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Abstract
Midinfrared photothermal (MIP) microscopy, also called optical photothermal infrared (O-PTIR) microscopy, is an emerging tool for bond-selective chemical imaging of living biological and material samples. In MIP microscopy, a visible probe beam detects the photothermal-based contrast induced by a vibrational absorption. With submicron spatial resolution, high spectral fidelity, and reduced water absorption background, MIP microscopy has overcome the limitations in infrared chemical imaging methods. In this review, we summarize the basic principle of MIP microscopy, the different origins of MIP contrasts, and recent technology development that pushed the resolution, speed, and sensitivity of MIP imaging to a new stage. We further emphasize its broad applications in life science and material characterization, and provide a perspective of future technical advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States.,Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Jiaze Yin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States.,Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Zhongyue Guo
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States.,Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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2
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Hilzenrat G, Gill ET, McArthur SL. Imaging approaches for monitoring three-dimensional cell and tissue culture systems. J Biophotonics 2022; 15:e202100380. [PMID: 35357086 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen an increasing demand for more complex, reproducible and physiologically relevant tissue cultures that can mimic the structural and biological features of living tissues. Monitoring the viability, development and responses of such tissues in real-time are challenging due to the complexities of cell culture physical characteristics and the environments in which these cultures need to be maintained in. Significant developments in optics, such as optical manipulation, improved detection and data analysis, have made optical imaging a preferred choice for many three-dimensional (3D) cell culture monitoring applications. The aim of this review is to discuss the challenges associated with imaging and monitoring 3D tissues and cell culture, and highlight topical label-free imaging tools that enable bioengineers and biophysicists to non-invasively characterise engineered living tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geva Hilzenrat
- Bioengineering Engineering Group, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
- Biomedical Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma T Gill
- Bioengineering Engineering Group, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
- Biomedical Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sally L McArthur
- Bioengineering Engineering Group, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
- Biomedical Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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3
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Ma Y, Colin C, Descamps J, Arbault S, Sojic N. Shadow Electrochemiluminescence Microscopy of Single Mitochondria. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18742-18749. [PMID: 34115447 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the subcellular bioenergetic organelles. The analysis of their morphology and topology is essential to provide useful information on their activity and metabolism. Herein, we report a label-free shadow electrochemiluminescence (ECL) microscopy based on the spatial confinement of the ECL-emitting reactive layer to image single living mitochondria deposited on the electrode surface. The ECL mechanism of the freely-diffusing [Ru(bpy)3 ]2+ dye with the sacrificial tri-n-propylamine coreactant restrains the light-emitting region to a micrometric thickness allowing to visualize individual mitochondria with a remarkable sharp negative optical contrast. The imaging approach named "shadow ECL" (SECL) reflects the negative imprint of the local diffusional hindrance of the ECL reagents by each mitochondrion. The statistical analysis of the colocalization of the shadow ECL spots with the functional mitochondria revealed by classical fluorescent biomarkers, MitoTracker Deep Red and the endogenous intramitochondrial NADH, validates the reported methodology. The versatility and extreme sensitivity of the approach are further demonstrated by visualizing single mitochondria, which remain hardly detectable with the usual biomarkers. Finally, by alleviating problems of photobleaching and phototoxicity associated with conventional microscopy methods, SECL microscopy should find promising applications in the imaging of subcellular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Ma
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Camille Colin
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Julie Descamps
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Stéphane Arbault
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, 33607, Pessac, France.,Present address: Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN UMR 5248, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, 33607, Pessac, France
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Ma
- University of Bordeaux Bordeaux INP ISM UMR CNRS 5255 33607 Pessac France
| | - Camille Colin
- University of Bordeaux Bordeaux INP ISM UMR CNRS 5255 33607 Pessac France
| | - Julie Descamps
- University of Bordeaux Bordeaux INP ISM UMR CNRS 5255 33607 Pessac France
| | - Stéphane Arbault
- University of Bordeaux Bordeaux INP ISM UMR CNRS 5255 33607 Pessac France
- Present address: Univ. Bordeaux CNRS Bordeaux INP CBMN UMR 5248 Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire 33600 Pessac France
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux Bordeaux INP ISM UMR CNRS 5255 33607 Pessac France
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5
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Adhikari S, Spaeth P, Kar A, Baaske MD, Khatua S, Orrit M. Photothermal Microscopy: Imaging the Optical Absorption of Single Nanoparticles and Single Molecules. ACS Nano 2020; 14:16414-16445. [PMID: 33216527 PMCID: PMC7760091 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The photothermal (PT) signal arises from slight changes of the index of refraction in a sample due to absorption of a heating light beam. Refractive index changes are measured with a second probing beam, usually of a different color. In the past two decades, this all-optical detection method has reached the sensitivity of single particles and single molecules, which gave birth to original applications in material science and biology. PT microscopy enables shot-noise-limited detection of individual nanoabsorbers among strong scatterers and circumvents many of the limitations of fluorescence-based detection. This review describes the theoretical basis of PT microscopy, the methodological developments that improved its sensitivity toward single-nanoparticle and single-molecule imaging, and a vast number of applications to single-nanoparticle imaging and tracking in material science and in cellular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasis Adhikari
- Huygens−Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Spaeth
- Huygens−Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ashish Kar
- Chemistry
Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology
Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujrat 382355, India
| | - Martin Dieter Baaske
- Huygens−Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Saumyakanti Khatua
- Chemistry
Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology
Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujrat 382355, India
| | - Michel Orrit
- Huygens−Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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6
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Kansiz M, Prater C, Dillon E, Lo M, Anderson J, Marcott C, Demissie A, Chen Y, Kunkel G. Optical Photothermal Infrared Microspectroscopy with Simultaneous Raman - A New Non-Contact Failure Analysis Technique for Identification of <10 μm Organic Contamination in the Hard Drive and other Electronics Industries. Micros Today 2020; 28:26-36. [PMID: 33850481 PMCID: PMC8039913 DOI: 10.1017/s1551929520000917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Optical Photothermal Infrared (O-PTIR) spectroscopy is a new technique for measuring submicron spatial resolution IR spectra with little or no sample preparation. This speeds up analysis times benefiting high-volume manufacturers through gaining insight into process contamination that occurs during development and on production lines. The ability to rapidly obtain far-field non-contact IR spectra at high spatial resolution facilitates the chemical identification of small organic contaminants that are not possible to measure with conventional Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy. The unique pump-probe system architecture also facilitates submicron simultaneous IR + Raman microscopy from the same spot with the same spatial resolution. With these unique capabilities, O-PTIR is finding utilization in the high-volume and high-value industries of high-tech componentry (memory storage, electronics, displays, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig Prater
- Photothermal Spectroscopy Corp, Santa Barbara, CA 93101
| | - Eoghan Dillon
- Photothermal Spectroscopy Corp, Santa Barbara, CA 93101
| | - Michael Lo
- Photothermal Spectroscopy Corp, Santa Barbara, CA 93101
| | - Jay Anderson
- Photothermal Spectroscopy Corp, Santa Barbara, CA 93101
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7
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Miyazaki J, Toumon Y. Label-free dynamic imaging of mitochondria and lysosomes within living cells via simultaneous dual-pump photothermal microscopy. Biomed Opt Express 2019; 10:5852-5861. [PMID: 31799051 PMCID: PMC6865103 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.005852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic activities of mitochondria and lysosomes, which play important roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis, were observed without labeling by using highly sensitive photothermal (PT) microscopy. This imaging modality allows for the direct observation of cellular organelles that contain endogenous chromophores, with high temporal and spatial resolution. We identified mitochondria and lysosomes inside living mammalian cells via simultaneous dual-color imaging. Moreover, dynamic imaging revealed that the lysosomes make contact with mitochondria and move between sites within the dynamic mitochondrial network. Since mitochondrial and lysosomal functions are intricately connected, PT microscopy should provide in-depth understanding of cellular functions associated with mitochondria-lysosome communication as well as insights into various human diseases caused by dysfunction of these organelles.
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8
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Totachawattana A, Hong MK, Erramilli S, Sander MY. Multiple bifurcations with signal enhancement in nonlinear mid-infrared thermal lens spectroscopy. Analyst 2018; 142:1882-1890. [PMID: 28275761 DOI: 10.1039/c6an02565j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel nonlinear mid-infrared vibrational spectroscopy regime where multiple bifurcations and signal enhancement are observed in the photothermal spectrum of a 6 μm-thick layer of 4-octyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl (8CB) liquid crystal. For increasing pump power values, the nonlinear evolution of the photothermal spectrum is studied in 8CB samples initially in the crystalline and smectic-A phase and their non-equilibrium transitions are characterized with pump-probe thermal lens spectroscopy. The nonlinear photothermal phenomena can be explained by the nucleation of localized non-equilibrium transitions that leads to the formation of bubbles, which modify the thermal lensing behavior. Analysis of the multiple bifurcations reveals a universal critical exponent for these non-equilibrium dynamics that can be linked to mean field theory. We report for the first time simultaneous measurement of the photothermal signal amplitude and phase behavior in the nonlinear regime. Due to the signal enhancement and spectral narrowing observed, nonlinear photothermal behavior shows promise for improvement in sensitivity and signal contrast in mid-infrared, attractive for sample characterization in the mid-infrared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atcha Totachawattana
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary's Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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9
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Tomimatsu T, Miyazaki J, Kano Y, Kobayashi T. Photothermal imaging of skeletal muscle mitochondria. Biomed Opt Express 2017; 8:2965-2975. [PMID: 28663919 PMCID: PMC5480442 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.002965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The morphology and topology of mitochondria provide useful information about the physiological function of skeletal muscle. Previous studies of skeletal muscle mitochondria are based on observation with transmission, scanning electron microscopy or fluorescence microscopy. In contrast, photothermal (PT) microscopy has advantages over the above commonly used microscopic techniques because of no requirement for complex sample preparation by fixation or fluorescent-dye staining. Here, we employed the PT technique using a simple diode laser to visualize skeletal muscle mitochondria in unstained and stained tissues. The fine mitochondrial network structures in muscle fibers could be imaged with the PT imaging system, even in unstained tissues. PT imaging of tissues stained with toluidine blue revealed the structures of subsarcolemmal (SS) and intermyofibrillar (IMF) mitochondria and the swelling behavior of mitochondria in damaged muscle fibers with sufficient image quality. PT image analyses based on fast Fourier transform (FFT) and Grey-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) were performed to derive the characteristic size of mitochondria and to discriminate the image patterns of normal and damaged fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Tomimatsu
- Advanced Ultrafast Laser Research Center, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Jun Miyazaki
- Advanced Ultrafast Laser Research Center, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kano
- Brain Science Inspired Life Support Research Center, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Kobayashi
- Advanced Ultrafast Laser Research Center, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
- Brain Science Inspired Life Support Research Center, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
- Advanced Ultrafast Laser Research Center, Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao-Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsinchu Rd., Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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10
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Miyazaki J, Kobayahsi T. Photothermal Microscopy for High Sensitivity and High Resolution Absorption Contrast Imaging of Biological Tissues. Photonics 2017; 4:32. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics4020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Shibu ES, Varkentina N, Cognet L, Lounis B. Small Gold Nanorods with Tunable Absorption for Photothermal Microscopy in Cells. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2017; 4:1600280. [PMID: 28251050 PMCID: PMC5323823 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, sorting, and characterization of monodisperse gold nanorods with dimensions around 10 nm in length and below 6 nm in diameter is reported. They display tunable plasmon resonance in the near infrared, a region where cellular absorption is reduced. A dual color photothermal microscope is developed to demonstrate that they are promising single molecule probes for bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edakkattuparambil Sidharth Shibu
- University of BordeauxDepartment of Science and TechnologyF‐33405TalenceFrance
- Institut d'Optique and CNRSLP2NF‐33405TalenceFrance
| | - Nadezda Varkentina
- University of BordeauxDepartment of Science and TechnologyF‐33405TalenceFrance
- Institut d'Optique and CNRSLP2NF‐33405TalenceFrance
| | - Laurent Cognet
- University of BordeauxDepartment of Science and TechnologyF‐33405TalenceFrance
- Institut d'Optique and CNRSLP2NF‐33405TalenceFrance
| | - Brahim Lounis
- University of BordeauxDepartment of Science and TechnologyF‐33405TalenceFrance
- Institut d'Optique and CNRSLP2NF‐33405TalenceFrance
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12
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Zhang D, Li C, Zhang C, Slipchenko MN, Eakins G, Cheng JX. Depth-resolved mid-infrared photothermal imaging of living cells and organisms with submicrometer spatial resolution. Sci Adv 2016; 2:e1600521. [PMID: 27704043 PMCID: PMC5040478 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Chemical contrast has long been sought for label-free visualization of biomolecules and materials in complex living systems. Although infrared spectroscopic imaging has come a long way in this direction, it is thus far only applicable to dried tissues because of the strong infrared absorption by water. It also suffers from low spatial resolution due to long wavelengths and lacks optical sectioning capabilities. We overcome these limitations through sensing vibrational absorption-induced photothermal effect by a visible laser beam. Our mid-infrared photothermal (MIP) approach reached 10 μM detection sensitivity and submicrometer lateral spatial resolution. This performance has exceeded the diffraction limit of infrared microscopy and allowed label-free three-dimensional chemical imaging of live cells and organisms. Distributions of endogenous lipid and exogenous drug inside single cells were visualized. We further demonstrated in vivo MIP imaging of lipids and proteins in Caenorhabditis elegans. The reported MIP imaging technology promises broad applications from monitoring metabolic activities to high-resolution mapping of drug molecules in living systems, which are beyond the reach of current infrared microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delong Zhang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mikhail N. Slipchenko
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Gregory Eakins
- Jonathan Amy Facility for Chemical Instrumentation, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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13
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Miyazaki J, Iida T, Tanaka S, Hayashi-Takagi A, Kasai H, Okabe S, Kobayashi T. Fast 3D visualization of endogenous brain signals with high-sensitivity laser scanning photothermal microscopy. Biomed Opt Express 2016; 7:1702-10. [PMID: 27231615 PMCID: PMC4871075 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.001702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A fast, high-sensitivity photothermal microscope was developed by implementing a spatially segmented balanced detection scheme into a laser scanning microscope. We confirmed a 4.9 times improvement in signal-to-noise ratio in the spatially segmented balanced detection compared with that of conventional detection. The system demonstrated simultaneous bi-modal photothermal and confocal fluorescence imaging of transgenic mouse brain tissue with a pixel dwell time of 20 μs. The fluorescence image visualized neurons expressing yellow fluorescence proteins, while the photothermal signal detected endogenous chromophores in the mouse brain, allowing 3D visualization of the distribution of various features such as blood cells and fine structures probably due to lipids. This imaging modality was constructed using compact and cost-effective laser diodes, and will thus be widely useful in the life and medical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Miyazaki
- Advanced Ultrafast Laser Research Center, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan
- JST, CREST, K’ Gobancho, 7, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Tadatsune Iida
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shinji Tanaka
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akiko Hayashi-Takagi
- Department of Structural Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Haruo Kasai
- JST, CREST, K’ Gobancho, 7, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Department of Structural Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shigeo Okabe
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Kobayashi
- Advanced Ultrafast Laser Research Center, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan
- JST, CREST, K’ Gobancho, 7, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0971, Japan
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14
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Totachawattana A, Liu H, Mertiri A, Hong MK, Erramilli S, Sander MY. Vibrational mid-infrared photothermal spectroscopy using a fiber laser probe: asymptotic limit in signal-to-baseline contrast. Opt Lett 2016; 41:179-82. [PMID: 26696188 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.000179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We report on a mid-infrared photothermal spectroscopy system with a near-infrared fiber probe laser and a tunable quantum cascade pump laser. Photothermal spectra of a 6 μm-thick 4-octyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl liquid crystal sample are measured with a signal-to-baseline contrast above 103. As both the peak photothermal signal and the corresponding baseline increase linearly with probe power, the signal-to-baseline contrast converges to an asymptotic limit for a given pump power. This limit is independent of the probe power and characterizes the best contrast achievable for the system. This enables sensitive quantitative spectral characterization of linear infrared absorption features directly from photothermal spectroscopy measurements.
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15
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Devadas MS, Devkota T, Johns P, Li Z, Lo SS, Yu K, Huang L, Hartland GV. Imaging nano-objects by linear and nonlinear optical absorption microscopies. Nanotechnology 2015; 26:354001. [PMID: 26266335 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/35/354001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Absorption based microscopy measurements are emerging as important tools for studying nanomaterials. This review discusses the three most common techniques for performing these experiments: transient absorption microscopy, photothermal heterodyne imaging, and spatial modulation spectroscopy. The focus is on the application of these techniques to imaging and detection, using examples taken from the authors' laboratory. The advantages and disadvantages of the three methods are discussed, with an emphasis on the unique information that can be obtained from these experiments, in comparison to conventional emission or scattering based microscopy experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Sajini Devadas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-5670, USA
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16
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Nieves DJ, Li Y, Fernig DG, Lévy R. Photothermal raster image correlation spectroscopy of gold nanoparticles in solution and on live cells. R Soc Open Sci 2015; 2:140454. [PMID: 26543570 PMCID: PMC4632534 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.140454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Raster image correlation spectroscopy (RICS) measures the diffusion of fluorescently labelled molecules from stacks of confocal microscopy images by analysing correlations within the image. RICS enables the observation of a greater and, thus, more representative area of a biological system as compared to other single molecule approaches. Photothermal microscopy of gold nanoparticles allows long-term imaging of the same labelled molecules without photobleaching. Here, we implement RICS analysis on a photothermal microscope. The imaging of single gold nanoparticles at pixel dwell times short enough for RICS (60 μs) with a piezo-driven photothermal heterodyne microscope is demonstrated (photothermal raster image correlation spectroscopy, PhRICS). As a proof of principle, PhRICS is used to measure the diffusion coefficient of gold nanoparticles in glycerol : water solutions. The diffusion coefficients of the nanoparticles measured by PhRICS are consistent with their size, determined by transmission electron microscopy. PhRICS was then used to probe the diffusion speed of gold nanoparticle-labelled fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) bound to heparan sulfate in the pericellular matrix of live fibroblast cells. The data are consistent with previous single nanoparticle tracking studies of the diffusion of FGF2 on these cells. Importantly, the data reveal faster FGF2 movement, previously inaccessible by photothermal tracking, and suggest that inhomogeneity in the distribution of bound FGF2 is dynamic.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. J. Nieves
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Y. Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - D. G. Fernig
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - R. Lévy
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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Vasudevan S, Chen GCK, Lin Z, Ng BK. Quantitative photothermal phase imaging of red blood cells using digital holographic photothermal microscope. Appl Opt 2015; 54:4478-4484. [PMID: 25967505 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.004478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal microscopy (PTM), a noninvasive pump-probe high-resolution microscopy, has been applied as a bioimaging tool in many biomedical studies. PTM utilizes a conventional phase contrast microscope to obtain highly resolved photothermal images. However, phase information cannot be extracted from these photothermal images, as they are not quantitative. Moreover, the problem of halos inherent in conventional phase contrast microscopy needs to be tackled. Hence, a digital holographic photothermal microscopy technique is proposed as a solution to obtain quantitative phase images. The proposed technique is demonstrated by extracting phase values of red blood cells from their photothermal images. These phase values can potentially be used to determine the temperature distribution of the photothermal images, which is an important study in live cell monitoring applications.
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18
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Abstract
Nonlinear photothermal microscopy, in which the intensity of the pump heating beam is modulated at f and the photothermal signal is extracted from the probe beam with a lock-in amplifier referred to 2f, is applied to the imaging of mouse melanoma without any staining. The pump and probe pulses, with central wavelengths of 488 and 632 nm, and a pulse duration of ∼100 ps, are filtered from a compact commercial supercontinuum fiber laser source. An auto-balanced detector is applied to accumulate the signal and remove the laser noise of the probe. The spatial resolution of the nonlinear photothermal imaging is enhanced by ∼18% in both theoretical calculations and experiments, compared with a linear photothermal mechanism, and the resolution enhancement is theoretically ∼42% compared with conventional optical microscopy. This imaging technique shows possibilities for the clinical evaluation of melanoma with a high contrast and spatial resolution.
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19
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Leduc C, Si S, Gautier JJ, Gao Z, Shibu ES, Gautreau A, Giannone G, Cognet L, Lounis B. Single-molecule imaging in live cell using gold nanoparticles. Methods Cell Biol 2015; 125:13-27. [PMID: 25640421 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Optimal single particle tracking experiments in live cells requires small and photostable probes, which do not modify the behavior of the molecule of interest. Current fluorescence-based microscopy of single molecules and nanoparticles is often limited by bleaching and blinking or by the probe size. As an alternative, we present in this chapter the synthesis of a small and highly specific gold nanoprobe whose detection is based on its absorption properties. We first present a protocol to synthesize 5-nm-diameter gold nanoparticles and functionalize them with a nanobody, a single-domain antibody from camelid, targeting the widespread green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged proteins with a high affinity. Then we describe how to detect and track these individual gold nanoparticles in live cell using photothermal imaging microscopy. The combination of a probe with small size, perfect photostability, high specificity, and versatility through the vast existing library of GFP-proteins, with a highly sensitive detection technique enables long-term tracking of proteins with minimal hindrance in confined and crowded environments such as intracellular space.
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20
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Mertiri A, Altug H, Hong MK, Mehta P, Mertz J, Ziegler L, Erramilli S. Nonlinear Midinfrared Photothermal Spectroscopy Using Zharov Splitting and Quantum Cascade Lasers. ACS Photonics 2014; 1:696-702. [PMID: 25541620 PMCID: PMC4270413 DOI: 10.1021/ph500114h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We report on the mid-infrared nonlinear photothermal spectrum of the neat liquid crystal 4-octyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl (8CB) using a tunable Quantum Cascade Laser (QCL). The nonequilibrium steady state characterized by the nonlinear photothermal infrared response undergoes a supercritical bifurcation. The bifurcation, observed in heterodyne two-color pump-probe detection, leads to ultrasharp nonlinear infrared spectra similar to those reported in the visible region. A systematic study of the peak splitting as a function of absorbed infrared power shows the bifurcation has a critical exponent of 0.5. The observation of an apparently universal critical exponent in a nonequilibrium state is explained using an analytical model analogous of mean field theory. Apart from the intrinsic interest for nonequilibrium studies, nonlinear photothermal methods lead to a dramatic narrowing of spectral lines, giving rise to a potential new contrast mechanism for the rapidly emerging new field of mid-infrared microspectroscopy using QCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alket Mertiri
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Photonics Center, Department of Electrical
and Computer
Engineering, Department of Physics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Hatice Altug
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Photonics Center, Department of Electrical
and Computer
Engineering, Department of Physics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department
of BioEngineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale
De Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Mi K. Hong
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Photonics Center, Department of Electrical
and Computer
Engineering, Department of Physics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Pankaj Mehta
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Photonics Center, Department of Electrical
and Computer
Engineering, Department of Physics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Jerome Mertz
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Photonics Center, Department of Electrical
and Computer
Engineering, Department of Physics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Lawrence
D. Ziegler
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Photonics Center, Department of Electrical
and Computer
Engineering, Department of Physics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Shyamsunder Erramilli
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Photonics Center, Department of Electrical
and Computer
Engineering, Department of Physics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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21
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Vermeulen P, Cognet L, Lounis B. Photothermal microscopy: optical detection of small absorbers in scattering environments. J Microsc 2014; 254:115-21. [PMID: 24749905 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photothermal microscopy enables detection of nanometer-sized objects solely based on their absorption. This technique allows efficient observation of various nano-objects in scattering media notably gold nanoparticles in cells. The extreme sensitivity of the method and the stability of the signals open numerous applications in spectroscopy, analytical chemistry and bioimaging. This review briefly describes the principle and the main characteristics of photothermal microscopy, with its major advantages and limitations, and exposes the principal applications that have been carried out since its first implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Vermeulen
- University of Bordeaux, LP2N, F-33405 Talence, France; Institut d'Optique & CNRS, LP2N, F-33405 Talence, France
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22
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Abstract
A novel technique for label-free imaging of live biological cells in aqueous medium that is insensitive to ambient vibrations is presented. This technique is a spin-off from previously developed immersion Mirau interferometry. Both approaches utilize a modified Mirau interferometric attachment for a microscope objective that can be used both in air and in immersion mode, when the device is submerged in cell medium and has its internal space filled with liquid. While immersion Mirau interferometry involves first capturing a series of images, the resulting images are potentially distorted by ambient vibrations. Overcoming these serial-acquisition challenges, simultaneous immersion Mirau interferometry incorporates polarizing elements into the optics to allow simultaneous acquisition of two interferograms. The system design and production are described and images produced with the developed techniques are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandra V Lyulko
- Radiological Research Accelerator Facility, Columbia University, 136 S. Broadway, Irvington, New York 10533, USA.
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23
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Zhang C, Zhang YS, Yao DK, Xia Y, Wang LV. Label-free photoacoustic microscopy of cytochromes. J Biomed Opt 2013; 18:20504. [PMID: 23370407 PMCID: PMC3560837 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.18.2.020504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has achieved submicron lateral resolution in showing subcellular structures; however, relatively few endogenous subcellular contrasts have so far been imaged. Given that the hemeprotein, mostly cytochromes in general cells, is optically absorbing around the Soret peak (~420 nm), we implemented label-free PAM of cytochromes in cytoplasm for the first time. By measuring the photoacoustic spectra of the oxidized and reduced states of fibroblast lysate and fitting the difference spectrum with three types of cytochromes, we found that the three cytochromes account for more than half the optical absorption in the cell lysate at 420 nm wavelength. Fixed fibroblasts on slides were imaged by PAM at 422 and 250 nm wavelengths to reveal cytoplasms and nuclei, respectively, as confirmed by standard staining histology. PAM was also applied to label-free histology of mouse ear sections by showing cytoplasms and nuclei of various cells. PAM of cytochromes in cytoplasm is expected to be a high-throughput, label-free technique for studying live cell functions, which cannot be accomplished by conventional histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Da-Kang Yao
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Younan Xia
- Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
- Address all correspondence to: Lihong V. Wang, Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri 63130. Tel: +(314) 935-6152; Fax: +(314) 935-7448; E-mail:
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24
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Pache C, Bocchio NL, Bouwens A, Villiger M, Berclaz C, Goulley J, Gibson MI, Santschi C, Lasser T. Fast three-dimensional imaging of gold nanoparticles in living cells with photothermal optical lock-in Optical Coherence Microscopy. Opt Express 2012; 20:21385-99. [PMID: 23037262 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.021385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We introduce photothermal optical lock-in Optical Coherence Microscopy (poli-OCM), a volumetric imaging technique, which combines the depth sectioning of OCM with the high sensitivity of photothermal microscopy while maintaining the fast acquisition speed inherent to OCM. We report on the detection of single 40 nm gold particles with a 0.5 μm lateral and 2 μm axial resolution over a 50 μm depth of field and the three-dimensional localization of gold colloids within living cells. In combination with intrinsic sample contrast measured with dark-field OCM, poli-OCM offers a versatile platform for functional cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pache
- Laboratoire d’Optique Biom´edicale, Ecole Polytechnique F´ed´erale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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25
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Bogart LK, Taylor A, Cesbron Y, Murray P, Lévy R. Photothermal microscopy of the core of dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles during cell uptake. ACS Nano 2012; 6:5961-5971. [PMID: 22659064 DOI: 10.1021/nn300868z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of cellular interactions with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) is critical when their biomedical applications are considered. We demonstrate how photothermal microscopy can be used to follow the cellular uptake of SPIONs by direct imaging of the iron oxide core. This offers two important advantages when compared with current strategies employed to image magnetic cores: first, it is nondestructive and is therefore suitable for studies of live cells and, second, it offers a higher sensitivity and resolution, thus allowing for the identification of low levels of SPIONs within a precise subcellular location. We have shown that this technique may be applied to the imaging of both cell monolayers and cryosections. In the former we have demonstrated the role of temperature on the rate of endocytosis, while in the latter we have been able to identify cells labeled with SPIONs from a mixed population containing predominantly unlabeled cells. Direct imaging of the SPION core is of particular relevance for research involving clinically approved SPIONs, which do not contain fluorescent tags and therefore cannot be detected via fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara K Bogart
- Structural and Chemical Biology, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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26
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Mërtiri A, Jeys T, Liberman V, Hong MK, Mertz J, Altug H, Erramilli S. Mid-infrared photothermal heterodyne spectroscopy in a liquid crystal using a quantum cascade laser. Appl Phys Lett 2012; 101:44101. [PMID: 22912508 PMCID: PMC3416835 DOI: 10.1063/1.4737942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We report a technique to measure the mid-infrared photothermal response induced by a tunable quantum cascade laser in the neat liquid crystal 4-octyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl (8CB), without any intercalated dye. Heterodyne detection using a Ti:sapphire laser of the response in the solid, smectic, nematic and isotropic liquid crystal phases allows direct detection of a weak mid-infrared normal mode absorption using an inexpensive photodetector. At high pump power in the nematic phase, we observe an interesting peak splitting in the photothermal response. Tunable lasers that can access still stronger modes will facilitate photothermal heterodyne mid-infrared vibrational spectroscopy.
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27
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Duchesne L, Octeau V, Bearon RN, Beckett A, Prior IA, Lounis B, Fernig DG. Transport of fibroblast growth factor 2 in the pericellular matrix is controlled by the spatial distribution of its binding sites in heparan sulfate. PLoS Biol 2012; 10:e1001361. [PMID: 22815649 PMCID: PMC3398970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The heparan sulfate (HS) chains of proteoglycans are a key regulatory component of the extracellular matrices of animal cells, including the pericellular matrix around the plasma membrane. In these matrices they regulate transport, gradient formation, and effector functions of over 400 proteins central to cell communication. HS from different matrices differs in its selectivity for its protein partners. However, there has been no direct test of how HS in the matrix regulates the transport of its partner proteins. We address this issue by single molecule imaging and tracking in fibroblast pericellular matrix of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), stoichiometrically labelled with small gold nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy and photothermal heterodyne imaging (PHI) show that the spatial distribution of the HS-binding sites for FGF2 in the pericellular matrix is heterogeneous over length scales ranging from 22 nm to several µm. Tracking of individual FGF2 by PHI in the pericellular matrix of living cells demonstrates that they undergo five distinct types of motion. They spend much of their time in confined motion (∼110 nm diameter), but they are not trapped and can escape by simple diffusion, which may be slow, fast, or directed. These substantial translocations (µm) cover distances far greater than the length of a single HS chain. Similar molecular motion persists in fixed cells, where the movement of membrane PGs is impeded. We conclude that FGF2 moves within the pericellular matrix by translocating from one HS-binding site to another. The binding sites on HS chains form non-random, heterogeneous networks. These promote FGF2 confinement or substantial translocation depending on their spatial organisation. We propose that this spatial organisation, coupled to the relative selectivity and the availability of HS-binding sites, determines the transport of FGF2 in matrices. Similar mechanisms are likely to underpin the movement of many other HS-binding effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Duchesne
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 839 INSERM, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
- UMR 6290 CNRS, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
- * E-mail: (LD); (DGF)
| | - Vivien Octeau
- Laboratoire Photonique Numérique et Nanosciences, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5298 CNRS and Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Talence, France
| | - Rachel N. Bearon
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Beckett
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ian A. Prior
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Brahim Lounis
- Laboratoire Photonique Numérique et Nanosciences, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5298 CNRS and Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Talence, France
| | - David G. Fernig
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (LD); (DGF)
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28
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Nedosekin DA, Galanzha EI, Ayyadevara S, Shmookler Reis RJ, Zharov VP. Photothermal confocal spectromicroscopy of multiple cellular chromophores and fluorophores. Biophys J 2012; 102:672-81. [PMID: 22325291 PMCID: PMC3274827 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Confocal fluorescence microscopy is a powerful biological tool providing high-resolution, three-dimensional (3D) imaging of fluorescent molecules. Many cellular components are weakly fluorescent, however, and thus their imaging requires additional labeling. As an alternative, label-free imaging can be performed by photothermal (PT) microscopy (PTM), based on nonradiative relaxation of absorbed energy into heat. Previously, little progress has been made in PT spectral identification of cellular chromophores at the 3D microscopic scale. Here, we introduce PTM integrating confocal thermal-lens scanning schematic, time-resolved detection, PT spectral identification, and nonlinear nanobubble-induced signal amplification with a tunable pulsed nanosecond laser. The capabilities of this confocal PTM were demonstrated for high-resolution 3D imaging and spectral identification of up to four chromophores and fluorophores in live cells and Caenorhabditis elegans. Examples include cytochrome c, green fluorescent protein, Mito-Tracker Red, Alexa-488, and natural drug-enhanced or genetically engineered melanin as a PT contrast agent. PTM was able to guide spectral burning of strong absorption background, which masked weakly absorbing chromophores (e.g., cytochromes in the melanin background). PTM provided label-free monitoring of stress-related changes to cytochrome c distribution, in C. elegans at the single-cell level. In nonlinear mode ultrasharp PT spectra from cyt c and the lateral resolution of 120 nm during calibration with 10-nm gold film were observed, suggesting a potential of PTM to break through the spectral and diffraction limits, respectively. Confocal PT spectromicroscopy could provide a valuable alternative or supplement to fluorescence microscopy for imaging of nonfluorescent chromophores and certain fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A Nedosekin
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
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29
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Si S, Leduc C, Delville MH, Lounis B. Short gold nanorod growth revisited: the critical role of the bromide counterion. Chemphyschem 2011; 13:193-202. [PMID: 22162413 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A one-step, surfactant-assisted, seed-mediated method has been utilized for the growth of short gold nanorods with reasonable yield by modifying an established synthesis protocol. Among the various parameters that influence nanorod growth, the impact of the bromide counterion has been closely scrutinized. During this study it has been shown that, irrespective of its origin, the bromide counterion [cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) or NaBr] plays a crucial role in the formation of nanorods in the sense that there is a critical [Br(-)]/[Au(3+)] ratio (around 200) to achieve nanorods with a maximum aspect ratio. Beyond this value, bromide can be considered as a poisoning agent unless shorter nanorods are required. The use of AgNO(3) helps in symmetry breaking for gold nanorod growth, whereas the bromide counterion controls the growth kinetics by selective adsorption on the facets of the growth direction. Thus, a proper balance between bromide ions and gold cations is also one of the necessary parameters for controlling the size of the gold nanorods; this has been discussed thoroughly. The results have been discussed based on their absorption spectra and finally shape evolution has been confirmed by TEM. Due to their efficient absorption in the near-IR region, these short nanorods were used in photothermal imaging of living COS-7 cells with improved signal-to-background ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyabrata Si
- Laboratoire Photonique Numérique et Nanosciences, Université de Bordeaux, Institut d'Optique Graduate School & CNRS, 351 cours de la libération, Talence, France
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30
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Leduc C, Jung JM, Carney RP, Stellacci F, Lounis B. Direct investigation of intracellular presence of gold nanoparticles via photothermal heterodyne imaging. ACS Nano 2011; 5:2587-2592. [PMID: 21388224 DOI: 10.1021/nn1023285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology as well as advanced microscopy can play a fundamental role in understanding biological mechanisms. Here we present a study that combines a new type of nanomaterial with a new type of microscopy and highlights the potential for gathering novel information about cell membrane penetration and cytosol local viscosity. On the material side, we used gold nanoparticles that have an ordered stripe-like arrangement of domains. These "striped" nanoparticles are able to penetrate cell membranes directly without porating them. On the microscopy side, we used photothermal heterodyne imaging which allows detection of individual nanometer-sized gold particles in complex media. We showed that we can probe cytosolic presence as well as dynamics of these nanoparticles even at very low concentrations. We used the fluctuations of the photothermal signal from particles diffusing in the detection volume to estimate local cytosol viscosity which is about 20 times larger than that of water. This work opens new perspectives for mapping local diffusion properties of nano-objects inside living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Leduc
- LP2N Institut d'Optique, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS & IOGS-Bordeaux, Talence F-33405, France
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31
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Gaiduk A, Ruijgrok PV, Yorulmaz M, Orrit M. Making gold nanoparticles fluorescent for simultaneous absorption and fluorescence detection on the single particle level. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:149-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01389g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Brusnichkin AV, Nedosekin DA, Galanzha EI, Vladimirov YA, Shevtsova EF, Proskurnin MA, Zharov VP. Ultrasensitive label-free photothermal imaging, spectral identification, and quantification of cytochrome c in mitochondria, live cells, and solutions. J Biophotonics 2010; 3:791-806. [PMID: 20572284 PMCID: PMC3350104 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Light-absorbing endogenous cellular proteins, in particular cytochrome c, are used as intrinsic biomarkers for studies of cell biology and environment impacts. To sense cytochrome c against real biological backgrounds, we combined photothermal (PT) thermal-lens single-channel schematic in a back-synchronized measurement mode and a multiplex thermal-lens schematic in a transient high resolution (ca. 350 nm) imaging mode. These multifunctional PT techniques using continuous-wave (cw) Ar+ laser and a nanosecond pulsed optical parametric oscillator in the visible range demonstrated the capability for label-free spectral identification and quantification of trace amounts of cytochrome c in a single mitochondrion alone or within a single live cell. PT imaging data were verified in parallel by molecular targeting and fluorescent imaging of cellular cytochrome c. The detection limit of cytochrome c in a cw mode was 5 x 10(-9) mol/L (80 attomols in the signal-generation zone); that is ca. 10³ lower than conventional absorption spectroscopy. Pulsed fast PT microscopy provided the detection limit for cytochrome c at the level of 13 zmol (13 x 10(-21) mol) in the ultrasmall irradiated volumes limited by optical diffraction effects. For the first time, we demonstrate a combination of high resolution PT imaging with PT spectral identification and ultrasensitive quantitative PT characterization of cytochrome c within individual mitochondria in single live cells. A potential of far-field PT microscopy to sub-zeptomol detection thresholds, resolution beyond diffraction limit, PT Raman spectroscopy, and 3D imaging are further highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton V. Brusnichkin
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorob’evy Hills 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Nedosekin
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorob’evy Hills 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| | - Ekaterina I. Galanzha
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| | - Yuri A. Vladimirov
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovskii prosp. 31-5, Moscow, 117192, Russia
| | - Elena F. Shevtsova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Substances of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Proskurnin
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorob’evy Hills 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir P. Zharov
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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33
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Nedosekin DA, Shashkov EV, Galanzha EI, Hennings L, Zharov VP. Photothermal multispectral image cytometry for quantitative histology of nanoparticles and micrometastasis in intact, stained and selectively burned tissues. Cytometry A 2010; 77:1049-58. [PMID: 20949577 PMCID: PMC3339495 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There is a rapidly growing interest in the advanced analysis of histological data and the development of appropriate detection technologies in particular for mapping of nanoparticle distributions in tissue in nanomedicine applications. We evaluated photothermal (PT) scanning cytometry for color-coded imaging, spectral identification, and quantitative detection of individual nanoparticles and abnormal cells in histological samples with and without staining. Using this tool, individual carbon nanotubes, gold nanorods, and melanoma cells with intrinsic melanin markers were identified in unstained (e.g. sentinel lymph nodes) and conventionally-stained tissues. In addition, we introduced a spectral burning technique for histology through selective laser bleaching areas with nondesired absorption background and nanobubble-based PT signal amplification. The obtained data demonstrated the promise of PT cytometry in the analysis of low-absorption samples and mapping of various individual nanoparticles' distribution that would be impossible with existing assays. Comparison of PT cytometry and photoacoustic (PA) cytometry previously developed by us, revealed that these methods supplement each other with a sensitivity advantage (up to 10-fold) of contactless PT technique in assessment of thin (≤100 μm) histological samples, while PA imaging provides characterization of thicker samples which, however, requires an acoustic contact with transducers. A potential of high-speed integrated PT-PA cytometry for express histology and immunohistochemistry of both intact and stained heterogeneous tissues with high sensitivity at the zepromolar concentration level is further highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A. Nedosekin
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Evgeny V. Shashkov
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina I. Galanzha
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Leah Hennings
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Vladimir P. Zharov
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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Vasudevan S, Chen GCK, Andika M, Agarwal S, Chen P, Olivo M. Dynamic quantitative photothermal monitoring of cell death of individual human red blood cells upon glucose depletion. J Biomed Opt 2010; 15:057001. [PMID: 21054117 DOI: 10.1117/1.3484260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) have been found to undergo "programmed cell death," or eryptosis, and understanding this process can provide more information about apoptosis of nucleated cells. Photothermal (PT) response, a label-free photothermal noninvasive technique, is proposed as a tool to monitor the cell death process of living human RBCs upon glucose depletion. Since the physiological status of the dying cells is highly sensitive to photothermal parameters (e.g., thermal diffusivity, absorption, etc.), we applied linear PT response to continuously monitor the death mechanism of RBC when depleted of glucose. The kinetics of the assay where the cell's PT response transforms from linear to nonlinear regime is reported. In addition, quantitative monitoring was performed by extracting the relevant photothermal parameters from the PT response. Twofold increases in thermal diffusivity and size reduction were found in the linear PT response during cell death. Our results reveal that photothermal parameters change earlier than phosphatidylserine externalization (used for fluorescent studies), allowing us to detect the initial stage of eryptosis in a quantitative manner. Hence, the proposed tool, in addition to detection of eryptosis earlier than fluorescence, could also reveal physiological status of the cells through quantitative photothermal parameter extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srivathsan Vasudevan
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Photonics Research Center, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
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Abstract
By detecting the transient four-wave mixing from gold nanoparticles in resonance with their surface plasmon, we demonstrate a multiphoton imaging modality suited for cell microscopy. Four-wave mixing is measured free from background using a three-beam excitation geometry and heterodyne detection. We achieve a spatial resolution of 140 nm in-plane and 470 nm in the axial direction, surpassing the one-photon diffraction limit. With this technique, high-contrast photostable imaging of Golgi structures is demonstrated in HepG2 cells labeled with gold nanoparticles of 10 nm and 5 nm diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Masia
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
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Vasudevan S, Chen GCK, Ahluwalia BS. Integration of laser trapping for continuous and selective monitoring of photothermal response of a single microparticle. Opt Lett 2008; 33:2779-2781. [PMID: 19037424 DOI: 10.1364/ol.33.002779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal response (PTR) is an established pump and probe technique for real-time sensing of biological assays. Continuous and selective PTR monitoring is difficult owing to the Brownian motion changing the relative position of the target with respect to the beams. Integration of laser trapping with PTR is proposed as a solution. The proposed method is verified on red polystyrene microparticles. PTR is continuously monitored for 30 min. Results show that the mean relaxation time variation of the acquired signals is less than 5%. The proposed method is then applied to human red blood cells for continuous and selective PTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srivathsan Vasudevan
- 1Photonics Research Center, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
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