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Stevenson VB, Klahn S, LeRoith T, Huckle WR. Canine melanoma: A review of diagnostics and comparative mechanisms of disease and immunotolerance in the era of the immunotherapies. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1046636. [PMID: 36686160 PMCID: PMC9853198 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1046636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanomas in humans and dogs are highly malignant and resistant to therapy. Since the first development of immunotherapies, interest in how the immune system interacts within the tumor microenvironment and plays a role in tumor development, progression, or remission has increased. Of major importance are tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) where distribution and cell frequencies correlate with survival and therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, efforts have been made to identify subsets of TILs populations that can contribute to a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting environment, such as the case with T regulatory cells versus CD8 T cells. Furthermore, cancerous cells have the capacity to express certain inhibitory checkpoint molecules, including CTLA-4, PD-L1, PD-L2, that can suppress the immune system, a property associated with poor prognosis, a high rate of recurrence, and metastasis. Comparative oncology brings insights to comprehend the mechanisms of tumorigenesis and immunotolerance in humans and dogs, contributing to the development of new therapeutic agents that can modulate the immune response against the tumor. Therapies that target signaling pathways such as mTOR and MEK/ERK that are upregulated in cancer, or immunotherapies with different approaches such as CAR-T cells engineered for specific tumor-associated antigens, DNA vaccines using human tyrosinase or CGSP-4 antigen, anti-PD-1 or -PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies that intercept their binding inhibiting the suppression of the T cells, and lymphokine-activated killer cells are already in development for treating canine tumors. This review provides concise and recent information about diagnosis, comparative mechanisms of tumor development and progression, and the current status of immunotherapies directed toward canine melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina B. Stevenson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Shawna Klahn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States,Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - William R. Huckle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States,*Correspondence: William R. Huckle ✉
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2
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A Comparative View on Molecular Alterations and Potential Therapeutic Strategies for Canine Oral Melanoma. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8110286. [PMID: 34822659 PMCID: PMC8619620 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8110286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine oral melanoma (COM) is a highly aggressive tumour associated with poor prognosis due to metastasis and resistance to conventional anti-cancer therapies. As with human mucosal melanoma, the mutational landscape is predominated by copy number aberrations and chromosomal structural variants, but differences in study cohorts and/or tumour heterogeneity can lead to discordant results regarding the nature of specific genes affected. This review discusses somatic molecular alterations in COM that result from single nucleotide variations, copy number changes, chromosomal rearrangements, and/or dysregulation of small non-coding RNAs. A cross-species comparison highlights notable recurrent aberrations, and functionally grouping dysregulated proteins reveals unifying biological pathways that may be critical for oncogenesis and metastasis. Finally, potential therapeutic strategies are considered to target these pathways in canine patients, and the benefits of collaboration between science, medical, and veterinary communities are emphasised.
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3
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Saverino KM, Durham AC, Kiupel M, Reiter AM. Immunohistochemical evaluation of suspected oral malignant melanoma in cats. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:1017-1024. [PMID: 34190003 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211025793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oral malignant melanoma (OMM) is considered the third most common oral malignant neoplasm in cats, but its variable morphology and frequent lack of melanin pigment make it a diagnostic challenge. Twenty-two cases of cats with malignant oral neoplasms that were diagnosed as OMM or listed OMM as a suspected differential diagnosis on the biopsy report were examined using an immunohistochemistry (IHC) panel for S100, melan-A, PNL2, laminin, CD34, and pan-cytokeratin. Although OMM was suspected (n = 14) or previously diagnosed (n = 8), only 2 cases were immunohistochemically confirmed as OMM. Seven cases were classified as soft tissue sarcoma based on positive expression of CD34 or laminin, and one was classified as carcinoma based on positive expression of pan-cytokeratin. The majority of cases (n = 12) were categorized as unclassified malignant neoplasms because they did not express melan-A, PNL2, laminin, CD34, or pan-cytokeratin; however, a proportion of these did express S100 (n = 7). Long-term prognosis of all 22 cats was poor, with a median survival time of 87 days (range = 2-249 days). Cases with longer survival times (>100 days) were treated with surgery, radiation therapy, or a combination. For feline oral malignant neoplasms thought to be OMM, routine use of IHC is required for an accurate diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy C Durham
- 6572University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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4
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Pinzón-Osorio CA, Ávila-Coy J, Gomez AP, Marcela Álvarez-Mira D. Rhabdoid melanoma in a harpy eagle ( Harpia harpyja). Vet Anim Sci 2021; 13:100184. [PMID: 34189340 PMCID: PMC8217705 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2021.100184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A 28-year-old male harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja) with a history of anorexia, hyporexia, lethargy, and progressive weight loss was found dead and submitted for post-mortem examination. Gross findings include dark brown discolouration of testes and lungs; the testes were bilaterally enlarged, glistening brown-grey to blackish in appearance, firm, smooth, and multilobulated. The lungs contained a mass with similar features to the testicles, irregularly shaped with multiple nodules. Histology of testis showed round, polygonal and pleomorphic cells, containing melanin pigments and a typical eosinophilic vacuole in their cytoplasm and with severe pleomorphism. An immunohistochemistry panel with Melan-A, vimentin, CK AE1/AE/3, MUM-1 and CD-68 were performed, yielding a positive reaction for Melan-A and vimentin. The morphology of the tumour cells, the presence of melanin pigment and the immunoreactivity for Melan-A and vimentin by the cells led to a diagnosis of rhabdoid melanoma. This is the first case of this pathology in the testis with lung metastasis in a harpy eagle.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Augusto Pinzón-Osorio
- Department of Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Poultry Research Building, Bogotá DC, Carrera 45 #26-85, Colombia
| | - Jersson Ávila-Coy
- Department of Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Poultry Research Building, Bogotá DC, Carrera 45 #26-85, Colombia
| | - Arlen P Gomez
- Department of Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Poultry Research Building, Bogotá DC, Carrera 45 #26-85, Colombia
| | - Diana Marcela Álvarez-Mira
- Department of Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Poultry Research Building, Bogotá DC, Carrera 45 #26-85, Colombia
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5
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El-Shafaey E, Hamed MF. Uveal Melanoma in an Aradi Goat (Capra aegagrus hircus). J Comp Pathol 2020; 177:5-9. [PMID: 32505240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A 6-year-old Aradi goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) was admitted with glaucoma of the left eye. Blood clots and a yellow exudate covered the cornea and sclera. Ocular examination found glaucoma, exophthalmos and a distorted iris. Because of the blindness and pain, surgical enucleation of the left eye was performed. Gross examination through the mid-sagittal section of the enucleated globe revealed a pigmented mass occupying the anterior chamber. It had invaded the peripheral cornea and extended to the dorsal iris. Histologically, the mass was composed of pleomorphic, epithelioid neoplastic cells with high-grade cellular atypia. Scattered cells contained brown-black pigment. Bleached sections demonstrated 6-7 mitoses per 10 high-power fields and the cornea displayed squamous metaplasia resembling that of skin. Immunohistochemistry revealed positive immunoreactivity of the tumour cells for vimentin, S100 and melan-A, confirming the diagnosis of uveal melanoma. This finding should be included in the differential diagnosis of ocular tumours causing glaucoma in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- E El-Shafaey
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Dakahlia, Egypt; Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed F Hamed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Dakahlia, Egypt.
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6
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Strauss RA, Allbaugh RA, Haynes J, Ben‐Shlomo G. Primary corneal malignant melanoma in a horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Strauss
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesandIowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Ames USA
| | - R. A. Allbaugh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesandIowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Ames USA
| | - J. Haynes
- Department of Veterinary Pathology Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Ames USA
| | - G. Ben‐Shlomo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesandIowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Ames USA
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Schmid F, Brodesser D, Reifinger M, Forte S, Semp P, Eberspächer-Schweda MC, Wolschek M, Brandt S, Kleiter M, Pratscher B. Canine oral primary melanoma cells exhibit shift to mesenchymal phenotype and phagocytic behaviour. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 17:211-220. [PMID: 30719836 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Canine oral malignant melanoma (COMM) is a potentially lethal cancer disease. We established primary cell lines from mostly amelanotic primary COMM and metastases and assessed lesions and derived cells for Melan A, PNL2 and CD146 expression. Then, migration and invasion of CD146-enriched vs -depleted COMM cells were analysed. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was addressed by Vimentin-staining and MMP2/MMP9 zymography. Phagocytic behaviour was analysed by histopathological examination and phagocytosis assay. While Melan A- and PNL2-staining yielded inconsistent data, 100% of COMM sections and primary cells showed CD146 expression, suggesting that this protein may serve as a prognostic marker. An overall correlation between CD146-expression and migration/invasion was not observed. All primary cell lines consistently expressed Vimentin and secreted biologically active MMP2, indicating that they had undergone EMT. Importantly, COMM sections exhibited cell-in-cell structures, and all primary cell lines exhibited phagocytic activity, supporting the concept that cell cannibalism may have a role in COMM progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Schmid
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Equine Surgery, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Radiooncology and Nuclear Medicine Platform, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Brodesser
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Equine Surgery, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Reproductive Biotechnology, Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Biotechnology in Animal Production, Department for Agrobiotechnology, IFA Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln, Austria
| | - Martin Reifinger
- Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sara Forte
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Equine Surgery, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pia Semp
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Equine Surgery, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Radiooncology and Nuclear Medicine Platform, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Markus Wolschek
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Equine Surgery, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,BlueSky Vaccines GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Equine Surgery, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miriam Kleiter
- Radiooncology and Nuclear Medicine Platform, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Pratscher
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Equine Surgery, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Equine Internal Medicine, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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8
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Davies O, Spencer S, Necova S, Holmes E, Taylor A, Blackwood L, Lara-Garcia A. Intranasal melanoma treated with radiation therapy in three dogs. Vet Q 2018; 37:274-281. [PMID: 28982291 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2017.1387828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three dogs were investigated for chronic unilateral nasal discharge. In all cases CT imaging showed an intranasal mass causing turbinate lysis and no evidence of metastasis. Cytology in cases 1 (a 14-year-old neutered male crossbreed dog) and 2 (a five-year-old neutered male German Shepherd dog) demonstrated a pleomorphic cell population with variable intracellular pigment suspicious of melanocytic neoplasia. Histopathology with immunohistochemistry (Melan-A and vimentin, plus PNL-2 in one case) confirmed the diagnosis of melanoma in all dogs. All dogs were treated with megavoltage radiotherapy using linear accelerators. Cases 1 and 3 (a nine-year-old neutered female beagle dog) received a hypofractionated (4 × 8 Gy) protocol and case 2 received a definitive (12 × 4 Gy) protocol. Complete remission was demonstrated on repeat CT scan five months after diagnosis in case 1 and seven months in case 2. Stable disease was documented on CT at four months for case 3; however, clinical signs in this dog remained controlled for 10 months in total. Case 1 died of unrelated causes five months after diagnosis, case 2 was euthanased due to the development of seizures 13 months after diagnosis, and case 3 was lost to follow-up 12 months after diagnosis. Melanoma should be considered as a rare differential diagnosis for primary nasal neoplasia in the dog and radiation therapy can be used as effective local therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Davies
- a Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal Veterinary College , University of London , North Mymms , UK
| | - Sarah Spencer
- b School of Veterinary Sciences , University of Bristol , Langford , UK
| | | | - Emma Holmes
- d Department of Pathology & Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College , University of London , North Mymms , UK
| | - Angela Taylor
- a Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal Veterinary College , University of London , North Mymms , UK
| | - Laura Blackwood
- e Small Animal Teaching Hospital , University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus , Neston , UK
| | - Ana Lara-Garcia
- a Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal Veterinary College , University of London , North Mymms , UK
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9
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Delgado E, Silva JX, Pissarra H, Peleteiro MC, Dubielzig RR. Late prostatic metastasis of an uveal melanoma in a miniature Schnauzer dog. Clin Case Rep 2016; 4:647-52. [PMID: 27386120 PMCID: PMC4929797 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript describes a previously unreported clinical case of canine uveal melanoma in a miniature Schnauzer dog with an unusual location of metastasis (prostate) and delayed occurrence (3 years after primary tumor diagnosis and enucleation). Immunohistochemical labeling of both tumors with Melan A, Ki-67, and c-kit added some valuable information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Delgado
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Universidade de Lisboa Avenida da Universidade Técnica Lisboa 1300-477 Portugal
| | - João X Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Universidade de Lisboa Avenida da Universidade Técnica Lisboa 1300-477 Portugal
| | - Hugo Pissarra
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Universidade de Lisboa Avenida da Universidade Técnica Lisboa 1300-477 Portugal
| | - Maria C Peleteiro
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Universidade de Lisboa Avenida da Universidade Técnica Lisboa 1300-477 Portugal
| | - Richard R Dubielzig
- University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine 2015 Linden Drive Madison Wisconsin
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Sánchez J, Ramirez GA, Buendia AJ, Vilafranca M, Martinez CM, Altimira J, Navarro JA. Immunohistochemical Characterization and Evaluation of Prognostic Factors in Canine Oral Melanomas with Osteocartilaginous Differentiation. Vet Pathol 2016; 44:676-82. [PMID: 17846240 DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-5-676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Melanomas are the most common malignant oral neoplasm in dogs. Osteocartilaginous differentiation in oral melanomas is a rare feature described both in veterinary and human medicine. Here, 10 cases of this type of neoplasm were used to study their immunohistochemical, biological, and clinical characteristics. Reactivity for S100 and melan A antigen was evaluated, and 4 prognosis factors (mitotic index, invasiveness of epithelium, nuclear atypia, and proliferation index) were analyzed and correlated with the clinical course of the neoplasms after diagnosis. Immunohistochemical analysis of the studied neoplasms, including the osteocartilaginous areas, showed positive immunoreaction for S100 and melan A, except in one dog, which was negative for melan A. Analysis of the results showed that oral melamonas with osteocartilaginous differentiation have a clinical course similar to that of other melanomas in the oral cavity. Analysis of the mitotic index and the expression of proliferation marker Ki-67 could be useful tools for predicting the biological behavior of these neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sánchez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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11
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Avallone G, Helmbold P, Caniatti M, Stefanello D, Nayak RC, Roccabianca P. The Spectrum of Canine Cutaneous Perivascular Wall Tumors: Morphologic, Phenotypic and Clinical Characterization. Vet Pathol 2016; 44:607-20. [PMID: 17846233 DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-5-607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Perivascular wall tumors (PWTs) are defined as neoplasms deriving from mural cells of blood vessels, excluding the endothelial lining. The spectrum of human cutaneous PWT includes glomus tumor, hemangiopericytoma (HEP), myopericytoma, angioleiomyoma/sarcoma, angiomyofibroblastoma, and angiofibroma. The purpose of this study was to revise clinical presentation, cytology, histopathology, and immunohistology of canine cutaneous PWT with cytology typical of canine HEP. Diagnosis was established on the basis of vascular growth patterns (staghorn, placentoid, perivascular whorling, bundles from media) and immunohistology, including 7 smooth muscle markers and the cell membrane ganglioside of unknown origin recognized by the antibody 3G5 (CMG-3G5). Twenty cases were included. Ages ranged from 6 to 13 years; 12 dogs were males and 8 were females, and there was a prevalence of crossbreeds. Tumors arose from a single site with preferential acral location (10/20). Cytology revealed moderate to high cellularity in all cases, cohesive groups of cells (19/20), capillaries (18/20), and bi- to multinucleated cells (18/20). Six myopericytomas, 5 angioleiomyomas, 2 angioleiomyosarcomas, 2 HEP, 1 angiofibroma, and 1 adventitial tumor were identified. A definitive diagnosis was not possible in 3 cases. Smoothelin, heavy caldesmon, desmin, myosin, calponin, and CMG-3G5 were the most valuable markers to differentially diagnose canine PWT. Similar to reports in humans, canine HEP embodied a spectrum of neoplastic entities arising from different vascular mural cells. Before canine PWTs are assimilated into one prognostic category, a consistent classification and characterization of their biology is necessary. As proposed in humans, HEP should also be considered a diagnosis of exclusion in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Avallone
- DiPAV--Sezione Anatomia Patologica Veterinaria e Patologia Aviare, Facolta' di Medicina Veterinaria, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
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12
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Wiggans KT, Reilly CM, Kass PH, Maggs DJ. Histologic and immunohistochemical predictors of clinical behavior for feline diffuse iris melanoma. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 19 Suppl 1:44-55. [PMID: 26805705 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine histologic and immunohistochemical predictors of metastasis of feline diffuse iris melanoma (FDIM). ANIMALS Globes from 47 client-owned cats enucleated for FDIM between January 1985 and December 2013. PROCEDURES Hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections were evaluated for neoplastic invasiveness and cell morphology, necrosis within the neoplasm, inflammation, and glaucoma. Sections were immunolabeled with antibodies against melan-A, PNL2, E-cadherin, or B-Raf, and label intensity, percentage of labeled cells, and label homogeneity were semi-quantitatively graded. Medical records were evaluated, and referring veterinarians and clients were contacted to determine whether cats developed metastasis following enucleation. The log-rank test or Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine associations between histologic or immunohistochemical parameters and metastasis. RESULTS Metastasis was suspected or confirmed in 9/47 (19%) cats. Extrascleral extension, necrosis within the neoplasm, a mitotic index of >7 mitoses in 10 high-power (×400) fields, choroidal invasion, and increased E-cadherin and melan-A label intensity were each associated with increased rate of metastasis. PNL2 label homogeneity was associated with decreased rate of metastasis. Decreased PNL2 label intensity and an increasing percentage of neoplastic cells labeled for melan-A each approached significance for increased rate of metastasis. CONCLUSIONS We report four histologic and three immunohistochemical parameters helpful in determining cats at risk of metastasis of FDIM. Further studies should determine if B-Raf mutations identified in human malignant melanomas are found in cats with FDIM and assess benefits of adjunctive therapy following enucleation of eyes with FDIM bearing poor prognostic indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tomo Wiggans
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Christopher M Reilly
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Philip H Kass
- Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - David J Maggs
- Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Antiapoptotic Effect of Highly Secreted GMCSF From Neuronal Cell-specific GMCSF Overexpressing Neural Stem Cells in Spinal Cord Injury Model. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2015; 40:E1284-91. [PMID: 26230539 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000001080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Neuronal cell-specific gene expression system and neural stem cells (NSCs) were combined for treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI). OBJECTIVE To verify the reproducibility of the neuronal cell-specific therapeutic gene overexpression system, we develop a neuronal cell-specific granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor expression system (NSE-GMCSF), and then examine the characteristics of GMCSF overexpression and protective effect on neural cells in vitro and vivo. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The stem cell transplantation is considered a promising therapy for SCI. However, stem cell monotherapy strategy is insufficient for complete recovery after SCI. Therefore, combined treatment method based on stem cells with other therapeutic system may be effective for improving the therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we established the gene and stem cell therapy platform based on NSCs and neuronal cell-specific gene expression system. METHODS To examine the GMCSF expression pattern, we compared the amount of secreted GMCSF from the neuronal cell-specific GMCSF expressing NSCs with control GMCSF-expressing NSCs (respectively, NSE-GMCSF-NSCs vs. SV-GMCSF-NSCs) by ELISA in vitro and in vivo, and then verified the neuronal protective effect of these cells in vitro and vivo. RESULTS The results showed that NSE-GMCSF-NSCs secreted more GMCSF compared with SV-GMCSF-NSCs in normoxia, hypoxia and cytotoxic conditions. The cell viability of NSE-GMCSF-NSCs was increased depending on the amount of secreted GMCSF in cytotoxic condition. In addition, the amount of secreted GMCSF by NSE-GMCSF-NSCs transplanted into injured spinal cord was significantly higher than SV-GMCSF-NSCs. Higher amount of secreted GMCSF decreased the expression of proapoptotic protein, Bax. CONCLUSION In this study, we demonstrated that the neuronal cell-specific gene expression system induced overexpression of GMCSF in NSCs. These combined NSCs & gene therapy treatment protocol would be an effective therapeutic system for SCI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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Brandão J, Blair R, Kelly A, Fowlkes N, Shiomitsu K, Espinheira Gomes F, Rich G, Tully TN. Amelanotic Melanoma in the Rabbit: A Case Report With an Overview of Immunohistochemical Characterization. J Exot Pet Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Qendro V, Lundgren DH, Rezaul K, Mahony F, Ferrell N, Bi A, Latifi A, Chowdhury D, Gygi S, Haas W, Wilson L, Murphy M, Han DK. Large-scale proteomic characterization of melanoma expressed proteins reveals nestin and vimentin as biomarkers that can potentially distinguish melanoma subtypes. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:5031-40. [PMID: 25322343 DOI: 10.1021/pr5006789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive type of skin cancer, which accounts for only 4% of skin cancer cases but causes around 75% of skin cancer deaths. Currently, there is a limited set of protein biomarkers that can distinguish melanoma subtypes and provide an accurate prognosis of melanoma. Thus, we have selected and profiled the proteomes of five different melanoma cell lines from different stages of progression in comparison with a normal melanocytes using tandem mass spectrometry. We also profiled the proteome of a solid metastatic melanoma tumor. This resulted in the identification of 4758 unique proteins, among which ∼200-300 differentially expressed proteins from each set were found by quantitative proteomics. Correlating protein expression with aggressiveness of each melanoma cell line and literature mining resulted in the final selection of six proteins: vimentin, nestin, fibronectin, annexin A1, dipeptidyl peptidase IV, and histone H2A1B. Validation of nestin and vimentin using 40 melanoma samples revealed pattern of protein expression can help predict melanoma aggressiveness in different subgroups of melanoma. These results, together with the combined list of 4758 expressed proteins, provide a valuable resource for selecting melanoma biomarkers in the future for the clinical and research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veneta Qendro
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center , 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
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16
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Dawson-Baglien EM, Winkler PA, Bruewer AR, Petersen-Jones SM, Bartoe JT. Isolation and cultivation of canine uveal melanocytes. Vet Ophthalmol 2014; 18:285-90. [PMID: 25176505 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish a method for isolation and culture of canine uveal melanocytes. ANIMALS STUDIED Uveal explants from five mixed-breed dogs. PROCEDURES Donor globes were dissected, and the anterior uvea removed. The uveal explants were placed in trypsin solution for enzymatic digestion. Extracted cells were cultured in modified F12 media. Immunocytochemistry was performed to confirm the identity of the extracted cells. RESULTS Melanocytes were successfully isolated from uveal explants. Contaminating cell types were not observed. Repeated passaging of the melanocytes resulted in a gradual decrease in intracellular pigment. Melanocyte cell lines could be cryopreserved, thawed, and cultures successfully reestablished. CONCLUSIONS This extraction technique allows for generation of large populations of canine uveal melanocytes in a relatively short period of time. This technique could be a useful tool for future studies investigating both normal cellular characteristics and alterations found in melanocytes from dogs with ocular melanocytic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan M Dawson-Baglien
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1314, USA.,Genetics Program, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1314, USA
| | - Paige A Winkler
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1314, USA.,Genetics Program, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1314, USA
| | - Ashlee R Bruewer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1314, USA
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1314, USA.,Genetics Program, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1314, USA
| | - Joshua T Bartoe
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1314, USA
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17
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Gwak HK, Lee JH, Park SG. Preliminary Evaluation of Clinical Utility of CYFRA 21-1, CA 72-4, NSE, CA19-9 and CEA in Stomach Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:4933-8. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.12.4933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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18
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Seltenhammer MH, Sundström E, Meisslitzer-Ruppitsch C, Cejka P, Kosiuk J, Neumüller J, Almeder M, Majdic O, Steinberger P, Losert UM, Stöckl J, Andersson L, Sölkner J, Vetterlein M, Golovko A. Establishment and characterization of a primary and a metastatic melanoma cell line from Grey horses. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2013; 50:56-65. [PMID: 23982913 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-013-9678-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Grey horse phenotype, caused by a 4.6 kb duplication in Syntaxin 17, is strongly associated with high incidence of melanoma. In contrast to most human melanomas with an early onset of metastasis, the Grey horse melanomas have an extended period of benign growth, after which 50% or more eventually undergo progression and may metastasize. In efforts to define changes occurring during Grey horse melanoma progression, we established an in vitro model comprised of two cell lines, HoMel-L1 and HoMel-A1, representing a primary and a metastatic stage of the melanoma, respectively. The cell lines were examined for their growth and morphological characteristics, in vitro and in vivo oncogenic potential, chromosome numbers, and expression of melanocytic antigens and tumor suppressors. Both cell lines exhibited malignant characteristics; however, the metastatic HoMel-A1 showed a more aggressive phenotype characterized by higher proliferation rates, invasiveness, and a stronger tumorigenic potential both in vitro and in vivo. HoMel-A1 displayed a near-haploid karyotype, whereas HoMel-L1 was near-diploid. The cell lines expressed melanocytic lineage markers such as TYR, TRP1, MITF, PMEL, ASIP, MC1R, POMC, and KIT. The tumor suppressor p53 was strongly expressed in both cell lines, while the tumor suppressors p16 and PTEN were absent in HoMel-A1, potentially implicating significance of these pathways in the melanoma progression. This in vitro model system will not only aid in understanding of the Grey horse melanoma pathogenesis, but also in unraveling the steps during melanoma progression in general as well as being an invaluable tool for development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Rolim VM, Casagrande RA, Watanabe TT, Wouters AT, Wouters F, Sonne L, Driemeier D. Melanoma amelanótico em cães: estudo retrospectivo de 35 casos (2004-2010) e caracterização imuno-histoquímica. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2012000400011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Melanomas são tumores agressivos de melanócitos que ocorrem principalmente na cavidade oral, nas junções mucocutâneas e na pele de cães. Este tipo de neoplasma pode apresentar diversos graus de pigmentação melânica, incluindo total ausência (melanomas amelanóticos [MA]). Os arquivos de biópsia do SPV-UFRGS, que compreendem o período de 2004 a 2010, foram revisados e levantados os casos de neoplasias melanocíticas em cães. Realizou-se estudo retrospectivo de 35 casos de MA e caracterização pela imuno-histoquímica (IHQ). As principais raças acometidas foram o Poodle, Dachshund e Cocker Spaniel, mas o maior número de casos foi observado em cães sem raça definida (SRD). A idade média desses cães foi de 10,7 anos (variação de 5 a 18 anos) e não houve predileção por sexo. As principais localizações incluíram cavidade oral (57,1%) e dígitos (17,1%). Histologicamente, 40% dos MA foram classificados como epitelioides, 34,3% como mistos e 25,7% como fusiformes. Na avaliação IHQ, 86,6% dos casos foram positivos para a vimentina, 70% para a proteína S-100 e 56,6% para o melan-A. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho possibilitam concluir que os cães com MA caracterizavam-se por serem velhos. A forma celular mais observada foi a epitelioide. Devido a pouca diferenciação desses tumores, ressalta-se a importância da realização do painel imuno-histoquímico, sobretudo da proteína S-100, que apresentou melhor marcação que o melan-A.
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20
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Scott MC, Sarver AL, Gavin KJ, Thayanithy V, Getzy DM, Newman RA, Cutter GR, Lindblad-Toh K, Kisseberth WC, Hunter LE, Subramanian S, Breen M, Modiano JF. Molecular subtypes of osteosarcoma identified by reducing tumor heterogeneity through an interspecies comparative approach. Bone 2011; 49:356-67. [PMID: 21621658 PMCID: PMC3143255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneous and chaotic nature of osteosarcoma has confounded accurate molecular classification, prognosis, and prediction for this tumor. The occurrence of spontaneous osteosarcoma is largely confined to humans and dogs. While the clinical features are remarkably similar in both species, the organization of dogs into defined breeds provides a more homogeneous genetic background that may increase the likelihood to uncover molecular subtypes for this complex disease. We thus hypothesized that molecular profiles derived from canine osteosarcoma would aid in molecular subclassification of this disease when applied to humans. To test the hypothesis, we performed genome wide gene expression profiling in a cohort of dogs with osteosarcoma, primarily from high-risk breeds. To further reduce inter-sample heterogeneity, we assessed tumor-intrinsic properties through use of an extensive panel of osteosarcoma-derived cell lines. We observed strong differential gene expression that segregated samples into two groups with differential survival probabilities. Groupings were characterized by the inversely correlated expression of genes associated with 'G2/M transition and DNA damage checkpoint' and 'microenvironment-interaction' categories. This signature was preserved in data from whole tumor samples of three independent dog osteosarcoma cohorts, with stratification into the two expected groups. Significantly, this restricted signature partially overlapped a previously defined, predictive signature for soft tissue sarcomas, and it unmasked orthologous molecular subtypes and their corresponding natural histories in five independent data sets from human patients with osteosarcoma. Our results indicate that the narrower genetic diversity of dogs can be utilized to group complex human osteosarcoma into biologically and clinically relevant molecular subtypes. This in turn may enhance prognosis and prediction, and identify relevant therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milcah C. Scott
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Aaron L. Sarver
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Katherine J. Gavin
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Venugopal Thayanithy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Robert A. Newman
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gary R. Cutter
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - William C. Kisseberth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, USA
| | - Lawrence E. Hunter
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Subbaya Subramanian
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Matthew Breen
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jaime F. Modiano
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, USA
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21
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Mayayo SL, Prestigio S, Maniscalco L, Rosa GL, Aricò A, Maria RD, Cavallo F, Ferrone S, Buracco P, Iussich S. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-4: a biomarker and a potential immunotherapeutic target for canine malignant melanoma. Vet J 2011; 190:e26-e30. [PMID: 21482159 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-4 (CSPG4), also known as high molecular weight-melanoma associated antigen (HMW-MAA), is a membrane-bound chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan highly expressed by human melanoma cells. This phylogenetically conserved tumour antigen plays an important biological role in human melanoma, where it is used as a marker to diagnose forms with unusual characteristics, such as desmoplastic melanoma, and to detect melanoma cells in lymph nodes and peripheral blood, and as a target for immunotherapy because of its restricted distribution in normal tissues. To identify suitable targets to develop novel approaches of treating canine melanoma, CSPG4 was studies to see whether it is expressed in canine malignant melanomas. Immunohistochemical staining of 65 canine malignant melanomas with an anti-human CSPG4-specific antibody detected CSPG4 in 37 cases (56.9%). Positive staining was more frequent, albeit not significantly, in amelanotic compared to melanotic tumours and was statistically associated with tumours having both melanin and the epithelioid histotype. The frequency of CSPG4 expression was similar to that of other melanoma antigens used as diagnostic markers for canine malignant melanoma, such as Melan A and the protein recognized by the PNL2 monoclonal antibody. The results suggest that CSPG4 constitutes a new potential immunohistochemical marker of canine malignant melanoma and may represent an immunotherapeutic target as in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Prestigio
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe La Rosa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Arianna Aricò
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Federica Cavallo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Departments of Surgery, of Immunology, and of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Paolo Buracco
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Selina Iussich
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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22
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Smedley RC, Spangler WL, Esplin DG, Kitchell BE, Bergman PJ, Ho HY, Bergin IL, Kiupel M. Prognostic Markers for Canine Melanocytic Neoplasms. Vet Pathol 2011; 48:54-72. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985810390717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. C. Smedley
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | | | - D. G. Esplin
- Animal Reference Pathology Division, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - B. E. Kitchell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | | | - H.-Y. Ho
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - I. L. Bergin
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - M. Kiupel
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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23
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Smedley RC, Lamoureux J, Sledge DG, Kiupel M. Immunohistochemical Diagnosis of Canine Oral Amelanotic Melanocytic Neoplasms. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:32-40. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985810387447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. C. Smedley
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan
| | - J. Lamoureux
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - D. G. Sledge
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - M. Kiupel
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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24
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Ramos-Vara JA, Miller MA. Immunohistochemical Identification of Canine Melanocytic Neoplasms With Antibodies to Melanocytic Antigen PNL2 and Tyrosinase. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:443-50. [PMID: 20858741 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810382095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The immunoreactivity of PNL2 and antityrosinase in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded canine melanocytic neoplasms ( n = 101) was compared with that of Melan A. Of the 113 samples overall, 106 were positive for PNL2, 101 for Melan A, and 90 for tyrosinase. Six melanomas that were positive for PNL2 were negative for Melan A; 1 melanoma that was negative for PNL2 was positive for Melan A. Eighty tumors were positive for all 3 markers; 111 reacted with at least 1 the 3 antibodies. Decalcification with formic acid for up to 1 week did not affect immunoreactivity of any of the markers; however, decalcification with HCl for 1 day or 1 week notably decreased or completely abrogated immunoreactivity for Melan A and PNL2. There was only minor loss of immunoreactivity for tyrosinase in tissues decalcified with HCl for 1 week. Prolonged fixation (up to 2 months) did not affect PNL2 or tyrosinase immunoreactivity; however, Melan A immunoreactivity was reduced after 1 month of fixation. PNL2 was not expressed in 120 nonmelanocytic tumors (carcinomas, sarcomas, steroid-producing tumors, and leukocytic tumors). In summary, antibody PNL2 is slightly more sensitive than Melan A and more sensitive than tyrosinase in the identification of canine melanocytic neoplasms. Furthermore, PNL2 does not appear to cross-react with nonmelanocytic neoplasms. PNL2 is resistant to prolonged fixation but sensitive to strong decalcification. Results indicate that PNL2 is an excellent marker in the identification of canine melanomas and that the sensitivity is close to 100% when used in conjunction with Melan A and tyrosinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Ramos-Vara
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - M. A. Miller
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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25
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Giudice C, Ceciliani F, Rondena M, Stefanello D, Grieco V. Immunohistochemical Investigation of PNL2 Reactivity of Canine Melanocytic Neoplasms and Comparison with Melan A. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 22:389-94. [DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giudice
- Dipartimento di Patologia, Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria Facolta di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ceciliani
- Dipartimento di Patologia, Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria Facolta di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Rondena
- Dipartimento di Patologia, Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria Facolta di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Damiano Stefanello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Veterinarie, Facolta di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Valeria Grieco
- Dipartimento di Patologia, Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria Facolta di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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26
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Ellis AE, Harmon BG, Miller DL, Northrup NC, Latimer KS, Uhl EW. Gingival Osteogenic Melanoma in Two Dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 22:147-51. [DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteogenic melanoma is a rare variant of metaplastic malignant melanoma in human medicine and appears to be a similarly rare variant in dogs. Two dogs with oral malignant melanoma with neoplastic bone formation are reported in this study. Both tumors were characterized by malignant melanocytes that transitioned into neoplastic bone at the deep margins of the neoplasm. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed S100- and Melan-A–positive neoplastic cells adjacent to, and occasionally embedded within, an osteoid and chondroblastic matrix. Scattered clusters of neoplastic cells were also positive for osteocalcin. The findings indicate that in dogs, as in humans, neoplastic melanocytes have metaplastic potential and can be osteogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela E. Ellis
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Barry G. Harmon
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Debra L. Miller
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA
| | - Nicole C. Northrup
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Kenneth S. Latimer
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Elizabeth W. Uhl
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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Suicide gene therapy on spontaneous canine melanoma: correlations between in vivo tumors and their derived multicell spheroids in vitro. Gene Ther 2009; 17:26-36. [PMID: 19741734 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To validate the use of multicellular spheroids to predict the efficacy of herpes simplex thymidine kinase/ganciclovir (HSVtk/GCV) suicide gene therapy in the respective in vivo tumors, we established and characterized 15 melanoma-derived cell lines from surgically excised melanoma tumors. Three HSVtk-lipofected cell lines were not sensitive to GCV in any culture configuration, other five displayed similar sensitivity as monolayers or spheroids, and only one resulted more sensitive when grown as spheroids. Other six cell lines manifested a relative multicellular resistance (MCR) phenotype growing as spheroids, compared with the same cells growing as monolayers. The reverse correlation between the MCR and the monolayers survival to HSVtk/GCV suggests that one of the main causes of MCR would be the rapid cell repopulation after suicide gene treatment. The high correlation of MCR with the spheroids radial growth and with the mitotic index of the respective originary tumors supported this re-growth involvement. A remarkable finding was the high correlation in HSVtk/GCV sensitivity between in vivo tumor and the corresponding derived cell lines growing as spheroids (R(2) = 0.85). This strongly encourages the implementation of spheroids as highly realistic experimental model for optimizing and predicting the in vivo response of the respective tumors to therapeutic strategies.
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28
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Chapman SWK, Metzger N, Grest P, Feige K, von Rechenberg B, Auer JA, Hottiger MO. Isolation, establishment, and characterization of ex vivo equine melanoma cell cultures. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2008; 45:152-62. [PMID: 19057970 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-008-9156-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Gray horses spontaneously develop metastatic melanomas that resemble human disease, and this is often accompanied with metastasis to other organs. Unlike in other species, the establishment of primary equine melanoma cultures that could be used to develop new therapeutic approaches has remained a major challenge. The purpose of the study was to develop a protocol for routine isolation and cultivation of primary equine melanocytes. Melanoma tissues were excised from 13 horses under local anesthesia, mainly from the perianal area. The melanoma cells were isolated from the melanoma tissue by serial enzymatic digestion using dispase and collagenase. Out of the 13 excised melanomas, cell cultures from eight melanomas were established, which corresponded to a success rate 62%. These cells showed different degrees of melanin pigmentation. Characterization of these cells using confocal microscopy, FACs analysis and western blotting showed that they expressed melanoma-associated antigens; Melan-A, MAGE-1, and MAGE-3, and PCNA expression was higher in fast-proliferating isolates. The protocol we developed and established proved successful for routine isolation and cultivation of primary equine melanoma cells. This method provided a large number of primary equine melanoma cells that could be used to study new therapeutic approaches for treatment of equine melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah W Kamau Chapman
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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29
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Latendresse JR, Muskhelishvili L, Warbritton A, Tolleson WH. Two cases of uveal amelanotic melanoma in transgenic Tyr-HRAS+ Ink4a/Arf heterozygous mice. Toxicol Pathol 2008; 35:827-32. [PMID: 17987514 DOI: 10.1080/01926230701584221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is uncommon among wild type mice. Efforts to develop transgenic mice to study this disease have resulted in pigmented tumors derived from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) or mixed tumors of RPE and UM complicating the study of UM specifically. Reported here are two early stage intraocular amelanotic melanomas discovered in 2 Tyr-HRAS+ Ink4a/Arf heterozygous (1 normal CKDN2A allele) transgenic FVB/n mice. These tumors were morphologically and immunohistochemically similar to spontaneous UM recently reported in the Ink4a/Arf homozygous (CKDN2A knockout) parent strain. The tumors originated in the posterior uveal tract. The neoplasms were comprised of bundles of spindle-shaped melanocytes admixed with some epithelioid cells. Tumors were immunohistochemically positive for neuron-specific enolase, S-100, pan-ras, but negative for cytokeratin and Melan-A. The development of early lenticular opacity and bilateral cataracts is a consistent phenotype of transgenic mice in which the retinoblastoma signaling pathway has been disrupted. Lenticular opacity and cataracts are rarely observed clinically in Tyr-HRAS+ Ink4a/Arf heterozygotes, rendering this strain suitable for ophthalmoscopy. Consequently, Tyr-HRAS+ Ink4a/Arf heterozygotes provide practical advantages, compared to the cataract-prone CKDN2A knockout strains, for real-time ophthalomoscopic detection and monitoring of UM while developing chemotherapeutic regimens and other research to understand the biology of UM.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Latendresse
- Toxicologic Pathology Associates, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA.
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Hargis AM, Baldessari AE, Walder EJ. Intraepidermal adenocarcinoma in the perianal skin of two cats, a condition resembling human extramammary Paget's disease. Vet Dermatol 2008; 19:31-7. [PMID: 18177290 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In humans, mammary and extramammary Paget's disease is an uncommon to rare manifestation of intraepidermal adenocarcinoma arising from simple epithelium, usually glandular in origin. This report describes two cats with lesions in perianal skin consisting of atypical intraepidermal neoplastic cells. Differential diagnoses included intraepidermal adenocarcinoma, in situ squamous or basal cell carcinoma, junctional amelanotic melanoma, and epitheliotropic tumours of histiocytic or lymphocytic origin. The atypical intraepidermal cells in the cats were immunohistochemically positive for cytokeratin 8/18 (CK8/18), which stains simple (glandular) epithelium. The keratinocytes and basal cells were negative for CK8/18. In addition, the atypical intraepidermal cells were immunohistochemically negative for melanocytic, lymphocytic, and histiocytic markers. The staining results confirmed the atypical intraepidermal cells to be of simple glandular origin, and ruled out other causes of intraepidermal malignancy. In one cat the clinical lesions consisted of a pruritic erythematous eruption surrounding the anus. Another cat presented clinically for an area of irregular anal thickening; this cat had well-regulated diabetes mellitus. The cats were otherwise clinically healthy. The clinical features, histological appearance, and immunohistochemical staining of the skin lesions were consistent with those described for human perianal extramammary Paget's disease. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of an intraepidermal adenocarcinoma in a cat or other animal species.
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Tamura K, Yamada M, Isotani M, Arai H, Yagihara H, Ono K, Washizu T, Bonkobara M. Induction of dendritic cell-mediated immune responses against canine malignant melanoma cells. Vet J 2008; 175:126-9. [PMID: 17208475 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Revised: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To establish the basis for the use of dendritic cells (DC) in the treatment of canine melanoma, dogs were vaccinated using autologous DC pulsed with canine melanoma CMM2 cell lysate in the presence of keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) in vitro (CMM2-KLH-DC), and the induction of immune responses against CMM2 cells in vivo was examined using the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin test. The DTH responses against CMM2 cells and KLH were observed in dogs vaccinated with CMM2-KLH-DC, while the responses against KLH but not CMM2 cells were detected with DC pulsed with KLH alone (KLH-DC). Recruitment of CD8 and CD4 T cells was detected in the positively responding sites, suggested that vaccination with CMM2-KLH-DC efficiently elicits T cell-mediated immunity against CMM-2 cells in vivo. These findings demonstrate the potential utility of DC-based tumour vaccination in the treatment of canine malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoichi Tamura
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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YOSHIKAWA H, NAKAMOTO Y, OZAWA T, DICKINSON RM. A Dog with Osteosarcoma which Metastasized to the Eye Months before Metastasis to Other Organs. J Vet Med Sci 2008; 70:825-8. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.70.825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto YOSHIKAWA
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan
- Ozawa Animal Hospital
| | | | | | - Ryan M. DICKINSON
- Department of Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe and characterize histiocytic sarcoma (HS) first detected in the eyes of dogs using the large database at the comparative ocular pathology laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW). METHODS Cases diagnosed as HS were selected from the COPLOW database. Slides were reviewed to describe the cellular morphology, localize the tumor within the globe, record the tumor distribution and measure the size of the tumor. Further sections were taken to perform immunohistochemistry for Melan-A, CD18 and S-100, and for ferric iron staining. The following clinical information was recorded: breed, age, gender, laterality, clinical signs upon presentation and follow-up information obtained by response to a mailed survey and phone contact. RESULTS Twenty-six cases were confirmed as being HS according to the immunohistochemical results (CD18 positive and Melan-A negative). The most prevalent breed was Rottweiler (eight cases), followed by Retriever breeds (seven Golden Retrievers and five Labrador Retrievers). The mean age was 8.61 +/- 2.43 years. There were three intact male, eight castrated male, one intact female and 14 spayed female dogs. In 15 dogs there were no concurrent systemic clinical signs at the time of diagnosis. Sixteen of 19 dogs with follow-up information available died as a result of causes related to the tumor, although only three of them received a necropsy. Survival time varied between 5 days and 6 months after enucleation. Three of the dogs were alive at the time the information was gathered. Mean tumor surface was 0.613 +/- 0.38 cm(2). S-100 was diffusely positive in 10 cases, isolated positive cells were found in 11 cases and five cases were completely negative. Seven of the cases were positive for ferric iron. CONCLUSIONS Histiocytic sarcoma must be considered in the differential diagnosis of dogs with intraocular masses, especially in Rottweilers and Retriever breeds. Because it carries poor prognosis, it must be distinguished from melanoma. A good discriminator for this purpose in paraffin-embedded tissues is finding CD18-positive cells and no reactivity against Melan-A. S-100 and ferric iron staining does not seem to be useful. Ocular HS is considered to be a manifestation of a systemic disease even when the disease is first recognized in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Naranjo
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Milner RJ, Salute M, Crawford C, Abbot JR, Farese J. The immune response to disialoganglioside GD3 vaccination in normal dogs: a melanoma surface antigen vaccine. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 114:273-84. [PMID: 17027091 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2005] [Revised: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
As a result of its metastatic potential, canine malignant melanoma like its human counterpart like its human counter part, has a poor response to conventional treatment protocols. This prompted us to investigate the possibility of enhancing the immune response against the melanoma cell surface antigen, disialoganglioside GD3. Initially a flow cytometric study was designed in which the incidence of GD3 on the cell surface, recognized by the monoclonal antibody Mel-1 (R24), was established in canine melanoma cell lines. Results from the flow cytometry found GD3 to be highly expressed (94.2%) in six out of seven canine melanoma cell lines. Since it was thus potentially a good target, a study in which normal dogs were vaccinated intradermally with a vaccine containing GD3 plus adjuvants was designed. The adjuvant included CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) sequences and RIBI-adjuvant, which are known to target toll-like receptors (TLR) of the innate immune system. From a cohort of 10 dogs, 4 were vaccinated 3 times, at 4 weekly intervals with GD3 plus adjuvant, and 4 received only RIBI-adjuvant, and 2 phosphate buffered saline. Caliper measurements were collected to assess skin reaction at the vaccination site and sera assayed for IgM and IgG antibodies against GD3 and cell-mediated cytotoxicity against a melanoma cell line. Results from the study found significant differences (P<0.05) in the vaccine site reactions, IgM/IgG levels and cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the vaccinated versus unvaccinated dogs. The addition of CpG-ODN sequences and increasing GD3 concentration in the vaccine increased the inflammation response at the injection site. GD3 IgG and IgM antibodies in vaccinated dogs showed increasing titers over time and achieved significance at weeks 9 and 12, respectively. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity was only detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from vaccinated dogs. In conclusion, by combining the tumor antigen GD3 (a known weak self-antigen) and an adjuvant, tolerance was overcome by an innate and adaptive immune response in this population of normal dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Milner
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA.
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Vilches-Moure JG, Ramos-Vara JA. Comparison of rabbit monoclonal and mouse monoclonal antibodies in immunohistochemistry in canine tissues. J Vet Diagn Invest 2006; 17:346-50. [PMID: 16130992 DOI: 10.1177/104063870501700407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabbit monoclonal (RM) antibodies appear to have higher affinity for antigens than mouse monoclonal (MM) antibodies. However, RM antibodies have not been used in veterinary diagnostic immunohistochemistry. The authors compared reactivities of RM and MM antibodies on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded canine tissues, targeting 11 different antigens: CD3, CD79a, calcitonin, calretinin, chromogranin A, COX-2, estrogen receptor, Ki67, progesterone receptor, synaptophysin, and vimentin. Paraffin-embedded tissue sections were processed by 1 of 2 antigen-retrieval methods: 1) proteinase K digestion or 2) steam heat in citrate buffer. An additional set of slides did not receive antigen retrieval. Immunostaining was performed using an automated stainer, and scores were assigned to the different dilutions and antigen-retrieval methods on the basis of staining intensity and number of positive cells. Steam heat was usually the best antigen-retrieval method. The optimal dilution for each antibody was that which resulted in the highest specific staining and the lowest nonspecific (background) staining. The RM or MM antibodies yielded a specific reaction for all antigens examined except calretinin. The RM and MM antibodies yielded a specific reaction for 4 antigens only: COX-2, Ki67, synaptophysin, and vimentin. Three antigens (CD3, chromogranin A, and progesterone receptor) were detected only with RM antibodies, whereas the other 3 (CD79a, calcitonin, estrogen receptor) were detected only with MM antibodies. The results of this study differed from those reported for human tissues by the manufacturers of the antibodies. These results emphasize that, regardless of manufacturers' recommendations, each antibody must be individually standardized and validated before routine use in canine tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G Vilches-Moure
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, and Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
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Wohlsein P, Cichowski S, Baumgärtner W. Primary Endocardial Malignant Spindle-cell Sarcoma in the Right Atrium of a Dog resembling a Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumour. J Comp Pathol 2005; 132:340-5. [PMID: 15893992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2004.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2004] [Accepted: 10/31/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An unusual malignant spindle-cell sarcoma in the right atrium of a 7-year-old male hunting terrier is described. The neoplasm arose from the endocardium, protruded into the lumen of the right atrium, was covered with endothelium, and showed local invasive growth into the atrial wall. The tumour was composed of interlacing bundles of spindle cells, sometimes arranged in whorls resembling the Antoni type A pattern. The extracellular matrix showed abundant reticulin fibres. Immunohistochemistry revealed an intense labelling of tumour cells for vimentin, and a partial labelling for neuron-specific enolase, S100 protein, and Melan-A. The morphology of the tumour indicated a primary malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour, resembling a neoplasm described in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wohlsein
- Institut für Pathologie, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
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Gyorffy S, Rodriguez-Lecompte JC, Woods JP, Foley R, Kruth S, Liaw PC, Gauldie J. Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cell Vaccination of Dogs with Naturally Occurring Melanoma by Using Human gp100 Antigen. J Vet Intern Med 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Maliver P, Estrada M, Lagadic M, Mialot M, Manin S, Fontaine JJ. An Osteoid Variant of Cutaneous Melanoma in a Dog Detected by S100 and Melan A Markers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 51:413-5. [PMID: 15610483 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2004.00651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteoid malignant melanoma is a rare type of melanoma described in humans and dogs with some areas of bone differentiation. In this tumour, the origin of the bone matrix remains unclear. We report one case of this variant with, for the first time, a cutaneous origin in a dog. Malignant melanomas are aggressive tumours. Amelanotic tumours are sometimes difficult to recognize as they require immunohistochemical evaluation for an adequate diagnosis and we have used anti-vimentin, S100, and melan A antibodies for identification. Melan A is less sensitive but more specific than S100 in identifying amelanotic melanomas. This tumour was positive for vimentin, S100 and melan A, including the areas of osteoid. These results suggest osteoid differentiation of tumour cells rather than induced stromal metaplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Maliver
- Laboratoire d'Histocytopathologie Vétérinaire, 95 rue raspail, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Garner MM, Gamble KC, Raymond JT, Alvarado TP, Wojcieszyn JW, Nordhausen RW. Pancreatic islet fibrosis in rock hyrax (Procavia capensis), Part 2: Pathology, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. J Zoo Wildl Med 2004; 35:280-91. [PMID: 15526882 DOI: 10.1638/02-078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islet fibrosis with varying degrees of islet cell hyperplasia or islet effacement was diagnosed histologically in 19 rock hyraxes (Procavia capensis) from seven zoological parks. Some, but not all, affected hyraxes were from a common lineage. The condition was associated with apparent hyperglycemia in seven and diabetes mellitus in two. Immunohistochemistry revealed hyperplasia of beta, alpha, and delta cells proportional to the degree of the fibrosis. Electron microscopy revealed collagen deposition and fibroplasia within and around the islets. Special stains and electron microscopy were negative for the presence of amyloid. Beta cell depletion was never identified. The condition has morphologic features that resemble islet fibrosis of human infants born to diabetic mothers.
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Tanaka N, Mimura M, Kimijima Y, Amagasa T. Clinical investigation of amelanotic malignant melanoma in the oral region. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004; 62:933-7. [PMID: 15278856 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2004.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Amelanotic oral malignant melanoma (AOMM) is a rare tumor that is difficult to diagnose. We studied the clinical and pathologic features of nine cases of this tumor to define diagnostic criteria and estimate prognoses for 2 different types of AOMM. PATIENTS AND METHODS Nine patients with 2 different types of primary AOMM were examined between 1970 and 2002. The histopathology of surgical specimens was studied, uncertain diagnoses were supported by immunohistochemical reactions, and electron microscopy and prognoses were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS AOMM without radial growth phase may be particularly difficult to diagnose correctly without immunohistochemical assistance. Tumors consisted of a mixture of polygonal and spindle cells in different ratios in tumors with and without radial growth phase. The life span ranged from 3 months to 6 years 3 months, and all 9 patients died of the tumor. In 7 of the 9 cases, distant metastases were found. CONCLUSIONS AOMM without radial growth phase may be misdiagnosed as epulis or squamous cell carcinoma. Questionable lesions, particularly maxillary and palatal lesions, must be biopsied for histopathologic and possibly immunohistochemical examinations followed by rapid treatment. The prognosis of AOMM was poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Tanaka
- Department of Oral Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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Choi C, Kusewitt DF. Comparison of tyrosinase-related protein-2, S-100, and Melan A immunoreactivity in canine amelanotic melanomas. Vet Pathol 2004; 40:713-8. [PMID: 14608029 DOI: 10.1354/vp.40-6-713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2) is a highly conserved melanogenic enzyme expressed in both pigmented and unpigmented melanomas of the mouse. To determine whether TRP-2 would be a good diagnostic marker for amelanotic melanomas of the dog, we performed immunohistochemistry for TRP-2, S-100, and Melan A on 21 canine tumors identified as amelanotic melanomas based on routine histopathologic examination. Thirteen of the tumors were TRP-2 positive, 10 were Melan A positive, and 19 were S-100 positive. TRP-2 was expressed in the cytoplasm of tumor cells in both primary and metastatic melanomas. S-100 staining was positive in all of three schwannomas and two of three gastrointestinal stromal tumors (one fibrosarcoma and one leiomyosarcoma) tested. Neither Melan A nor TRP-2 antibodies reacted with these tumors. Our findings indicate that staining for TRP-2 is a sensitive and specific method for confirming the diagnosis of amelanotic melanoma in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Choi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Bianco SR, Sun J, Fosmire SP, Hance K, Padilla ML, Ritt MG, Getzy DM, Duke RC, Withrow SJ, Lana S, Matthiesen DT, Dow SW, Bellgrau D, Cutter GR, Helfand SC, Modiano JF. Enhancing antimelanoma immune responses through apoptosis. Cancer Gene Ther 2003; 10:726-36. [PMID: 12944992 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We examined the feasibility of using tumor apoptosis at accessible sites to enhance antimelanoma immune responses in a model of spontaneous canine melanoma. We show that priming peripheral blood mononuclear cells with apoptotic melanoma cells significantly enhanced autologous and allogeneic lymphokine-activated killing of tumor cells. Since various pathways required for intrinsic apoptosis are often inactivated in melanoma, we used Fas ligand (FasL) overexpression to promote extrinsic apoptosis. FasL induced apoptosis in five of six cell lines. Each of the susceptible lines, but not the resistant one, expressed Fas mRNA. In addition, direct intratumoral administration of FasL DNA to tumor-bearing dogs was safe, with no adverse events reported over 7 days of observation. A reduction of tumor burden was seen in three of five dogs treated. The reduction of tumor volume was correlated with Fas expression by the tumors, although one dog with a Fas-negative tumor survived for 82 weeks after treatment. Our data show that overexpression of FasL is suitable to promote apoptosis of Fas(+) melanomas, and support the notion that priming immune responder cells with apoptotic tumor cells may enhance antitumor responses. The results also suggest that intratumoral administration of FasL offers a safe route for therapeutic gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie R Bianco
- Center for Cancer Causation and Prevention, AMC Cancer Research Center and Donald Monk Cancer Research Foundation, Denver, Colorado 80214, USA
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Mikaelian I, Wong V. Follicular stem cell carcinoma: histologic, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and clinical characterization in 30 dogs. Vet Pathol 2003; 40:433-44. [PMID: 12824515 DOI: 10.1354/vp.40-4-433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostic records of 30 primary and one metastatic follicular stem cell carcinomas in 30 dogs were reviewed. Neoplastic cells had a clear cytoplasm and formed lobules and nests surrounded by a basement membrane. Trichoepitheliomatous and apocrine differentiations were noted in 22 of 30 (73%) and 21 of 30 (70%) primary tumors, respectively. Glycogen was present in 20 of 20 (100%) tumors tested, suggesting tricholemmal differentiation. Antibodies against AE1/AE3 cytokeratin, vimentin, and melanA/MART1 stained 29 of 30 (97%), 29 of 30 (97%), and 12 of 27 (44%) primary tumors, respectively. Small amounts of melanin were identified in 14 primary tumors, either on the hematoxylin and eosin-stained section (n = 6), or on the Fontana-stained section (n = 8 of 14). Ultrastructural features of neoplastic cells included cell junction complexes, swollen mitochondria, neuroendocrine-like granules, and intracytoplasmic non-membrane-bound accumulation of proteinaceous material. Features of this neoplasm are consistent with a follicular stem cell origin. Follow-up information was available for eight dogs. Metastases developed in the draining lymph node at the time of excision of the primary tumor (n = 1) or subsequently (n = 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mikaelian
- IDEXX Veterinary Services, West Sacramento, CA, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Balloon cell melanoma is a rare variant of amelanotic melanoma that is difficult to differentiate from sebaceous cell carcinoma, liposarcoma, and other clear cell neoplasms without immunohistochemistry or ultrastructural evidence of melanin or melanosomes. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this report was to describe the clinical, cytologic, histologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural findings in a dog with metastatic balloon cell melanoma. METHODS A 6-year-old female Golden Retriever was evaluated for a white, flocculent infiltrate in the anterior chamber of the left eye and an enlarged left prescapular lymph node. Cytologic evaluation of the eye and lymph node were performed following aqueocentesis and fine-needle aspiration, respectively. The affected lymph node was examined histologically and stained for cytokeratin, vimentin, S-100, and Melan A. Following euthanasia a necropsy was performed and samples of the affected lymph node were examined by electron microscopy. RESULTS Cytologic examination of the lymph node and aqueocentesis sample revealed round neoplastic cells that had abundant clear vacuolated cytoplasm. A tentative diagnosis of metastatic sebaceous cell carcinoma or clear cell neoplasm was made. Histologically, the affected lymph node had similar polygonal clear cells arranged in sheets and packets divided by delicate fibrovascular stroma. Immunohistochemical staining of the cells was negative for cytokeratin but positive for vimentin, weakly positive for S-100, and strongly positive for Melan A. At necropsy, metastatic lesions were identified in the diaphragm, heart, lung, kidneys, left eye, prescapular and sublumbar lymph nodes, and multiple skin sites. Ultrastructural examination of neoplastic lymph nodes revealed many membrane-bound vacuoles, myelin-like figures, and rare melanosomes. CONCLUSION Immunohistochemical staining and ultrastructural features of the neoplastic cells supported a diagnosis of metastatic balloon cell melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda J Wilkerson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Abstract
Melanoma is a devastating disease frequently encountered within both veterinary and human medicine. Molecular changes linked with neoplastic transformation of melanocytes include mutations in genes that encode proteins intrinsic to the regulatory pathways of two tumor suppressor proteins (retinoblastoma protein and p53), proto-oncogene mutation to oncogenes, altered expression of epithelial cadherin and CD44 adhesion molecules, and upregulation of angiogenic factors and other growth factors. Histologic evaluation of the primary mass is the most common means of diagnosis, with cytology used more frequently to document metastasis. Melanoma's highly variable histologic and cytologic patterns can make diagnosis by either method problematic. Adherent epithelioid morphology, including signet ring forms, and nonadherent round and spindle forms are recognized, with pigmentation an inconsistent finding. The site of the tumor, the thickness of the primary tumor or depth of invasion, and the number of mitotic figures per high-power field or per millimeter are used histologically to predict biologic behavior, whereas site and degree of pleomorphism are typically used for cytologic preparations. Diagnosis of amelanotic melanoma can be aided by ancillary diagnostic techniques. Tumor cells are usually positive for vimentin, S100, neuron-specific enolase, and Melan-A, and negative for cytokeratin. Melan-A as a positive marker is not as sensitive as the others are but is likely more specific. Monoclonal antibodies to human melanosome-specific antigens 1 and 5 cross-react with canine antigens for a combined sensitivity rate of 83%. Mouse monoclonal antibody IBF9 specifically recognizes canine melanoma antigen and also has good sensitivity. Serologic markers, including cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and melanoma-inhibitory activity, are being investigated as potential sentinels of melanoma. Currently, there is no single diagnostic technique capable of differentiating benign from malignant melanocytic neoplasms or predicting survival time.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Koenig A, Bianco SR, Fosmire S, Wojcieszyn J, Modiano JF. Expression and significance of p53, rb, p21/waf-1, p16/ink-4a, and PTEN tumor suppressors in canine melanoma. Vet Pathol 2002; 39:458-72. [PMID: 12126149 DOI: 10.1354/vp.39-4-458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of tumor suppressor genes in the pathogenesis of canine melanoma is incompletely understood. The genes encoding the tumor suppressors p53, Rb, p21 (waf-1), p16 (ink-4a), and PTEN have been postulated to contribute to the pathogenesis of melanoma in humans and experimental animal models. To assess whether inactivation of these genes similarly contributes to the origin and progression of canine melanoma, we examined their expression in seven distinct canine melanoma cell lines and in 31 retrospective samples (representing 29 dogs) of spontaneous canine melanoma. Various patterns suggestive of loss of tumor suppressor function emerged in these cell lines. The most frequently observed abnormality was loss or significant reduction of p16 expression in six of seven cell lines and in 21 of 26 tumor samples. Loss or significant reduction of PTEN expression was seen in four of seven cell lines and in 13 of 27 tumor samples. Although p53 was detectable in all the cell lines and in 24 of 30 tumors, exclusion of p53 from the nuclear compartment was observed in each of the cell lines and in 18 of 25 tumor samples. These results indicate that loss of function of these tumor suppressor proteins is a common occurrence that may contribute to the origin of canine melanoma. In our sample population, abnormalities in the expression or localization of one or more tumor suppressor proteins occurred with similar frequency in malignant and benign tumors; thus, additional work is necessary to determine how these proteins may impact disease progression and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Koenig
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A & M University, College Station, USA
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