exact identification of the source may be difficult with commonly-used techniques. We have studied isotope ratios using Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) to investigate the source of Pb in the blood of Mute swans (n = 49) wintering in northern Poland. We compared the values of isotopic ratios from blood and ammunition pellets available on the Polish market. The mean Pb concentrations found was 0.241 μg/g (w/w) and nearly half of the blood specimens had elevated Pb levels (higher than the cited 0.23 μg/g w/w threshold of poisoning). Only the mean 208/206 Pb isotope ratio was similar in blood and pellet samples. Mean ratios of isotopes 206/204, 206/207 and 208/207 in swans' blood and in pellets differed significantly. Moreover, coefficients of variation were higher in blood samples than in pellets. These discrepancies and significant differences in abundance of 204Pb and 207Pb isotopes in both materials indicated that pellets available today on the Polish market were not the source of Pb in the blood of Mute swans wintering in northern Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz J Binkowski
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Podbrzezie 3, 31-054 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Włodzimierz Meissner
- Avian Ecophysiology Unit, Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Zoology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Marta Trzeciak
- Avian Ecophysiology Unit, Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Zoology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Kelvin Izevbekhai
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, KT1 2EE Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, UK.
| | - James Barker
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, KT1 2EE Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, UK.
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18
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Ono FB, Penido ES, Tappero R, Sparks D, Guilherme LRG. Bioaccessibility of Cd and Pb in tailings from a zinc smelting in Brazil: implications for human health. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2016; 38:1083-1096. [PMID: 26493831 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-015-9774-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Soils and wastes enriched with heavy metals may present ecological and human health risks. A considerable number of mining areas exist in Brazil, where high levels of metals have been found. However, studies of bioaccessibility of metals in soils/tailings from these areas are scarce, despite their potential informational contribution concerning exposure risks of residents near these areas. This study evaluated tailings collected from four sites of a zinc smelting area located in Brazil with aims to: (1) evaluate the presence of metals of potential concern; (2) investigate Cd and Pb bioaccessibility; and (3) determine the desorption kinetics of Cd and Pb. High concentrations of total Cd and Pb (up to 1743 mg Cd kg(-1) and 8675 mg Pb kg(-1)) and great variability were found in the tailings, indicating the importance of adequate planning for their final disposal, in order to avoid contamination in the surrounding environment. Cadmium and Pb bioaccessibility percentages in the intestinal phase were less than 47 and 4 %, respectively, which represents significant fractions not available for absorption in the intestinal tract. However, this material has to be monitored since its bioaccessibility may increase with eventual physicochemical changes, releasing Cd and Pb. Desorption kinetics experiments revealed that Pb in the samples remained in less labile fractions, whereas Cd was found in more labile fractions, which is in accordance with the bioaccessibility results.
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Affiliation(s)
- F B Ono
- Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Lavras, CP 3037, Campus UFLA, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - E S Penido
- Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Lavras, CP 3037, Campus UFLA, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - R Tappero
- Photon Sciences, Beamline X27A, National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - D Sparks
- Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering Lab, Suite 250a, Delaware Environmental Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - L R G Guilherme
- Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Lavras, CP 3037, Campus UFLA, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil.
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von Lindern I, Spalinger S, Stifelman ML, Stanek LW, Bartrem C. Estimating Children's Soil/Dust Ingestion Rates through Retrospective Analyses of Blood Lead Biomonitoring from the Bunker Hill Superfund Site in Idaho. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1462-70. [PMID: 26745545 PMCID: PMC5010415 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1510144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soil/dust ingestion rates are important variables in assessing children's health risks in contaminated environments. Current estimates are based largely on soil tracer methodology, which is limited by analytical uncertainty, small sample size, and short study duration. OBJECTIVES The objective was to estimate site-specific soil/dust ingestion rates through reevaluation of the lead absorption dose-response relationship using new bioavailability data from the Bunker Hill Mining and Metallurgical Complex Superfund Site (BHSS) in Idaho, USA. METHODS The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in vitro bioavailability methodology was applied to archived BHSS soil and dust samples. Using age-specific biokinetic slope factors, we related bioavailable lead from these sources to children's blood lead levels (BLLs) monitored during cleanup from 1988 through 2002. Quantitative regression analyses and exposure assessment guidance were used to develop candidate soil/dust source partition scenarios estimating lead intake, allowing estimation of age-specific soil/dust ingestion rates. These ingestion rate and bioavailability estimates were simultaneously applied to the U.S. EPA Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model for Lead in Children to determine those combinations best approximating observed BLLs. RESULTS Absolute soil and house dust bioavailability averaged 33% (SD ± 4%) and 28% (SD ± 6%), respectively. Estimated BHSS age-specific soil/dust ingestion rates are 86-94 mg/day for 6-month- to 2-year-old children and 51-67 mg/day for 2- to 9-year-old children. CONCLUSIONS Soil/dust ingestion rate estimates for 1- to 9-year-old children at the BHSS are lower than those commonly used in human health risk assessment. A substantial component of children's exposure comes from sources beyond the immediate home environment. CITATION von Lindern I, Spalinger S, Stifelman ML, Stanek LW, Bartrem C. 2016. Estimating children's soil/dust ingestion rates through retrospective analyses of blood lead biomonitoring from the Bunker Hill Superfund Site in Idaho. Environ Health Perspect 124:1462-1470; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510144.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian von Lindern
- TerraGraphics Environmental Engineering, Inc., Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Susan Spalinger
- TerraGraphics Environmental Engineering, Inc., Moscow, Idaho, USA
- Address correspondence to S. Spalinger, TerraGraphics Environmental Engineering, 121 S. Jackson St., Moscow, ID 83843 USA. Telephone: (208) 882-7858. E-mail:
| | - Marc L. Stifelman
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region 10, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lindsay Wichers Stanek
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Casey Bartrem
- TerraGraphics Environmental Engineering, Inc., Moscow, Idaho, USA
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20
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Bolan S, Naidu R, Kunhikrishnan A, Seshadri B, Ok YS, Palanisami T, Dong M, Clark I. Speciation and bioavailability of lead in complementary medicines. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 539:304-312. [PMID: 26363725 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Complementary medicines have associated risks which include toxic heavy metal(loid) and pesticide contamination. The objective of this study was to examine the speciation and bioavailability of lead (Pb) in selected complementary medicines. Six herbal and six ayurvedic medicines were analysed for: (i) total heavy metal(loid) contents including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), Pb and mercury (Hg); (ii) speciation of Pb using sequential fractionation and extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) techniques; and (iii) bioavailability of Pb using a physiologically-based in vitro extraction test (PBET). The daily intake of Pb through the uptake of these medicines was compared with the safety guidelines for Pb. The results indicated that generally ayurvedic medicines contained higher levels of heavy metal(loid)s than herbal medicines with the amount of Pb much higher than the other metal(loid)s. Sequential fractionation indicated that while organic-bound Pb species dominated the herbal medicines, inorganic-bound Pb species dominated the ayurvedic medicines. EXAFS data indicated the presence of various Pb species in ayurvedic medicines. This implies that Pb is derived from plant uptake and inorganic mineral input in herbal and ayurvedic medicines, respectively. Bioavailability of Pb was higher in ayurvedic than herbal medicines, indicating that Pb added as a mineral therapeutic input is more bioavailable than that derived from plant uptake. There was a positive relationship between soluble Pb fraction and bioavailability indicating that solubility is an important factor controlling bioavailability. The daily intake values for Pb as estimated by total and bioavailable metal(loid) contents are likely to exceed the safe threshold level in certain ayurvedic medicines. This research demonstrated that Pb toxicity is likely to result from the regular intake of these medicines which requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bolan
- School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, SA 5095, Australia; Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - R Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of South Australia, SA 5095, Australia
| | - A Kunhikrishnan
- Chemical Safety Division, Department of Agro-Food Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 565-851, Republic of Korea
| | - B Seshadri
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Y S Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center & Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - T Palanisami
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - M Dong
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - I Clark
- School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, SA 5095, Australia
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Henry H, Naujokas MF, Attanayake C, Basta NT, Cheng Z, Hettiarachchi GM, Maddaloni M, Schadt C, Scheckel KG. Bioavailability-Based In Situ Remediation To Meet Future Lead (Pb) Standards in Urban Soils and Gardens. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:8948-58. [PMID: 26140328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Recently the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention lowered the blood Pb reference value to 5 μg/dL. The lower reference value combined with increased repurposing of postindustrial lands are heightening concerns and driving interest in reducing soil Pb exposures. As a result, regulatory decision makers may lower residential soil screening levels (SSLs), used in setting Pb cleanup levels, to levels that may be difficult to achieve, especially in urban areas. This paper discusses challenges in remediation and bioavailability assessments of Pb in urban soils in the context of lower SSLs and identifies research needs to better address those challenges. Although in situ remediation with phosphate amendments is a viable option, the scope of the problem and conditions in urban settings may necessitate that SSLs be based on bioavailable rather than total Pb concentrations. However, variability in soil composition can influence bioavailability testing and soil amendment effectiveness. More data are urgently needed to better understand this variability and increase confidence in using these approaches in risk-based decision making, particularly in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Henry
- €Hazardous Substances Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Marisa F Naujokas
- †MDB, Inc., 2525 Meridian Parkway, Suite 50, Durham, North Carolina 27713, United States
| | - Chammi Attanayake
- ¶Department of Soil Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Nicholas T Basta
- ‡The Ohio State University, School of Environment and Natural Resources, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Zhongqi Cheng
- §Brooklyn College of The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - Ganga M Hettiarachchi
- ∥Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Mark Maddaloni
- ⊥United States Environmental Protection Agency Region 2, New York, New York 10007, United States
| | - Christopher Schadt
- ∇Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Kirk G Scheckel
- ●United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio 45224, United States
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22
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Richmond-Bryant J, Meng Q, Cohen J, Davis JA, Svendsgaard D, Brown JS, Tuttle L, Hubbard H, Rice J, Kirrane E, Vinikoor-Imler L, Kotchmar D, Hines E, Ross M. Effect measure modification of blood lead-air lead slope factors. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2015; 25:411-416. [PMID: 24961837 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2014.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There is abundant literature finding that susceptibility factors, including race and ethnicity, age, and housing, directly influence blood lead levels. No study has explored how susceptibility factors influence the blood lead-air lead relationship nationally. The objective is to evaluate whether susceptibility factors act as effect measure modifiers on the blood lead-air lead relationship. Participant level blood lead data from the 1999 to 2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were merged with air lead data from the US Environmental Protection Agency. Linear mixed effects models were run with and without an air lead interaction term for age group, sex, housing age, or race/ethnicity to determine whether these factors are effect measure modifiers for all ages combined and for five age brackets. Age group and race/ethnicity were determined to be effect measure modifiers in the all-age model and for some age groups. Being a child (1-5, 6-11, and 12-19 years) or of Mexican-American ethnicity increased the effect estimate. Living in older housing (built before 1950) decreased the effect estimate for all models except for the 1-5-year group, where older housing was an effect measure modifier. These results are consistent with the peer-reviewed literature of time-activity patterns, ventilation, and toxicokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Richmond-Bryant
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Qingyu Meng
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - J Allen Davis
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Svendsgaard
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - James S Brown
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lauren Tuttle
- School of Architecture, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | | | - Joann Rice
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ellen Kirrane
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lisa Vinikoor-Imler
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dennis Kotchmar
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erin Hines
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mary Ross
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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23
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Defoe PP, Hettiarachchi GM, Benedict C, Martin S. Safety of gardening on lead- and arsenic-contaminated urban brownfields. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2014; 43:2064-78. [PMID: 25602223 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2014.03.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Elevated levels of lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) are not uncommon for urban soils. Test plots were established at urban gardens in Tacoma and Seattle, WA. The Tacoma site was contaminated with Pb (51-312 mg kg) and As (39-146 mg kg), and the Seattle site had high Pb soil concentrations ranging from 506 to 2022 mg kg and As concentrations of <20 mg kg. The efficacy of biosolids mix and compost amendment in reducing Pb and As concentrations in three vegetables (carrots, lettuce, and tomatoes) and the bioaccessibility of soil Pb and As were evaluated. Food-chain transfer of Pb and As were evaluated by measuring plant Pb and As concentrations after kitchen-style washing, a laboratory cleaning procedure, or peeling. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with a split-plot arrangement. Tacoma site treatments included a Class A biosolids mix (TAGRO) with dolomite, and soil at the Seattle site was amended with Cedar-Grove compost (CGC) plus dolomite. TAGRO amendment diluted soil Pb by 10 to 23% and As by 12 to 25% at the Tacoma site, and CGC + dolomite resulted in 20 to 50% dilution in soil Pb at the Seattle site. Both amendments reduced Pb concentrations in vegetables by 50 to 71%, and As reductions ranged from 46 to 80%. At the Tacoma site, Pb concentrations (dry weight basis) in carrots, lettuce, and tomatoes ranged from 8.89 to 25.0, from 0.37 to 3.83, and from 0.54 to 1.24 mg kg, respectively. Plant As concentrations were below 703 μg kg (dry weight) for the vegetables and followed the order lettuce > carrot > tomato. Food-chain transfer of Pb and As in vegetables grown in contaminated urban soils were reduced by laboratory cleaning.
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24
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Domeneh BH, Tavakoli N, Jafari N. Blood lead level in opium dependents and its association with anemia: A cross-sectional study from the capital of Iran. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2014; 19:939-43. [PMID: 25538776 PMCID: PMC4274569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opium dependence is one of the most challenging health problems in the developing countries as well as Iran. Among several health problems due to opium dependence, there are limited reports indicating the presence of lead in opium. The aim of this study is to investigate the blood lead level (BLL) in oral and inhalational opium dependents and its association with anemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was done among 86 opium dependent patients who were referred to five large detoxification centers in Tehran city and 48 healthy individuals. BLL was assessed using the atomic absorption spectrometry technique. Multivariate analysis of variance and binary logistic regression analysis were performed for statistical assessment using SPSS version 18 for Windows. RESULTS The highest BLL was detected in oral opium dependent group (mean = 11.75, standard deviation (SD) = 6.06) in comparison to inhalational opium dependent group (mean = 7.07, SD = 3.61) and healthy control group (mean = 6.05, SD = 1.83). Anemia was detected in 38% of oral-opium dependent and 43% of inhalational-opium dependent group. Age (odds ratio (OR): 1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-1.09) and opium dependence (OR: 3.59, 95% CI: 1.69-7.59) were significant predictors of anemia in these patients (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The results of this study confirmed the higher BLL in opium dependents, especially with an oral form of consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrooz Hashemi Domeneh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Tavakoli
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Najmeh Jafari
- Department of Community Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Address for correspondence: Dr. Najmeh Jafari, Department of Community Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. E-mail:
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25
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Kamenov GD, Gulson BL. The Pb isotopic record of historical to modern human lead exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 490:861-70. [PMID: 24907620 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Human teeth and bones incorporate trace amounts of lead (Pb) from the local environment during growth and remodeling. Anthropogenic activities have caused changes in the natural Pb isotopic background since historical times and this is reflected in the Pb isotopes of historical European teeth. Lead mining and use increased exponentially during the last century and the isotopic compositions of modern human teeth reflect the modern anthropogenic Pb. USA teeth show the most radiogenic Pb and Australian teeth show the least radiogenic Pb, a result of different Pb ores used in the two regions. During the last century the Australian Pb was exported to Europe, Asia, South America, and Africa, resulting in swamping of the local environmental Pb signal by the imported Pb. As a result, the modern human teeth in Europe show a significant drop to lower isotopic values compared with historical times. Similarly, modern human teeth in other regions of the world show similar Pb isotopic ratios to modern European teeth reflecting the Pb imports. The specific pattern of human Pb exposure allows us to use the Pb isotopic signal recorded in the skeleton as a geo-referencing tool. As historical European teeth show a distinct Pb signal, we can identify early European skeletal remains in the New World and likely elsewhere. In modern forensic investigations we can discriminate to some extent Eastern Europeans from Western and Northern Europeans. Australians can be identified to some extent in any region in the world, although there is some overlap with Western European individuals. Lead isotopes can be used to easily identify foreigners in the USA, as modern USA teeth are distinct from any other region of the world. By analogy, USA individuals can be identified virtually in any other region of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- George D Kamenov
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, 241 Williamson Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Brian L Gulson
- Graduate School of the Environment, Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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26
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Bolan N, Kunhikrishnan A, Thangarajan R, Kumpiene J, Park J, Makino T, Kirkham MB, Scheckel K. Remediation of heavy metal(loid)s contaminated soils--to mobilize or to immobilize? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 266:141-66. [PMID: 24394669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 887] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Unlike organic contaminants, metal(loid)s do not undergo microbial or chemical degradation and persist for a long time after their introduction. Bioavailability of metal(loid)s plays a vital role in the remediation of contaminated soils. In this review, the remediation of heavy metal(loid) contaminated soils through manipulating their bioavailability using a range of soil amendments will be presented. Mobilizing amendments such as chelating and desorbing agents increase the bioavailability and mobility of metal(loid)s. Immobilizing amendments such of precipitating agents and sorbent materials decrease the bioavailabilty and mobility of metal(loid)s. Mobilizing agents can be used to enhance the removal of heavy metal(loid)s though plant uptake and soil washing. Immobilizing agents can be used to reduce the transfer to metal(loid)s to food chain via plant uptake and leaching to groundwater. One of the major limitations of mobilizing technique is susceptibility to leaching of the mobilized heavy metal(loid)s in the absence of active plant uptake. Similarly, in the case of the immobilization technique the long-term stability of the immobilized heavy metal(loid)s needs to be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanthi Bolan
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Anitha Kunhikrishnan
- Chemical Safety Division, Department of Agro-Food Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramya Thangarajan
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jurate Kumpiene
- Waste Science and Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå SE-97187, Sweden
| | - Jinhee Park
- Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Tomoyuki Makino
- Soil Environmental Division, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mary Beth Kirkham
- Department of Agronomy, 2004 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Kirk Scheckel
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 5995 Center Hill Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45224, USA
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27
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Datko-Williams L, Wilkie A, Richmond-Bryant J. Analysis of U.S. soil lead (Pb) studies from 1970 to 2012. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 468-469:854-63. [PMID: 24076506 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Although lead (Pb) emissions to the air have substantially decreased in the United States since the phase-out of leaded gasoline by 1995, amounts of lead in some soils remain elevated. Lead concentrations in residential and recreational soils are of concern because health effects have been associated with Pb exposure. Elevated soil Pb is especially harmful to young children due to their higher likelihood of soil ingestion. The purpose of this study is to create a comprehensive compilation of U.S. soil Pb data published from 1970 through 2012 as well as to analyze the collected data to reveal spatial and/or temporal soil Pb trends in the U.S. over the past 40 years. A total of 84 soil Pb studies across 62 U.S. cities were evaluated. Median soil Pb values from the studies were analyzed with respect to year of sampling, residential location type (e.g., urban, suburban), and population density. In aggregate, there was no statistically significant correlation between year and median soil Pb; however, within single cities, soil Pb generally declined over time. Our analysis shows that soil Pb quantities in city centers were generally highest and declined towards the suburbs and exurbs of the city. In addition, there was a statistically significant, positive relationship between median soil Pb and population density. In general, the trends examined here align with previously reported conclusions that soil Pb levels are higher in larger urban areas and Pb tends to remain in soil for long periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Datko-Williams
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Environmental Media Assessment Group, National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Mail Drop: B243-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States.
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28
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Bugdalski L, Lemke LD, McElmurry SP. Spatial Variation of Soil Lead in an Urban Community Garden: Implications for Risk-Based Sampling. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2014; 34:17-27. [PMID: 23614628 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Soil lead pollution is a recalcitrant problem in urban areas resulting from a combination of historical residential, industrial, and transportation practices. The emergence of urban gardening movements in postindustrial cities necessitates accurate assessment of soil lead levels to ensure safe gardening. In this study, we examined small-scale spatial variability of soil lead within a 15 × 30 m urban garden plot established on two adjacent residential lots located in Detroit, Michigan, USA. Eighty samples collected using a variably spaced sampling grid were analyzed for total, fine fraction (less than 250 μm), and bioaccessible soil lead. Measured concentrations varied at sampling scales of 1-10 m and a hot spot exceeding 400 ppm total soil lead was identified in the northwest portion of the site. An interpolated map of total lead was treated as an exhaustive data set, and random sampling was simulated to generate Monte Carlo distributions and evaluate alternative sampling strategies intended to estimate the average soil lead concentration or detect hot spots. Increasing the number of individual samples decreases the probability of overlooking the hot spot (type II error). However, the practice of compositing and averaging samples decreased the probability of overestimating the mean concentration (type I error) at the expense of increasing the chance for type II error. The results reported here suggest a need to reconsider U.S. Environmental Protection Agency sampling objectives and consequent guidelines for reclaimed city lots where soil lead distributions are expected to be nonuniform.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shawn P McElmurry
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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29
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Kessler R. Urban gardening: managing the risks of contaminated soil. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:A326-33. [PMID: 24284011 PMCID: PMC3852790 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.121-a326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
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30
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Spector JT, Navas-Acien A, Fadrowski J, Guallar E, Jaar B, Weaver V. Reply: To PMID 21248295. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28:e8-9. [PMID: 24014319 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- June T Spector
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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31
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Abrahams PW, Davies TC, Solomon AO, Trow AJ, Wragg J. Human geophagia, calabash chalk and undongo: mineral element nutritional implications. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53304. [PMID: 23308189 PMCID: PMC3538771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The prime aim of our work is to report and comment on the bioaccessible concentrations – i.e., the soluble content of chemical elements in the gastrointestinal environment that is available for absorption – of a number of essential mineral nutrients and potentially harmful elements (PHEs) associated with the deliberate ingestion of African geophagical materials, namely Calabash chalk and Undongo. The pseudo-total concentrations of 13 mineral nutrients/PHEs were quantified following a nitric-perchloric acid digestion of nine different Calabash chalk samples, and bioaccessible contents of eight of these chemical elements were determined in simulated saliva/gastric and intestinal solutions obtained via use of the Fed ORganic Estimation human Simulation Test (FOREhST) in vitro procedure. The Calabash chalk pseudo-total content of the chemical elements is often below what may be regarded as average for soils/shales, and no concentration is excessively high. The in vitro leachate solutions had concentrations that were often lower than those of the blanks used in our experimental procedure, indicative of effective adsorption: lead, a PHE about which concern has been previously raised in connection with the consumption of Calabash chalk, was one such chemical element where this was evident. However, some concentrations in the leachate solutions are suggestive that Calabash chalk can be a source of chemical elements to humans in bioaccessible form, although generally the materials appear to be only a modest supplier: this applies even to iron, a mineral nutrient that has often been linked to the benefits of geophagia in previous academic literature. Our investigations indicate that at the reported rates of ingestion, Calabash chalk on the whole is not an important source of mineral nutrients or PHEs to humans. Similarly, although Undongo contains elevated pseudo-total concentrations of chromium and nickel, this soil is not a significant source to humans for any of the bioaccessible elements investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Abrahams
- Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, United Kingdom.
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32
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Scheckel KG, Diamond GL, Burgess MF, Klotzbach JM, Maddaloni M, Miller BW, Partridge CR, Serda SM. Amending soils with phosphate as means to mitigate soil lead hazard: a critical review of the state of the science. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2013; 16:337-80. [PMID: 24151967 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2013.825216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ingested soil and surface dust may be important contributors to elevated blood lead (Pb) levels in children exposed to Pb contaminated environments. Mitigation strategies have typically focused on excavation and removal of the contaminated soil. However, this is not always feasible for addressing widely disseminated contamination in populated areas often encountered in urban environments. The rationale for amending soils with phosphate is that phosphate will promote formation of highly insoluble Pb species (e.g., pyromorphite minerals) in soil, which will remain insoluble after ingestion and, therefore, inaccessible to absorption mechanisms in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Amending soil with phosphate might potentially be used in combination with other methods that reduce contact with or migration of contaminated soils, such as covering the soil with a green cap such as sod, clean soil with mulch, raised garden beds, or gravel. These remediation strategies may be less expensive and far less disruptive than excavation and removal of soil. This review evaluates evidence for efficacy of phosphate amendments for decreasing soil Pb bioavailability. Evidence is reviewed for (1) physical and chemical interactions of Pb and phosphate that would be expected to influence bioavailability, (2) effects of phosphate amendments on soil Pb bioaccessibility (i.e., predicted solubility of Pb in the GIT), and (3) results of bioavailability bioassays of amended soils conducted in humans and animal models. Practical implementation issues, such as criteria and methods for evaluating efficacy, and potential effects of phosphate on mobility and bioavailability of co-contaminants in soil are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk G Scheckel
- a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development , Cincinnati , Ohio , USA
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33
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Ruby MV, Lowney YW. Selective soil particle adherence to hands: implications for understanding oral exposure to soil contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:12759-12771. [PMID: 23148503 DOI: 10.1021/es302473q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 30 years, there has been extensive research designed to quantify the extent of oral bioavailability and bioaccessibility of organic and inorganic contaminants in soil. One aspect of this research is the soil particle size selected to represent environmental exposures, which may affect study results and comparability across studies. Different research groups have studied soil particle sizes ranging from <45 μm to <2000 μm. This article reviews the historical and technical considerations that pertain to the selection of an appropriate particle size fraction for evaluating the relative oral bioavailability of chemicals from soil, which include (1) how the resultant data will be used in human health risk assessment, (2) soil fractions historically used in oral bioavailability studies, (3) studies of soil adherence to human hands, (4) the distribution of contaminants in soils as a function of particle size, and (5) the effect of differential bioavailability as a function of soil particle size and geochemical matrix. These factors are first discussed from a general perspective, applicable to all contaminants in soil, and then more specifically for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil. Based on this review, a specific soil particle size of <150 μm is recommended for future studies on the oral bioavailability and bioaccessibility of PAHs in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Ruby
- Integral Consulting Inc., 285 Century Place, Suite 190, Louisville, Colorado 80027, USA.
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Deshommes E, Tardif R, Edwards M, Sauvé S, Prévost M. Experimental determination of the oral bioavailability and bioaccessibility of lead particles. Chem Cent J 2012; 6:138. [PMID: 23173867 PMCID: PMC3547711 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-6-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo estimations of Pb particle bioavailability are costly and variable, because of the nature of animal assays. The most feasible alternative for increasing the number of investigations carried out on Pb particle bioavailability is in vitro testing. This testing method requires calibration using in vivo data on an adapted animal model, so that the results will be valid for childhood exposure assessment. Also, the test results must be reproducible within and between laboratories. The Relative Bioaccessibility Leaching Procedure, which is calibrated with in vivo data on soils, presents the highest degree of validation and simplicity. This method could be applied to Pb particles, including those in paint and dust, and those in drinking water systems, which although relevant, have been poorly investigated up to now for childhood exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Deshommes
- Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering Department, NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, CP 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Robert Tardif
- Environmental Health and Occupational Health Department, ESPUM (École de Santé Publique de l’Université de Montréal), C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Marc Edwards
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech University, 418 Durham Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, 2900, Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Michèle Prévost
- Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering Department, NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, CP 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
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35
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Isotopic analyses by ICP-MS in clinical samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:2785-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6457-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zia MH, Codling EE, Scheckel KG, Chaney RL. In vitro and in vivo approaches for the measurement of oral bioavailability of lead (Pb) in contaminated soils: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:2320-7. [PMID: 21616569 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We reviewed the published evidence of lead (Pb) contamination of urban soils, soil Pb risk to children through hand-to-mouth activity, reduction of soil Pb bioavailability due to soil amendments, and methods to assess bioaccessibility which correlate with bioavailability of soil Pb. Feeding tests have shown that urban soils may have much lower Pb bioavailability than previously assumed. Hence bioavailability of soil Pb is the important measure for protection of public health, not total soil Pb. Chemical extraction tests (Pb bioaccessibility) have been developed which are well correlated with the results of bioavailability tests; application of these tests can save money and time compared with feeding tests. Recent findings have revealed that fractional bioaccessibility (bioaccessible compared to total) of Pb in urban soils is only 5-10% of total soil Pb, far lower than the 60% as bioavailable as food-Pb presumed by U.S.-EPA (30% absolute bioavailability used in IEUBK model).
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Affiliation(s)
- Munir Hussain Zia
- Technical Services Department, Fauji Fertilizer Company Limited, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Wragg J, Cave M, Basta N, Brandon E, Casteel S, Denys S, Gron C, Oomen A, Reimer K, Tack K, Van de Wiele T. An inter-laboratory trial of the unified BARGE bioaccessibility method for arsenic, cadmium and lead in soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:4016-30. [PMID: 21703664 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Bioaccessibility Research Group of Europe (BARGE) has carried out an inter-laboratory trial of a proposed harmonised in vitro physiologically based ingestion bioaccessibility procedure for soils, called the Unified BARGE Method (UBM). The UBM includes an initial saliva phase and simulated stomach and intestine compartments. The trial involved the participation of seven laboratories (five European and two North American) providing bioaccessibility data for As (11 samples), Cd (9 samples) and Pb (13 samples) using soils with in vivo relative bioavailability data measured using a swine model. The results of the study were compared with benchmark criteria for assessing the suitability of the UBM to provide data for human health risk assessments. Mine waste and slag soils containing high concentrations of As caused problems of poor repeatability and reproducibility which were alleviated when the samples were run at lower soil to solution ratios. The study showed that the UBM met the benchmark criteria for both the stomach and stomach & intestine phase for As. For Cd, three out of four criteria were met for the stomach phase but only one for the stomach & intestine phase. For Pb two, out of four criteria were met for the stomach phase and none for the stomach & intestine phase. However, the study recommends tighter control of pH in the stomach phase extraction to improve between-laboratory variability, more reproducible in vivo validation data and that a follow up inter-laboratory trial should be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wragg
- British Geological Survey, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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38
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Investigation of DGT as a metal speciation tool in artificial human gastrointestinal fluids. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 699:177-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Torres-Escribano S, Denis S, Blanquet-Diot S, Calatayud M, Barrios L, Vélez D, Alric M, Montoro R. Comparison of a static and a dynamic in vitro model to estimate the bioaccessibility of As, Cd, Pb and Hg from food reference materials Fucus sp. (IAEA-140/TM) and Lobster hepatopancreas (TORT-2). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:604-11. [PMID: 21109290 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccessibility, the fraction of an element solubilized during gastrointestinal digestion and available for absorption, is a factor that should be considered when evaluating the health risk of contaminants from food. Static and dynamic models that mimic human physiological conditions have been used to evaluate bioaccessibility. This preliminary study compares the bioaccessibility of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) in two food certified reference materials (CRMs) (seaweed: Fucus sp., IAEA-140/TM; Lobster hepatopancreas: TORT-2), using two in vitro gastrointestinal digestion methods: a static method (SM) and a dynamic multicompartment method (TIM-1). There are significant differences (p<0.05) between the bioaccessible values of As, Cd, Pb and Hg obtained by SM and TIM-1 in the two CRMs. The specific form in which the elements studied are present in the CRM may help to explain the bioaccessibility values obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Torres-Escribano
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Apdo. 73, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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40
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Le Bot B, Arcelin C, Briand E, Glorennec P. Sequential digestion for measuring leachable and total lead in the same sample of dust or paint chips by ICP-MS. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2011; 46:63-9. [PMID: 21104496 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2011.526902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
House lead exposure is generally assessed using total lead, except in France, where acid-leachable lead is used for routine regulatory purposes. In order to allow an international comparison of French lead dust contamination, a sequential digestion protocol is developed to determine both leachable and total lead on the same sample with a two-step digestion stage: firstly, hydrochloric acid is added to the sample at 37°C to solubilize leachable lead; then nitric acid is added to an aliquot at 95°C to solubilize residual (i.e., non-leachable) lead. Both sample fractions are analyzed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The sum of the two fractions allows to determine total lead. This new protocol has been tested with wiped dust (n = 111) and paint chip (n = 46) samples collected in houses (n = 16). The leachability of lead ranged from 63 to 100% in dust and from 4 to 100% in paint. These findings confirm the strong variability of lead leachability in houses samples and thus the importance of considering it for lead poisoning prevention. This double determination of leachable and total lead for each wiped dust or paint sample appears to be a reproducible, simple, low-cost protocol and thus a useful tool for international comparison of house dust lead contamination.
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Cave MR, Wragg J, Harrison I, Vane CH, Wiele TVD, Groeve ED, Nathanail CP, Ashmore M, Thomas R, Robinson J, Daly P. Comparison of batch mode and dynamic physiologically based bioaccessibility tests for PAHs in soil samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:2654-2660. [PMID: 20201516 DOI: 10.1021/es903258v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A fed state in vitro methodology capable of use in commercial testing laboratories has been developed for measuring the human ingestion bioaccessibility of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil (Fed ORganic Estimation human Simulation Test- FOREhST). The protocol for measuring PAHs in the simulated gastro-intestinal fluids used methanolic KOH saponification followed by a combination of polymeric sorbent solid phase extraction and silica sorbent cartridges for sample cleanup and preconcentration. The analysis was carried out using high pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The repeatability of the method, assessed by the measurement of the bioaccessibility of 6 PAHs (benz[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenz[ah]anthracene, and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene) in eleven gas works soils, was approximately 10% RSD. The method compared well with the results from an independent dynamic human simulation reactor comprising of the stomach, duodenal and colon compartments tested on the same soils. The measured bioaccessible fraction of the soils varied from 10-60% for soils containing 10-300 mg kg(-1) PAH (the sum of the six studied) with total organic carbon concentrations in the soils ranging from 1-13%. A multiple regression model showed that the PAH bioaccessible fraction could be explained using the PAH compound, the soil type and the total PAH to soil organic carbon content. The method described here has potential for site specific detailed quantitative risk assessment either to modify the risk estimation or to contribute to the risk evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Cave
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
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43
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Jayawardene I, Saper R, Lupoli N, Sehgal A, Wright RO, Amarasiriwardena C. Determination of in vitro bioaccessibility of Pb, As, Cd and Hg in selected traditional Indian medicines. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY 2010; 25:1275-1282. [PMID: 21643429 PMCID: PMC3105223 DOI: 10.1039/c003960h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In vitro bioaccessibility of Pb, As, Cd and Hg in five traditional Indian medicine samples was measured as a determinant of bioavailability. The method is based on simulation of human digestion in the passage of material from the gastric to intestinal portions of the gastrointestinal tract. Total concentration and concentration in extracts from gastric and intestinal phases were analyzed for Pb, As and Cd by dynamic reaction cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (DRC-ICP-MS) and for Hg by direct mercury analyzer (DMA). Total lead ranged from 1.9 to 36000 µg g(-1). In each of the samples bioaccessibility of lead was significantly higher (range 28-88%) in the gastric phase than in the intestinal phase (range 1.4-75.4%). Only Ekangvir Ras had measurable arsenic (304 µg g(-1)). Its bioaccessibility in the gastric phase and intestinal phase was 82.6% and 78.1%, respectively. Only Ayu-Nephro-Tone had measurable cadmium (14.4 µg g(-1)). Its bioaccessibility in the gastric phase and intestinal phase was 80.5% and 2.2%, respectively. Three samples had measurable mercury (range 37 µg g(-1)-10000 µg g(-1)). Mercury in these samples was not bioaccessible. For the samples with measurable amount of metal, the estimated daily amount of bioaccessible (EDAB) metal was calculated. When compared with the most liberal published safety guideline, EDAB-Pb in Mahayograj Guggulu and Ekangvir Ras were 37 and 45 fold greater. When compared with the most conservative published safety guideline, all samples had higher EDAB-Pb or EDAB-As than the suggested limits. The EDAB-Cd and EDAB-Hg were acceptably below published safety limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent Jayawardene
- Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardenapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Robert Saper
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, One Boston Medical Center Place, Dowling 5 South, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Nicola Lupoli
- Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anusha Sehgal
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, One Boston Medical Center Place, Dowling 5 South, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Faculty of Basic Principles, Ayurveda College Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Robert O. Wright
- Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chitra Amarasiriwardena
- Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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44
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Poggio L, Vrscaj B, Schulin R, Hepperle E, Ajmone Marsan F. Metals pollution and human bioaccessibility of topsoils in Grugliasco (Italy). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:680-689. [PMID: 18835073 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Polluted soils can present a significant health risk especially in an urban environment. Most current legislation and health risk frameworks are based on pseudototal metal content. However, only a fraction of these concentrations is available for plant and human uptake. The aim of this work was to study the diffuse metal contamination in the soils of a municipality in Northern Italy in terms of: (i) metal availability, and (ii) metal accessibility to the human body and its relationship to soil properties, considering lead, copper, zinc, nickel, and chromium. Soil metal content was measured simulating availability conditions. Human bioaccessibility was derived from a modified physiologically-based extraction test. The human bioaccessible content was then estimated taking into account the relationships between pseudototal content and selected soil parameters. For the case study, the prediction of human bioaccessibility based on pseudototal content, organic matter and soil texture produced statistically significant models, with r(2)=0.60 for Cu, r(2)=0.53 for Pb and r(2)=0.42 for Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Poggio
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Soil Protection, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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45
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Tsuji LJS, Wainman BC, Martin ID, Sutherland C, Weber JP, Dumas P, Nieboer E. Lead shot contribution to blood lead of First Nations people: the use of lead isotopes to identify the source of exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2008; 405:180-5. [PMID: 18678397 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Although lead isotope ratios have been used to identify lead ammunition (lead shotshell pellets and bullets) as a source of exposure for First Nations people of Canada, the actual source of lead exposure needs to be further clarified. Whole blood samples for First Nations people of Ontario, Canada, were collected from participants prior to the traditional spring harvest of water birds, as well as post-harvest. Blood-lead levels and stable lead isotope ratios prior to, and after the harvest were determined by ICP-MS. Data were analyzed by paired t-tests and Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks tests. All participants consumed water birds harvested with lead shotshell during the period of study. For the group excluding six males who were potentially exposed to other sources of lead (as revealed through a questionnaire), paired t-tests and Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks tests showed consistent results: significant (p<0.05) increases in blood-lead concentrations and blood levels of (206)Pb/(204)Pb and (206)Pb/(207)Pb towards the mean values we previously reported for lead shotshell pellets; and a significant decrease in (208)Pb/(206)Pb values towards the mean for lead shotshell pellets. However, when we categorized the group further into a group that did not use firearms and did not eat any other traditional foods harvested with lead ammunition other than waterfowl, our predictions for (206)Pb/(204)Pb, (206)Pb/(207)Pb and (208)Pb/(206)Pb hold true, but there was not a significant increase in blood-lead level after the hunt. It appears that the activity of hunting (i.e., use of a shotgun) was also an important route of lead exposure. The banning of lead shotshell for all game hunting would eliminate a source of environmental lead for all people who use firearms and/or eat wild game.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard J S Tsuji
- Department of Environment and Resource Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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46
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Gulson B. Stable lead isotopes in environmental health with emphasis on human investigations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2008; 400:75-92. [PMID: 18718638 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
There has been widespread use of stable lead isotopes in the earth sciences for more than 40 years focussed on the origin and age of rocks and minerals with lesser application in environmental investigations where the emphasis has been directed typically to the source of lead in environmental media such as air, water and soils. In contrast, the number of environmental health investigations focussed on humans (and primates) is limited in spite of the demonstrated utility of the approach in pioneering studies in the early 1970's. This paper reviews the status of lead isotopes in human investigations especially over the past 2 decades, the period over which most activity has taken place. Following a brief introduction to the method, examples are provided illustrating the use of lead isotopes in a wide spectrum of activities including sources and pathways of lead in diverse environments from urban to mining communities, various applications associated with pregnancy, the contribution of bone lead to blood lead including in the elderly, the half-life of lead in blood, and lead in bones and other media. A brief outline of critical research on non-human primates is also given. The lead isotope method is a powerful technique for tracing lead and could be employed more widely in human investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Gulson
- Graduate School of the Environment, Macquarie University, Sydney NSW, Australia.
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47
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Clark HF, Hausladen DM, Brabander DJ. Urban gardens: lead exposure, recontamination mechanisms, and implications for remediation design. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2008; 107:312-9. [PMID: 18456252 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Environmental lead contamination is prevalent in urban areas where soil represents a significant sink and pathway of exposure. This study characterizes the speciation of lead that is relevant to local recontamination and to human exposure in the backyard gardens of Roxbury and Dorchester, MA, USA. One hundred forty-one backyard gardens were tested by X-ray fluorescence, and 81% of gardens have lead levels above the US EPA action limit of 400 microg/g. Raised gardening beds are the in situ exposure reduction method used in the communities to promote urban gardening. Raised beds were tested for lead and the results showed that the lead concentration increased from an initial range of 150+/-40 microg/g to an average of 336 microg/g over 4 years. The percent distribution of lead in the fine grain soil (<100 microm) and the trace metal signature of the raised beds support the conclusion that the mechanism of recontamination is wind-transported particles. Scanning electron microscopy and sequential extraction were used to characterize the speciation of lead, and the trace metal signature of the fine grain soil in both gardens and raised gardening beds is characteristic of lead-based paint. This study demonstrates that raised beds are a limited exposure reduction method and require maintenance to achieve exposure reduction goals. An exposure model was developed based on a suite of parameters that combine relevant values from the literature with site-specific quantification of exposure pathways. This model suggests that consumption of homegrown produce accounts for only 3% of children's daily exposure of lead while ingestion of fine grained soil (<100 microm) accounts for 82% of the daily exposure. This study indicates that urban lead remediation on a yard-by-yard scale requires constant maintenance and that remediation may need to occur on a neighborhood-wide scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather F Clark
- Department of Geosciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA.
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48
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Bosso ST, Enzweiler J. Bioaccessible lead in soils, slag, and mine wastes from an abandoned mining district in Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2008; 30:219-29. [PMID: 17786569 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-007-9110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We determined the amount of bioaccessible lead in samples of contaminated soils and in mining and refining wastes collected in the surroundings of a former smelter in a rural area in southeastern Brazil. Previous studies showed that some resident children and adults had blood Pb levels above recommended limits, but the contamination route was not established. The incidental ingestion of contaminated soils and dusts is considered to be a major route of lead uptake by humans. Bioavailability of heavy metals like Pb depends on solubility during digestion. We used in vitro tests that simulate human gastrointestinal (GI) media to measure the amount of soluble Pb under such conditions. Pb in soil and solid waste samples ranged from 0.03 to 4.1% and 1.2 to 15%, respectively. On average, 70% of the lead content was soluble in three different simulated gastric solutions (pH 1.5 and 1.7). For the same samples, lead solubility decreased to 2-22% when the pH was raised to pH 7 to approximate conditions found in the small intestine. These results indicate that if soils and dusts of the area are ingested, most of the lead will dissolve in the stomach, and part of it will remain soluble in the duodenum, i.e., would be potentially available for absorption. These findings may explain the high blood Pb levels previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio T Bosso
- Department of Geology and Natural Resources, Institute of Geosciences, State University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6152, Campinas, SP CEP 130083-970, Brazil
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49
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Tsuji LJS, Wainman BC, Martin ID, Sutherland C, Weber JP, Dumas P, Nieboer E. The identification of lead ammunition as a source of lead exposure in First Nations: the use of lead isotope ratios. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2008; 393:291-298. [PMID: 18272204 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 12/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The use of lead shotshell to hunt water birds has been associated with lead-contamination in game meat. However, evidence illustrating that lead shotshell is a source of lead exposure in subsistence hunting groups cannot be deemed definitive. This study seeks to determine whether lead shotshell constitutes a source of lead exposure using lead isotope ratios. We examined stable lead isotope ratios for lichens, lead shotshell and bullets, and blood from residents of Fort Albany and Kashechewan First Nations, and the City of Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and regression analyses. ANOVA of isotope ratios for blood revealed significant differences with respect to location, but not sex. Hamilton differed from both Kashechewan and Fort Albany; however, the First Nations did not differ from each other. ANOVA of the isotope ratios for lead ammunition and lichens revealed no significant differences between lichen groups (north and south) and for the lead ammunition sources (pellets and bullets). A plot of (206)Pb/(204)Pb and (206)Pb/(207)Pb values illustrated that lichens and lead ammunition were distinct groupings and only the 95% confidence ellipse of the First Nations group overlapped that of lead ammunition. In addition, partial correlations between blood-lead levels (adjusted for age) and isotope ratios revealed significant (p<0.05) positive correlations for (206)Pb/(204)Pb and (206)Pb/(207)Pb, and a significant negative correlation for (208)Pb/(206)Pb, as predicted if leaded ammunition were the source of lead exposure. In conclusion, lead ammunition was identified as a source of lead exposure for First Nations people; however, the isotope ratios for lead shotshell pellets and bullets were indistinguishable. Thus, lead-contaminated meat from game harvested with lead bullets may also be contributing to the lead body burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard J S Tsuji
- Department of Environment and Resource Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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50
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Budinsky RA, Rowlands JC, Casteel S, Fent G, Cushing CA, Newsted J, Giesy JP, Ruby MV, Aylward LL. A pilot study of oral bioavailability of dioxins and furans from contaminated soils: Impact of differential hepatic enzyme activity and species differences. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 70:1774-1786. [PMID: 17945330 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Revised: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An in vivo pilot study of the oral bioavailability of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in two soils with distinct congener profiles (one dominated by PCDDs, the other by PCDFs) was conducted in rats and juvenile swine. The pilot study revealed potential confounding of relative bioavailability estimates compared to bioavailability in spiked corn oil gavage for tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) in the rat study due to differential EROD induction between groups receiving soil and those receiving spiked control PCDDs/PCDFs. A follow-up study in rats with the furan-contaminated soil was then conducted with reductions in the spiked control doses to 20%, 50% and 80% of the soil-feed dose in order to bracket hepatic enzyme induction levels in the soil group. When hepatic enzyme induction was matched between the soil and spiked control groups, the apparent relative bioavailability for TCDF was reduced significantly. Overall, after controlling for hepatic enzyme induction, estimates of relative bioavailability in rats and swine differed for the two soils. In the rat study, the relative bioavailability of the two soils were approximately 37% and 60% compared to corn oil administration for the PCDD- and PCDF- dominated soils, respectively, on a TEQ basis. In swine, both soils demonstrated relative bioavailability between 20% and 25% compared to administration in corn oil. These species differences and experimental design issues, such as controlling for differential enzyme induction between corn oil and soil-feed animals in a bioavailability study, are relevant to risk assessment efforts where relative bioavailability inputs are important for theoretical exposure and risk characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Budinsky
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, 1803 Building, Midland, MI, USA.
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