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Piga I, L'Imperio V, Capitoli G, Denti V, Smith A, Magni F, Pagni F. Paving the path toward multi-omics approaches in the diagnostic challenges faced in thyroid pathology. Expert Rev Proteomics 2023; 20:419-437. [PMID: 38000782 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2023.2288222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite advancements in diagnostic methods, the classification of indeterminate thyroid nodules still poses diagnostic challenges not only in pre-surgical evaluation but even after histological evaluation of surgical specimens. Proteomics, aided by mass spectrometry and integrated with artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms, shows great promise in identifying diagnostic markers for thyroid lesions. AREAS COVERED This review provides in-depth exploration of how proteomics has contributed to the understanding of thyroid pathology. It discusses the technical advancements related to immunohistochemistry, genetic and proteomic techniques, such as mass spectrometry, which have greatly improved sensitivity and spatial resolution up to single-cell level. These improvements allowed the identification of specific protein signatures associated with different types of thyroid lesions. EXPERT COMMENTARY Among all the proteomics approaches, spatial proteomics stands out due to its unique ability to capture the spatial context of proteins in both cytological and tissue thyroid samples. The integration of multi-layers of molecular information combining spatial proteomics, genomics, immunohistochemistry or metabolomics and the implementation of artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches, represent hugely promising steps forward toward the possibility to uncover intricate relationships and interactions among various molecular components, providing a complete picture of the biological landscape whilst fostering thyroid nodule diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Piga
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, University of Milano - Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Vincenzo L'Imperio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Giulia Capitoli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Bicocca Bioinformatics Biostatistics and Bioimaging B4 Center, University of Milan - Bicocca (UNIMIB), Monza, Italy
| | - Vanna Denti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, University of Milano - Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Andrew Smith
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, University of Milano - Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Fulvio Magni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, University of Milano - Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Fabio Pagni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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Selvaraj FM, Joseph AP, Varun BR, Mony V, Siva Kumar TT. Immunohistochemical evaluation of galectin-3 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma, oral leukoplakia and normal mucosa. Indian J Dent Res 2022; 33:282-286. [PMID: 36656189 DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.ijdr_157_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Galectin 3 (Gal-3) has diverse functions critical in cancer biology including cell proliferation, apoptosis, evasion of immune responses and angiogenesis. The expression of Gal-3 is heterogeneous in normal and neoplastic tissues. In oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral leukoplakia (OL), both increased and decreased expressions of Gal-3 were elicited in numerous studies. Aims To evaluate, compare and correlate the immunohistochemical expression of Gal-3 in OSCC, OL and normal oral mucosa. Settings and Design The study was conducted at the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology at PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Vattapara, Thiruvananthapuram. This is a retrospective analytical study. Methods and Material Clinically diagnosed and histopathologically confirmed cases of OSCC (n = 21), OL (n = 21), and normal oral mucosa (n = 21) were included in the study. Paraffin-embedded tissues were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for Gal-3 expression. Gal-3 staining expression, staining distribution and cellular localisation were evaluated. All sampled categories were compared using immunohistochemical scoring analysis such as the H-score, labelling index (LI), immunoreactive score (IRS) and staining intensity (SI). Statistical Analysis The results were statistically analysed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) within and among the groups. Results and Conclusion The statistical inferences obtained found that the H-score could be used as a guideline for better differentiation between the groups and among the groups. The P value obtained was < 0.0125 and was found to be significant. The observation in our study shows that the immunohistochemical expression of Gal-3 gradually decreased from normal oral mucosa to OL to OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freeda M Selvaraj
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Anna P Joseph
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - B R Varun
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Vinod Mony
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - T T Siva Kumar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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Jeethy Ram T, Lekshmi A, Somanathan T, Sujathan K. Galectin-3: A factotum in carcinogenesis bestowing an archery for prevention. Tumour Biol 2021; 43:77-96. [PMID: 33998569 DOI: 10.3233/tub-200051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis and therapy resistance are the foremost hurdles in oncology at the moment. This review aims to pinpoint the functional aspects of a unique multifaceted glycosylated molecule in both intracellular and extracellular compartments of a cell namely galectin-3 along with its metastatic potential in different types of cancer. All materials reviewed here were collected through the search engines PubMed, Scopus, and Google scholar. Among the 15 galectins identified, the chimeric gal-3 plays an indispensable role in the differentiation, transformation, and multi-step process of tumor metastasis. It has been implicated in the molecular mechanisms that allow the cancer cells to survive in the intravascular milieu and promote tumor cell extravasation, ultimately leading to metastasis. Gal-3 has also been found to have a pivotal role in immune surveillance and pro-angiogenesis and several studies have pointed out the importance of gal-3 in establishing a resistant phenotype, particularly through the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process. Additionally, some recent findings suggest the use of gal-3 inhibitors in overcoming therapeutic resistance. All these reports suggest that the deregulation of these specific lectins at the cellular level could inhibit cancer progression and metastasis. A more systematic study of glycosylation in clinical samples along with the development of selective gal-3 antagonists inhibiting the activity of these molecules at the cellular level offers an innovative strategy for primary cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jeethy Ram
- Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Asha Lekshmi
- Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Thara Somanathan
- Division of Pathology, Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - K Sujathan
- Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Reyes I, Reyes N, Suriano R, Iacob C, Suslina N, Policastro A, Moscatello A, Schantz S, Tiwari RK, Geliebter J. Gene expression profiling identifies potential molecular markers of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Biomark 2019; 24:71-83. [PMID: 30614796 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-181758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy worldwide, with the predominant form papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) representing approximately 80% of cases. OBJECTIVE This study was addressed to identify potential genes and pathways involved in the pathogenesis of PTC and potential novel biomarkers for this disease. METHODS Gene expression profiling was carried out by DNA microarray technology. Validation of microarray data by qRT-PCR, western blot, and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was also performed in a selected set of genes and gene products, with the potential to be used as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers, such as those associated with cell adhesion, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and immune/inflammatory response. RESULTS In this study we found that upregulation of extracellular activities, such as proteoglycans, ECM-receptor interaction, and cell adhesion molecules, were the most prominent feature of PTC. Significantly over-expressed genes included SDC1 (syndecan 1), SDC4 (syndecan 4), KLK7 (kallikrein-related peptidase 7), KLK10 (kallikrein-related peptidase 10), SLPI (secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor), GDF15 (growth/differentiation factor-15), ALOX5 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase), SFRP2 (secreted Frizzled-related protein 2), among others. Further, elevated KLK10 levels were detected in patients with PTC. Many of these genes belong to KEGG pathway "Proteoglycans in cancer". CONCLUSIONS Using DNA microarray analysis allowed the identification of genes and pathways with known important roles in malignant transformation, and also the discovery of novel genes that may be potential biomarkers for PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Reyes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Niradiz Reyes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Group, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | | | - Codrin Iacob
- New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nina Suslina
- New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anthony Policastro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Augustine Moscatello
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | | | - Raj K Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Jan Geliebter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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Shield PW, Crouch SJ, Papadimos DJ, Walsh MD. Identification of metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma in FNA specimens using thyroid peroxidase immunohistochemistry. Cytopathology 2018; 29:227-232. [PMID: 29508480 DOI: 10.1111/cyt.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We evaluated immunohistochemical staining for thyroid peroxidase (TPO), a glycoprotein found in the apical plasma membrane of thyroid follicular cells, as a marker for metastatic PTC in FNA samples and compared results with thyroglobulin (Tg) and thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF1) staining. METHODS Cell block sections prepared from 100 FNA specimens were stained with a rabbit monoclonal antibody to TPO (EP159). The FNAs included 64 metastatic malignancies from non-thyroid primary sites, including 18 lung, and 36 cases of thyroid tumours (29 PTC, six cases of medullary thyroid carcinoma and one thyroid anaplastic carcinoma). Thyroid tumours were stained with TTF1 and Tg in addition to TPO. All cases of metastatic lung carcinoma also had TTF-1 staining results. RESULTS TPO staining was negative in all non-thyroid malignancies. Ninety percent (26/29) of PTC were positive. All positive cases showed strong cytoplasmic staining, although 54% (14/26) showed positivity in less than half of the cells. By comparison, Tg staining of TPC cases was present in 62% and TTF-1 in 100%. In addition to showing higher sensitivity, interpretation of staining results with TPO was generally easier with than Tg. All metastatic lung adenocarcinomas were positive for TTF-1 and TPO negative. The six medullary cancers showed positivity in 17%, 0% and 83% with TPO, Tg and TTF-1, respectively. CONCLUSIONS TPO (mAb EP159) may be a useful addition to immunohistochemical panels for FNA specimens where metastatic PTC is a consideration, particularly in cases where metastatic lung carcinoma features in the differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Shield
- School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Cytology Department, Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - S J Crouch
- Histopathology Department, Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - D J Papadimos
- School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Histopathology Department, Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - M D Walsh
- Histopathology Department, Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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Bartolazzi A, Sciacchitano S, D'Alessandria C. Galectin-3: The Impact on the Clinical Management of Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020445. [PMID: 29393868 PMCID: PMC5855667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins (S-type lectins) are an evolutionarily-conserved family of lectin molecules, which can be expressed intracellularly and in the extracellular matrix, as well. Galectins bind β-galactose-containing glycoconjugates and are functionally active in converting glycan-related information into cell biological programs. Altered glycosylation notably occurring in cancer cells and expression of specific galectins provide, indeed, a fashionable mechanism of molecular interactions able to regulate several tumor relevant functions, among which are cell adhesion and migration, cell differentiation, gene transcription and RNA splicing, cell cycle and apoptosis. Furthermore, several galectin molecules also play a role in regulating the immune response. These functions are strongly dependent on the cell context, in which specific galectins and related glyco-ligands are expressed. Thyroid cancer likely represents the paradigmatic tumor model in which experimental studies on galectins' glycobiology, in particular on galectin-3 expression and function, contributed greatly to the improvement of cancer diagnosis. The discovery of a restricted expression of galectin-3 in well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas (WDTC), compared to normal and benign thyroid conditions, contributed also to promoting preclinical studies aimed at exploring new strategies for imaging thyroid cancer in vivo based on galectin-3 immuno-targeting. Results derived from these recent experimental studies promise a further improvement of both thyroid cancer diagnosis and therapy in the near future. In this review, the biological role of galectin-3 expression in thyroid cancer, the validation and translation to a clinical setting of a galectin-3 test method for the preoperative characterization of thyroid nodules and a galectin-3-based immuno-positron emission tomography (immuno-PET) imaging of thyroid cancer in vivo are presented and discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/immunology
- Blood Proteins
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/genetics
- Cell Cycle/immunology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Galectin 3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Galectin 3/genetics
- Galectin 3/immunology
- Galectins
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating
- Positron-Emission Tomography/methods
- Signal Transduction
- Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
- Thyroid Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/immunology
- Thyroid Nodule/diagnostic imaging
- Thyroid Nodule/drug therapy
- Thyroid Nodule/genetics
- Thyroid Nodule/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Bartolazzi
- Pathology Research Laboratory, Saint Andrea University Hospital, via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Sciacchitano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Calogero D'Alessandria
- Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 München, Germany.
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Associations Between Nucleus Size, and Immunohistochemical Galectin-3, Cytokeratine-19 and Hbme-1 Markers in Thyroid Papillary Carcinoma: A Morphometric Analyze. Pathol Oncol Res 2017; 25:401-408. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-017-0337-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Galectin-3 Performance in Histologic a Cytologic Assessment of Thyroid Nodules: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081756. [PMID: 28800068 PMCID: PMC5578146 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The literature on Galectin-3 (Gal-3) was systematically reviewed to achieve more robust information on its histologic reliability in identifying thyroid cancers and on the concordance between Gal-3 test in histologic and cytologic samples. A computer search of the PubMed and Scopus databases was conducted by combinations of the terms thyroid and Gal-3. Initially, 545 articles were found and, after their critical review, 52 original papers were finally included. They reported 8172 nodules with histologic evaluation of Gal-3, of which 358 with also preoperative FNAC Gal-3 assessment. At histology, Gal-3 sensitivity was 87% (95% confidence intervals [CI] from 86% to 88%), and specificity 87% (95% CI from 86% to 88%); in both cases, we found heterogeneity (I2 85% and 93%, respectively) and significant publication bias (p < 0.001). The pooled rate of positive Gal-3 at fine needle aspiration (FNAC) among cancers with histologically proven Gal-3 positivity was 94% (95% CI from 89% to 97%), with neither heterogeneity (I2 14.5%) nor bias (p = 0.086). These data show high reliability of Gal-3 for thyroid cancer at histology, while its sensitivity on FNAC samples is lower. The limits of cytologic preparations and interpretation of Gal-3 results have to be solved.
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Arcolia V, Journe F, Renaud F, Leteurtre E, Gabius HJ, Remmelink M, Saussez S. Combination of galectin-3, CK19 and HBME-1 immunostaining improves the diagnosis of thyroid cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:4183-4189. [PMID: 28943926 PMCID: PMC5592881 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, fine-needle aspiration is the most frequently used pre-operative technique for diagnosis of malignant thyroid tumors, however, pathologists are unable to reach efficient and accurate differential diagnoses between benign and malignant thyroid nodules. To aid in resolving this issue, immunohistochemistry for galectins (gal)-1, −3, −7, −8, cytokeratin 19 (CK19), Hector Battifora Mesothelial Epitope-1 (HBME-1) and thyroid peroxidase (TPO) was performed on two tissue microarrays composed of 66 follicular adenomas (FA) and 66 papillary carcinomas (PC). The identification of optimal cut-off levels and the diagnostic value of single immunomarkers or combinations were evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Signal intensities for gal-1, gal-3, CK19 and HBME-1 were significantly greater in PC compared with FA (P<0.001). Conversely, expression levels of TPO were significantly increased in FA compared with PC (P<0.001). Gal-3 and CK19 appeared to be the most sensitive markers (97 and 98%, respectively), whereas galectin-1 was the most specific (97%). The combination of gal-3, CK19 and HBME-1 acted as the most efficient and informative marker panel reaching the greatest specificity (97%) and sensitivity (95%) for the diagnosis of PCs. The findings suggest that this combination of markers may improve the reliability of diagnosis of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Arcolia
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Journe
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, B-7000 Mons, Belgium.,Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Jules Bordet Institute, Free University of Brussels, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florence Renaud
- Lille University, UMR-S 1172, JPARC, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Leteurtre
- Lille University, UMR-S 1172, JPARC, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Myriam Remmelink
- Department of Pathology, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sven Saussez
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, B-7000 Mons, Belgium.,Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, CHU Saint-Pierre, Free University of Brussels, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
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Bychkov A, Sampatanukul P, Shuangshoti S, Keelawat S. TROP-2 immunohistochemistry: a highly accurate method in the differential diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Pathology 2016; 48:425-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Dunđerović D, Lipkovski JM, Boričic I, Soldatović I, Božic V, Cvejić D, Tatić S. Defining the value of CD56, CK19, Galectin 3 and HBME-1 in diagnosis of follicular cell derived lesions of thyroid with systematic review of literature. Diagn Pathol 2015; 10:196. [PMID: 26503236 PMCID: PMC4624378 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-015-0428-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nodular follicular lesions of thyroid gland comprise benign and malignant neoplasms, as well as some forms of hyperplasia. "Follicular" refers to origin of cells and in the same time to growth pattern - building follicles. Nodular follicular thyroid lesions have in common many morphological features, therefore attempts were made to define additional criteria for distinction between follicular adenoma, follicular carcinoma and follicular variant of papillary carcinoma. Increasing number of immunohistochemical markers is in the continual process of evaluation. METHODS Tissue microarrays incorporating, total 201 cases, out of which 122 malignant and 79 benign follicular lesions, including neoplastic and non-neoplastic, were constructed and immunostained with antibodies to CD56, CK19, Galectin-3, HBME-1. Tissue cores were exclusively being acquired from tumour/lesion on interface with normal thyroid tissue. A systematic review of literature was done for period from the year 2001 to present time. RESULTS All analysed markers may make a difference between benign lesions/tumours from differentiated thyroid carcinomas (p = <0.01, for all markers). Expression of all markers is significantly higher in papillary carcinoma than in follicular adenoma (p < 0.01). Statistically significant difference in expression of Galectin-3 and CD56 between follicular carcinoma and follicular adenoma was registered (p = 0.043; p = 0.028, respectively). The only marker which expression showed statistically significant difference between adenoma and carcinoma of Hurthle cells was Galectin 3 (p = 0.041). CK19 and HBME-1 were significantly expressed more in papillary carcinoma as compared to follicular carcinoma. CONCLUSION Galectin 3 is most sensitive marker for malignancy, while loss of expression of CD56 is very specific for malignancy. Expected co-expression for combination of markers in diagnosis of follicular lesions decreases sensitivity and increases specificity for malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duško Dunđerović
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, dr Subotica 1, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Jasmina Marković Lipkovski
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, dr Subotica 1, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Ivan Boričic
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, dr Subotica 1, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Ivan Soldatović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, dr Subotica 8, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Vesna Božic
- Department of Pathology, Centre for Endocrine Surgery, Clinic for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Dr. Koste Todorovića 8, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Dubravka Cvejić
- Institute for the application of nuclear energy, Belgrade, Serbia, Banatska 31b, Zemun, 11080, Zemun, Serbia.
| | - Svetislav Tatić
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, dr Subotica 1, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Caballero Y, López-Tomassetti EM, Favre J, Santana JR, Cabrera JJ, Hernández JR. The value of thyroperoxidase as a prognostic factor for differentiated thyroid cancer -- a long-term follow-up study. Thyroid Res 2015; 8:12. [PMID: 26300979 PMCID: PMC4546101 DOI: 10.1186/s13044-015-0022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroperoxidase (TPO) is a membrane-bound protein essential for the production of thyroid hormones; because of this, TPO expression may be impaired in selected thyroid diseases. The goal of this study is to analyze TPO immune expression in differentiated thyroid cancer, and to determine whether TPO has any prognostic value. Methods A total of 139 patients who required surgery due to a thyroid nodule with signs or symptoms suspicious for malignancy during their physical, ultrasound and/or cytology examination were consecutively selected for the study. A study of TPO immunohistochemical expression was carried out on these patients using the MoAb47 monoclonal antibody. In addition, cell proliferation marker Ki67 and tumor suppressor p53 were also measured for comparison. Results A total of 139 cases, 43 benign tumors, 42 papillary carcinomas, 38 follicular carcinomas, 8 undifferentiated carcinomas, and 8 sporadic medullary carcinomas were analyzed. The relationship between TPO expression and disease was statistically significant (p <0.001), and decreased with tumor dedifferentiation extent. Increased TPO expression in benign lesions as compared to decreased expression in papillary carcinomas and undifferentiated tumors is outstanding. Differences in TPO expression were observed in minimally invasive follicular carcinoma (MIFC) compared to widely invasive follicular carcinoma (WIFC). TPO expression decreases in undifferentiated malignancies in contrast with p53 and Ki67 expression, which increases in that setting. TPO, p53 and Ki67 expression was significantly related to TNM stage (p <0.001). Survival rate was 72 % after a 20-year follow-up, and 100 % for subjects with higher TPO expression. Conclusions TPO may be useful in confirming or ruling out benign diseases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma, with the exception of low-risk carcinoma such as MIFC. It could be used as a prognostic factor for differentiated thyroid cancer and patient follow-up, together with other markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurena Caballero
- General Surgery Department, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Eudaldo M López-Tomassetti
- General Surgery Department, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Julián Favre
- General Surgery Department, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - José R Santana
- General Surgery Department, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Juan J Cabrera
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Juan R Hernández
- General Surgery Department, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
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13
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Abstract
Context
Accurate classification of follicular-patterned thyroid lesions is not always an easy task on routine surgical hematoxylin-eosin–stained or cytologic fine-needle aspiration specimens. The diagnostic challenges are partially due to differential diagnostic criteria that are often subtle and subjective. In the past decades, tremendous advances have been made in molecular gene profiling of tumors and diagnostic immunohistochemistry, aiding in diagnostic accuracy and proper patient management.
Objective
To evaluate the diagnostic utility of the most commonly studied immunomarkers in the field of thyroid pathology by review of the literature, using the database of indexed articles in PubMed (US National Library of Medicine) from 1976–2013.
Data Sources
Literature review, authors' research data, and personal practice experience.
Conclusions
The appropriate use of immunohistochemistry by applying a panel of immunomarkers and using a standardized technical and interpretational method may complement the morphologic assessment and aid in the accurate classification of difficult thyroid lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Liu
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania
| | - Fan Lin
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania
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Jung JW, Choi JY, Lee KE, Park KW. Immunohistochemical and Molecular Markers Associated with Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.11106/cet.2015.8.1.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Woo Jung
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - June Young Choi
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Kyu Eun Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwi Won Park
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Maruta J, Hashimoto H, Yamashita H, Noguchi H, Noguchi S, Kobayashi TK, Tsuneoka H, Takahashi M. Value of thyroid specific peroxidase and Ki-67 stains in preoperative cytology for thyroid follicular tumors. Diagn Cytopathol 2014; 43:202-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.23204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junko Maruta
- Department of Pathology; The Noguchi Thyroid Hospital and Foundation; Oita Japan
- Department of Laboratory Science; Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine; Yamaguchi Japan
| | - Hironobu Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology; The Noguchi Thyroid Hospital and Foundation; Oita Japan
| | - Hiroto Yamashita
- Department of Pathology; The Noguchi Thyroid Hospital and Foundation; Oita Japan
| | - Hitoshi Noguchi
- Department of Internal Medicine; The Noguchi Thyroid Hospital and Foundation; Oita Japan
| | - Shiro Noguchi
- Department of Surgery; The Noguchi Thyroid Hospital and Foundation; Oita Japan
| | - Tadao K. Kobayashi
- Cancer Education and Research Center; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine and Health Science; Osaka Japan
| | - Hidehiro Tsuneoka
- Department of Laboratory Science; Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine; Yamaguchi Japan
| | - Mutsuo Takahashi
- Department of Administration; Mine City Hospital; Yamaguchi Japan
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Immunohistochemical expression of HBME-1 and galectin-3 in the differential diagnosis of follicular-derived thyroid nodules. Pathol Res Pract 2014; 210:971-8. [PMID: 25041837 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid nodules are common among adults with only a small percentage being malignant and histologically mimic benign nodules. Accurate diagnosis of these thyroid nodules is critical for the proper clinical management. The determination of malignancy in follicular patterned thyroid lesions is based on postoperative histological findings. Therefore, affected patients are referred for surgery, although only 10% will have a final diagnosis of malignancy. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of two immunohistochemical (IHC) markers; galectin-3 and Hector Battifora mesothelial-1 (HBME-1) individually or in combination, to distinguish between benign (non-neoplastic and neoplastic) and malignant (follicular and papillary carcinomas) thyroid lesions removed by surgical resection. METHODS We investigated the immunoexpression of galectin-3 and HBME-1 in 50 cases of benign and malignant thyroid nodules. The benign group included 13 cases of thyroid nodular goiter (NG) and 9 cases of follicular adenoma (FA). The malignant group included 5 cases of follicular thyroid carcinomas (FC), 18 cases of classic papillary thyroid carcinoma and 5 cases of follicular variant papillary carcinoma (FVPC). RESULTS The staining results showed that malignant tumors expressed galectin-3 and HBME-1 significantly more than benign nodules. The sensitivity of these markers for the distinction between benign and malignant lesions ranged from 89.3% to 92.9%. Co-expression of galectin-3 and HBME-1 was seen in 82.1% of carcinomas, but in none of the benign nodules. Immunoexpression was usually diffuse in malignant tumors, and focal in the benign lesions. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that these immunohistochemical markers are significantly more expressed in malignant tumors compared to benign lesions and may be of additional diagnostic value when combined with routine histology. Galectin-3 has higher sensitivity and specificity of immunoexpression in thyroid malignancy than HBME-1, and the combined use of galectin-3 and HBME-1 can increase the specificity of immunoexpression in malignant tumors.
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Leong A, Roche PJR, Paliouras M, Rochon L, Trifiro M, Tamilia M. Coexistence of malignant struma ovarii and cervical papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:4599-605. [PMID: 24217901 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-1782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Struma ovarii is an uncommon monodermal teratoma in which thyroid tissue is the predominant element. Malignant transformation of struma ovarii is an even rarer occurrence. CASE PRESENTATION We describe a 42-year-old woman who underwent a total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for a symptomatic left pelvic mass. Histology revealed malignant struma ovarii with classical papillary thyroid carcinoma expression. Ultrasonography of the cervical neck showed thyroid micronodules and a dominant 1-cm nodule in the left thyroid lobe. As the ovarian tumor was large, the patient underwent a total thyroidectomy with the intention of administering ¹³¹I therapy in an adjuvant setting. Histology of the cervical thyroid gland revealed bilateral multifocal papillary thyroid carcinoma with extrathyroidal extension and perithyroidal lymph node metastasis. METHODS Morphological (microscopy), immunohistochemical (Hector Battifora mesothelial cell 1, cytokeratin-19, galectin-3), and molecular (BRAF V600E, RAS, RET-PTC) characteristics and clonality analysis of the cervical thyroid and ovarian tumors were explored to distinguish them as separate malignancies. RESULTS The thyroid-type tumors from the cervical gland and ovary were discordant in terms of tissue histology and level of cytokeratin-19 expression. The clinical features and tumor profile results supported the independent existence of these two embryologically related, although topographically distinct, malignancies. CONCLUSION Our findings provided support for synchronous, albeit distinct, primary tumors in the ovary and cervical thyroid. "Field cancerization" and early genomic instability may explain multifocality in all thyroid-type tissue. In this regard, patients with malignant struma ovarii should undergo imaging of their thyroid gland for coexisting disease and thyroidectomy recommended for suspected malignancy or in preparation for radioiodine therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Carcinoma, Papillary/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Carcinoma, Papillary/radiotherapy
- Carcinoma, Papillary/secondary
- Carcinoma, Papillary/surgery
- Female
- Humans
- Iodine Radioisotopes/therapeutic use
- Keratin-19/metabolism
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Staging
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/pathology
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/secondary
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/surgery
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/surgery
- Radiopharmaceuticals/therapeutic use
- Radiotherapy, Adjuvant
- Struma Ovarii/metabolism
- Struma Ovarii/pathology
- Struma Ovarii/secondary
- Struma Ovarii/surgery
- Thyroid Neoplasms/metabolism
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/radiotherapy
- Thyroid Neoplasms/surgery
- Thyroid Nodule/metabolism
- Thyroid Nodule/pathology
- Thyroid Nodule/radiotherapy
- Thyroid Nodule/surgery
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Tumor Burden/radiation effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Leong
- MD, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, McGill University Health Centre, 687 Pine Avenue West, M9.05, Montreal, Canada QC H3A 1A1.
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Ma Y, Li Q, Cui W, Miao N, Liu X, Zhang W, Zhang C, Wang J. Expression of c-Jun, p73, Casp9, and N-ras in thymic epithelial tumors: relationship with the current WHO classification systems. Diagn Pathol 2012; 7:120. [PMID: 22974165 PMCID: PMC3487938 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-7-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate the expression and differential significance of c-Jun, p73, Casp-9 and N-ras in thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) with the aim to provide useful information for tumor biology and prospective therapy. Methods In this study, we analyzed the expression of four chromosome 1-related genes, namely c-Jun, p73, Casp-9 and N-ras, in 60 cases of thymic epithelial tumors. The tumors included 52 thymomas and 8 thymic carcinomas which were categorized according to the current WHO classification systems. Results Compared with the normal thymus tissue, all thymic epithelial tumors demonstrated higher expression of c-Jun and p73. The expression of c-Jun and p73 in type B2, B3 thymoma and thymic carcinomas was similar, and significantly higher than that in all other subtypes of thymomas. Unlike type A thymoma, the expression of Casp-9 was relatively lower in type B thymoma and thymic carcinomas. With respect to the clinical staging systems, c-Jun was more expressed in progressive tumors harboring higher stages. In contrast to c-Jun, p73 and Casp-9, there was no significant aberration with N-ras expression irrespective of either tissue or tumor types. Conclusions The overexpression of c-Jun, p73 and Casp-9 in thymic epithelial tumors is closely related with the pathogenesis and biological behavior of the neoplasms. These candidate biomarkers provided useful information for prospective personalized therapy in the clinical management. Additional non-English language abstract language: Chinese 背景:评估c-Jun, p73, Casp-9 和 N-ras在胸腺上皮性肿瘤诊断和鉴别诊断中的运用. 方法:根据世界卫生组织最新的诊断标准60例胸腺上皮性肿瘤分类,运用Envision法检测c-Jun,p73,Casp-9 和N-ras在不同亚型肿瘤中的表达情况,并结合临床病理学特征进行分析. 结果:c-Jun和p73在肿瘤中的表达明显高于正常胸腺组织;c-Jun和p73在B3,B2型胸腺瘤和胸腺癌的表达类似,且表达明显高于其他类型的胸腺肿瘤;Caspase-9在B型胸腺瘤和胸腺癌中的表达相对低于A型胸腺瘤;c-Jun的表达更常见于高级别的胸腺肿瘤. 结论:c-Jun,p73和Casp-9在胸腺肿瘤中的表达很好地反映了肿瘤的生物学特点,为胸腺肿瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断提供了较好的理论基础. Virtual Slides http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1521774814749726
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Ma
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China.
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de Matos LL, Del Giglio AB, Matsubayashi CO, de Lima Farah M, Del Giglio A, da Silva Pinhal MA. Expression of CK-19, galectin-3 and HBME-1 in the differentiation of thyroid lesions: systematic review and diagnostic meta-analysis. Diagn Pathol 2012; 7:97. [PMID: 22888980 PMCID: PMC3523001 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-7-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To distinguish between malignant and benign lesions of the thyroid gland histological demonstration is often required since the fine-needle aspiration biopsy method applied pre-operatively has some limitations. In an attempt to improve diagnostic accuracy, markers using immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry techniques have been studied, mainly cytokeratin-19 (CK-19), galectin-3 (Gal-3) and Hector Battifora mesothelial-1 (HBME-1). However, current results remain controversial. The aim of the present article was to establish the diagnostic accuracy of CK-19, Gal-3 and HBME-1 markers, as well as their associations, in the differentiation of malignant and benign thyroid lesions. Methods A systematic review of published articles on MEDLINE and The Cochrane Library was performed. After establishing inclusion and exclusion criteria, 66 articles were selected. The technique of meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy was employed and global values of sensitivity, specificity, area under the summary ROC curve, and diagnostic odds ratio (dOR) were calculated. Results For the immunohistochemistry technique, the positivity of CK-19 for the diagnosis of malignant thyroid lesions demonstrated global sensitivity of 81% and specificity of 73%; for Gal-3, sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 81%; and for HBME-1, sensitivity of 77% and specificity of 83%. The association of the three markers determined sensitivity of 85%, specificity of 97%, and diagnostic odds ratio of 95.1. Similar results were also found for the immunocytochemistry assay. Conclusion This meta-analysis demonstrated that the three immunomarkers studied are accurate in pre- and postoperative diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid lesions. Nevertheless, the search for other molecular markers must continue in order to enhance this diagnostic accuracy since the results found still show a persistency of false-negative and false-positive tests. Virtual slides Http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/3436263067345159
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Abstract
Thyroid nodules are common entities, clinically important primarily because of their malignant potential. Serum thyrotropin and thyroid ultrasonography are pivotal in evaluating thyroid nodules. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy is the most accurate tool for diagnosing malignancy and selecting candidates for surgery. An approach to the initial evaluation and management of single nodules, functioning nodules, multinodular glands, incidental nodules, and cysts is discussed, as are therapeutic interventions for benign nodules. Thyroid cancer discovered during pregnancy is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geanina Popoveniuc
- Division of Endocrinology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 4000 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
- Section of Endocrinology, Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Jacqueline Jonklaas
- Division of Endocrinology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 4000 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
- Corresponding author. Division of Endocrinology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Suite 230, Building D, 4000 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20007.
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Darrow AL, Shohet RV, Maresh JG. Transcriptional analysis of the endothelial response to diabetes reveals a role for galectin-3. Physiol Genomics 2011; 43:1144-52. [PMID: 21791638 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00035.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To characterize the endothelial dysfunction associated with Type II diabetes, we surveyed transcriptional responses in the vascular endothelia of mice receiving a diabetogenic, high-fat diet. Tie2-GFP mice were fed a diet containing 60% fat calories (HFD); controls were littermates fed normal chow. Following 4, 6, and 8 wk, aortic and leg muscle tissues were enzymatically dispersed, and endothelial cells were obtained by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Relative mRNA abundance in HFD vs. control endothelia was measured with long-oligo microarrays; highly dysregulated genes were confirmed by real-time PCR and protein quantification. HFD mice were hyperglycemic by 2 wk and displayed vascular insulin resistance and decreased glucose tolerance by 5 and 6 wk, respectively. Endothelial transcripts upregulated by HFD included galectin-3 (Lgals3), 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein, and chemokine ligands 8 and 9. Increased LGALS3 protein was detected in muscle endothelium by immunohistology accompanied by elevated LGALS3 in the serum of HFD mice. Our comprehensive analysis of the endothelial transcriptional response in a model of Type II diabetes reveals novel regulation of transcripts with roles in inflammation, insulin sensitivity, oxidative stress, and atherosclerosis. Increased endothelial expression and elevated humoral levels of LGALS3 supports a role for this molecule in the vascular response to diabetes, and its potential as a direct biomarker for the inflammatory state in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- April L Darrow
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
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22
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Debierre-Grockiego F, Niehus S, Coddeville B, Elass E, Poirier F, Weingart R, Schmidt RR, Mazurier J, Guérardel Y, Schwarz RT. Binding of Toxoplasma gondii glycosylphosphatidylinositols to galectin-3 is required for their recognition by macrophages. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:32744-32750. [PMID: 20729207 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.137588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We showed that the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α by macrophages in response to Toxoplasma gondii glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) requires the expression of both Toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR4, but not of their co-receptor CD14. Galectin-3 is a β-galactoside-binding protein with immune-regulatory effects, which associates with TLR2. We demonstrate here by using the surface plasmon resonance method that the GPIs of T. gondii bind to human galectin-3 with strong affinity and in a dose-dependent manner. The use of a synthetic glycan and of the lipid moiety cleaved from the GPIs shows that both parts are involved in the interaction with galectin-3. GPIs of T. gondii also bind to galectin-1 but with a lower affinity and only through the lipid moiety. At the cellular level, the production of TNF-α induced by T. gondii GPIs in macrophages depends on the expression of galectin-3 but not of galectin-1. This study is the first identification of a galectin-3 ligand of T. gondii origin, and galectin-3 might be a co-receptor presenting the GPIs to the TLRs on macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Debierre-Grockiego
- From the Institut für Virologie, AG Parasitologie, Philipps University, Marburg D-35043, Germany; Unité Mixte de Recherche Université-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 0483 Immunologie Parasitaire, Vaccinologie et Biothérapies Anti-infectieuses, Unité de Formation de Recherche Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 31 Avenue Monge, F-37200 Tours, France.
| | - Sebastian Niehus
- From the Institut für Virologie, AG Parasitologie, Philipps University, Marburg D-35043, Germany
| | - Bernadette Coddeville
- CNRS-Unité Mixte de Recherche 8576, Unit of Structural and Functional Glycobiology, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 147, Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Elisabeth Elass
- CNRS-Unité Mixte de Recherche 8576, Unit of Structural and Functional Glycobiology, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 147, Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Françoise Poirier
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Développement des Mammifères, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Ralf Weingart
- Fachbereich Chemie, University of Konstanz, Konstanz D-78457, Germany
| | - Richard R Schmidt
- Fachbereich Chemie, University of Konstanz, Konstanz D-78457, Germany
| | - Joël Mazurier
- CNRS-Unité Mixte de Recherche 8576, Unit of Structural and Functional Glycobiology, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 147, Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Yann Guérardel
- CNRS-Unité Mixte de Recherche 8576, Unit of Structural and Functional Glycobiology, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 147, Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ralph T Schwarz
- From the Institut für Virologie, AG Parasitologie, Philipps University, Marburg D-35043, Germany; CNRS-Unité Mixte de Recherche 8576, Unit of Structural and Functional Glycobiology, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 147, Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
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Barut F, Onak Kandemir N, Bektas S, Bahadir B, Keser S, Ozdamar SO. Universal markers of thyroid malignancies: galectin-3, HBME-1, and cytokeratin-19. Endocr Pathol 2010; 21:80-9. [PMID: 20198455 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-010-9114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Difficulties in diagnosis of thyroid lesions, even with histologic analysis, are well known. This study has been carried on to evaluate the role of immunohistochemical markers including galectin-3, Hector Battifora mesothelial cell-1 (HBME-1), and cytokeratin-19 in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid lesions. The expressions of galectin-3, HBME-1, and cytokeratin-19 were tested in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 458 surgically resected thyroid lesions including non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions. Immunostaining with standard avidin-biotin complex technique was performed by using monoclonal antibodies. In malignant neoplastic thyroid lesions, galectin-3, HBME-1, and cytokeratin-19 were diffusely expressed in general. Diffuse expression rates of these three markers were 72.3% (47/65), 70.7% (46/65), and 76.9% (50/65), respectively. The use of galectin-3, HBME-1, and cytokeratin-19 may provide significant contributions in the differential diagnosis of malignant thyroid tumors. Although focal galectin-3, HBME-1, and cytokeratin-19 expression may be encountered in benign lesions, diffuse positive reactions for these three markers are characteristic of malignant lesions. It has concluded that cytokeratin-19 alone and its combinations with other markers were more sensitive in accurate diagnosis of papillary carcinoma than the other combinations; meanwhile, there were similar results for follicular carcinomas with HBME-1 alone and its combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Figen Barut
- Department of Pathology, Zonguldak Karaelmas University Faculty of Medicine, 67600, Kozlu, Zonguldak, Turkey.
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Torregrossa L, Faviana P, Filice ME, Materazzi G, Miccoli P, Vitti P, Fontanini G, Melillo RM, Santoro M, Basolo F. CXC chemokine receptor 4 immunodetection in the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: comparison to galectin-3 and hector battifora mesothelial cell-1. Thyroid 2010; 20:495-504. [PMID: 20450430 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2009.0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cytological discrimination between benign and malignant follicular-patterned lesions of the thyroid can represent a diagnostic challenge, even for experienced pathologists. We evaluated the diagnostic use of protein expression of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and galectin-3 (gal-3) that were found to be upregulated in papillary thyroid carcinoma compared to normal thyroid and of mesothelial cell surface protein recognized by monoclonal antibody Hector Battifora Mesothelial cell (HBME)-1 in thyroid tumors. METHODS Expression of CXCR4, HBME-1, and gal-3 was examined immunohistochemically in total of 100 aspirates of thyroid lesions, categorized as benign (n = 22), indeterminate lesion (n = 43), suspicious of papillary thyroid carcinoma (n = 10), or malignant (n = 25) by preoperative cytology. RESULTS Expression of each individual marker was significantly associated with malignancy (p < 0.0001), although the sensitivity of detection ranged from 56% for gal-3 to 94% for HBME-1. When focusing on the indeterminate lesions, only CXCR4 and HBME-1 expression was associated with malignancy; moreover, these two markers either used individually or in combination showed good values of diagnostic accuracy (88.4% and 90.7%, respectively). Further, the combination of CXCR4 plus HBME-1 or the simultaneous use of all the three markers provided absolute value of sensitivity and negative predictive value in the same group of lesions. CONCLUSIONS An immunohistochemical panel, including CXCR4, could be useful in the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant well-differentiated follicular-patterned thyroid lesions.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/chemistry
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biopsy, Fine-Needle
- Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular/pathology
- Galectin 3/chemistry
- Galectin 3/genetics
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Receptors, CXCR4/chemistry
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
- Thyroid Nodule/pathology
- Thyroid Nodule/surgery
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Affiliation(s)
- Liborio Torregrossa
- Division of Pathology, Department of Surgery, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
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Chiu CG, Strugnell SS, Griffith OL, Jones SJM, Gown AM, Walker B, Nabi IR, Wiseman SM. Diagnostic utility of galectin-3 in thyroid cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 176:2067-81. [PMID: 20363921 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3), which has received significant recent attention for its utility as a diagnostic marker for thyroid cancer, represents the most well-studied molecular candidate for thyroid cancer diagnosis. Gal-3 is a protein that binds to beta-galactosidase residues on cell surface glycoproteins and has also been identified in the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartment. This marker has been implicated in regulation of normal cellular proliferation and apoptosis, as well as malignant transformation and the metastasis of cancer cells. We here present a mechanistic review of Gal-3 and its role in cancer development and progression. Gal-3 expression studies in thyroid tissue and cytologic tumor specimens and their methodological considerations are also discussed in this article. Despite great variance in their methodology, the majority of immunohistochemical studies found that Gal-3 was differentially expressed in thyroid carcinoma compared with benign and normal thyroid specimens, suggesting that Gal-3 is a good diagnostic marker for thyroid cancer. Recent studies have also demonstrated improved methodological reliability. On the other hand, Gal-3 genomic expression studies have shown inconsistent results for diagnostic utility and are not recommended. Overall, the development of Gal-3 as a diagnostic marker for thyroid cancer represents a promising avenue for future study, and its clinical application could significantly reduce the number of diagnostic thyroid operations performed for cases of indeterminant fine needle aspiration biopsy cytology, and thus positively impact the current management of thyroid nodular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie G Chiu
- Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Saleh HA, Jin B, Barnwell J, Alzohaili O. Utility of immunohistochemical markers in differentiating benign from malignant follicular-derived thyroid nodules. Diagn Pathol 2010; 5:9. [PMID: 20181018 PMCID: PMC2831001 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-5-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid nodules are common among adults though only a small percentage is malignant, which can histologically mimic benign nodules. Accurate diagnosis of these thyroid nodules is critical for the proper clinical management. Methods We investigated immunoexpression in 98 surgically removed benign thyroid nodules including 52 hyperplastic nodules (HN) and 46 follicular/Hurthle cell adenomas (FA), and 54 malignant tumors including 22 follicular carcinoma (FC), 20 classic papillary carcinoma (PTC), and 12 follicular variant papillary carcinoma (FVPC). Results The staining results showed that malignant tumors express galectin-3, HBME-1, CK19 and Ret oncoprotein significantly more than benign nodules. The sensitivity of these markers for the distinction between benign and malignant lesions ranged from 83.3% to 87%. The sensitivity of two-marker panels was not significantly different. Immunoexpression was usually diffuse and strong in malignant tumors, and focal and weak in the benign lesions. Conclusion Our findings indicate that these immunomarkers are significantly more expressed in malignant tumors compared to benign lesions and may be of additional diagnostic value when combined with routine histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husain A Saleh
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Sinai Grace Hospital/Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
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Vriens MR, Schreinemakers JMJ, Suh I, Guerrero MA, Clark OH. Diagnostic markers and prognostic factors in thyroid cancer. Future Oncol 2009; 5:1283-93. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.09.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been considerable progress identifying biomarkers in thyroid tumors that improve the accuracy of fine-needle aspiration biopsy and also help predict tumor aggressiveness or behavior. In this review we address both the clinical potential of molecular biomarkers and their usefulness, based on the most recent literature. We describe the current best clinical staging systems and the common somatic mutations in thyroid cancer. The BRAF mutation is the most common mutation in papillary thyroid cancer and has recently been reported to be associated with disease aggressiveness; it is also an independent predictor of tumor behavior. Combined testing of RET/PTC, NTRK, RAS and PAX8–PPARγ, which are mutually exclusive mutations, helps improve the accuracy of fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Gene-expression profiling studies have identified a variety of potential molecular markers to help distinguish benign from malignant thyroid neoplasms. Expression analysis of differentially expressed microRNAs also appears to be a promising diagnostic approach for distinguishing benign from malignant thyroid neoplasm. It is especially useful for indeterminate nodules by fine-needle aspiration biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno R Vriens
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Insoo Suh
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marlon A Guerrero
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Orlo H Clark
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Savin S, Cvejic D, Isic T, Paunovic I, Tatic S, Havelka M. Thyroid peroxidase and galectin-3 immunostaining in differentiated thyroid carcinoma with clinicopathologic correlation. Hum Pathol 2008; 39:1656-63. [PMID: 18657294 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2008.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Revised: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thyroperoxidase and galectin-3 have been reported as useful immunohistochemical markers of thyroid malignancy. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between immunohistochemical staining results for these markers and clinicopathologic features of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. A total of 193 archival thyroid samples including 28 follicular adenomas, 18 follicular carcinomas, and 147 papillary carcinomas with 114 adjacent thyroid tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Thyroperoxidase was underexpressed (<50% stained thyrocytes), and galectin-3 was expressed (>5% stained thyrocytes) in most carcinomas. The sensitivity for diagnosis of differentiated thyroid carcinoma was 86.1% for thyroperoxidase and 82.4% for galectin-3, whereas the combination of both markers increased the sensitivity up to 94.5%. Thus, the combination of thyroperoxidase and galectin-3 immunohistochemistry may help to ascertain the malignant nature of the lesion. Furthermore, tumor size, nodal involvement, extrathyroidal invasion, and high tumor-node-metastasis stage in patients with papillary carcinoma were related to thyroperoxidase absence and high galectin-3 expression in most cases (P < .05). In patients with follicular carcinoma, the extent of invasiveness was associated with galectin-3 positivity. Thus, expression of these markers is related to more or less aggressive biological behavior of differentiated thyroid carcinomas. Although thyroperoxidase presence may indicate favorable prognosis of papillary cancer, expression of galectin-3 illustrates the potential importance of this protein in the pathogenesis and/or progression of differentiated thyroid carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Savin
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy-INEP, University of Belgrade, Zemun-Belgrade, Serbia.
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29
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Saussez S, Glinoer D, Chantrain G, Pattou F, Carnaille B, André S, Gabius HJ, Laurent G. Serum galectin-1 and galectin-3 levels in benign and malignant nodular thyroid disease. Thyroid 2008; 18:705-12. [PMID: 18630998 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2007.0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the histological expression of galectins is increased in thyroid carcinoma, determination of their serum levels may provide useful preoperative information. The goal of this study was to determine if a difference in galectin serum levels could be detected between benign and malignant nodular thyroid diseases. DESIGN Using validated ELISAs, the concentrations of several galectins were prospectively measured in serum samples from 30 healthy individuals and preoperatively in 90 patients with thyroid disease. Seventy-one patients had multiple thyroid nodules (MTN), 13 patients had a single thyroid nodule (STN), and 6 patients had Graves' disease. Nine of 71 patients with MTN had fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of their nodules and in 7 patients a "benign" diagnosis was made, in 0 patient a "malignant" diagnosis was made, and in 2 patients a "suspicious" diagnosis was made. Six of 13 patients with STN had FNAB of their nodules and in 2 patients a "benign" diagnosis was made, in 3 patients a "malignant" diagnosis was made, and in 1 patient a "suspicious" diagnosis was made. RESULTS Thyroid disease was associated with higher levels of galectins-1 and -3 compared to normal subjects. Using a threshold value of 3.2 ng/mL as a cut-off point, the measurement of serum galectin-3 separated micro- and macropapillary thyroid carcinoma (PAP_CA) from patients with nonmalignant thyroid disease with 74% specificity, 73% sensitivity, 57% positive predictive value, and 85% negative predictive value. Elevated serum galectin-3 concentrations (>3.2 ng/mL) detected 87% of macropapillary thyroid carcinomas and 67% of micropapillary thyroid carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS Serum levels of galectins-1 and -3 are relatively high in patients with thyroid malignancy but there is considerable overlap in serum galectin-3 concentrations between those with benign and malignant nodular thyroid disease and, to a lesser extent, between those with and without nodular thyroid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Saussez
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons-Hainaut, Mons, Belgium.
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30
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Li-cadherin is inversely correlated with galectin-3 expression in gastric cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53:1811-7. [PMID: 17999183 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-007-0080-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to examine the expressions of Li-cadherin and Galectin-3 in gastric cancer, and the correlation between Li-cadherin and Galectin-3 in gastric cancer was also analyzed. The present study investigated the expression level of Li-cadherin and Galectin-3 by immunohistochemistry and semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and correlated this with clinicopathologic parameters in 91 cases of gastric cancer. The correlation between expression levels of Li-cadherin and Galectin-3 was analyzed by Spearman correlation analysis. The expression level of Li-cadherin mRNA was correlated to differentiation and lymph node metastasis, and the expression level of Galectin-3 was related to TNM staging, differentiation and lymph node metastasis. On Spearman correlation analysis, a definitive negative correlation was found between the expression levels of Li-cadherin and Galectin-3 in gastric cancerous tissues. We postulate that interaction between Li-cadherin and Galectin-3 may play an important role in the development of gastric cancer.
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Bartolazzi A, Orlandi F, Saggiorato E, Volante M, Arecco F, Rossetto R, Palestini N, Ghigo E, Papotti M, Bussolati G, Martegani MP, Pantellini F, Carpi A, Giovagnoli MR, Monti S, Toscano V, Sciacchitano S, Pennelli GM, Mian C, Pelizzo MR, Rugge M, Troncone G, Palombini L, Chiappetta G, Botti G, Vecchione A, Bellocco R. Galectin-3-expression analysis in the surgical selection of follicular thyroid nodules with indeterminate fine-needle aspiration cytology: a prospective multicentre study. Lancet Oncol 2008; 9:543-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(08)70132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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32
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Fischer S, Asa SL. Application of immunohistochemistry to thyroid neoplasms. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008; 132:359-72. [PMID: 18318579 DOI: 10.5858/2008-132-359-aoittn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid lesions with nodular architecture and follicular pattern of growth often pose difficulties in accurate diagnosis during the assessment of cytologic and histologic specimens. The diagnosis of follicular neoplasm on cytology or of follicular tumor of uncertain malignant potential on histology is likely to cause confusion among clinicians and delay effective management of these lesions. Occasionally, thyroid tumors represent unusual or metastatic lesions and their accurate diagnosis requires immunohistochemical confirmation. OBJECTIVE To review the literature on the applications of immunohistochemistry in the differential diagnosis of thyroid tumors. DATA SOURCES Relevant articles indexed in PubMed (National Library of Medicine) between 1976 and 2006. CONCLUSIONS Our review supports the use of ancillary techniques involving a panel of antibodies suitable for immunohistochemistry and molecular analysis in the assessment of thyroid nodules. These tools can improve diagnostic accuracy when combined with standard morphologic criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Fischer
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network and Toronto Medical Laboratories, 200 Elizabeth St, 11th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
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Port M, Boltze C, Wang Y, Röper B, Meineke V, Abend M. A radiation-induced gene signature distinguishes post-Chernobyl from sporadic papillary thyroid cancers. Radiat Res 2008; 168:639-49. [PMID: 18088181 DOI: 10.1667/rr0968.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We investigated selected gene targets to differentiate radiation-induced papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs) from other etiologies. Total RNA was isolated from 11 post-Chernobyl PTCs and 41 sporadic PTCs characterized by a more aggressive tumor type and lacking a radiation exposure history. RNA from 10 tumor samples from both groups was pooled and hybridized separately on a whole genome microarray for screening. Then 92 selected gene targets were examined quantitatively on each tumor sample using an RTQ-PCR-based low-density array (LDA). Screening for more than fivefold differences in gene expression between the groups by microarray detected 646 up-regulated and 677 down-regulated genes. Categorization of these genes revealed a significant (P < 0.0006) over-representation of the number of up-regulated genes coding for oxidoreductases, G-proteins and growth factors, while the number of genes coding for immunoglobulin appeared to be significantly down-regulated. With the LDA, seven genes (SFRP1, MMP1, ESM1, KRTAP2-1, COL13A1, BAALC and PAGE1) made a complete differentiation between the groups possible. Gene expression patterns known to be associated with a more aggressive tumor type in older patients appeared to be more pronounced in post-Chernobyl PTC, thus underlining the known aggressiveness of radiation-induced PTC. Seven genes were found that completely distinguished post-Chernobyl (PTC) from sporadic PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Port
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, German Armed Forces, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Thyroid nodules are common; almost 20% of the population has a palpable thyroid nodule and approximately 70% has a nodule detected by ultrasound. Thyroid cancer is the most frequent endocrine malignancy, and incidence rates have steadily increased over the last decades. Papillary carcinoma (PTC) is the most common malignant neoplasm of the thyroid; the diagnosis of this most frequent type (85-90%) has been increasing, possibly due to changing recognition of morphologic criteria. PTC is defined histologically as a malignant tumor showing evidence of follicular epithelial differentiation and characterized by distinctive nuclear features. However, there are borderline lesions that do not completely fulfill these criteria, making the diagnosis difficult. The use of immunohistochemical and molecular markers adds objective criteria to this confusing and controversial area of pathology. We review the differential diagnosis of well-differentiated follicular thyroid neoplasms and the ancillary techniques and molecular characteristics that have been proposed for application in the diagnosis of PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Serra
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, 11th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
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35
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Cerutti JM, Latini FRM, Nakabashi C, Delcelo R, Andrade VP, Amadei MJ, Maciel RMB, Hojaij FC, Hollis D, Shoemaker J, Riggins GJ. Diagnosis of suspicious thyroid nodules using four protein biomarkers. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 12:3311-8. [PMID: 16740752 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology, a standard method for thyroid nodule diagnosis, cannot distinguish between benign follicular thyroid adenoma (FTA) and malignant follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC). Previously, using expression profiling, we found that a combination of transcript expression levels from DDIT3, ARG2, C1orf24, and ITM1 distinguished between FTA and FTC. The goal of this study was to determine if antibody markers used alone or in combination could accurately distinguish between a wider variety of benign and malignant thyroid lesions in fixed sections and FNA samples. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Immunohistochemistry was done on 27 FTA, 25 FTC, and 75 other benign and malignant thyroid tissue sections using custom antibodies for chromosome 1 open reading frame 24 (C1orf24) and integral membrane protein 1 (ITM1) and commercial antibodies for DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3) and arginase II (ARG2). FNA samples were also tested using the same antibodies. RNA expression was measured by quantitative PCR in 33 thyroid lesions. RESULTS C1orf24 and ITM1 antibodies had an estimated sensitivity of 1.00 for distinguishing FTA from FTC. For the expanded analysis of all lesions studied, ITM1 had an estimated sensitivity of 1.00 for detecting malignancy. Because all four cancer biomarkers did well, producing overlapping confidence intervals, not one best marker was distinguished. Transcript levels also reliably predicted malignancy, but immunohistochemistry had a higher sensitivity. Malignant cells were easily detected in FNA samples using these markers. CONCLUSIONS We improved this diagnostic test by adding C1orf24 and ITM1 custom antibodies and showing use on a wider variety of thyroid pathology. We recommend that testing of all four cancer biomarkers now be advanced to larger trials. Use of one or more of these antibodies should improve diagnostic accuracy of suspicious thyroid nodules from both tissue sections and FNA samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janete M Cerutti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA.
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Sanabria A, Carvalho AL, Piana de Andrade V, Pablo Rodrigo J, Vartanian JG, Rinaldo A, Ikeda MK, Devaney KO, Magrin J, Augusto Soares F, Ferlito A, Kowalski LP. Is galectin-3 a good method for the detection of malignancy in patients with thyroid nodules and a cytologic diagnosis of “follicular neoplasm”? A critical appraisal of the evidence. Head Neck 2007; 29:1046-54. [PMID: 17525969 DOI: 10.1002/hed.20642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid nodules are the most common surgical disease of the thyroid. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is the most commonly employed tool for establishing a diagnosis. However, 15% to 25% of FNAB reports yield inconclusive results. Immunostaining of cytological smears from FNAB with galectin-3 has been proposed as a tool for differentiating between benign and malignant nodules. We performed a systematic review to evaluate the utility of galectin-3. METHODS Prospective studies of nodules with FNAB reports of "follicular neoplasm" and with a definitive diagnosis confirmed by histopathology were selected. Calculations of individual sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios were made. RESULTS The articles selected were those with the best methodological quality. CONCLUSION Galectin-3 could be a good tool to guide therapeutic decision in patients with thyroid nodules and FNAB results of follicular neoplasm, but available information has methodological flaws that precludes a definitive answer about galectin-3 utility in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Sanabria
- Department of Surgery, Universidad de La Sabana, Bogotá, Colombia
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37
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Kapur U, Wojcik EM. Follicular neoplasm of the thyroid--vanishing cytologic diagnosis? Diagn Cytopathol 2007; 35:525-8. [PMID: 17636488 DOI: 10.1002/dc.20676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The significance of making a diagnosis of follicular neoplasm on fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy remains a controversial issue, considering that the diagnosis of follicular carcinoma is based on histological criteria and the significantly decreasing incidence of follicular carcinoma in the general population. On FNA the main differential diagnoses of follicular neoplasm includes follicular variant of papillary carcinoma (FVPC), follicular adenoma, follicular carcinoma and benign solitary nodule occurring in a goiter. Several studies have looked at immunohistochemical and molecular markers to distinguish benign from malignant lesions but none of them have proved to be infallible. Although, FVPC is a distinct entity from the follicular neoplasm group, it is not always possible to separate it from the other follicular lesions because of overlapping cytologic features and often-sporadic presence of nuclear features, follicular variant of papillary carcinoma remains the main pitfall in a diagnosis of follicular neoplasm. Since a significant number of cases that are malignant on follow-up are usually FVPC, consequently, follicular neoplasm is an essential diagnostic consideration on FNA. In addition, follicular carcinoma, despite a decreasing incidence continues to be a real entity. Therefore, it is essential that follicular neoplasm continue to be part of our diagnostic repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Kapur
- Loyola University Medical Center, Department of Pathology Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
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38
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Xiao GQ, Unger PD, Burstein DE. Immunohistochemical detection of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) in neoplastic and other thyroid disorders. Ann Diagn Pathol 2007; 11:235-40. [PMID: 17630106 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2006.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) is the most potent of the inhibitors of apoptosis, a group of related caspase inhibitors. X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis expression correlates with radio- and chemoresistance and clinical aggressiveness in certain tumors. XIAP expression was examined in 106 specimens from neoplastic and other thyroid disorders, which underwent citrate-based antigen retrieval and staining with monoclonal anti-XIAP. Normal thyroid was XIAP-negative. Of 35 papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs), 29 (83%) stained variably in intensity and/or extent. An insular carcinoma was strongly positive and 1 of 4 anaplastic carcinomas moderately positive. Follicular, medullary, and 3 of 4 anaplastic carcinomas, oncocytic neoplasms, and a hyalinizing trabecular tumor were nonstaining. Hashimoto's thyroiditis and adenomatous goiters were either nonstaining or occasionally stained in oncocytic foci. Because XIAP was highly specific for PTC among the thyroid neoplasms, it may be a useful marker for differential diagnosis when used alone or in combination with other markers. XIAP may also be useful in differentiating insular carcinoma from follicular neoplasm in certain difficult cases. In addition, the selective expression of XIAP in PTC and some high-grade thyroid malignancies also provides clues to the role of the apoptotic pathway in the tumorigenesis of these neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Qian Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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39
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Pulcrano M, Boukheris H, Talbot M, Caillou B, Dupuy C, Virion A, De Vathaire F, Schlumberger M. Poorly differentiated follicular thyroid carcinoma: prognostic factors and relevance of histological classification. Thyroid 2007; 17:639-46. [PMID: 17696834 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2007.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Poorly differentiated follicular thyroid carcinoma (PDFC) is a tumor of follicular cell origin with attributes intermediate between well-differentiated carcinomas and anaplastic carcinomas, but neither a clear histological description nor an established definition of prognostic indicators are available. DESIGN This study correlates the clinical outcome and survival of 40 PDFC patients with histological architecture, cytological characteristics, and expression of various markers of cell proliferation and differentiation (cyclin A, cyclin B1, cyclin D1, cyclin E, Ki67, thyroperoxidase, galectin 3, dual oxidase [Duox], vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor receptor, and p53). MAIN OUTCOME At 5 years, the overall survival rate was 63% and the metastasis-free survival rate was 57%. An older age at the time of diagnosis and a larger tumor size were associated with an increased risk of distant metastases and of cancer-related death. Polymorph architecture was associated with a reduced risk of metastases, whereas a high expression of Duox was associated with a reduced risk of death. In these patients with PDFC, no other histological features or expression of any other marker had a prognostic significance. CONCLUSION PDFC has a more aggressive behavior than well-differentiated carcinomas; prognosis is related to indicators that are also relevant in patients with well-differentiated carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Pulcrano
- Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique LRC29V, Institut Gustave Roussy and University Paris Sud, Villejuif, France.
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40
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Torregrossa L, Faviana P, Camacci T, Materazzi G, Berti P, Minuto M, Elisei R, Vitti P, Miccoli P, Basolo F. Galectin-3 is highly expressed in nonencapsulated papillary thyroid carcinoma but weakly expressed in encapsulated type; comparison with Hector Battifora mesothelial cell 1 immunoreactivity. Hum Pathol 2007; 38:1482-8. [PMID: 17597183 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2007.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The histologic diagnosis of the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) may be troublesome, especially in its encapsulated form. We evaluated the expression of galectin-3 (gal-3) and Hector Battifora mesothelial cell (HBME-1) in 200 formalin-fixed thyroid tissues with diagnosis of classical variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma or FVPTC, encapsulated or with infiltrative growth, with or without lymph node metastasis. All cases of classical variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma were consistently positive for gal-3; similar results have been obtained by using HBME-1. Interestingly, the invasive type of FVPTC, with or without metastasis, was strongly positive for gal-3 (78.2% and 96%, respectively), whereas only 46.8% of encapsulated FVPTCs without metastasis showed immunostaining for this marker. In the latter group, the HBME-1 expression achieved a significantly higher percentage of positivity (87%). Surprisingly, gal-3 immunodetection showed negative results in 4 encapsulated FVPTCs, despite the strong immunoreactivity in corresponding metastasis. Our data suggest that gal-3 immunodetection alone is not able to support the diagnosis of encapsulated FVPTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liborio Torregrossa
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomic Pathology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy.
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Rodrigo JP, Rinaldo A, Devaney KO, Shaha AR, Ferlito A. Molecular diagnostic methods in the diagnosis and follow-up of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Head Neck 2007; 28:1032-9. [PMID: 16732600 DOI: 10.1002/hed.20411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancers are the most common endocrine malignancies and are being diagnosed with increased frequency in modern clinical practice. Among other diagnostic modalities, fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy of clinically suspicious thyroid nodules is becoming increasingly popular. Preliminary investigations have suggested that molecular diagnostic assays using tumor-specific markers may improve the sensitivity and accuracy of FNA and so may be expected to reduce the frequency of open surgical procedures by identifying those patients with demonstrably benign lesions who do not require definitive surgical excision of their lesions for diagnosis. At the same time, thyroid-specific mRNA assays (especially thyroglobulin mRNA testing) have been used by investigators in the postoperative follow-up of patients with thyroid cancer as a potential means of detecting tumor recurrence in the peripheral blood. Although these studies have not all reported unqualified successes--indeed, some problems based on both technical and biologic limitations have been identified-these assays still hold out the possibility that potentially important new advances in the management of patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer may be offered by these and other molecular diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Rodrigo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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Abstract
Struma ovarii is a rare monodermal ovarian teratoma in which thyroid tissue is the predominant or exclusive element. Malignant transformation is known to occur, usually as classical papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). However, the recognition of follicular variant PTC raises the possibility of similar malignancy arising in struma ovarii. We examined 13 cases of struma ovarii to determine if these lesions can exhibit histological, immunohistochemical, and/or molecular features of follicular variant PTC. Ten of these had atypical histology, cytologic features of PTC, and all ten showed diffuse positivity for CK19; eight of these were also positive for HMBE-1. Mutational analysis for BRAF identified no V600E mutations. However, seven of the ten cases with features of follicular variant PTC exhibited a rearranged in transformation (RET)/PTC rearrangement by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The three cases considered to be benign based on histologic and cytologic criteria were negative for CK19 and HBME-1 by immunohistochemistry, and had no evidence of BRAF mutation or ret/PTC-1 and ret/PTC-3 rearrangements. These results indicate that follicular variant PTC can occur in struma ovarii and that such lesions exhibit the same morphologic and immunohistochemical profile as follicular variant PTC in thyroid. The application of molecular testing to verify the diagnosis can be valuable, as these lesions may harbor ret/PTC gene rearrangements.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular/secondary
- Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular/surgery
- Cohort Studies
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Female
- Humans
- Keratin-19/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/secondary
- Ovarian Neoplasms/surgery
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret/genetics
- Retrospective Studies
- Struma Ovarii/etiology
- Struma Ovarii/genetics
- Struma Ovarii/metabolism
- Struma Ovarii/surgery
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Odette Boutross-Tadross
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McMaster Medical School, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Carpi A, Naccarato AG, Iervasi G, Nicolini A, Bevilacqua G, Viacava P, Collecchi P, Lavra L, Marchetti C, Sciacchitano S, Bartolazzi A. Large needle aspiration biopsy and galectin-3 determination in selected thyroid nodules with indeterminate FNA-cytology. Br J Cancer 2006; 95:204-9. [PMID: 16804521 PMCID: PMC2360621 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA)-cytology is widely used for the preoperative characterisation of thyroid nodules but this task is difficult for follicular lesions, which often remain undefined. We propose a strategy for improving the preoperative characterisation of selected follicular thyroid proliferations, which is based on large needle aspiration biopsy (LNAB) and galectin-3 expression analysis. Eighty-five thyroid specimens were obtained by LNAB (20-gauge needles) from thyroid nodules with indeterminate follicular FNA-cytology. Aspirated material was processed as a tissue microbiopsy to obtain cell blocks for both cyto/histo-morphological evaluation and galectin-3 expression analysis, by using a purified monoclonal antibody to galectin-3 and a biotin-free immunoperoxidase staining method. Preoperative diagnosis was compared to the final histology. LNAB and cell-block technique allow a preliminary distinction between nodules with a homogeneous microfollicular/trabecular structure, as frequently observed in tumours, and lesions with mixed normo-micro-macrofollicular architecture, as observed in goitre. Furthermore, LNAB provides optimal substrates for galectin-3 expression analysis. Among 85 cases tested, 14 galectin-3-positive cases were discovered preoperatively (11 thyroid cancers and three adenomas confirmed at the final histology), whereas galectin-3-negative cases were 71 (one carcinoma and 70 benign proliferations at the final histology). Sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of this integrated morphologic and phenotypic diagnostic approach were 91.6, 97.2 and 95.3%, respectively. In conclusion, LNAB plus galectin-3 expression analysis when applied preoperatively to selected thyroid nodules candidate to surgery can potentially reduce unnecessary thyroid resections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carpi
- Departments of Reproduction and Ageing, University of Pisa, Pisa 56024, Italy
| | - A G Naccarato
- Department of Oncology, Divisions of Surgical, Molecular and Ultrastructural Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa 56024, Italy
| | - G Iervasi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Pisa Italy
| | - A Nicolini
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa 56024, Italy
| | - G Bevilacqua
- Department of Oncology, Divisions of Surgical, Molecular and Ultrastructural Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa 56024, Italy
| | - P Viacava
- Department of Oncology, Divisions of Surgical, Molecular and Ultrastructural Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa 56024, Italy
| | - P Collecchi
- Department of Oncology, Divisions of Surgical, Molecular and Ultrastructural Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa 56024, Italy
| | - L Lavra
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, University La Sapienza, and Ospedale San Pietro Fatebenefratelli, Associazione Fatebenefratelli per la Ricerca, Rome 00158 Italy
| | - C Marchetti
- Department of Pathology, St Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, Rome 00158, Italy
| | - S Sciacchitano
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, University La Sapienza, and Ospedale San Pietro Fatebenefratelli, Associazione Fatebenefratelli per la Ricerca, Rome 00158 Italy
| | - A Bartolazzi
- Department of Pathology, St Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, Rome 00158, Italy
- Cellular and Molecular Tumor Pathology Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, CCK R8:04, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm S-17176, Sweden
- Department of Pathology, St Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, Rome 00158, Italy. E-mail:
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Cvejic DS, Savin SB, Petrovic IM, Paunovic IR, Tatic SB, Havelka MJ. Galectin-3 expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma: relation to histomorphologic growth pattern, lymph node metastasis, extrathyroid invasion, and tumor size. Head Neck 2006; 27:1049-55. [PMID: 16155918 DOI: 10.1002/hed.20276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectin-3 has been recently recognized as a promising presurgical marker of thyroid malignancy. METHODS Galectin-3 expression was examined immunohistochemically in 202 specimens of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in relation to histomorphologic subtypes and clinicopathologic data. RESULTS.: The sensitivity of galectin-3 immunostaining versus conventional histology was 98% (100 of 102) for classical PTC, 85.2% (46 of 54) for follicular variant, and 50% (23 of 46) for follicular/solid variant of PTC. All cases (n = 36) involving lymph node metastases and 42 of 45 cases with extrathyroid invasion expressed galectin-3. However, among the galectin-3-positive cases (n = 169), 133 were without lymph node metastases, and 127 were without extrathyroid invasion. Galectin-3 expression was not related to the size of intrathyroid PTC. CONCLUSIONS Galectin-3 immunohistochemical expression itself is not an indicator of local metastatic spread or extrathyroid invasion of PTC, thus being irrelevant clinically from this aspect. Galectin-3 is an excellent marker for classical PTC but must be used with caution in diagnosing unconventional variants of PTC because of the possibility of false-negative results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dubravka S Cvejic
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy-INEP, University of Belgrade, 11080 Zemun-Belgrade, Banatska 31b, Serbia and Montenegro.
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Kebebew E, Peng M, Reiff E, Duh QY, Clark OH, McMillan A. ECM1 and TMPRSS4 Are Diagnostic Markers of Malignant Thyroid Neoplasms and Improve the Accuracy of Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy. Ann Surg 2005; 242:353-61; discussion 361-3. [PMID: 16135921 PMCID: PMC1357743 DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000179623.87329.6b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether genes that regulate cellular invasion and metastasis are differentially expressed and could serve as diagnostic markers of malignant thyroid nodules. SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND DATA Patients whose thyroid nodules have indeterminate or suspicious cytologic features on fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy require thyroidectomy because of a 20% to 30% risk of thyroid cancer. Cell invasion and metastasis is a hallmark of malignant phenotype; therefore, genes that regulate these processes might be differentially expressed and could serve as diagnostic markers of malignancy. METHODS Differentially expressed genes (2-fold higher or lower) in malignant versus benign thyroid neoplasms were identified by extracellular matrix and adhesion molecule cDNA array analysis and confirmed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) curve was calculated to determine diagnostic accuracy of gene expression level cutoffs established by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS By cDNA array analysis, ADAMTS8, ECM1, MMP8, PLAU, SELP, and TMPRSS4 were upregulated, and by quantitative PCR, ECM1, SELP, and TMPRSS4 mRNA expression was higher in malignant (n = 57) than in benign (n = 38) thyroid neoplasms (P< 0.002). ECM1 and TMPRSS4 mRNA expression levels were independent predictors of a malignant thyroid neoplasm (P < 0.003). The AUC was 0.956 for ECM1 and 0.926 for TMPRSS4. Combining both markers improved their diagnostic use (AUC 0.985; sensitivity, 91.7%; specificity, 89.8%; positive predictive value, 85.7%; negative predictive value, 82.8%). ECM1 and TMPRSS4 expression analysis improved the diagnostic accuracy of FNA biopsy in 35 of 38 indeterminate or suspicious results. The level of ECM1 mRNA expression was higher in TNM stage I differentiated thyroid cancers than in stage II and III tumors (P < or = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS ECM1 and TMPRSS4 are excellent diagnostic markers of malignant thyroid nodules and may be used to improve the diagnostic accuracy of FNA biopsy. ECM1 is also a marker of the extent of disease in differentiated thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Electron Kebebew
- Endocrine Surgery and Oncology Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Galusca B, Dumollard JM, Lassandre S, Niveleau A, Prades JM, Estour B, Peoc'h M. Global DNA methylation evaluation: potential complementary marker in differential diagnosis of thyroid neoplasia. Virchows Arch 2005; 447:18-23. [PMID: 15891902 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-005-1268-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2004] [Accepted: 04/03/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The implications of global DNA hypomethylation were recently reported in several models of tumorigenesis. Little is known about this epigenetic event in thyroid neoplasia. The study aimed to evaluate the status of global DNA methylation in several types of thyroid tumors using a monoclonal antibody specific for 5-methylcytidine (5-mc) and to define the diagnosis potential of this marker. 5-mc immunostaining scores were calculated in 17 papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC), 6 follicular thyroid carcinomas (FTC), 16 follicular adenomas (FA), 19 nodular goiters (NG) and ten Hürthle cells adenomas (HCA). The expression of galectin-3 was also evaluated. Computerized image analysis showed a significant lower level of 5-mc immunostaining in thyroid carcinoma when compared with benign tumors or adjacent normal thyroid parenchyma (P<0.0001). Overall, 5-mc accuracy to distinguish malign from benign thyroid tumors was similar to that of galectin-3 (89% versus 87%, P>0.05). The combination of 5-mc with galectin-3 led to an excellent accuracy level of 96%. Among follicular neoplasia 5-mc accuracy to differentiate malign tumors trends to be higher than galectin-3 one (90% versus 66%, P=0.06). These data stress the necessity of epigenetic events evaluation among thyroid nodules and propose global DNA methylation assessment as a potential diagnostic tool to combine with other valuable markers.
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