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Lee-Ferris RE, Okuda K, Galiger JR, Schworer SA, Rogers TD, Dang H, Gilmore R, Edwards C, Nakano S, Cawley AM, Pickles RJ, Gallant SC, Crisci E, Rivier L, Hagood JS, O'Neal WK, Baric RS, Grubb BR, Boucher RC, Randell SH. Prolonged airway explant culture enables study of health, disease, and viral pathogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.03.578756. [PMID: 38370820 PMCID: PMC10871200 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.03.578756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
In vitro models play a major role in studying airway physiology and disease. However, the native lung's complex tissue architecture and non-epithelial cell lineages are not preserved in these models. Ex vivo tissue models could overcome in vitro limitations, but methods for long-term maintenance of ex vivo tissue has not been established. We describe methods to culture human large airway explants, small airway explants, and precision-cut lung slices for at least 14 days. Human airway explants recapitulate genotype-specific electrophysiology, characteristic epithelial, endothelial, stromal and immune cell populations, and model viral infection after 14 days in culture. These methods also maintain mouse, rabbit, and pig tracheal explants. Notably, intact airway tissue can be cryopreserved, thawed, and used to generate explants with recovery of function 14 days post-thaw. These studies highlight the broad applications of airway tissue explants and their use as translational intermediates between in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Calvert BA, Quiroz EJ, Lorenzana Z, Doan N, Kim S, Senger CN, Anders JJ, Wallace WD, Salomon MP, Henley J, Ryan AL. Neutrophilic inflammation promotes SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and augments the inflammatory responses in airway epithelial cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1112870. [PMID: 37006263 PMCID: PMC10061003 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1112870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In response to viral infection, neutrophils release inflammatory mediators as part of the innate immune response, contributing to pathogen clearance through virus internalization and killing. Pre- existing co-morbidities correlating to incidence to severe COVID-19 are associated with chronic airway neutrophilia. Furthermore, examination of COVID-19 explanted lung tissue revealed a series of epithelial pathologies associated with the infiltration and activation of neutrophils, indicating neutrophil activity in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods To determine the impact of neutrophil-epithelial interactions on the infectivity and inflammatory responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection, we developed a co-culture model of airway neutrophilia. This model was infected with live SARS-CoV-2 virus the epithelial response to infection was evaluated. Results SARS-CoV-2 infection of airway epithelium alone does not result in a notable pro-inflammatory response from the epithelium. The addition of neutrophils induces the release of proinflammatory cytokines and stimulates a significantly augmented proinflammatory response subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection. The resulting inflammatory responses are polarized with differential release from the apical and basolateral side of the epithelium. Additionally, the integrity of the \epithelial barrier is impaired with notable epithelial damage and infection of basal stem cells. Conclusions This study reveals a key role for neutrophil-epithelial interactions in determining inflammation and infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A. Calvert
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States
| | - Erik J. Quiroz
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zareeb Lorenzana
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ngan Doan
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Seongjae Kim
- The Salk Institute of Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Christiana N. Senger
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey J. Anders
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States
| | - Wiliam D. Wallace
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Matthew P. Salomon
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jill Henley
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Amy L. Ryan
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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3
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Moore MM, Abraham I, Ballantyne M, Behrsing H, Cao X, Clements J, Gaca M, Gillman G, Hashizume T, Heflich RH, Hurtado S, Jordan KG, Leverette R, McHugh D, Miller-Holt J, Phillips G, Recio L, Roy S, Scian M, Simms L, Smart DJ, Stankowski LF, Tarran R, Thorne D, Weber E, Wieczorek R, Yoshino K, Curren R. Key Challenges and Recommendations for In Vitro Testing of Tobacco Products for Regulatory Applications: Consideration of Test Materials and Exposure Parameters. Altern Lab Anim 2023; 51:55-79. [PMID: 36821083 DOI: 10.1177/02611929221146536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The Institute for In Vitro Sciences (IIVS) is sponsoring a series of workshops to identify, discuss and develop recommendations for optimal scientific and technical approaches for conducting in vitro assays, to assess potential toxicity within and across tobacco and various next generation nicotine and tobacco products (NGPs), including heated tobacco products (HTPs) and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). The third workshop (24-26 February 2020) summarised the key challenges and made recommendations concerning appropriate methods of test article generation and cell exposure from combustible cigarettes, HTPs and ENDS. Expert speakers provided their research, perspectives and recommendations for the three basic types of tobacco-related test articles: i) pad-collected material (PCM); ii) gas vapour phase (GVP); and iii) whole smoke/aerosol. These three types of samples can be tested individually, or the PCM and GVP can be combined. Whole smoke/aerosol can be bubbled through media or applied directly to cells at the air-liquid interface. Summaries of the speaker presentations and the recommendations developed by the workgroup are presented. Following discussion, the workshop concluded the following: that there needs to be greater standardisation in aerosol generation and collection processes; that methods for testing the NGPs need to be developed and/or optimised, since simply mirroring cigarette smoke testing approaches may be insufficient; that understanding and quantitating the applied dose is fundamental to the interpretation of data and conclusions from each study; and that whole smoke/aerosol approaches must be contextualised with regard to key information, including appropriate experimental controls, environmental conditioning, analytical monitoring, verification and performance criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark Ballantyne
- 63899Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Holger Behrsing
- 329003Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Xuefei Cao
- 4136National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Julie Clements
- 63899Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Marianna Gaca
- 195179British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - Gene Gillman
- 520154Enthalpy Analytical, Inc., Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tsuneo Hashizume
- 74193Japan Tobacco Inc., Scientific Product Assessment Centre, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Robert H Heflich
- 4136National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Sara Hurtado
- 66661Charles River Laboratories - Skokie, LLC., Skokie, IL, USA
| | - Kristen G Jordan
- RAI Services Company, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Robert Leverette
- RAI Services Company, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Damian McHugh
- 161931Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Gary Phillips
- Life Science Technologies Ltd, Eastleigh, Hampshire, UK
| | - Leslie Recio
- 298616ILS, PO Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Daniel J Smart
- 161931Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Robert Tarran
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, 2332University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David Thorne
- 195179British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - Elisabeth Weber
- 588402Oekolab Ges. f. Umweltanalytik, A Member of the JT International Group of Companies, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Kei Yoshino
- 74193Japan Tobacco Inc., Scientific Product Assessment Centre, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Rodger Curren
- 329003Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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4
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Calvert BA, Quiroz EJ, Lorenzana Z, Doan N, Kim S, Senger CN, Wallace WD, Salomon MP, Henley J, Ryan AL. Neutrophilic inflammation promotes SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and augments the inflammatory responses in airway epithelial cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2021.08.09.455472. [PMID: 34401877 PMCID: PMC8366793 DOI: 10.1101/2021.08.09.455472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In response to viral infection, neutrophils release inflammatory mediators as part of the innate immune response, contributing to pathogen clearance through virus internalization and killing. Pre-existing co- morbidities correlating to incidence of severe COVID-19 are associated with chronic airway neutrophilia. Furthermore, examination of COVID-19 explanted lung tissue revealed a series of epithelial pathologies associated with the infiltration and activation of neutrophils, indicating neutrophil activity in response to SARS- CoV-2 infection. To determine the impact of neutrophil-epithelial interactions on the infectivity and inflammatory responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection, we developed a co-culture model of airway neutrophilia. SARS-CoV-2 infection of the airway epithelium alone does not result in a notable pro-inflammatory response from the epithelium. The addition of neutrophils induces the release of proinflammatory cytokines and stimulates a significantly augmented pro-inflammatory response subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection. The resulting inflammatory response is polarized with differential release from the apical and basolateral side of the epithelium. Additionally, the integrity of the epithelial barrier is impaired with notable epithelial damage and infection of basal stem cells. This study reveals a key role for neutrophil-epithelial interactions in determining inflammation and infectivity in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- BA Calvert
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - EJ Quiroz
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Z Lorenzana
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - N Doan
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Kim
- The Salk Institute of Biological Studies, 10010 North Torey Pines Road, La Jolla, Ca, USA
| | - CN Senger
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - WD Wallace
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - MP Salomon
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J Henley
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - AL Ryan
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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The NSAID glafenine rescues class 2 CFTR mutants via cyclooxygenase 2 inhibition of the arachidonic acid pathway. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4595. [PMID: 35302062 PMCID: PMC8930988 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08661-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cases of cystic fibrosis (CF) are caused by class 2 mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR). These proteins preserve some channel function but are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Partial rescue of the most common CFTR class 2 mutant, F508del-CFTR, has been achieved through the development of pharmacological chaperones (Tezacaftor and Elexacaftor) that bind CFTR directly. However, it is not clear whether these drugs will rescue all class 2 CFTR mutants to a medically relevant level. We have previously shown that the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ibuprofen can correct F508del-CFTR trafficking. Here, we utilized RNAi and pharmacological inhibitors to determine the mechanism of action of the NSAID glafenine. Using cellular thermal stability assays (CETSAs), we show that it is a proteostasis modulator. Using medicinal chemistry, we identified a derivative with a fourfold increase in CFTR corrector potency. Furthermore, we show that these novel arachidonic acid pathway inhibitors can rescue difficult-to-correct class 2 mutants, such as G85E-CFTR > 13%, that of non-CF cells in well-differentiated HBE cells. Thus, the results suggest that targeting the arachidonic acid pathway may be a profitable way of developing correctors of certain previously hard-to-correct class 2 CFTR mutations.
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Bukowy-Bieryłło Z. Long-term differentiating primary human airway epithelial cell cultures: how far are we? Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:63. [PMID: 34044844 PMCID: PMC8159066 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00740-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human airway epithelial (HAE) cellular models are widely used in applicative studies of the airway physiology and disease. In vitro expanded and differentiated primary HAE cells collected from patients seem to be an accurate model of human airway, offering a quicker and cheaper alternative to the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) models. However, the biggest drawback of primary HAE models is their limited proliferative lifespan in culture. Much work has been devoted to understand the factors, which govern the HAE cell proliferation and differentiation, both in vivo and in vitro. Here, I have summarized recent achievements in primary HAE culture, with the special emphasis on the models of conditionally reprogrammed cells (CRC), which allow longer in vitro proliferation and differentiation of HAE cells. The review compares the CRC HAE technique variants (feeder culture or HAE mono-culture), based on recently published studies exploiting this model. The advantages and limitations of each CRC HAE model variant are summarized, along with the description of other factors affecting the CRC HAE culture success (tissue type, sampling method, sample quality). Conclusions CRC HAE cultures are a useful technique in respiratory research, which in many cases exceeds the iPSCs and organoid culture methods. Until the current limitations of the iPSCs and organoid culture methods will be alleviated, the primary CRC HAE cultures might be a useful model in respiratory research. Plain English summary Airway epithelium (AE) is a type of tissue, which lines the whole length of human airways, from the nose to the bronchi. Improper functioning of AE causes several human airway disorders, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or cystic fibrosis (CF). Much work has been devoted to finding the best scientific model of human AE, in order to learn about its functioning in health and disease. Among the popular AE models are the primary in vitro cultured AE cells collected from human donors. Unfortunately, such human AE (HAE) cells do not easily divide (expand) in vitro; this poses a large logistic and ethical problem for the researchers. Here, I summarize recent achievements in the methods for in vitro culture of human AE cells, with special emphasis on the conditionally reprogrammed cell (CRC) models, which allow longer and more effective expansion of primary human AE cells in vitro. The review describes how the specific chemicals used in the CRC models work to allow the increased HAE divisions and compares the effects of the different so-far developed variants of the CRC HAE culture. The review also pinpoints the areas which need to be refined, in order to maximize the usefulness of the CRC AE cultures from human donors in research on human airway disorders. ![]()
Video abstract
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12964-021-00740-z.
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7
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Transcriptional analysis of cystic fibrosis airways at single-cell resolution reveals altered epithelial cell states and composition. Nat Med 2021; 27:806-814. [PMID: 33958799 PMCID: PMC9009537 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a lethal autosomal recessive disorder that afflicts more than 70,000 people. People with CF experience multi-organ dysfunction resulting from aberrant electrolyte transport across polarized epithelia due to mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. CF-related lung disease is by far the most important determinant of morbidity and mortality. Here we report results from a multi-institute consortium in which single-cell transcriptomics were applied to define disease-related changes by comparing the proximal airway of CF donors (n = 19) undergoing transplantation for end-stage lung disease with that of previously healthy lung donors (n = 19). Disease-dependent differences observed include an overabundance of epithelial cells transitioning to specialized ciliated and secretory cell subsets coupled with an unexpected decrease in cycling basal cells. Our study yields a molecular atlas of the proximal airway epithelium that will provide insights for the development of new targeted therapies for CF airway disease.
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8
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Zhang C, Asif H, Holt GE, Griswold AJ, Campos M, Bejarano P, Fregien NL, Mirsaeidi M. Mycobacterium abscessus-Bronchial Epithelial Cells Cross-Talk Through Type I Interferon Signaling. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2888. [PMID: 31921151 PMCID: PMC6913194 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Mycobacteria are aerobic non-motile organisms with lipid rich, hydrophobic cell walls that render them resistant to antibiotics. While there are over 150 different species of NTM, Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and Mycobacterium abscessus (MAB) are two of the most common culprits of pulmonary infection. MAB has been found to be most common in southeastern United States (Florida to Texas) and the third most rapidly growing NTM infection. It is responsible for chronic lung infections. Mycobacterial cell wall components initiate the interaction between bacteria and host. The reaction between bronchial epithelia and components in the envelope of mycobacterial cell wall is poorly understood. Methods: A lung-on-membrane model was developed with normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells re-differentiated at the air-liquid interface (ALI) and human endothelial cells on a transwell® polyester membrane. Microparticles from MAB cell walls were developed by an inhouse protocol and added to the ALI side of lung model. NHBE cells were harvested at day 3. RNA was isolated and analyzed with RNASeq. NHBE cells were lysed and protein assay was performed with western blot. We tested whether lung INF-alpha expression would increase in mice treated with intratracheal MAB cell wall particles. A paired t-test is used to compare two population means using GraphPad Prism 7 software. Results: RNAseq analysis identified 1759 differentially expressed genes between NHBE cells challenged with and without MAB microparticles with FDR < 0.5. 410 genes had a 2.5-fold change (FC) or greater. NHBE cells exposure to MAB microparticles significantly enriched the IFN I signaling pathway. Protein overexpression of IFN I family (2'-5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase 1, Interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1, Interferon-stimulated gene 15) was found in bronchial epithelial cells following exposure to MAB cell wall microparticles. IFN-α protein and gene expressions were significantly increased in mice lung challenged with microparticles in comparison with controls. Conclusion: These data strongly support the role of Type I IFN in cross-talk between NHBE cells and MAB. They also suggest that initiating immune response by NHBE cells may play a central role in innate immunity. Furthermore, this study underscores the importance of mycobacterial cell wall in initiating innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxu Zhang
- Section of Pulmonary, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Huda Asif
- Section of Pulmonary, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL, United States.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Gregory E Holt
- Section of Pulmonary, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL, United States.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Anthony J Griswold
- School of Medicine, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Michael Campos
- Section of Pulmonary, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL, United States.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Pablo Bejarano
- Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Weston, FL, United States
| | - Nevis L Fregien
- School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Mehdi Mirsaeidi
- Section of Pulmonary, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL, United States.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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10
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Xie X, Gan Y, Pang M, Shao G, Zhang L, Liu B, Xu Q, Wang H, Feng Y, Yu Y, Chen R, Wu M, Zhang Z, Hua L, Xiong Q, Liu M, Feng Z. Establishment and characterization of a telomerase-immortalized porcine bronchial epithelial cell line. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:9763-9776. [PMID: 30078190 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Primary porcine bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) are an ideal model to study the molecular and pathogenic mechanisms of various porcine respiratory pathogens. However, the short lifespan of primary PBECs greatly limit their application. Here, we isolated and cultured primary PBECs and established immortalized PBECs by transfecting primary PBECs with the pEGFP-hTERT recombinant plasmid containing human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). Immortalized PBECs (hTERT-PBECs) retained the morphological and functional features of primary PBECs as indicated by cytokeratin 18 expression, telomerase activity assay, proliferation assays, karyotype analysis, and quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Compared to primary PBECs, hTERT-PBECs had higher telomerase activity, extended replicative lifespan, and displayed enhanced proliferative activity. Moreover, this cell line is not transformed in vitro and does not exhibit a malignant phenotype in vivo, suggesting that it can be safely used in further studies. Besides, hTERT-PBECs were susceptible to swine influenza virus of H3N2 subtype and porcine circovirus type 2. In conclusion, the immortalized hTERT-PBECs represent a valuable in vitro model, which can be widely used in the study of porcine respiratory pathogenic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Gan
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Maoda Pang
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoqing Shao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanyan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Lizhong Hua
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiyan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Maojun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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11
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Carlile GW, Yang Q, Matthes E, Liao J, Radinovic S, Miyamoto C, Robert R, Hanrahan JW, Thomas DY. A novel triple combination of pharmacological chaperones improves F508del-CFTR correction. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11404. [PMID: 30061653 PMCID: PMC6065411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29276-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological chaperones (e.g. VX-809, lumacaftor) that bind directly to F508del-CFTR and correct its mislocalization are promising therapeutics for Cystic Fibrosis (CF). However to date, individual correctors provide only ~4% improvement in lung function measured as FEV1, suggesting that multiple drugs will be needed to achieve substantial clinical benefit. Here we examine if multiple sites for pharmacological chaperones exist and can be targeted to enhance the rescue of F508del-CFTR with the premise that additive or synergistic rescue by multiple pharmacological chaperones compared to single correctors indicates that they have different sites of action. First, we found that a combination of the pharmacological chaperones VX-809 and RDR1 provide additive correction of F508del-CFTR. Then using cellular thermal stability assays (CETSA) we demonstrated the possibility of a third pharmacologically important site using the novel pharmacological chaperone tool compound 4-methyl-N-[3-(morpholin-4-yl) quinoxalin-2-yl] benzenesulfonamide (MCG1516A). All three pharmacological chaperones appear to interact with the first nucleotide-binding domain (NBD1). The triple combination of MCG1516A, RDR1, and VX-809 restored CFTR function to >20% that of non-CF cells in well differentiated HBE cells and to much higher levels in other cell types. Thus the results suggest the presence of at least three distinct sites for pharmacological chaperones on F508del-CFTR NBD1, encouraging the development of triple corrector combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme W Carlile
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Center, Department of Biochemistry McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada, H3G 1Y6, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Qi Yang
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Center, Department of Biochemistry McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada, H3G 1Y6, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Matthes
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Center, Department of Physiology McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada, H3G 1Y6, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jie Liao
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Center, Department of Physiology McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada, H3G 1Y6, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stevo Radinovic
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Center, Department of Biochemistry McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada, H3G 1Y6, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,National Research Council, Biotechnology Research Institute, 6100 Royalmount Ave, H4P 2R2, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carol Miyamoto
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Center, Department of Biochemistry McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada, H3G 1Y6, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Renaud Robert
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Center, Department of Physiology McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada, H3G 1Y6, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - John W Hanrahan
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Center, Department of Physiology McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada, H3G 1Y6, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Y Thomas
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Center, Department of Biochemistry McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada, H3G 1Y6, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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12
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Development of a Primary Human Co-Culture Model of Inflamed Airway Mucosa. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8182. [PMID: 28811631 PMCID: PMC5557980 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08567-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil breach of the mucosal surface is a common pathological consequence of infection. We present an advanced co-culture model to explore neutrophil transepithelial migration utilizing airway mucosal barriers differentiated from primary human airway basal cells and examined by advanced imaging. Human airway basal cells were differentiated and cultured at air-liquid interface (ALI) on the underside of 3 µm pore-sized transwells, compatible with the study of transmigrating neutrophils. Inverted ALIs exhibit beating cilia and mucus production, consistent with conventional ALIs, as visualized by micro-optical coherence tomography (µOCT). µOCT is a recently developed imaging modality with the capacity for real time two- and three-dimensional analysis of cellular events in marked detail, including neutrophil transmigratory dynamics. Further, the newly devised and imaged primary co-culture model recapitulates key molecular mechanisms that underlie bacteria-induced neutrophil transepithelial migration previously characterized using cell line-based models. Neutrophils respond to imposed chemotactic gradients, and migrate in response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection of primary ALI barriers through a hepoxilin A3-directed mechanism. This primary cell-based co-culture system combined with µOCT imaging offers significant opportunity to probe, in great detail, micro-anatomical and mechanistic features of bacteria-induced neutrophil transepithelial migration and other important immunological and physiological processes at the mucosal surface.
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13
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Valencia-Gattas M, Conner GE, Fregien NL. Gefitinib, an EGFR Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor, Prevents Smoke-Mediated Ciliated Airway Epithelial Cell Loss and Promotes Their Recovery. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160216. [PMID: 27532261 PMCID: PMC4988636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke exposure is a major health hazard. Ciliated cells in the epithelium of the airway play a critical role in protection against the noxious effects of inhaled cigarette smoke. Ciliated cell numbers are reduced in smokers which weakens host defense and leads to disease. The mechanisms for the loss of ciliated cells are not well understood. The effects of whole cigarette smoke exposure on human airway ciliated ciliated cells were examined using in vitro cultures of normal human bronchial epithelial cells and a Vitrocell® VC 10® Smoking Robot. These experiments showed that whole cigarette smoke causes the loss of differentiated ciliated cells and inhibits differentiation of ciliated cells from undifferentiated basal cells. Furthermore, treatment with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Gefitinib, during smoke exposure prevents ciliated cell loss and promotes ciliated cell differentiation from basal cells. Finally, restoration of ciliated cells was inhibited after smoke exposure was ceased but was enhanced by Gefitinib treatment. These data suggest that inhibition of EGFR activity may provide therapeutic benefit for treating smoke related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Valencia-Gattas
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gregory E Conner
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nevis L Fregien
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
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14
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Ridley C, Kirkham S, Williamson SJ, Davis CW, Woodman P, Thornton DJ. Biosynthesis of the polymeric gel-forming mucin MUC5B. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L993-L1002. [PMID: 26993521 PMCID: PMC4896102 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00046.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
MUC5B is a major polymeric mucin in the airway mucus gel and is an essential component of innate defense of the respiratory epithelium. Knowledge of the synthesis and intracellular processing of MUC5B is incomplete. We investigated the molecular details of MUC5B assembly in primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) grown at an air-liquid interface (ALI). Electrophoretic and centrifugal separations of intracellular forms of MUC5B probed with antibodies specific for non-O-glycosylated and O-glycosylated forms of the mucin identified three major intracellular populations of MUC5B (non-O-glycosylated monomer and dimer, and O-glycosylated polymers). Biophysical analysis of recombinant MUC5B COOH-terminus (CT5B; D4-B-C-CK) expressed in 293-EBNA cells showed that MUC5B dimerizes by disulfide linkage. Pulse-chase studies in the HBEC ALI cultures showed that non-O-glycosylated MUC5B was synthesized within 20 min of metabolic labeling and O-glycosylated, polymeric mucin within 2 h. Radiolabeled O-glycosylated mucin polymers were secreted within 2 h and the majority were released by 48 h. These data indicate that MUC5B follows a similar assembly to the related glycoprotein, von Willebrand factor (vWF); however, unlike vWF the MUC5B polypeptide shows no evidence of major proteolytic processing of D-domains during the production of the mature secreted polymeric mucin in normal and cystic fibrosis (CF) primary bronchial epithelial cells. In contrast, MUC5B D-domains were modified by neutrophil elastase, a protease commonly found in CF sputum, demonstrating that proteolytic degradation of MUC5B is an extracellular event in CF sputum. These results define the pathway for synthesis of MUC5B in primary human goblet cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ridley
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sara Kirkham
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sally J Williamson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; and
| | - C William Davis
- Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Philip Woodman
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; and
| | - David J Thornton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; and
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15
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Abu-Arish A, Pandzic E, Goepp J, Matthes E, Hanrahan JW, Wiseman PW. Cholesterol modulates CFTR confinement in the plasma membrane of primary epithelial cells. Biophys J 2016; 109:85-94. [PMID: 26153705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a plasma-membrane anion channel that, when mutated, causes the disease cystic fibrosis. Although CFTR has been detected in a detergent-resistant membrane fraction prepared from airway epithelial cells, suggesting that it may partition into cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains (lipid rafts), its compartmentalization has not been demonstrated in intact cells and the influence of microdomains on CFTR lateral mobility is unknown. We used live-cell imaging, spatial image correlation spectroscopy, and k-space image correlation spectroscopy to examine the aggregation state of CFTR and its dynamics both within and outside microdomains in the plasma membrane of primary human bronchial epithelial cells. These studies were also performed during treatments that augment or deplete membrane cholesterol. We found two populations of CFTR molecules that were distinguishable based on their dynamics at the cell surface. One population showed confinement and had slow dynamics that were highly cholesterol dependent. The other, more abundant population was less confined and diffused more rapidly. Treatments that deplete the membrane of cholesterol caused the confined fraction and average number of CFTR molecules per cluster to decrease. Elevating cholesterol had the opposite effect, increasing channel aggregation and the fraction of channels displaying confinement, consistent with CFTR recruitment into cholesterol-rich microdomains with dimensions below the optical resolution limit. Viral infection caused the nanoscale microdomains to fuse into large platforms and reduced CFTR mobility. To our knowledge, these results provide the first biophysical evidence for multiple CFTR populations and have implications for regulation of their surface expression and channel function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elvis Pandzic
- Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie Goepp
- Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Paul W Wiseman
- Chemistry & Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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16
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Mou H, Brazauskas K, Rajagopal J. Personalized medicine for cystic fibrosis: establishing human model systems. Pediatr Pulmonol 2015; 50 Suppl 40:S14-23. [PMID: 26335952 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
With over 1,500 identifiable mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that result in distinct functional and phenotypical abnormalities, it is virtually impossible to perform randomized clinical trials to identify the best therapeutics for all patients. Therefore, a personalized medicine approach is essential. The only way to realistically accomplish this is through the development of improved in vitro human model systems. The lack of a readily available and infinite supply of human CFTR-expressing airway epithelial cells is a key bottleneck. We propose that a concerted two-pronged approach is necessary for patient-specific cystic fibrosis research to continue to prosper and realize its potential: (1) more effective culture and differentiation conditions for growing primary human airway and nasal epithelial cells and (2) the development of collective protocols for efficiently differentiating disease- and patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) into pure populations of adult epithelial cells. Ultimately, we need a personalized human model system for cystic fibrosis with the capacity for uncomplicated bankability, widespread availability, and universal applicability for patient-specific disease modeling, novel pharmacotherapy investigation and screening, and readily executable genetic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Mou
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karissa Brazauskas
- Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jayaraj Rajagopal
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Pulmonary Critical Care Unit, Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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17
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Establishment and characterization of a telomerase-immortalized canine bronchiolar epithelial cell line. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:9135-46. [PMID: 26156242 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6794-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dogs are susceptible to infectious diseases that occur primarily in the respiratory tract. The airway epithelium acts as a first line of defense and is constantly exposed to microorganisms present in the environment. Respiratory epithelial cells have recently gained wide use as a cell model for studying the pathogenesis of human, murine or swine respiratory pathogen infections. However, studies of the pathogenic mechanisms of canine pathogens have been hindered by the lack of reliable respiratory cell lines. Here, we cultured primary canine bronchiolar epithelial cells (CBECs), whose characteristics were confirmed by their expression of the epithelial cell-specific marker cytokeratin 18, and have provided protocols for their isolation and ex vivo expansion. Further, we established immortalized CBECs containing the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene via transfection of primary CBECs with the recombinant plasmid pEGFP-hTERT. Immortalized bronchiolar epithelial cells (hTERT-CBECs) retain the morphological and functional features of primary CBECs, as indicated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, proliferation assays, karyotype analysis, telomerase activity assay, and Western blotting, which demonstrate that hTERT-CBECs have higher telomerase activity, an extended proliferative lifespan, and a diploid complement of chromosomes, even after Passage 50. Moreover, this cell line is not transformed, as evaluated using soft agar assays and tumorigenicity analysis in nude mice, and can therefore be safely used in future studies. The isolation and establishment of stable hTERT-CBECs is of great importance for use as an in vitro model for mechanistic studies of canine pathogenic infections.
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18
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Kedderis GL, Shepard KG, Recio L. Cytotoxicity of naphthalene toward cells from target and non-target organs in vitro. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 209:85-95. [PMID: 24361489 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inhalation exposure to high concentrations of naphthalene produced nasal tumors in rats and lung tumors in female mice. Naphthalene bioactivation is required for target organ toxicity and cytotoxicity in target organs may be involved in tumor development. The present studies characterized the dose-response relationships for naphthalene-induced glutathione (GSH) depletion, effects on cellular ATP, and cytotoxicity in cells from both target (lung, nasal epithelium) and non-target (liver) organs in vitro using cells from F-344 rats, B6C3F1 mice and humans. The cells were incubated with various concentrations of naphthalene in sealed glass flasks for 3h, then placed in monolayer culture in fresh media for 24h to examine the repair or progression of damage. Naphthalene was a low potency cytotoxicant in vitro, with 500 μM frequently observed as a no-observed adverse effect concentration or lowest observed adverse effect concentration. Naphthalene exposure produced dose-dependent decreases in cellular GSH, ATP and viability in rat, mouse and human hepatocytes at concentrations >500 μM. Human nasal respiratory epithelial cells exhibited greater naphthalene cytotoxicity than rat or mouse nasal respiratory epithelial cell preparations. Rat nasal respiratory epithelial cell preparations metabolized naphthalene through pathways leading to the preferential formation of 1,2-naphthoquinone GSH conjugates rather than 1,4-naphthoquinone GSH conjugates observed in rat hepatocytes or mouse nasal respiratory epithelial cells, consistent with the suggestion that this bioactivation pathway may be involved in rat nasal tumor development. Naphthalene exposures of ≥500 μM decreased cellular GSH and ATP in rat, mouse and human lung cell preparations. The variability of the responses of the human lung cell preparations was consistent with the known variability of CYP activities in human lung tissue. The results of these studies can be used as the basis for future studies of the mechanisms involved in naphthalene-induced cytotoxicity and the relevance of the bioactivation pathways for human exposure to naphthalene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim G Shepard
- Integrated Laboratory Systems Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Leslie Recio
- Integrated Laboratory Systems Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
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19
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Almaça J, Faria D, Sousa M, Uliyakina I, Conrad C, Sirianant L, Clarke L, Martins J, Santos M, Heriché JK, Huber W, Schreiber R, Pepperkok R, Kunzelmann K, Amaral M. High-Content siRNA Screen Reveals Global ENaC Regulators and Potential Cystic Fibrosis Therapy Targets. Cell 2013; 154:1390-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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20
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Rymut SM, Harker A, Corey DA, Burgess JD, Sun H, Clancy JP, Kelley TJ. Reduced microtubule acetylation in cystic fibrosis epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 305:L419-31. [PMID: 23873844 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00411.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) leads to many cellular consequences, including perinuclear accumulation of free cholesterol due to impaired endosomal transport. The hypothesis being tested is that CF-related perinuclear cholesterol accumulation due to disrupted endocytic trafficking occurs as a result of reduced microtubule (MT) acetylation. Here, it is identified that acetylated-α-tubulin (Ac-tub) content is reduced by ∼40% compared with respective wild-type controls in both cultured CF cell models (IB3) and primary Cftr-/- mouse nasal epithelial tissue. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) has been shown to regulate MT acetylation, which provides reasonable grounds to test its impact on reduced Ac-tub content on CF cellular phenotypes. Inhibition of HDAC6, either through tubastatin treatment or HDAC6 knockdown in CF cells, increases Ac-tub content and results in redistributed free cholesterol and reduced stimulation of NF-κB activity. Mechanistically, endoplasmic reticulum stress, which is widely reported in CF and leads to aggresome formation, is identified as a regulator of MT acetylation. F508del CFTR correction with C18 in primary airway epithelial cells restores MT acetylation and cholesterol transport. A significant role for phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase p110α is also identified as a regulator of MT acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M Rymut
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve Univ., 833 BRB, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106-4948.
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21
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Abstract
Human airway epithelial (hAE) cell cultures are instrumental for studying basic and applied aspects of respiratory tract biology, disease, and therapy. When primary epithelial cells from the human nasal passages or tracheo-bronchial airways are grown on porous supports at an air-liquid interface (ALI) they undergo mucociliary differentiation, reproducing both the in vivo morphology and key physiologic processes. These cultures are useful for studying basic biology, disease pathogenesis, gene therapy and aerosol administration of drugs. This chapter gives detailed protocols for tissue procurement, cell isolation, production of complex media, and cell culture initiation and maintenance needed for hAE cell ALI cultures with non-proprietary reagents.
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22
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Moniz S, Sousa M, Moraes BJ, Mendes AI, Palma M, Barreto C, Fragata JI, Amaral MD, Matos P. HGF stimulation of Rac1 signaling enhances pharmacological correction of the most prevalent cystic fibrosis mutant F508del-CFTR. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:432-42. [PMID: 23148778 DOI: 10.1021/cb300484r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF), a major life-limiting genetic disease leading to severe respiratory symptoms, is caused by mutations in CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a chloride (Cl(-)) channel expressed at the apical membrane of epithelial cells. Absence of functional CFTR from the surface of respiratory cells reduces mucociliary clearance, promoting airways obstruction, chronic infection, and ultimately lung failure. The most frequent mutation, F508del, causes the channel to misfold, triggering its premature degradation and preventing it from reaching the cell surface. Recently, novel small-molecule correctors rescuing plasma membrane localization of F508del-CFTR underwent clinical trials but with limited success. Plausibly, this may be due to the mutant intrinsic plasma membrane (PM) instability. Herein, we show that restoration of F508del-CFTR PM localization by correctors can be dramatically improved through a novel pathway involving stimulation of signaling by the endogenous small GTPase Rac1 via hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). We first show that CFTR anchors to apical actin cytoskeleton (via Ezrin) upon activation of Rac1 signaling through PIP5K and Arp2/3. We then found that such anchoring retains pharmacologically rescued F508del-CFTR at the cell surface, boosting functional restoration by correctors up to 30% of wild-type channel levels in human airway epithelial cells. Our findings reveal that surface anchoring and retention is a major target pathway for CF pharmacotherapy, namely, to achieve maximal restoration of F508del-CFTR in patients in combination with correctors. Moreover, this approach may also translate to other disorders caused by trafficking-deficient surface proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Moniz
- Department of Genetics, National Health Institute ‘Dr. Ricardo Jorge’, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa;
Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences,
BioFIG
- Centre for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande-C8, 1749-016 Lisboa,
Portugal
| | - Marisa Sousa
- Department of Genetics, National Health Institute ‘Dr. Ricardo Jorge’, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa;
Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences,
BioFIG
- Centre for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande-C8, 1749-016 Lisboa,
Portugal
| | - Bruno José Moraes
- Department of Genetics, National Health Institute ‘Dr. Ricardo Jorge’, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa;
Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences,
BioFIG
- Centre for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande-C8, 1749-016 Lisboa,
Portugal
| | - Ana Isabel Mendes
- Department of Genetics, National Health Institute ‘Dr. Ricardo Jorge’, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa;
Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences,
BioFIG
- Centre for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande-C8, 1749-016 Lisboa,
Portugal
| | - Marta Palma
- Faculty of Sciences,
BioFIG
- Centre for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande-C8, 1749-016 Lisboa,
Portugal
| | - Celeste Barreto
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital de Santa Maria, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz,
1649-035 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José I. Fragata
- Department of Cardiothoracic
Surgery, Hospital de Santa Marta, R. de
Santa Marta 50, 1169-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Margarida D. Amaral
- Department of Genetics, National Health Institute ‘Dr. Ricardo Jorge’, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa;
Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences,
BioFIG
- Centre for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande-C8, 1749-016 Lisboa,
Portugal
| | - Paulo Matos
- Department of Genetics, National Health Institute ‘Dr. Ricardo Jorge’, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa;
Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences,
BioFIG
- Centre for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande-C8, 1749-016 Lisboa,
Portugal
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23
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Abstract
The extreme size, extensive glycosylation, and gel-forming nature of mucins make them a challenge to work with, and methodologies for the detection of mucins must take into consideration these features to ensure that one obtains both accurate and meaningful results. In understanding and appreciating the nature of mucins, this affords the researcher a valuable toolkit which can be used to full advantage in detecting, quantifying, and visualising mucins. The employment of a combinatorial approach to mucin detection, using antibody, chemical, and lectin detection methods, allows important information to be gleaned regarding the size, extent of glycosylation, specific mucin species, and distribution of mucins within a given sample. In this chapter, the researcher is guided through considerations into the structure of mucins and how this both affects the detection of mucins and can be used to full advantage. Techniques including ELISA, dot/slot blotting, and Western blotting, use of lectins and antibodies in mucin detection on membranes as well as immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence on both tissues and cells grown on Transwell™ inserts are described. Notes along with each section advice the researcher on best practice and describe any associated limitations of a particular technique from which the researcher can further develop a particular protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceri A Harrop
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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24
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Abstract
When primary human airway epithelial (hAE) cells are grown in vitro on porous supports at an air-liquid interface (ALI), they recapitulate in vivo morphology and key physiologic processes. These cultures are useful for studying respiratory tract biology and diseases and for testing new cystic fibrosis (CF) therapies. This chapter gives protocols enabling creation of well-differentiated primary CF and non-CF airway epithelial cell cultures with non-proprietary reagents. We also discuss the production of retroviral and lentiviral vectors, the derivation of hAE cell lines, reporter gene assays, and the evolving science of gene overexpression and knockdown in ALI hAE cultures.
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25
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Balghi H, Robert R, Rappaz B, Zhang X, Wohlhuter-Haddad A, Evagelidis A, Luo Y, Goepp J, Ferraro P, Roméo P, Trebak M, Wiseman PW, Thomas DY, Hanrahan JW. Enhanced Ca2+ entry due to Orai1 plasma membrane insertion increases IL-8 secretion by cystic fibrosis airways. FASEB J 2011; 25:4274-91. [PMID: 21873556 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-187682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). The most common mutation, ΔF508, causes retention of CFTR in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Some CF abnormalities can be explained by altered Ca(2+) homeostasis, although it remains unknown how CFTR influences calcium signaling. This study examined the novel hypothesis that store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) through Orai1 is abnormal in CF. The significance of Orai1-mediated SOCE for increased interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression in CF was also investigated. CF and non-CF human airway epithelial cell line and primary cells (obtained at lung transplantation) were used in Ca(2+) imaging, electrophysiology, and fluorescence imaging experiments to explore differences in Orai1 function in CF vs. non-CF cells. Protein expression and localization was assessed by Western blots, cell surface biotinylation, ELISA, and image correlation spectroscopy (ICS). We show here that store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) is elevated in CF human airway epithelial cells (hAECs; ≈ 1.8- and ≈ 2.5-fold for total Ca(2+)(i) increase and Ca(2+) influx rate, respectively, and ≈ 2-fold increase in the I(CRAC) current) and is caused by increased exocytotic insertion (≈ 2-fold) of Orai1 channels into the plasma membrane, which is normalized by rescue of ΔF508-CFTR trafficking to the cell surface. Augmented SOCE in CF cells is a major factor leading to increased IL-8 secretion (≈ 2-fold). CFTR normally down-regulates the Orai1/stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) complex, and loss of this inhibition due to the absence of CFTR at the plasma membrane helps to explain the potentiated inflammatory response in CF cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haouaria Balghi
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Waknis V, Jonnalagadda S. Novel poly-DL-lactide-polycaprolactone copolymer based flexible drug delivery system for sustained release of ciprofloxacin. Drug Deliv 2010; 18:236-45. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2010.528070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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A comparison of antibacterial activity against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative organisms for antimicrobial compounds in a unique composite wound dressing. Adv Skin Wound Care 2010; 23:406-13. [PMID: 20729646 DOI: 10.1097/01.asw.0000383213.95911.bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antibiotic resistance is increasing among organisms that commonly cause wound infections. Therefore, it becomes increasingly desirable to prevent wound infections as systemic antibiotic treatment of established wound infections becomes more difficult, more expensive, and potentially more toxic. The ability to incorporate antimicrobial compounds into modern wound dressings provides an opportunity to prevent wound infections without the risk of systemic toxicity, thus diminishing morbidity, mortality, and cost to the healthcare system. DESIGN In these studies, the authors tested 16 antimicrobial agents in a unique composite wound dressing (TheraGauze; Soluble Systems, LLC, Newport News, Virginia) against clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates and Gram-negative organisms commonly associated with wound infections and antibiotic resistance. Disk diffusion susceptibility testing is used to quantify antimicrobial activity. RESULTS Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity was found for the following agents in the composite wound dressing: hydrogen peroxide, tobramycin, chlorhexidine digluconate, chlorhexidine gluconate, levofloxacin, and silver. CONCLUSION These studies suggest that potent local antibacterial activity can be achieved with several antimicrobials in this wound dressing.
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Brodlie M, McKean MC, Johnson GE, Perry JD, Nicholson A, Verdon B, Gray MA, Dark JH, Pearson JP, Fisher AJ, Corris PA, Lordan J, Ward C. Primary bronchial epithelial cell culture from explanted cystic fibrosis lungs. Exp Lung Res 2010; 36:101-10. [PMID: 20205595 DOI: 10.3109/01902140903165265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lung disease is responsible for more than 95% of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis. The exact pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis lung disease remains poorly understood. Experimental models are therefore vital for use in research. Animal models and immortalized cell lines both have inherent limitations. Explanted lungs removed from people with cystic fibrosis at the time of transplantation represent a potentially valuable but technically and logistically challenging source of primary cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cells. In this study, pieces of segmental bronchus from explanted lungs were treated with patient-specific antimicrobials prior to isolation of bronchial epithelial cells. Cultured cells were characterized by their morphology under light microscopy, cytokeratin and hematoxylin-eosin staining, and electrophysiological profile. Primary bronchial epithelial cells were successfully cultured from 15 of 22 patients attempted. The cells exhibited typical epithelial morphology, staining for cytokeratin, lack of responsiveness to forskolin treatment, and remained viable after storage in liquid nitrogen. Seven unsuccessful cultures failed due to early infection with bacteria known to colonize the airways pretransplant. The results show that primary bronchial epithelial cell culture is possible from explanted cystic fibrosis lungs. This provides an important cellular model to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms in cystic fibrosis lung disease and to investigate potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Brodlie
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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Air–Liquid Interface Culture of Nasal Epithelial Cells on Denuded Amniotic Membranes. Cell Mol Bioeng 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12195-010-0118-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Arold SP, Malavia N, George SC. Mechanical compression attenuates normal human bronchial epithelial wound healing. Respir Res 2009. [PMID: 19171062 PMCID: PMC2672070 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-10-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Airway narrowing associated with chronic asthma results in the transmission of injurious compressive forces to the bronchial epithelium and promotes the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and the denudation of the bronchial epithelium. While the individual effects of compression or denudation are well characterized, there is no data to elucidate how these cells respond to the application of mechanical compression in the presence of a compromised epithelial layer. Methods Accordingly, differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to one of four conditions: 1) unperturbed control cells, 2) single scrape wound only, 3) static compression (6 hours of 30 cmH2O), and 4) 6 hours of static compression after a scrape wound. Following treatment, wound closure rate was recorded, media was assayed for mediator content and the cytoskeletal network was fluorescently labeled. Results We found that mechanical compression and scrape injury increase TGF-β2 and endothelin-1 secretion, while EGF content in the media is attenuated with both injury modes. The application of compression after a pre-existing scrape wound augmented these observations, and also decreased PGE2 media content. Compression stimulated depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton and significantly attenuated wound healing. Closure rate was partially restored with the addition of exogenous PGE2, but not EGF. Conclusion Our results suggest that mechanical compression reduces the capacity of the bronchial epithelium to close wounds, and is, in part, mediated by PGE2 and a compromised cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Arold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, USA.
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Arold SP, Malavia N, George SC. Mechanical compression attenuates normal human bronchial epithelial wound healing. Respir Res 2009; 10:9. [PMID: 19171062 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-10-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway narrowing associated with chronic asthma results in the transmission of injurious compressive forces to the bronchial epithelium and promotes the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and the denudation of the bronchial epithelium. While the individual effects of compression or denudation are well characterized, there is no data to elucidate how these cells respond to the application of mechanical compression in the presence of a compromised epithelial layer. METHODS Accordingly, differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to one of four conditions: 1) unperturbed control cells, 2) single scrape wound only, 3) static compression (6 hours of 30 cmH2O), and 4) 6 hours of static compression after a scrape wound. Following treatment, wound closure rate was recorded, media was assayed for mediator content and the cytoskeletal network was fluorescently labeled. RESULTS We found that mechanical compression and scrape injury increase TGF-beta2 and endothelin-1 secretion, while EGF content in the media is attenuated with both injury modes. The application of compression after a pre-existing scrape wound augmented these observations, and also decreased PGE2 media content. Compression stimulated depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton and significantly attenuated wound healing. Closure rate was partially restored with the addition of exogenous PGE2, but not EGF. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that mechanical compression reduces the capacity of the bronchial epithelium to close wounds, and is, in part, mediated by PGE2 and a compromised cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Arold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, USA.
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Govindaraju V, Michoud MC, Ferraro P, Arkinson J, Safka K, Valderrama-Carvajal H, Martin JG. The effects of interleukin-8 on airway smooth muscle contraction in cystic fibrosis. Respir Res 2008; 9:76. [PMID: 19046427 PMCID: PMC2633308 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-9-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many cystic fibrosis (CF) patients display airway hyperresponsiveness and have symptoms of asthma such as cough, wheezing and reversible airway obstruction. Chronic airway bacterial colonization, associated with neutrophilic inflammation and high levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8) is also a common occurrence in these patients. The aim of this work was to determine the responsiveness of airway smooth muscle to IL-8 in CF patients compared to non-CF individuals. METHODS Experiments were conducted on cultured ASM cells harvested from subjects with and without CF (control subjects). Cells from the 2nd to 5th passage were studied. Expression of the IL-8 receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 was assessed by flow cytometry. The cell response to IL-8 was determined by measuring intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+](i)), cell contraction, migration and proliferation. RESULTS The IL-8 receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 were expressed in both non-CF and CF ASM cells to a comparable extent. IL-8 (100 nM) induced a peak Ca2+ release that was higher in control than in CF cells: 228 +/- 7 versus 198 +/- 10 nM (p < 0.05). IL-8 induced contraction was greater in CF cells compared to control. Furthermore, IL-8 exposure resulted in greater phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC20) in CF than in control cells. In addition, MLC20 expression was also increased in CF cells. Exposure to IL-8 induced migration and proliferation of both groups of ASM cells but was not different between CF and non-CF cells. CONCLUSION ASM cells of CF patients are more contractile to IL-8 than non-CF ASM cells. This enhanced contractility may be due to an increase in the amount of contractile protein MLC20. Higher expression of MLC20 by CF cells could contribute to airway hyperresponsiveness to IL-8 in CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanthi Govindaraju
- Seymour Heisler Laboratory of the Montreal Chest Institute Research Center and Meakins Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Claire Michoud
- Seymour Heisler Laboratory of the Montreal Chest Institute Research Center and Meakins Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pasquale Ferraro
- University of Montreal Hospital Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Janine Arkinson
- Seymour Heisler Laboratory of the Montreal Chest Institute Research Center and Meakins Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Katherine Safka
- Seymour Heisler Laboratory of the Montreal Chest Institute Research Center and Meakins Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - James G Martin
- Seymour Heisler Laboratory of the Montreal Chest Institute Research Center and Meakins Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Fulcher ML, Gabriel SE, Olsen JC, Tatreau JR, Gentzsch M, Livanos E, Saavedra MT, Salmon P, Randell SH. Novel human bronchial epithelial cell lines for cystic fibrosis research. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 296:L82-91. [PMID: 18978040 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90314.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immortalization of human bronchial epithelial (hBE) cells often entails loss of differentiation. Bmi-1 is a protooncogene that maintains stem cells, and its expression creates cell lines that recapitulate normal cell structure and function. We introduced Bmi-1 and the catalytic subunit of telomerase (hTERT) into three non-cystic fibrosis (CF) and three DeltaF508 homozygous CF primary bronchial cell preparations. This treatment extended cell life span, although not as profoundly as viral oncogenes, and at passages 14 and 15, the new cell lines had a diploid karyotype. Ussing chamber analysis revealed variable transepithelial resistances, ranging from 200 to 1,200 Omega.cm(2). In the non-CF cell lines, short-circuit currents were stimulated by forskolin and inhibited by CFTR(inh)-172 at levels mostly comparable to early passage primary cells. CF cell lines exhibited no forskolin-stimulated current and minimal CFTR(inh)-172 response. Amiloride-inhibitable and UTP-stimulated currents were present, but at lower and higher amplitudes than in primary cells, respectively. The cells exhibited a pseudostratified morphology, with prominent apical membrane polarization, few apoptotic bodies, numerous mucous secretory cells, and occasional ciliated cells. CF and non-CF cell lines produced similar levels of IL-8 at baseline and equally increased IL-8 secretion in response to IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and the Toll-like receptor 2 agonist Pam3Cys. Although they have lower growth potential and more fastidious growth requirements than viral oncogene transformed cells, Bmi-1/hTERT airway epithelial cell lines will be useful for several avenues of investigation and will help fill gaps currently hindering CF research and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Fulcher
- Univ. of North Carolina Cystic Fibrosis Center, CB 7248, Rm. 4011 Thurston-Bowles Bldg., Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Michoud MC, Robert R, Hassan M, Moynihan B, Haston C, Govindaraju V, Ferraro P, Hanrahan JW, Martin JG. Role of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance channel in human airway smooth muscle. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 40:217-22. [PMID: 18757309 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0444oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) suffer from asthma-like symptoms and gastrointestinal cramps, attributed to a mutation in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene present in a variety of cells. Pulmonary manifestations of the disease include the production of thickened mucus and symptoms of asthma, such as cough and wheezing. A possible alteration in airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell function of patients with CF has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to determine whether the (CFTR) channel is present and affects function of human ASM cells. Cell cultures were obtained from the main or lobar bronchi of patients with and without CF, and the presence of the CFTR channel detected by immunofluorescence. Cytosolic Ca(2+) was measured using Fura-2 and dual-wavelength microfluorimetry. The results show that CFTR is expressed in airway bronchial tissue and in cultured ASM cells. Peak Ca(2+) release in response to histamine was significantly decreased in CF cells compared with non-CF ASM cells (357 +/- 53 nM versus 558 +/- 20 nM; P < 0.001). The CFTR pharmacological blockers, glibenclamide and N-phenyl anthranilic acid, significantly reduced histamine-induced Ca(2+) release in non-CF cells, and similar results were obtained when CFTR expression was varied using antisense oligonucleotides. In conclusion, these data show that the CFTR channel is present in ASM cells, and that it modulates the release of Ca(2+) in response to contractile agents. In patients with CF, a dysfunctional CFTR channel could contribute to the asthma diathesis and gastrointestinal problems experienced by these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Michoud
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, 3626 St. Urbain, Montreal, PQ, H2X 2P2 Canada
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Mucus secretion and cytoskeletal modifications in cultured nasal epithelial cells exposed to wall shear stresses. Biophys J 2008; 95:2998-3008. [PMID: 18487304 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.107.127142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The nasal epithelium is continuously subjected to wall shear stresses (WSS) induced by respiratory airflows. An in vitro experimental model was developed to expose nasal epithelial cells cultured under air-liquid interface conditions to steady airflow-induced WSS. Mucus secretion from epithelial goblet cells was quantified using an enzyme-linked lectinosorbent assay, and modifications of the cytoskeletal structure were qualitatively evaluated from fluorescent stains of actin and beta-tubulin fibers. The results show increased mucus secretion from cells subjected to WSS of 0.1 and 1.0 dyne/cm(2) for more than 15 min in comparison with unstressed cells. The integrity levels of beta-tubulin fibers were significantly lower in cells subjected to WSS than in unstressed cells. The increased mucus secretion in response to WSS was approximately the same in Taxol-free and Taxol-treated cultures, which indicates that there is no direct connection between beta-tubulin fragmentation and mucus secretion. The stressed cells regained their normal cytoskeletal appearance 24 h after the exposure to WSS. The results of this study suggest that WSS have an important role in the mechanical regulation of the nasal surface epithelium function.
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Livraghi A, Mall M, Paradiso AM, Boucher RC, Ribeiro CMP. Modelling dysregulated Na+ absorption in airway epithelial cells with mucosal nystatin treatment. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 38:423-34. [PMID: 17989361 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0177oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In cystic fibrosis (CF), the absence of functional CFTR leads to dysregulated Na(+) absorption across airway epithelia. We established an in vitro model of dysregulated Na(+) absorption by treating polarized normal human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEs) with nystatin (Nys), a polyene antibiotic that enables monovalent cations to permeate biological membranes. Acute mucosal Nys produced a rapid increase in short circuit current (I(sc)) that reflected increased transepithelial Na(+) absorption and required Na(+)/K(+)ATPase activity. The acute increase in I(sc) was associated with increased mucosal liquid absorption. Prolonged mucosal Nys treatment resulted in sustained Na(+) hyperabsorption, associated with increased mucosal liquid absorption in comparison with naïve (nontreated, kept under air-liquid interface conditions) or vehicle-treated cultures. Nys treatment was not toxic. Increased lactate accumulation in Nys-treated culture media suggested a higher metabolic rate associated with the higher energy demand for Na(+) transport. After chronic Nys treatment, the increased I(sc) was rapidly lost when the cultures were mounted in Ussing chambers, indicating that Nys could be rapidly removed from the apical membrane. Importantly, chronic Nys treatment promoted sustained mucosal liquid depletion and caused mucus dehydration, compaction, and adhesion to the apical surface of Nys-treated cultures. We conclude that mucosal Nys treatment of HBEs provides a simple in vitro model to recapitulate the Na(+) and volume hyperabsorptive features of CF airway epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Livraghi
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, CB#7248 Thurston Bowles Bldg., Room # 6029, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Even-Tzur N, Elad D, Zaretsky U, Randell SH, Haklai R, Wolf M. Custom-designed wells and flow chamber for exposing air-liquid interface cultures to wall shear stress. Ann Biomed Eng 2006; 34:1890-5. [PMID: 17063387 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-006-9211-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of mechanical stimuli such as wall shear stresses (WSS) on cellular processes have been studied in vitro in numerous cell types. In order to study WSS effects on cells cultured under air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions, we developed a custom-designed well that can be disassembled into sub-units that allow installation of the cultured cells in a flow chamber, and then, re-assembled for further incubation or biological tests. Human nasal epithelial cells were cultured in the new wells under ALI conditions, and some of their biological characteristics were compared with those cultured in commercial Millicells. The cultured cells from both types of wells secreted the same amount of mucin and had similar cytoskeletal structures. Preliminary WSS experiments demonstrated the advantage of the new wells and provided initial indications that WSS affects the performance of ALI cultured respiratory epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Even-Tzur
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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Rossi AH, Salmon WC, Chua M, Davis CW. Calcium signaling in human airway goblet cells following purinergic activation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006; 292:L92-8. [PMID: 16951133 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00081.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the general importance of Ca(2+) signaling in signal transduction, and of goblet cell mucin hypersecretion in inflammatory pulmonary diseases, measurement of airway goblet cell intracellular Ca(2+) (Ca(i)(2+)) has not been reported. In this article, we describe the results of experiments measuring Ca(i)(2+) in primary cultures of human bronchial goblet cells after stimulation with the purinergic agonist adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (ATPgammaS) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Ca(2+) signaling in human goblet cells after purinergic stimulation follows the classic paradigm of a Ca(i)(2+) transient from a basal activity of 110 nM to a peak response of 260.1 +/- 41.2 nM within 2 min, followed by a long superbasal plateau (155.3 +/- 0.2 nM) between 10 and 15 min. The rise in Ca(i)(2+) appears to result from a mobilization of intracellular stores, because the transient was nearly abolished by inhibition of PLC with the phosphatidylinositol-specific PLC inhibitor U-73122, and it was not affected significantly by removal of extracellular Ca(2+). Loading goblet cells with BAPTA inhibited the ATPgammaS-induced Ca(2+) transient by 86.0 +/- 13.1%, relative to control. Finally, in contrast to the massive effects of high doses of PMA (300 nM) on mucin secretion from goblet cells, phorbol ester stimulated a small (27.1 +/- 7% of the ATPgammaS control peak), brief rise in Ca(i)(2+). This diminutive signal likely denotes a local Ca(2+) gradient, which may be associated with the mucin granule exocytotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea H Rossi
- CF/Pulmonary Research & Treatment Center, Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7248, USA
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Blouquit S, Regnier A, Dannhoffer L, Fermanian C, Naline E, Boucher R, Chinet T. Ion and Fluid Transport Properties of Small Airways in Cystic Fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:299-305. [PMID: 16645176 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200506-987oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Small airways constitute a major site of pathology in cystic fibrosis (CF) and provide most of the surface area of the conducting airways of the lung. Little is known, however, about the impact of CF on ion and fluid transport in small (bronchiolar) airways. OBJECTIVES To describe the ion and fluid transport properties of CF bronchiolar epithelium. METHODS Primary cultures of human bronchial and bronchiolar (non-CF and CF) epithelial cells were obtained. The bioelectric properties were studied in Ussing chambers and the airway surface liquid (ASL) height was measured with confocal microscopy. MAIN RESULTS Primary cultures of DeltaF508 CF bronchiolar epithelial cells displayed higher transepithelial resistance than non-CF cultures, whereas baseline short circuit current and amiloride-inhibitable short circuit current were similar in both preparations. The ASL height was significantly smaller in CF compared with non-CF preparations. In the presence of amiloride, addition of forskolin increased short circuit current in non-CF but not in CF bronchiolar cultures, and the ATP-induced increase in short circuit current was lower in CF than in non-CF cultures. Non-CF bronchiolar preparations displayed larger short circuit current and fluid secretion in responses to forskolin than non-CF bronchial preparations, suggesting that CFTR-dependent Cl(-) transport may play a more important role in the regulation of fluid transport in small airways than in large airways. CONCLUSION In CF small airways, defective Cl(-) secretion combined with unregulated (persistent) Na(+) absorption results in ASLdepletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Blouquit
- UPRES EA220, Pathology Department, and Clinical Research Unit, UFR Paris Ile de France Ouest, Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Boulogne, France
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Chu EK, Cheng J, Foley JS, Mecham BH, Owen CA, Haley KJ, Mariani TJ, Kohane IS, Tschumperlin DJ, Drazen JM. Induction of the plasminogen activator system by mechanical stimulation of human bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 35:628-38. [PMID: 16794260 PMCID: PMC2643292 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0040oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stimulation of the airway epithelium, as would occur during bronchoconstriction, is a potent stimulus and can activate profibrotic pathways. We used DNA microarray technology to examine gene expression in compressed normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE). Compressive stress applied continuously over an 8-h period to NHBE cells led to the upregulation of several families of genes, including a family of plasminogen-related genes that were previously not known to be regulated in this system. Real-time PCR demonstrated a peak increase in gene expression of 8.0-fold for urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), 16.2-fold for urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), 4.2-fold for plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and 3.9-fold for tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Compressive stress also increased uPA protein levels in the cell lysates (112.0 versus 82.0 ng/ml, P = 0.0004), and increased uPA (4.7 versus 3.3 ng/ml, P = 0.02), uPAR (1.3 versus 0.86 ng/ml, P = 0.007), and PAI-1 (50 versus 36 ng/ml, P = 0.006) protein levels in cell culture media. Functional studies demonstrated increased urokinase-dependent plasmin generation in compression-stimulated cells (0.0090 versus 0.0033 OD/min, P = 0.03). In addition, compression led to increased activation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and MMP-2 in a urokinase-dependent manner. In postmortem human lung tissue, we observed an increase in epithelial uPA and uPAR immunostaining in the airways of two patients who died in status asthmaticus compared with minimal immunoreactivity noted in airways from seven lung donors without asthma. Together these observations suggest an integrated response of airway epithelial cells to mechanical stimulation, acting through the plasminogen-activating system to modify the airway microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric K Chu
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harvard School of Public Health, Physiology Program and Children's Hospital Informatics Program, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Wiszniewski L, Jornot L, Dudez T, Pagano A, Rochat T, Lacroix JS, Suter S, Chanson M. Long-Term Cultures of Polarized Airway Epithelial Cells from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 34:39-48. [PMID: 16179582 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2005-0161oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The poor ability of respiratory epithelial cells to proliferate and differentiate in vitro into a pseudostratified mucociliated epithelium limits the general use of primary airway epithelial cell (AEC) cultures generated from patients with rare diseases, such as cystic fibrosis (CF). Here, we describe a procedure to amplify AEC isolated from nasal polyps and generate long-term cultures of the respiratory epithelium. AEC were seeded onto microporous permeable supports that carried on their undersurface a preformed feeder layer of primary human airway fibroblasts. The use of fibroblast feeder layers strongly stimulated the proliferation of epithelial cells, allowing the expansion of the cell pool with successive passages. AEC at increasing passage were seeded onto supports undercoated with airway fibroblasts and exposed to air. Either freshly isolated or amplified AEC could differentiate into a pseudostratified mucociliated epithelium for at least 10 mo. Thus, CF epithelia cultures showed elevated Na+ transport, drastic hyperabsorption of surface liquid, and absence of cAMP-induced Cl- secretion as compared with non-CF cultures. They were also characterized by thick apical secretion that hampered the movement of cell surface debris by cilia. However, CF respiratory epithelia did not show increased production of mucins or IL-8. The method described here is now routinely used in our laboratory to establish long-term cultures of well differentiated respiratory epithelia from human airway biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Wiszniewski
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation III, Department of Pediatrics, HUG, Geneva 14, Switzerland
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Dimova S, Brewster ME, Noppe M, Jorissen M, Augustijns P. The use of human nasal in vitro cell systems during drug discovery and development. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 19:107-22. [PMID: 15582362 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Accepted: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The nasal route is widely used for the administration of drugs for both topical and systemic action. At an early stage in drug discovery and during the development process, it is essential to gain a thorough insight of the nasal absorption potential, metabolism and toxicity of the active compound and the components of the drug formulation. Human nasal epithelial cell cultures may provide a reliable screening tool for pharmaco-toxicological assessment of potential nasal drug formulations. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the information relevant for the development of a human nasal epithelial cell culture model useful during drug discovery and development. A primary goal in the development of in vitro cell culture systems is to maintain differentiated morphology and biochemical features, resembling the original tissue as closely as possible. The potential and limitations of the existing in vitro human nasal models are summarized. The following topics related to cell culture methodology are discussed: (i) primary cultures versus cell lines; (ii) cell-support substrate; (iii) medium and medium supplements; and (iv) the air-liquid interface model versus liquid-liquid. Several considerations with respect to the use of in vitro systems for pharmaceutical applications (transport, metabolism, assessment of ciliary toxicity) are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dimova
- Laboratory for Pharmacotechnology and Biopharmacy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Hyndman L, Lemoine JL, Huang L, Porteous DJ, Boyd AC, Nan X. HIV-1 Tat protein transduction domain peptide facilitates gene transfer in combination with cationic liposomes. J Control Release 2004; 99:435-44. [PMID: 15451601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The protein transduction domain (PTD) of the HIV-1 Tat protein can facilitate the cellular and nuclear uptake of macromolecular particles. Here, we demonstrate that incorporation without covalent linkage of a 17-amino acid PTD peptide into gene delivery lipoplexes improves gene transfer. Tat/Liposome/DNA (TLD) transfection, as evaluated by Fluorescence Activated Cell Scan analysis of a Green Fluorescence Protein expression plasmid, enabled transfection of highly recalcitrant primary cells in the form of air/liquid interface cultures of sheep tracheal epithelium. Treatment with chloroquine increased, and incubation at low temperature decreased, TLD transfection, suggesting that the endocytosis uptake pathway is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hyndman
- Medical Sciences (Medical Genetics), Molecular Medicine Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
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Sajjan U, Keshavjee S, Forstner J. Responses of well-differentiated airway epithelial cell cultures from healthy donors and patients with cystic fibrosis to Burkholderia cenocepacia infection. Infect Immun 2004; 72:4188-99. [PMID: 15213163 PMCID: PMC427436 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.7.4188-4199.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-differentiated cultures established from airway epithelia of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF cultures) exhibited goblet cell hyperplasia, increased secretion of mucus, and higher basal levels of interleukin-8 than similarly cultured cells from healthy donors. Upon apical infection with low doses (10(4) to 10(5) CFU) of Burkholderia cenocepacia isolate BC7, the two cultures gave different responses. While normal cultures trapped the added bacteria in the mucus layer, killed and/or inhibited bacterial replication, and prevented bacterial invasion of the cells, CF cultures failed to kill and/or supported the growth of bacteria, leading to invasion of underlying epithelial cells, compromised transepithelial permeability, and cell damage. Depletion of the surface mucus layer prior to bacterial infection rendered the normal cultures susceptible to bacterial invasion, but the invading bacteria were mainly confined to vacuoles within the cells and appeared to be nonviable. In contrast, bacteria that invaded cells in CF cultures were found free in the cytoplasm surrounded by intermediate filaments and also between cells. Cultured CF airway epithelium was therefore more susceptible to infection than normal epithelium. This mimics CF tissue in vivo and illustrates differences in the way epithelia in CF patients and normal subjects handle bacterial infection. In addition, we found that the CF and normal cell cultures responded differently not only to isolate BC7 but also to isolates of other B. cepacia complex species. We therefore conclude that this cell culture model is suitable for investigation of B. cepacia complex pathogenesis in CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umadevi Sajjan
- Program in Lung Biology, Hospital For Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Holmén JM, Karlsson NG, Abdullah LH, Randell SH, Sheehan JK, Hansson GC, Davis CW. Mucins and their O-Glycans from human bronchial epithelial cell cultures. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 287:L824-34. [PMID: 15194565 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00108.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A longstanding question in obstructive airway disease is whether observed changes in mucin composition and/or posttranslational glycosylation are due to genetic or to environmental factors. We tested whether the mucins secreted by second-passage primary human bronchial epithelial cell cultures derived from noncystic fibrosis (CF) or CF patients have intrinsically different specific mucin compositions, and whether these mucins are glycosylated differently. Both CF and non-CF cultures produced MUC5B, predominantly, as judged by quantitative agarose gel Western blots with mucin-specific antibodies: MUC5B was present at approximately 10-fold higher levels than MUC5AC, consistent with our previous mRNA studies (Bernacki SH, Nelson AL, Abdullah L, Sheehan JK, Harris A, William DC, and Randell SH. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 20: 595-604, 1999). O-linked oligosaccharides released from purified non-CF and CF mucins and studied by HPLC mass spectrometry had highly variable glycan structures, and there were no observable differences between the two groups. Hence, there were no differences in either the specific mucins or their O-glycans that correlated with the CF phenotype under the noninfected/noninflammatory conditions of cell culture. We conclude that the differences observed in the mucins sampled directly from patients are most likely due to environmental factors relating to infection and/or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Holmén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Göteborgs Universitet, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Becker MN, Sauer MS, Muhlebach MS, Hirsh AJ, Wu Q, Verghese MW, Randell SH. Cytokine secretion by cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 169:645-53. [PMID: 14670800 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200207-765oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is controversial whether mutations in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator intrinsically dysregulate inflammation. We characterized passage 2 human tracheobronchial epithelial cell cultures morphologically and physiologically and determined whether cytokine production or nuclear factor-kappaB activation was systematically altered in cystic fibrosis (CF) cells. Non-CF and CF cells originating from a total of 33 and 25 lungs, respectively, were available for culture on plastic or at an air-liquid interface until well differentiated. Forskolin-stimulated short-circuit currents were present in representative polarized non-CF cultures and were absent in CF cultures, whereas uridine 5'-triphosphate-stimulated currents were present in both. Constitutive or interleukin (IL)-1beta-induced IL-8 or IL-6 secretion or nuclear factor-kappaB activity was not significantly different between non-CF and CF cells. The cytokines regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and IL-10 were not detectable. Stimulation with tumor necrosis factor-alpha or a synthetic toll-like receptor 2 agonist or variable doses and times of Staphylococcus aureus culture filtrate revealed a single dose- and time-dependent difference in IL-8 production by CF cells. Interestingly, although IL-8 secretion after stimulation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa filtrates was not greater in CF cells in the absence of human serum, it was variably greater in its presence. Thus, although exaggerated responses may develop under certain conditions, our results do not support an overall intrinsically hyperinflammatory phenotype in CF cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie N Becker
- Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
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