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Dawah HA, Abdullah MA, Ahmad SK, Turner J, Azari-Hamidian S. An overview of the mosquitoes of Saudi Arabia (Diptera: Culicidae), with updated keys to the adult females. Zootaxa 2023; 5394:1-76. [PMID: 38220993 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5394.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Despite the fact that mosquito-borne infections have considerable consequences for public health in Saudi Arabia, there is neither a thorough review of the species that occur in the country nor updated keys for the identification of the adult females. In this study, species accounts are given for 49 Saudi Arabian mosquito species, as well as Aedes albopictus (Skuse), which is not recorded in Saudi Arabia, but is medically important and is found in some countries of the Middle East and North Africa. Taxonomic notes provide additional information for certain taxa and/or aid their identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan A Dawah
- Centre for Environmental Research and Studies; Jazan University; P.O. Box 2095; Jazan; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed A Abdullah
- Department of Biology; College of Science; King Khalid University; PO Box 9004; Abha-61413; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Syed Kamran Ahmad
- Department of Plant Protection; Faculty of Agricultural Sciences; Aligarh Muslim University; Aligarh; India.
| | - James Turner
- National Museum of Wales; Department of Natural Sciences; Entomology Section; Cardiff; CF10 3NP; UK.
| | - Shahyad Azari-Hamidian
- Research Center of Health and Environment; School of Health; Guilan University of Medical Sciences; Rasht; Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology; Mycology and Entomology; School of Medicine; Guilan University of Medical Sciences; Rasht; Iran.
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2
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Population Mobility and the Transmission Risk of the COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. ISPRS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEO-INFORMATION 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/ijgi10060395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
At the beginning of 2020, a suddenly appearing novel coronavirus (COVID-19) rapidly spread around the world. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in China occurred during the Spring Festival when a large number of migrants traveled between cities, which greatly increased the infection risk of COVID-19 across the country. Financially supported by the Wuhan government, and based on cellphone signaling data from Unicom (a mobile phone carrier) and Baidu location-based data, this paper analyzed the effects that city dwellers, non-commuters, commuters, and people seeking medical services had on the transmission risk of COVID-19 in the early days of the pandemic in Wuhan. The paper also evaluated the effects of the city lockdown policy on the spread of the pandemic outside and inside Wuhan. The results show that although the daily business activities in the South China Seafood Wholesale Market and nearby commuters’ travel behaviors concentrated in the Hankou area, a certain proportion of these people were distributed in the Wuchang and Hanyang areas. The areas with relatively high infection risks of COVID-19 were scattered across Wuhan during the early outbreak of the pandemic. The lockdown in Wuhan closed the passageways of external transport at the very beginning, largely decreasing migrant population and effectively preventing the spread of the pandemic to the outside. However, the Wuhan lockdown had little effect on preventing the spread of the pandemic within Wuhan at that time. During this period, a large amount of patients who went to hospitals for medical services were exposed to a high risk of cross-infection without precaution awareness. The pandemic kept dispersing in three towns until the improvement of the capacity of medical treatment, the management of closed communities, the national support to Wuhan, and the implementation of a series of emergency responses at the same time. The findings in this paper reveal the spatiotemporal features of the dispersal of infection risk of COVID-19 and the effects of the prevention and control measures during the early days of the pandemic. The findings were adopted by the Wuhan government to make corresponding policies and could also provide supports to the control of the pandemic in the other regions and countries.
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3
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Lee SA, Jarvis CI, Edmunds WJ, Economou T, Lowe R. Spatial connectivity in mosquito-borne disease models: a systematic review of methods and assumptions. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210096. [PMID: 34034534 PMCID: PMC8150046 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial connectivity plays an important role in mosquito-borne disease transmission. Connectivity can arise for many reasons, including shared environments, vector ecology and human movement. This systematic review synthesizes the spatial methods used to model mosquito-borne diseases, their spatial connectivity assumptions and the data used to inform spatial model components. We identified 248 papers eligible for inclusion. Most used statistical models (84.2%), although mechanistic are increasingly used. We identified 17 spatial models which used one of four methods (spatial covariates, local regression, random effects/fields and movement matrices). Over 80% of studies assumed that connectivity was distance-based despite this approach ignoring distant connections and potentially oversimplifying the process of transmission. Studies were more likely to assume connectivity was driven by human movement if the disease was transmitted by an Aedes mosquito. Connectivity arising from human movement was more commonly assumed in studies using a mechanistic model, likely influenced by a lack of statistical models able to account for these connections. Although models have been increasing in complexity, it is important to select the most appropriate, parsimonious model available based on the research question, disease transmission process, the spatial scale and availability of data, and the way spatial connectivity is assumed to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A. Lee
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Christopher I. Jarvis
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - W. John Edmunds
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Rachel Lowe
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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4
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Poterek ML, Kraemer MUG, Watts A, Khan K, Perkins TA. Air Passenger Travel and International Surveillance Data Predict Spatiotemporal Variation in Measles Importations to the United States. Pathogens 2021; 10:155. [PMID: 33546131 PMCID: PMC7913265 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles incidence in the United States has grown dramatically, as vaccination rates are declining and transmission internationally is on the rise. Because imported cases are necessary drivers of outbreaks in non-endemic settings, predicting measles outbreaks in the US depends on predicting imported cases. To assess the predictability of imported measles cases, we performed a regression of imported measles cases in the US against an inflow variable that combines air travel data with international measles surveillance data. To understand the contribution of each data type to these predictions, we repeated the regression analysis with alternative versions of the inflow variable that replaced each data type with averaged values and with versions of the inflow variable that used modeled inputs. We assessed the performance of these regression models using correlation, coverage probability, and area under the curve statistics, including with resampling and cross-validation. Our regression model had good predictive ability with respect to the presence or absence of imported cases in a given state in a given year (area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) = 0.78) and the magnitude of imported cases (Pearson correlation = 0.84). By comparing alternative versions of the inflow variable averaging over different inputs, we found that both air travel data and international surveillance data contribute to the model's ability to predict numbers of imported cases and individually contribute to its ability to predict the presence or absence of imported cases. Predicted sources of imported measles cases varied considerably across years and US states, depending on which countries had high measles activity in a given year. Our results emphasize the importance of the relationship between global connectedness and the spread of measles. This study provides a framework for predicting and understanding imported case dynamics that could inform future studies and outbreak prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marya L. Poterek
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | | | - Alexander Watts
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada; (A.W.); (K.K.)
- BlueDot, Toronto, ON M5J 1A7, Canada
| | - Kamran Khan
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada; (A.W.); (K.K.)
- BlueDot, Toronto, ON M5J 1A7, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada
| | - T. Alex Perkins
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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Mahmud AS, Kabir MI, Engø-Monsen K, Tahmina S, Riaz BK, Hossain MA, Khanom F, Rahman MM, Rahman MK, Sharmin M, Hossain DM, Yasmin S, Ahmed MM, Lusha MAF, Buckee CO. Megacities as drivers of national outbreaks: The 2017 chikungunya outbreak in Dhaka, Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009106. [PMID: 33529229 PMCID: PMC7880496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several large outbreaks of chikungunya have been reported in the Indian Ocean region in the last decade. In 2017, an outbreak occurred in Dhaka, Bangladesh, one of the largest and densest megacities in the world. Population mobility and fluctuations in population density are important drivers of epidemics. Measuring population mobility during outbreaks is challenging but is a particularly important goal in the context of rapidly growing and highly connected cities in low- and middle-income countries, which can act to amplify and spread local epidemics nationally and internationally. METHODS We first describe the epidemiology of the 2017 chikungunya outbreak in Dhaka and estimate incidence using a mechanistic model of chikungunya transmission parametrized with epidemiological data from a household survey. We combine the modeled dynamics of chikungunya in Dhaka, with mobility estimates derived from mobile phone data for over 4 million subscribers, to understand the role of population mobility on the spatial spread of chikungunya within and outside Dhaka during the 2017 outbreak. RESULTS We estimate a much higher incidence of chikungunya in Dhaka than suggested by official case counts. Vector abundance, local demographics, and population mobility were associated with spatial heterogeneities in incidence in Dhaka. The peak of the outbreak in Dhaka coincided with the annual Eid holidays, during which large numbers of people traveled from Dhaka to other parts of the country. We show that travel during Eid likely resulted in the spread of the infection to the rest of the country. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the impact of large-scale population movements, for example during holidays, on the spread of infectious diseases. These dynamics are difficult to capture using traditional approaches, and we compare our results to a standard diffusion model, to highlight the value of real-time data from mobile phones for outbreak analysis, forecasting, and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha S. Mahmud
- Department of Demography, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Md. Iqbal Kabir
- National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Sania Tahmina
- Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Akram Hossain
- National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fahmida Khanom
- National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Caroline O. Buckee
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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6
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Wilder-Smith A. COVID-19 in comparison with other emerging viral diseases: risk of geographic spread via travel. TROPICAL DISEASES TRAVEL MEDICINE AND VACCINES 2021; 7:3. [PMID: 33517914 PMCID: PMC7847598 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-020-00129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review The COVID-19 pandemic poses a major global health threat. The rapid spread was facilitated by air travel although rigorous travel bans and lockdowns were able to slow down the spread. How does COVID-19 compare with other emerging viral diseases of the past two decades? Recent findings Viral outbreaks differ in many ways, such as the individuals most at risk e.g. pregnant women for Zika and the elderly for COVID-19, their vectors of transmission, their fatality rate, and their transmissibility often measured as basic reproduction number. The risk of geographic spread via air travel differs significantly between emerging infectious diseases. Summary COVID-19 is not associated with the highest case fatality rate compared with other emerging viral diseases such as SARS and Ebola, but the combination of a high reproduction number, superspreading events and a globally immunologically naïve population has led to the highest global number of deaths in the past 20 decade compared to any other pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wilder-Smith
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. .,Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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7
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Núñez-López M, Alarcón Ramos L, Velasco-Hernández JX. Migration rate estimation in an epidemic network. APPLIED MATHEMATICAL MODELLING 2021; 89:1949-1964. [PMID: 32952269 PMCID: PMC7486824 DOI: 10.1016/j.apm.2020.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Most of the recent epidemic outbreaks in the world have as a trigger, a strong migratory component as has been evident in the recent Covid-19 pandemic. In this work we address the problem of migration of human populations and its effect on pathogen reinfections in the case of Dengue, using a Markov-chain susceptible-infected-susceptible (SIS) metapopulation model over a network. Our model postulates a general contact rate that represents a local measure of several factors: the population size of infected hosts that arrive at a given location as a function of total population size, the current incidence at neighboring locations, and the connectivity of the network where the disease spreads. This parameter can be interpreted as an indicator of outbreak risk at a given location. This parameter is tied to the fraction of individuals that move across boundaries (migration). To illustrate our model capabilities, we estimate from epidemic Dengue data in Mexico the dynamics of migration at a regional scale incorporating climate variability represented by an index based on precipitation data.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Núñez-López
- Department of Mathematics, ITAM Río Hondo 1, Ciudad de México 01080, México
| | - L Alarcón Ramos
- Departamento de Matemáticas Aplicadas y Sistemas, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Cuajimalpa, Av. Vasco de Quiroga 4871, Cuajimalpa de Morelos, 05300, México
| | - J X Velasco-Hernández
- Instituto de Matemáticas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla No. 3001, Juriquilla, 76230, México
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8
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Tozan Y, Sjödin H, Muñoz ÁG, Rocklöv J. Transmission dynamics of dengue and chikungunya in a changing climate: do we understand the eco-evolutionary response? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:1187-1193. [PMID: 32741233 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1794814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We are witnessing an alarming increase in the burden and range of mosquito-borne arboviral diseases. The transmission dynamics of arboviral diseases is highly sensitive to climate and weather and is further affected by non-climatic factors such as human mobility, urbanization, and disease control. As evidence also suggests, climate-driven changes in species interactions may trigger evolutionary responses in both vectors and pathogens with important consequences for disease transmission patterns. AREAS COVERED Focusing on dengue and chikungunya, we review the current knowledge and challenges in our understanding of disease risk in a rapidly changing climate. We identify the most critical research gaps that limit the predictive skill of arbovirus risk models and the development of early warning systems, and conclude by highlighting the potentially important research directions to stimulate progress in this field. EXPERT OPINION Future studies that aim to predict the risk of arboviral diseases need to consider the interactions between climate modes at different timescales, the effects of the many non-climatic drivers, as well as the potential for climate-driven adaptation and evolution in vectors and pathogens. An important outcome of such studies would be an enhanced ability to promulgate early warning information, initiate adequate response, and enhance preparedness capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesim Tozan
- School of Global Public Health, New York University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Henrik Sjödin
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, Umeå University , Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ángel G Muñoz
- International Research Institute for Climate and Society, the Earth Institute at Columbia University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Joacim Rocklöv
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, Umeå University , Umeå, Sweden.,Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Suzuki K, Huits R, Phadungsombat J, Tuekprakhon A, Nakayama EE, van den Berg R, Barbé B, Cnops L, Rahim R, Hasan A, Iwamoto H, Leaungwutiwong P, van Esbroeck M, Rahman M, Shioda T. Promising application of monoclonal antibody against chikungunya virus E1-antigen across genotypes in immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic tests. Virol J 2020; 17:90. [PMID: 32615978 PMCID: PMC7330967 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three different genotypes of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) have been classified: East/Central/South African (ECSA), West African (WA), and Asian. Previously, a rapid immunochromatographic (IC) test detecting CHIKV E1-antigen showed high sensitivity for certain ECSA-genotype viruses, but this test showed poor performance against the Asian-genotype virus that is spreading in the American continents. We found that the reactivity of one monoclonal antibody (MAb) used in the IC rapid diagnostic test (RDT) is affected by a single amino acid substitution in E1. Therefore, we developed new MAbs that exhibited specific recognition of all three genotypes of CHIKV. METHODS Using a combination of the newly generated MAbs, we developed a novel version of the IC RDT with improved sensitivity to Asian-genotype CHIKV. To evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and cross-reactivity of the new version of the IC RDT, we first used CHIKV isolates and E1-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors. We then used clinical specimens obtained in Aruba in 2015 and in Bangladesh in 2017 for further evaluation of RDT sensitivity and specificity. Another alphavirus, sindbis virus (SINV), was used to test RDT cross-reactivity. RESULTS The new version of the RDT detected Asian-genotype CHIKV at titers as low as 10^4 plaque-forming units per mL, a concentration that was below the limit of detection of the old version. The new RDT had sensitivity to the ECSA genotype that was comparable with that of the old version, yielding 92% (92 out of 100) sensitivity (95% confidence interval 85.0-95.9) and 100% (100 out of 100) specificity against a panel of 100 CHIKV-positive and 100 CHIKV-negative patient sera obtained in the 2017 outbreak in Bangladesh. CONCLUSIONS Our newly developed CHIKV antigen-detecting RDT demonstrated high levels of sensitivity and lacked cross-reactivity against SINV. These results suggested that our new version of the CHIKV E1-antigen RDT is promising for use in areas in which the Asian and ECSA genotypes of CHIKV circulate. Further validation with large numbers of CHIKV-positive and -negative clinical samples is warranted. (323 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Suzuki
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,POCT Products Business Unit, TANAKA Kikinzoku Kogyo K.K, Hiratsuka, Japan
| | - Ralph Huits
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Aekkachai Tuekprakhon
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Emi E Nakayama
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | | | - Barbara Barbé
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lieselotte Cnops
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Abu Hasan
- Apollo Hospitals Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hisahiko Iwamoto
- POCT Products Business Unit, TANAKA Kikinzoku Kogyo K.K, Hiratsuka, Japan
| | | | - Marjan van Esbroeck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan. .,Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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10
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Khan SU, Ogden NH, Fazil AA, Gachon PH, Dueymes GU, Greer AL, Ng V. Current and Projected Distributions of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus in Canada and the U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:57007. [PMID: 32441995 PMCID: PMC7263460 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus are mosquito vectors of more than 22 arboviruses that infect humans. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to develop regional ecological niche models for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in the conterminous United States and Canada with current observed and simulated climate and land-use data using boosted regression trees (BRTs). METHODS We used BRTs to assess climatic suitability for Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in Canada and the United States under current and future projected climates. RESULTS Models for both species were mostly influenced by minimum daily temperature and demonstrated high accuracy for predicting their geographic ranges under the current climate. The northward range expansion of suitable niches for both species was projected under future climate models. Much of the United States and parts of southern Canada are projected to be suitable for both species by 2100, with Ae. albopictus projected to expand its range north earlier this century and further north than Ae. aegypti. DISCUSSION Our projections suggest that the suitable ecological niche for Aedes will expand with climate change in Canada and the United States, thus increasing the risk of Aedes-transmitted arboviruses. Increased surveillance for these vectors and the pathogens they carry would be prudent. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5899.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Uddin Khan
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, and Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicholas H. Ogden
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, and Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Aamir A. Fazil
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, and Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe H. Gachon
- Étude et Simulation du Climat à l’Échelle Régionale centre, Université du Québec à Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Guillaume U. Dueymes
- Étude et Simulation du Climat à l’Échelle Régionale centre, Université du Québec à Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Amy L. Greer
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victoria Ng
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, and Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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11
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Poh CM, Chan YH, Ng LFP. Role of T Cells in Chikungunya Virus Infection and Utilizing Their Potential in Anti-Viral Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:287. [PMID: 32153590 PMCID: PMC7046835 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthropod-borne alphavirus that causes hallmark debilitating polyarthralgia, fever, and rash in patients. T cell-mediated immunity, especially CD4+ T cells, are known to participate in the pathogenic role of CHIKV immunopathology. The other T cell subsets, notably CD8+, NKT, and gamma-delta (γδ) T cells, can also contribute to protective immunity, but their effect is not actuated during the natural course of infection. This review serves to consolidate and discuss the multifaceted roles of these T cell subsets during acute and chronic phases of CHIKV infection, and highlight gaps in the current literature. Importantly, the unique characteristics of skin-resident memory T cells are outlined to propose novel prophylactic strategies that utilize their properties to provide adequate, lasting protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chek Meng Poh
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi-Hao Chan
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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12
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Maljkovic Berry I, Rutvisuttinunt W, Sippy R, Beltran-Ayala E, Figueroa K, Ryan S, Srikanth A, Stewart-Ibarra AM, Endy T, Jarman RG. The origins of dengue and chikungunya viruses in Ecuador following increased migration from Venezuela and Colombia. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:31. [PMID: 32075576 PMCID: PMC7031975 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-1596-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, Ecuador and other South American countries have experienced an increase in arboviral diseases. A rise in dengue infections was followed by introductions of chikungunya and Zika, two viruses never before seen in many of these areas. Furthermore, the latest socioeconomic and political instability in Venezuela and the mass migration of its population into the neighboring countries has given rise to concerns of infectious disease spillover and escalation of arboviral spread in the region. RESULTS We performed phylogeographic analyses of dengue (DENV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) virus genomes sampled from a surveillance site in Ecuador in 2014-2015, along with genomes from the surrounding countries. Our results revealed at least two introductions of DENV, in 2011 and late 2013, that initially originated from Venezuela and/or Colombia. The introductions were subsequent to increases in the influx of Venezuelan and Colombian citizens into Ecuador, which in 2013 were 343% and 214% higher than in 2009, respectively. However, we show that Venezuela has historically been an important source of DENV dispersal in this region, even before the massive exodus of its population, suggesting already established paths of viral distribution. Like DENV, CHIKV was introduced into Ecuador at multiple time points in 2013-2014, but unlike DENV, these introductions were associated with the Caribbean. Our findings indicated no direct CHIKV connection between Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela as of 2015, suggesting that CHIKV was, at this point, not following the paths of DENV spread. CONCLUSION Our results reveal that Ecuador is vulnerable to arbovirus import from many geographic locations, emphasizing the need of continued surveillance and more diversified prevention strategies. Importantly, increase in human movement along established paths of viral dissemination, combined with regional outbreaks and epidemics, may facilitate viral spread and lead to novel virus introductions. Thus, strengthening infectious disease surveillance and control along migration routes and improving access to healthcare for the vulnerable populations is of utmost importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Maljkovic Berry
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Wiriya Rutvisuttinunt
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Rachel Sippy
- Institute for Global Health and Translational Science, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Efrain Beltran-Ayala
- Department of Medicine, Technical University of Machala, Machala, El Oro, Ecuador
| | - Katherine Figueroa
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sadie Ryan
- Quantitative Disease Ecology and Conservation (QDEC) Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Abhinaya Srikanth
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Anna M Stewart-Ibarra
- Institute for Global Health and Translational Science, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.,Department of Montevideo, InterAmerican Institute for Global Change Research (IAI), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Timothy Endy
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Richard G Jarman
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Grubaugh ND, Saraf S, Gangavarapu K, Watts A, Tan AL, Oidtman RJ, Ladner JT, Oliveira G, Matteson NL, Kraemer MUG, Vogels CBF, Hentoff A, Bhatia D, Stanek D, Scott B, Landis V, Stryker I, Cone MR, Kopp EW, Cannons AC, Heberlein-Larson L, White S, Gillis LD, Ricciardi MJ, Kwal J, Lichtenberger PK, Magnani DM, Watkins DI, Palacios G, Hamer DH, Gardner LM, Perkins TA, Baele G, Khan K, Morrison A, Isern S, Michael SF, Andersen KG. Travel Surveillance and Genomics Uncover a Hidden Zika Outbreak during the Waning Epidemic. Cell 2019; 178:1057-1071.e11. [PMID: 31442400 PMCID: PMC6716374 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Zika epidemic in the Americas has challenged surveillance and control. As the epidemic appears to be waning, it is unclear whether transmission is still ongoing, which is exacerbated by discrepancies in reporting. To uncover locations with lingering outbreaks, we investigated travel-associated Zika cases to identify transmission not captured by reporting. We uncovered an unreported outbreak in Cuba during 2017, a year after peak transmission in neighboring islands. By sequencing Zika virus, we show that the establishment of the virus was delayed by a year and that the ensuing outbreak was sparked by long-lived lineages of Zika virus from other Caribbean islands. Our data suggest that, although mosquito control in Cuba may initially have been effective at mitigating Zika virus transmission, such measures need to be maintained to be effective. Our study highlights how Zika virus may still be "silently" spreading and provides a framework for understanding outbreak dynamics. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Sharada Saraf
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Karthik Gangavarapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alexander Watts
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Amanda L Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965, USA; Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Florida Department of Health, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Rachel J Oidtman
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Jason T Ladner
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Glenn Oliveira
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nathaniel L Matteson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Moritz U G Kraemer
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chantal B F Vogels
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Aaron Hentoff
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Deepit Bhatia
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Danielle Stanek
- Bureau of Epidemiology, Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, FL 32399, USA
| | - Blake Scott
- Bureau of Epidemiology, Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, FL 32399, USA
| | - Vanessa Landis
- Bureau of Epidemiology, Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, FL 32399, USA
| | - Ian Stryker
- Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Florida Department of Health, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Marshall R Cone
- Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Florida Department of Health, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Edgar W Kopp
- Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Florida Department of Health, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Andrew C Cannons
- Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Florida Department of Health, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Lea Heberlein-Larson
- Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Florida Department of Health, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Stephen White
- Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Florida Department of Health, Miami, FL 33125, USA
| | - Leah D Gillis
- Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Florida Department of Health, Miami, FL 33125, USA
| | - Michael J Ricciardi
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jaclyn Kwal
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Paola K Lichtenberger
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Diogo M Magnani
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126, USA
| | - David I Watkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Davidson H Hamer
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Lauren M Gardner
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Department of Civil Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - T Alex Perkins
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Guy Baele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kamran Khan
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Andrea Morrison
- Bureau of Epidemiology, Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, FL 32399, USA
| | - Sharon Isern
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965, USA
| | - Scott F Michael
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965, USA.
| | - Kristian G Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Meslé MMI, Hall IM, Christley RM, Leach S, Read JM. The use and reporting of airline passenger data for infectious disease modelling: a systematic review. Euro Surveill 2019; 24:1800216. [PMID: 31387671 PMCID: PMC6685100 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.31.1800216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundA variety of airline passenger data sources are used for modelling the international spread of infectious diseases. Questions exist regarding the suitability and validity of these sources.AimWe conducted a systematic review to identify the sources of airline passenger data used for these purposes and to assess validation of the data and reproducibility of the methodology.MethodsArticles matching our search criteria and describing a model of the international spread of human infectious disease, parameterised with airline passenger data, were identified. Information regarding type and source of airline passenger data used was collated and the studies' reproducibility assessed.ResultsWe identified 136 articles. The majority (n = 96) sourced data primarily used by the airline industry. Governmental data sources were used in 30 studies and data published by individual airports in four studies. Validation of passenger data was conducted in only seven studies. No study was found to be fully reproducible, although eight were partially reproducible.LimitationsBy limiting the articles to international spread, articles focussed on within-country transmission even if they used relevant data sources were excluded. Authors were not contacted to clarify their methods. Searches were limited to articles in PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus.ConclusionWe recommend greater efforts to assess validity and biases of airline passenger data used for modelling studies, particularly when model outputs are to inform national and international public health policies. We also recommend improving reporting standards and more detailed studies on biases in commercial and open-access data to assess their reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Marie Isabelle Meslé
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections at University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Melvyn Hall
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections at University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- School of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response at Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Matthew Christley
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections at University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Leach
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections at University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response at Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Modelling Methodology at Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Michael Read
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections at University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health Informatics Computation and Statistics, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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15
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SAMHD1 Enhances Chikungunya and Zika Virus Replication in Human Skin Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071695. [PMID: 30959732 PMCID: PMC6480247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) are emerging arboviruses that pose a worldwide threat to human health. Currently, neither vaccine nor antiviral treatment to control their infections is available. As the skin is a major viral entry site for arboviruses in the human host, we determined the global proteomic profile of CHIKV and ZIKV infections in human skin fibroblasts using Stable Isotope Labelling by Amino acids in Cell culture (SILAC)-based mass-spectrometry analysis. We show that the expression of the interferon-stimulated proteins MX1, IFIT1, IFIT3 and ISG15, as well as expression of defense response proteins DDX58, STAT1, OAS3, EIF2AK2 and SAMHD1 was significantly up-regulated in these cells upon infection with either virus. Exogenous expression of IFITs proteins markedly inhibited CHIKV and ZIKV replication which, accordingly, was restored following the abrogation of IFIT1 or IFIT3. Overexpression of SAMHD1 in cutaneous cells, or pretreatment of cells with the virus-like particles containing SAMHD1 restriction factor Vpx, resulted in a strong increase or inhibition, respectively, of both CHIKV and ZIKV replication. Moreover, silencing of SAMHD1 by specific SAMHD1-siRNA resulted in a marked decrease of viral RNA levels. Together, these results suggest that IFITs are involved in the restriction of replication of CHIKV and ZIKV and provide, as yet unreported, evidence for a proviral role of SAMHD1 in arbovirus infection of human skin cells.
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16
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Gerke C, Frantz PN, Ramsauer K, Tangy F. Measles-vectored vaccine approaches against viral infections: a focus on Chikungunya. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:393-403. [PMID: 30601074 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1562908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The large global burden of viral infections and especially the rapidly spreading vector-borne diseases and other emerging viral diseases show the need for new approaches in vaccine development. Several new vaccine technology platforms have been developed and are under evaluation. Areas covered: This article discusses the measles vector platform technology derived from the safe and highly efficacious measles virus vaccine. The pipeline of measles-vectored vaccine candidates against viral diseases is reviewed. Particular focus is given to the Chikungunya vaccine candidate as the first measles-vectored vaccine that demonstrated safety, immunogenicity, and functionality of the technology in humans even in the presence of pre-existing anti-measles immunity and thus achieved proof of concept for the technology. Expert commentary: Demonstrating no impact of pre-existing anti-measles immunity in humans on the response to the transgene was fundamental for the technology and indicates that the technology is suitable for large-scale immunization in measles pre-immune populations. The proof of concept in humans combined with a large preclinical track record of safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy for a variety of pathogens suggest the measles vector platform as promising plug-and-play vaccine platform technology for rapid development of effective preventive vaccines against viral and other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phanramphoei N Frantz
- b Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, UMR-3569 CNRS, Department of Virology , Institut Pasteur , Paris , France.,c Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC) , National Science and Technology Development Agency , Pathumthani , Thailand
| | | | - Frédéric Tangy
- b Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, UMR-3569 CNRS, Department of Virology , Institut Pasteur , Paris , France
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17
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Haque F, Rahman M, Banu NN, Sharif AR, Jubayer S, Shamsuzzaman AKM, Alamgir ASM, Erasmus JH, Guzman H, Forrester N, Luby SP, Gurley ES. An epidemic of chikungunya in northwestern Bangladesh in 2011. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212218. [PMID: 30856200 PMCID: PMC6411100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In November 2011, a government hospital physician in Shibganj sub-district of Bangladesh reported a cluster of patients with fever and joint pain or rash. A multi-disciplinary team investigated to characterize the outbreak; confirm the cause; and recommend control and prevention measures. METHODS Shibganj's residents with new onset of fever and joint pain or rash between 1 September and 15 December 2011 were defined as chikungunya fever (CHIKF) suspect cases. To estimate the attack rate, we identified 16 outpatient clinics in 16 selected wards across 16 unions in Shibganj and searched for suspect cases in the 80 households nearest to each outpatient clinic. One suspect case from the first 30 households in each ward was invited to visit the nearest outpatient clinic for clinical assessment and to provide a blood sample for laboratory testing and analyses. RESULTS We identified 1,769 CHIKF suspect cases from among 5,902 residents surveyed (30%). Their median age was 28 (IQR:15-42) years. The average attack rate in the sub-district was 30% (95% CI: 27%-33%). The lowest attack rate was found in children <5 years (15%). Anti-CHIKV IgM antibodies were detected by ELISA in 78% (264) of the 338 case samples tested. In addition to fever, predominant symptoms of serologically-confirmed cases included joint pain (97%), weakness (54%), myalgia (47%), rash (42%), itching (37%) and malaise (31%). Among the sero-positive patients, 79% (209/264) sought healthcare from outpatient clinics. CHIKV was isolated from two cases and phylogenetic analyses of full genome sequences placed these viruses within the Indian Ocean Lineage (IOL). Molecular analysis identified mutations in E2 and E1 glycoproteins and contained the E1 A226V point mutation. CONCLUSION The consistently high attack rate by age groups suggested recent introduction of chikungunya in this community. Mosquito control efforts should be enhanced to reduce the risk of continued transmission and to improve global health security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Haque
- Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudur Rahman
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nuzhat Nasreen Banu
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ahmad Raihan Sharif
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shamim Jubayer
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - AKM Shamsuzzaman
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - ASM Alamgir
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jesse H. Erasmus
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hilda Guzman
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Naomi Forrester
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Stephen P. Luby
- Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Global Disease Detection Branch, Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Emily S. Gurley
- Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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López P, De Jesús O, García-Justiniano J, Rivera-Amill V. Novel Molecular Signatures of Chikungunya Virus in Puerto Rico. PUERTO RICO HEALTH SCIENCES JOURNAL 2019; 38:27-32. [PMID: 30924912 PMCID: PMC6613191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthropod-borne Alphavirus transmitted to humans, primarily via Aedes mosquitoes. In Puerto Rico, the first locally transmitted infections were reported in May 2014. Although the virus strain in Puerto Rico is related to the Asian/American lineage, many autochthonous cases have emerged recently in the Caribbean region (including Puerto Rico), raising the question of how CHIKV will evolve and adapt in PR. Taking the role of the envelope glycoprotein (E1) in viral evolution and transmission as a given, we analyzed the genetic diversity of the Puerto Rican (PR) E1 gene sequences and the phylogenetic relationships between those sequences and sequences from other parts of the world. MATERIALS AND METHODS To analyze the overall genetic variation, 772 nucleotide sequences of the E1 gene were obtained from the Virus Pathogen Resource (ViPR). A maximum-likelihood analysis was performed to determine the phylogenetic relationships between the PR sequences and sequences from 48 countries around the world. RESULTS The analysis of the E1 gene identified variations at 4 nucleotide positions, which included synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations. In addition, 2 nonsynonymous amino acid changes, T207M and S120L, were unique to the PR CHIKV sequences, and T155I was found to be shared by the PR (n = 3) and Colombia (n = 1) strains. CONCLUSION Our analysis of the E1 gene revealed new molecular signatures in PR CHIKV sequences, 1 of which was also found in Colombia. While studies have shown possible relationships between T98A and A226V with viral adaptation and spread, no other PR sequence contained these vector-adaptive mutations. Thus, constant monitoring of the virus remains an essential factor in the establishment of control strategies to track viral spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo López
- Ponce Health Sciences University/Ponce Research Institute, Puerto Rico
| | - Omayra De Jesús
- Ponce Health Sciences University/Ponce Research Institute, Puerto Rico
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Tuekprakhon A, Puiprom O, Sasaki T, Michiels J, Bartholomeeusen K, Nakayama EE, Meno MK, Phadungsombat J, Huits R, Ariën KK, Luplertlop N, Shioda T, Leaungwutiwong P. Broad-spectrum monoclonal antibodies against chikungunya virus structural proteins: Promising candidates for antibody-based rapid diagnostic test development. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208851. [PMID: 30557365 PMCID: PMC6296674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to the aggressive global spread of the mosquito-borne chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an accurate and accessible diagnostic tool is of high importance. CHIKV, an arthritogenic alphavirus, comprises three genotypes: East/Central/South African (ECSA), West African (WA), and Asian. A previous rapid immunochromatographic (IC) test detecting CHIKV E1 protein showed promising performance for detection of the ECSA genotype. Unfortunately, this kit exhibited lower capacity for detection of the Asian genotype, currently in circulation in the Americas, reflecting the low avidity of one of the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in this IC kit for the E1 protein of the Asian-genotype because of a variant amino acid sequence. To address this shortcoming, we set out to generate a new panel of broad-spectrum mouse anti-CHIKV mAbs using hybridoma technology. We report here the successful generation of mouse anti-CHIKV mAbs targeting CHIKV E1 and capsid proteins. These mAbs possessed broad reactivity to all three CHIKV genotypes, while most of the mAbs lacked cross-reactivity towards Sindbis, dengue, and Zika viruses. Two of the mAbs also lacked cross-reactivity towards other alphaviruses, including O'nyong-nyong, Ross River, Mayaro, Western Equine Encephalitis, Eastern Equine Encephalitis, and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis viruses. In addition, another two mAbs cross-reacted weakly only with most closely related O'nyong-nyong virus. Effective diagnosis is one of the keys to disease control but to date, no antibody-based rapid IC platform for CHIKV is commercially available. Thus, the application of the mAbs characterized here in the rapid diagnostic IC kit for CHIKV detection is expected to be of great value for clinical diagnosis and surveillance purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aekkachai Tuekprakhon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Orapim Puiprom
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tadahiro Sasaki
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Johan Michiels
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Koen Bartholomeeusen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emi E. Nakayama
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michael K. Meno
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Juthamas Phadungsombat
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ralph Huits
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kevin K. Ariën
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Natthanej Luplertlop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (TS); (PL)
| | - Pornsawan Leaungwutiwong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail: (TS); (PL)
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20
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Findlater A, Bogoch II. Human Mobility and the Global Spread of Infectious Diseases: A Focus on Air Travel. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:772-783. [PMID: 30049602 PMCID: PMC7106444 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Greater human mobility, largely driven by air travel, is leading to an increase in the frequency and reach of infectious disease epidemics. Air travel can rapidly connect any two points on the planet, and this has the potential to cause swift and broad dissemination of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases that may pose a threat to global health security. Investments to strengthen surveillance, build robust early-warning systems, improve predictive models, and coordinate public health responses may help to prevent, detect, and respond to new infectious disease epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Findlater
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Isaac I Bogoch
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
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21
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Moore SM, Ten Bosch QA, Siraj AS, Soda KJ, España G, Campo A, Gómez S, Salas D, Raybaud B, Wenger E, Welkhoff P, Perkins TA. Local and regional dynamics of chikungunya virus transmission in Colombia: the role of mismatched spatial heterogeneity. BMC Med 2018; 16:152. [PMID: 30157921 PMCID: PMC6116375 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-018-1127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mathematical models of transmission dynamics are routinely fitted to epidemiological time series, which must inevitably be aggregated at some spatial scale. Weekly case reports of chikungunya have been made available nationally for numerous countries in the Western Hemisphere since late 2013, and numerous models have made use of this data set for forecasting and inferential purposes. Motivated by an abundance of literature suggesting that the transmission of this mosquito-borne pathogen is localized at scales much finer than nationally, we fitted models at three different spatial scales to weekly case reports from Colombia to explore limitations of analyses of nationally aggregated time series data. METHODS We adapted the recently developed Disease Transmission Kernel (DTK)-Dengue model for modeling chikungunya virus (CHIKV) transmission, given the numerous similarities of these viruses vectored by a common mosquito vector. We fitted versions of this model specified at different spatial scales to weekly case reports aggregated at different spatial scales: (1) single-patch national model fitted to national data; (2) single-patch departmental models fitted to departmental data; and (3) multi-patch departmental models fitted to departmental data, where the multiple patches refer to municipalities within a department. We compared the consistency of simulations from fitted models with empirical data. RESULTS We found that model consistency with epidemic dynamics improved with increasing spatial granularity of the model. Specifically, the sum of single-patch departmental model fits better captured national-level temporal patterns than did a single-patch national model. Likewise, multi-patch departmental model fits better captured department-level temporal patterns than did single-patch departmental model fits. Furthermore, inferences about municipal-level incidence based on multi-patch departmental models fitted to department-level data were positively correlated with municipal-level data that were withheld from model fitting. CONCLUSIONS Our model performed better when posed at finer spatial scales, due to better matching between human populations with locally relevant risk. Confronting spatially aggregated models with spatially aggregated data imposes a serious structural constraint on model behavior by averaging over epidemiologically meaningful spatial variation in drivers of transmission, impairing the ability of models to reproduce empirical patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
| | - Quirine A Ten Bosch
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR2000: Génomique évolutive, modélisation et santé (GEMS), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Amir S Siraj
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - K James Soda
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Guido España
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Alfonso Campo
- Subdirección de Análisis de Riesgo y Respuesta Inmediata en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sara Gómez
- Grupo de Enfermedades Transmisibles, Instituto Nacional de Salud de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniela Salas
- Grupo de Enfermedades Transmisibles, Instituto Nacional de Salud de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | | | - T Alex Perkins
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
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22
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Hamilton PL, Cruickshank G. Delayed central nervous system manifestation of Chikungunya virus with magnetic resonance T2 weighted imaging high signal changes-a case report. J Surg Case Rep 2018; 2018:rjy134. [PMID: 29942482 PMCID: PMC6007573 DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjy134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CHIKV is a relatively new virus and we are still learning about the illness. Very little is known about CNS its involvement and even less about its delayed or long-term manifestations if any. It therefore behoves us to consider delayed CNS involvement when assessing patients with CHIKV infections that may not have had an acute neurological manifestation at the time of diagnosis coupled with new onset neurological manifestations and MRI abnormalities. It seems likely that patients with CHIKV may experience delayed CNS manifestation of the viral infection. This report highlights the importance of a travel history when assessing patients with a neurological complaint. The pathway to best manage such cases is with repeated imaging to assess if the signal changes either progress, resolve or more importantly if there is any MRI correlation should changes in neurology develop during the surveillance period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preci L Hamilton
- Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of the West Indies, Mona, Ingston 7, Jamaica, West Indies
| | - Garth Cruickshank
- Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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23
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Huber JH, Childs ML, Caldwell JM, Mordecai EA. Seasonal temperature variation influences climate suitability for dengue, chikungunya, and Zika transmission. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006451. [PMID: 29746468 PMCID: PMC5963813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus epidemics transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes have recently (re)emerged and spread throughout the Americas, Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, and elsewhere. Understanding how environmental conditions affect epidemic dynamics is critical for predicting and responding to the geographic and seasonal spread of disease. Specifically, we lack a mechanistic understanding of how seasonal variation in temperature affects epidemic magnitude and duration. Here, we develop a dynamic disease transmission model for dengue virus and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes that integrates mechanistic, empirically parameterized, and independently validated mosquito and virus trait thermal responses under seasonally varying temperatures. We examine the influence of seasonal temperature mean, variation, and temperature at the start of the epidemic on disease dynamics. We find that at both constant and seasonally varying temperatures, warmer temperatures at the start of epidemics promote more rapid epidemics due to faster burnout of the susceptible population. By contrast, intermediate temperatures (24–25°C) at epidemic onset produced the largest epidemics in both constant and seasonally varying temperature regimes. When seasonal temperature variation was low, 25–35°C annual average temperatures produced the largest epidemics, but this range shifted to cooler temperatures as seasonal temperature variation increased (analogous to previous results for diurnal temperature variation). Tropical and sub-tropical cities such as Rio de Janeiro, Fortaleza, and Salvador, Brazil; Cali, Cartagena, and Barranquilla, Colombia; Delhi, India; Guangzhou, China; and Manila, Philippines have mean annual temperatures and seasonal temperature ranges that produced the largest epidemics. However, more temperate cities like Shanghai, China had high epidemic suitability because large seasonal variation offset moderate annual average temperatures. By accounting for seasonal variation in temperature, the model provides a baseline for mechanistically understanding environmental suitability for virus transmission by Aedes aegypti. Overlaying the impact of human activities and socioeconomic factors onto this mechanistic temperature-dependent framework is critical for understanding likelihood and magnitude of outbreaks. Mosquito-borne viruses like dengue, Zika, and chikungunya have recently caused large epidemics that are partly driven by temperature. Using a mathematical model built from laboratory experimental data for Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and dengue virus, we examine the impact of variation in seasonal temperature regimes on epidemic size and duration. At constant temperatures, both low and high temperatures (20°C and 35°C) produce small epidemics, while intermediate temperatures like 25°C and 30°C produce much larger epidemics. In seasonally varying temperature environments, epidemics peak more rapidly at higher starting temperatures, while intermediate starting temperatures produce the largest epidemics. Seasonal mean temperatures of 25–35°C are most suitable for large epidemics when seasonality is low, but in more variable seasonal environments epidemic suitability peaks at lower annual average temperatures. Tropical and sub-tropical cities have the highest temperature suitability for epidemics, but more temperate cities with high seasonal variation also have the potential for very large epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Huber
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Marissa L Childs
- Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jamie M Caldwell
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Erin A Mordecai
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
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24
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Estimating the probability of dengue virus introduction and secondary autochthonous cases in Europe. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4629. [PMID: 29545610 PMCID: PMC5854675 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22590-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the speed of air travel, diseases even with a short viremia such as dengue can be easily exported to dengue naïve areas within 24 hours. We set out to estimate the risk of dengue virus introductions via travelers into Europe and number of secondary autochthonous cases as a result of the introduction. We applied mathematical modeling to estimate the number of dengue-viremic air passengers from 16 dengue-endemic countries to 27 European countries, taking into account the incidence of dengue in the exporting countries, travel volume and the probability of being viremic at the time of travel. Our models estimate a range from zero to 167 air passengers who are dengue-viremic at the time of travel from dengue endemic countries to each of the 27 receiving countries in one year. Germany receives the highest number of imported dengue-viremic air passengers followed by France and the United Kingdom. Our findings estimate 10 autochthonous secondary asymptomatic and symptomatic dengue infections, caused by the expected 124 infected travelers who arrived in Italy in 2012. The risk of onward transmission in Europe is reassuringly low, except where Aedes aegypti is present.
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25
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Variation at position 350 in the Chikungunya virus 6K-E1 protein determines the sensitivity of detection in a rapid E1-antigen test. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1094. [PMID: 29348674 PMCID: PMC5773492 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-borne pathogen, consists of three genotypes: East/Central/South African (ECSA), West African (WA), and Asian. Although a current rapid immunochromatographic (IC) test detecting CHIKV E1-antigen showed high sensitivity to ECSA-genotype viruses, it showed poor performance against the Asian-genotype virus that is spreading in the American continents. To understand the basis for the low performance of this IC test against Asian-genotype virus, we re-examined the anti-CHIKV monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) used in the assay for their interaction with E1-antigen of the three CHIKV genotypes. We found that the reactivity of one mAb for Asian-genotype virus was lower than that for ECSA virus. Comparison of E1 amino acid sequences revealed that the ECSA virus used to generate these mAbs possesses glutamic acid (E) at position 350, in contrast to WA and Asian, which possess aspartic acid (D) at this position. Site-directed mutagenesis confirmed that the mutation altered mAb reactivity, since E-to-D substitution at position 350 in ECSA reduced recognition by the mAb, while D-to-E substitution at this position in Asian and WA increased affinity for the mAb. Taken together, these results indicate that residue 350 of the CHIKV 6K-E1 is a key element affecting the performance of this IC assay.
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26
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Chan Y, Ng LFP. Age has a role in driving host immunopathological response to alphavirus infection. Immunology 2017; 152:545-555. [PMID: 28744856 PMCID: PMC5680050 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are a group of arthropod-borne pathogens capable of causing a wide spectrum of clinical symptoms, ranging from milder symptoms like rashes, fever and polyarthralgia, to life-threatening encephalitis. This genus of viruses is prevalent globally, and can infect patients across a wide age range. Interestingly, disease severity of virus-infected patients is wide-ranging. Definitions of the pathogenesis of alphaviruses, as well as the host factors influencing disease severity, remain limited. The innate and adaptive immune systems are important host defences against alphavirus infections. Several reports have highlighted the roles of specific immune subsets in contributing to the immune pathogenesis of these viruses. However, immunosenescence, a gradual deterioration of the immune system brought about by the natural advancement of age, affects the functional roles of these immune subsets. This phenomenon compromises the host's ability to defend against alphavirus infection and pathogenesis. In addition, the lack of maturity in the immune system in newborns and infants also results in more severe disease outcomes. In this review, we will summarize the subtle yet diverse physiological changes in the immune system during aging, and how these changes underlie the differences in disease severity for common alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Hao Chan
- Singapore Immunology NetworkAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Lisa F. P. Ng
- Singapore Immunology NetworkAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore
- Department of BiochemistryYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore
- Institute of Infection and Global HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- Present address:
8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis#04‐06 Immunos138648Singapore
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27
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Brown GD, Porter AT, Oleson JJ, Hinman JA. Approximate Bayesian computation for spatial SEIR(S) epidemic models. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2017; 24:27-37. [PMID: 29413712 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Approximate Bayesia n Computation (ABC) provides an attractive approach to estimation in complex Bayesian inferential problems for which evaluation of the kernel of the posterior distribution is impossible or computationally expensive. These highly parallelizable techniques have been successfully applied to many fields, particularly in cases where more traditional approaches such as Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) are impractical. In this work, we demonstrate the application of approximate Bayesian inference to spatially heterogeneous Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Removed (SEIR) stochastic epidemic models. These models have a tractable posterior distribution, however MCMC techniques nevertheless become computationally infeasible for moderately sized problems. We discuss the practical implementation of these techniques via the open source ABSEIR package for R. The performance of ABC relative to traditional MCMC methods in a small problem is explored under simulation, as well as in the spatially heterogeneous context of the 2014 epidemic of Chikungunya in the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant D Brown
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA.
| | - Aaron T Porter
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401 USA
| | - Jacob J Oleson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
| | - Jessica A Hinman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA
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28
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Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus in the family Togaviridae that causes outbreaks of debilitating acute and chronic arthralgia in humans. Although historically associated with localized outbreaks in Africa and Asia, recent epidemics in the Indian Ocean region and the Americas have led to the recognition that CHIKV is capable of moving into previously unaffected areas and causing significant levels of human suffering. The severity of CHIKV rheumatic disease, which can severely impact life quality of infected individuals for weeks, months, or even years, combined with the explosive nature of CHIKV outbreaks and its demonstrated ability to quickly spread into new regions, has led to renewed interest in developing strategies for the prevention or treatment of CHIKV-induced disease. Therefore, this chapter briefly discusses the biology of CHIKV and the factors contributing to CHIKV dissemination, while also discussing the pathogenesis of CHIKV-induced disease and summarizing the status of efforts to develop safe and effective therapies and vaccines against CHIKV and related viruses.
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29
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Brown HE, Barrera R, Comrie AC, Lega J. Effect of Temperature Thresholds on Modeled Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Population Dynamics. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:869-877. [PMID: 28399306 PMCID: PMC5850289 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic simulation models provide vector abundance estimates using only meteorological data. However, model outcomes may heavily depend on the assumptions used to parameterize them. We conducted a sensitivity analysis for a model of Aedes aegypti (L.) abundance using weather data from two locations where this vector is established, La Margarita, Puerto Rico and Tucson, Arizona. We tested the effect of simplifying temperature-dependent development and mortality rates and of changing development and mortality thresholds as compared with baselines estimated using biophysical models. The simplified development and mortality rates had limited effect on abundance estimates in either location. However, in Tucson, where the vector is established but has not transmitted viruses, a difference of 5 °C resulted in populations either surviving or collapsing in the hot Arizona mid-summer, depending on the temperature thresholds. We find three important implications of the observed sensitivity to temperature thresholds. First, this analysis indicates the need for better estimates of the temperature tolerance thresholds to refine entomologic risk mapping for disease vectors. Second, our results highlight the importance of extreme temperatures on vector survival at the marginal areas of this vector's distribution. Finally, the model suggests that adaptation to warmer temperatures may shift regions of pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi E. Brown
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave., Tucson, AZ 85724 ()
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - Roberto Barrera
- Entomology and Ecology Activity, Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1324 Calle Canada, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00920 ()
| | - Andrew C. Comrie
- School of Geography and Development, University of Arizona, ENR2 Bldg., South 4th Floor, P.O. Box 210137, Tucson, AZ 85721-0137 ()
| | - Joceline Lega
- Department of Mathematics, University of Arizona, 617 N. Santa Rita Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721 ()
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30
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Ng V, Fazil A, Gachon P, Deuymes G, Radojević M, Mascarenhas M, Garasia S, Johansson MA, Ogden NH. Assessment of the Probability of Autochthonous Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Canada under Recent and Projected Climate Change. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:067001. [PMID: 28731409 PMCID: PMC5743612 DOI: 10.1289/ehp669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a reemerging pathogen transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. The ongoing Caribbean outbreak is of concern due to the potential for infected travelers to spread the virus to countries where vectors are present and the population is susceptible. Although there has been no autochthonous transmission of CHIKV in Canada, there is concern that both Ae. albopictus and CHIKV will become established, particularly under projected climate change. We developed risk maps for autochthonous CHIKV transmission in Canada under recent (1981–2010) and projected climate (2011–2040 and 2041–2070). METHODS The risk for CHIKV transmission was the combination of the climatic suitability for CHIKV transmission potential and the climatic suitability for the presence of Ae. albopictus; the former was assessed using a stochastic model to calculate R0 and the latter was assessed by deriving a suitability indicator (SIG) that captures a set of climatic conditions known to influence the ecology of Ae. albopictus. R0 and SIG were calculated for each grid cell in Canada south of 60°N, for each time period and for two emission scenarios, and combined to produce overall risk categories that were mapped to identify areas suitable for transmission and the duration of transmissibility. FINDINGS The risk for autochthonous CHIKV transmission under recent climate is very low with all of Canada classified as unsuitable or rather unsuitable for transmission. Small parts of southern coastal British Columbia become progressively suitable with short-term and long-term projected climate; the duration of potential transmission is limited to 1–2 months of the year. INTERPRETATION Although the current risk for autochthonous CHIKV transmission in Canada is very low, our study could be further supported by the routine surveillance of Ae. albopictus in areas identified as potentially suitable for transmission given our uncertainty on the current distribution of this species in Canada. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP669
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Ng
- National Microbiology Laboratory , Public Health Agency of Canada , Guelph, Ontario and Saint-Hyacinthe , Québec, Canada
| | - Aamir Fazil
- National Microbiology Laboratory , Public Health Agency of Canada , Guelph, Ontario and Saint-Hyacinthe , Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Gachon
- ESCER (Étude et Simulation du Climat à l'Échelle Régionale) centre, Université du Québec à Montréal , Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Deuymes
- ESCER (Étude et Simulation du Climat à l'Échelle Régionale) centre, Université du Québec à Montréal , Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Milka Radojević
- Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique , Toulouse, France
| | - Mariola Mascarenhas
- National Microbiology Laboratory , Public Health Agency of Canada , Guelph, Ontario and Saint-Hyacinthe , Québec, Canada
| | - Sophiya Garasia
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael A Johansson
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Nicholas H Ogden
- National Microbiology Laboratory , Public Health Agency of Canada , Guelph, Ontario and Saint-Hyacinthe , Québec, Canada
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Abstract
The emergence of Zika virus (ZiV), a mosquito borne Flavivirus like dengue (DEN) and chikungunya (CHIK), in Brazil in 2014 and its spread to various countries have led to a global health emergency. Aedes aegypti is the major vector for ZiV. Fast dissemination of this virus in different geographical areas posses a major threat especially to regions where the population lacks herd immunity against the ZiV and there is abundance of Aedes mosquitoes. In this review, we focus on current global scenario, epidemiology, biology, diagnostic challenges and remedial measures for ZiVconsidering the Indian perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pratip Shil
- National Institute of Virology (ICMR), Pune, India
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32
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Lindholm DA, Myers T, Widjaja S, Grant EM, Telu K, Lalani T, Fraser J, Fairchok M, Ganesan A, Johnson MD, Kunz A, Tribble DR, Yun HC. Mosquito Exposure and Chikungunya and Dengue Infection Among Travelers During the Chikungunya Outbreak in the Americas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:903-912. [PMID: 28115671 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractTravelers are at risk for arbovirus infection. We prospectively enrolled 267 Department of Defense beneficiaries traveling to chikungunya-outbreak regions in the Americas between December 2013 and May 2015 and assessed travel characteristics and serologic exposure to chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and dengue virus (DENV). Ten ill-returning travelers were also assessed retrospectively. Self-reported mosquito exposure was common (64% of 198 evaluable travelers saw mosquitoes; 53% of 201 reported ≥ 1 bite). Increased exposure was associated with active-duty travelers (odds ratio [OR] = 2.6 [1.3-5.4] for seeing mosquitoes) or travelers visiting friends and relatives (VFR) (OR = 3.5 [1.0-10.0] for high-intensity bite exposure). Arbovirus infection was defined as seroconversion on plaque reduction neutralization testing (PRNT) of pre- and posttravel sera. For ill subjects enrolled posttravel, infection was defined by a positive convalescent PRNT and/or a positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for CHIKV or DENV. We identified seven cases of arbovirus infection: four with CHIKV, five with DENV, and two with both. The composite attack rate for CHIKV and DENV infection was 3.7% of 108 evaluable, immunologically naïve, prospectively assessed travelers; there was serologic and/or polymerase chain reaction evidence of arbovirus infection in three of four evaluable (three of 10 total) ill-returning travelers. We identified both symptomatic and asymptomatic cases. Military purpose of travel and VFR travel accounted for five of seven cases. Pretravel counseling is important and should target higher risk groups. Given a shared vector between CHIKV, DENV, and Zika virus (ZIKV), this study can also help guide counseling for travelers to ZIKV-outbreak regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Todd Myers
- Naval Infectious Diseases Diagnostic Laboratory, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Susana Widjaja
- Naval Infectious Diseases Diagnostic Laboratory, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Edward M Grant
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kalyani Telu
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tahaniyat Lalani
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland.,Naval Medical Center, Portsmouth, Virginia
| | - Jamie Fraser
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mary Fairchok
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland.,Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington
| | - Anuradha Ganesan
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland.,Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mark D Johnson
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.,Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California
| | - Anjali Kunz
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.,Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington
| | - David R Tribble
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Heather C Yun
- San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
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Kariyawasam R, Lau R, Eshaghi A, Patel SN, Sider D, Gubbay JB, Boggild AK. Spectrum of Viral Pathogens in Blood of Malaria-Free Ill Travelers Returning to Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:854-61. [PMID: 27089008 PMCID: PMC4861526 DOI: 10.3201/eid2205.151875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is the most common specific cause of fever in returning travelers, but many other vectorborne infections and viral infections are emerging and increasingly encountered by travelers. We documented common and emerging viral pathogens in malaria-negative specimens from ill travelers returning to Canada. Anonymized, malaria-negative specimens were examined for various viral pathogens by real-time PCR. Samples were positive for herpes simplex viruses 1 or 2 (n = 21, 1.6%), cytomegalovirus (n = 4, 0.3%), Epstein-Barr virus (n = 194, 14.9%), dengue virus types 1-4 (n = 27, 2.1%), chikungunya virus (n = 5, 0.4%), and hepatitis A virus (n = 12, 0.9%). Travel-acquired viral pathogens were documented in >20% of malaria-negative specimens, of which 2.5% were infected with dengue and chikungunya viruses. Our findings support the anecdotal impression that these vectorborne pathogens are emerging among persons who travel from Canada to other countries.
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Vanlandingham DL, Higgs S, Huang YJS. Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Mosquito-Borne Viruses in the United States. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:1024-1028. [PMID: 27113107 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse), is a highly invasive species that continues to expand its geographic distribution both in the United States and in countries on other continents. Studies have demonstrated its susceptibility to infection with at least 32 viruses, including 13 that are present in the United States. Despite this susceptibility, its role as a significant competent vector in natural transmission cycles of arboviruses, has been limited. However, with the recent introductions of chikungunya and Zika viruses into the Americas, for which Ae. albopictus is a recognized vector, it is possible that the species may contribute to the transmission of these viruses to humans and perhaps other susceptible vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana L Vanlandingham
- Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (; ; )
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (; ; ) Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Yan-Jang S Huang
- Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (; ; ) Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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Poirier MJ, Moss DM, Feeser KR, Streit TG, Chang GJJ, Whitney M, Russell BJ, Johnson BW, Basile AJ, Goodman CH, Barry AK, Lammie PJ. Measuring Haitian children's exposure to chikungunya, dengue and malaria. Bull World Health Organ 2016; 94:817-825A. [PMID: 27821884 PMCID: PMC5096354 DOI: 10.2471/blt.16.173252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To differentiate exposure to the newly introduced chikungunya virus from exposure to endemic dengue virus and other pathogens in Haiti. Methods We used a multiplex bead assay to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to a recombinant chikungunya virus antigen, two dengue virus-like particles and three recombinant Plasmodium falciparum antigens. Most (217) of the blood samples investigated were collected longitudinally, from each of 61 children, between 2011 and 2014 but another 127 were collected from a cross-sectional sample of children in 2014. Findings Of the samples from the longitudinal cohort, none of the 153 collected between 2011 and 2013 but 78.7% (48/61) of those collected in 2014 were positive for IgG responses to the chikungunya virus antigen. In the cross-sectional sample, such responses were detected in 96 (75.6%) of the children and occurred at similar prevalence across all age groups. In the same sample, responses to malarial antigen were only detected in eight children (6.3%) but the prevalence of IgG responses to dengue virus antigens was 60.6% (77/127) overall and increased steadily with age. Spatial analysis indicated that the prevalence of IgG responses to the chikungunya virus and one of the dengue virus-like particles decreased as the sampling site moved away from the city of Léogâne and towards the ocean. Conclusion Serological evidence indicates that there had been a rapid and intense dissemination of chikungunya virus in Haiti. The multiplex bead assay appears to be an appropriate serological platform to monitor the seroprevalence of multiple pathogens simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Jp Poirier
- University of Notre Dame Haiti Program, Hôpital Sainte Croix, Rue D' Accenil No.1, Léogâne, Haiti
| | - Delynn M Moss
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States of America (USA)
| | - Karla R Feeser
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States of America (USA)
| | - Thomas G Streit
- University of Notre Dame Haiti Program, Hôpital Sainte Croix, Rue D' Accenil No.1, Léogâne, Haiti
| | | | - Matthew Whitney
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, USA
| | | | | | - Alison J Basile
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, USA
| | | | - Amanda K Barry
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States of America (USA)
| | - Patrick J Lammie
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States of America (USA)
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Everts M, Cihlar T, Bostwick JR, Whitley RJ. Accelerating Drug Development: Antiviral Therapies for Emerging Viruses as a Model. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 57:155-169. [PMID: 27483339 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010716-104533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Drug discovery and development is a lengthy and expensive process. Although no one, simple, single solution can significantly accelerate this process, steps can be taken to avoid unnecessary delays. Using the development of antiviral therapies as a model, we describe options for acceleration that cover target selection, assay development and high-throughput screening, hit confirmation, lead identification and development, animal model evaluations, toxicity studies, regulatory issues, and the general drug discovery and development infrastructure. Together, these steps could result in accelerated timelines for bringing antiviral therapies to market so they can treat emerging infections and reduce human suffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Everts
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35233; ,
| | - Tomas Cihlar
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404;
| | - J Robert Bostwick
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205;
| | - Richard J Whitley
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35233; ,
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Brannen DE, Alhammad A, Branum M, Schmitt A. International Air Travel to Ohio, USA, and the Impact on Malaria, Influenza, and Hepatitis A. SCIENTIFICA 2016; 2016:8258946. [PMID: 27123365 PMCID: PMC4830737 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8258946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The State of Ohio led the United States in measles in 2014, ostensibly related to international air travel (IAT), and ranked lower than 43 other states in infectious disease outbreak preparedness. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using surveillance data of the total Ohio population of 11 million from 2010 through 2014 with a nested case control of air travelers to determine the risk of malaria, seasonal influenza hospitalizations (IH), and hepatitis A (HA) disease related to international travel and to estimate the association with domestic enplanement. IAT appeared protective for HA and IH with a risk of 0.031 (.02-.04) but for malaria was 2.7 (2.07-3.62). Enplanement increased the risk for nonendemic M 3.5 (2.5-4.9) and for HA and IH 1.39 (1.34-1.44). IAT's ratio of relative risk (RRR) of malaria to HA and IH was 87.1 (55.8-136) greater than 219 times versus domestic enplanement which was protective for malaria at 0.397 (0.282-0.559). Malaria is correlated with IAT with cases increasing by 6.9 for every 10,000 passports issued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald E. Brannen
- Greene County Public Health, 360 Wilson Drive, Xenia, OH 45385, USA
- Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
- Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH 45207, USA
| | - Ali Alhammad
- Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
- Division of Aerospace Medicine, Boonshoft College of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
- Royal Saudi Arabian Armed Forces Medical Services, Jeddah 21577, Saudi Arabia
| | - Melissa Branum
- Greene County Public Health, 360 Wilson Drive, Xenia, OH 45385, USA
- Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Amy Schmitt
- Greene County Public Health, 360 Wilson Drive, Xenia, OH 45385, USA
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Escobar LE, Qiao H, Peterson AT. Forecasting Chikungunya spread in the Americas via data-driven empirical approaches. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:112. [PMID: 26928307 PMCID: PMC4772319 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is endemic to Africa and Asia, but the Asian genotype invaded the Americas in 2013. The fast increase of human infections in the American epidemic emphasized the urgency of developing detailed predictions of case numbers and the potential geographic spread of this disease. METHODS We developed a simple model incorporating cases generated locally and cases imported from other countries, and forecasted transmission hotspots at the level of countries and at finer scales, in terms of ecological features. RESULTS By late January 2015, >1.2 M CHIKV cases were reported from the Americas, with country-level prevalences between nil and more than 20 %. In the early stages of the epidemic, exponential growth in case numbers was common; later, however, poor and uneven reporting became more common, in a phenomenon we term "surveillance fatigue." Economic activity of countries was not associated with prevalence, but diverse social factors may be linked to surveillance effort and reporting. CONCLUSIONS Our model predictions were initially quite inaccurate, but improved markedly as more data accumulated within the Americas. The data-driven methodology explored in this study provides an opportunity to generate descriptive and predictive information on spread of emerging diseases in the short-term under simple models based on open-access tools and data that can inform early-warning systems and public health intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Escobar
- Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
- Center for Global Health and Translational Science, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| | - Huijie Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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First Imported Case of Chikungunya Virus Infection in a Travelling Canadian Returning from the Caribbean. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 2016:2980297. [PMID: 27366163 PMCID: PMC4904578 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2980297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This is the first Canadian case of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection reported in a traveller returning from the Caribbean. Following multiple mosquito bites in Martinique Island in January 2014, the patient presented with high fever, headaches, arthralgia on both hands and feet, and a rash on the trunk upon his return to Canada. Initial serological testing for dengue virus infection was negative. Support therapy with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was administered. The symptoms gradually improved 4 weeks after onset with residual arthralgia and morning joint stiffness. This clinical feature prompted the clinician to request CHIKV virus serology which was found to be positive for the presence of IgM and neutralizing antibodies. In 2014, over four hundred confirmed CHIKV infection cases were diagnosed in Canadian travellers returning from the Caribbean and Central America. Clinical suspicion of CHIKV or dengue virus infections should be considered in febrile patients with arthralgia returning from the recently CHIKV endemic countries of the Americas.
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Limitations of Current in Vivo Mouse Models for the Study of Chikungunya Virus Pathogenesis. Med Sci (Basel) 2015; 3:64-77. [PMID: 29083392 PMCID: PMC5635755 DOI: 10.3390/medsci3030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthropod-borne alphavirus that causes febrile chikungunya fever (CHIKF) in humans. This disease is debilitating and characterized by acute fever onset and chronic incapacitating polyarthralgia. CHIKF pathogenesis remains poorly defined with no approved vaccines and therapies. Recent outbreaks in the Caribbean islands have elevated concerns over the possibility of a global pandemic. Tremendous efforts have been made to develop relevant mouse models to enable the study of infection and immunity against this viral disease. Among them, the more common C57BL/6 mouse model demonstrated the ability to recapitulate the symptoms shown in infected humans, including self-limiting arthritis, myositis, and tenosynovitis. This has facilitated the unraveling of some key factors involved in disease pathogenesis of CHIKF. However, the stark differences in immune response between humans and mouse models necessitate the development of an animal model with an immune system that is more genetically similar to the human system for a better representation. In this paper, we aim to uncover the limitations of the C57BL/6 model and discuss alternative mouse models for CHIKV research.
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Abstract
The mosquito-borne Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a profound global threat due to its high rate of contagion and the lack of vaccine or effective treatment. Suramin is a symmetric polyanionic naphthylurea that is widely used in the clinical treatment of parasite infections. Numerous studies have reported the broad antiviral activities of suramin; however, inhibition effects against CHIKV have not yet been demonstrated. The aim of this study was thus to investigate the antiviral effect of suramin on CHIKV infection and to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying inhibition using plaque reduction assay, RT-qPCR, western blot analysis, and plaque assay. Microneutralization assay was used to determine the EC50 of suramin in the CHIKV-S27 strain as well as in three other clinical strains (0611aTw, 0810bTw and 0706aTw). Time-of-addition was used to reveal the anti-CHIKV mechanism of suramin. We also evaluated anti-CHIKV activity with regard to viral entry, virus release, and cell-to-cell transmission. Cytopathic effect, viral RNA, viral protein, and the virus yield of CHIKV infection were shown to diminish in the presence of suramin in a dose-dependent manner. Suramin was also shown the inhibitory activities of the three clinical isolates. Suramin inhibited the early progression of CHIKV infection, due perhaps to interference with virus fusion and binding, which subsequently prevented viral entry. Results of a molecular docking simulation indicate that suramin may embed within the cavity of the E1/E2 heterodimer to interfere with their function. Suramin was also shown to reduce viral release and cell-to-cell transmission of CHIKV. In conclusion, Suramin shows considerable potential as a novel anti-CHIKV agent targeting viral entry, extracellular transmission, and cell-to-cell transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jung Ho
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-wei Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Yuan Wu
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - Liang-In Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Cheng Kuo
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, and Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (SCK); (CCL)
| | - Chang-Chi Lin
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (SCK); (CCL)
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Tan KK, Sy AKD, Tandoc AO, Khoo JJ, Sulaiman S, Chang LY, AbuBakar S. Independent Emergence of the Cosmopolitan Asian Chikungunya Virus, Philippines 2012. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26201250 PMCID: PMC5378875 DOI: 10.1038/srep12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks involving the Asian genotype Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) caused over one million infections in the Americas recently. The outbreak was preceded by a major nationwide outbreak in the Philippines. We examined the phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships of representative CHIKV isolates obtained from the 2012 Philippines outbreak with other CHIKV isolates collected globally. Asian CHIKV isolated from the Philippines, China, Micronesia and Caribbean regions were found closely related, herein denoted as Cosmopolitan Asian CHIKV (CACV). Three adaptive amino acid substitutions in nsP3 (D483N), E1 (P397L) and E3 (Q19R) were identified among CACV. Acquisition of the nsP3-483N mutation in Compostela Valley followed by E1-397L/E3-19R in Laguna preceded the nationwide spread in the Philippines. The China isolates possessed two of the amino acid substitutions, nsP3-D483N and E1-P397L whereas the Micronesian and Caribbean CHIKV inherited all the three amino acid substitutions. The unique amino acid substitutions observed among the isolates suggest multiple independent virus dissemination events. The possible biological importance of the specific genetic signatures associated with the rapid global of the virus is not known and warrant future in-depth study and epidemiological follow-up. Molecular evidence, however, supports the Philippines outbreak as the possible origin of the CACV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim-Kee Tan
- 1] Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia [2] Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ava Kristy D Sy
- Virology Department, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Health, FCC Compound, Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Amado O Tandoc
- Virology Department, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Health, FCC Compound, Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | - Jing-Jing Khoo
- 1] Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia [2] Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Syuhaida Sulaiman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Li-Yen Chang
- 1] Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia [2] Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sazaly AbuBakar
- 1] Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia [2] Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Kraemer MUG, Sinka ME, Duda KA, Mylne A, Shearer FM, Brady OJ, Messina JP, Barker CM, Moore CG, Carvalho RG, Coelho GE, Van Bortel W, Hendrickx G, Schaffner F, Wint GRW, Elyazar IRF, Teng HJ, Hay SI. The global compendium of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus occurrence. Sci Data 2015; 2:150035. [PMID: 26175912 PMCID: PMC4493829 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2015.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus are the main vectors transmitting dengue and chikungunya viruses. Despite being pathogens of global public health importance, knowledge of their vectors’ global distribution remains patchy and sparse. A global geographic database of known occurrences of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus between 1960 and 2014 was compiled. Herein we present the database, which comprises occurrence data linked to point or polygon locations, derived from peer-reviewed literature and unpublished studies including national entomological surveys and expert networks. We describe all data collection processes, as well as geo-positioning methods, database management and quality-control procedures. This is the first comprehensive global database of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus occurrence, consisting of 19,930 and 22,137 geo-positioned occurrence records respectively. Both datasets can be used for a variety of mapping and spatial analyses of the vectors and, by inference, the diseases they transmit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz U G Kraemer
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Marianne E Sinka
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics,University of Oxford , Oxford, UK ; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington , Seattle, USA
| | - Kirsten A Duda
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Adrian Mylne
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics,University of Oxford , Oxford, UK ; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington , Seattle, USA
| | - Freya M Shearer
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics,University of Oxford , Oxford, UK ; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington , Seattle, USA
| | - Oliver J Brady
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics,University of Oxford , Oxford, UK ; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington , Seattle, USA
| | - Jane P Messina
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Christopher M Barker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California , Davis, CA, USA ; Center for Vectorborne Diseases, University of California , Davis, CA, USA ; Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Chester G Moore
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Roberta G Carvalho
- National Dengue Control Program, Ministry of Health , Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Giovanini E Coelho
- National Dengue Control Program, Ministry of Health , Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Wim Van Bortel
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control , Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - G R William Wint
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK ; Environmental Research Group Oxford Ltd, Department of Zoology , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | | | - Hwa-Jen Teng
- Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control , Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Simon I Hay
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK ; Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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45
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Kraemer MUG, Sinka ME, Duda KA, Mylne AQN, Shearer FM, Barker CM, Moore CG, Carvalho RG, Coelho GE, Van Bortel W, Hendrickx G, Schaffner F, Elyazar IRF, Teng HJ, Brady OJ, Messina JP, Pigott DM, Scott TW, Smith DL, Wint GRW, Golding N, Hay SI. The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. eLife 2015; 4:e08347. [PMID: 26126267 PMCID: PMC4493616 DOI: 10.7554/elife.08347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1125] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue and chikungunya are increasing global public health concerns due to their rapid geographical spread and increasing disease burden. Knowledge of the contemporary distribution of their shared vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus remains incomplete and is complicated by an ongoing range expansion fuelled by increased global trade and travel. Mapping the global distribution of these vectors and the geographical determinants of their ranges is essential for public health planning. Here we compile the largest contemporary database for both species and pair it with relevant environmental variables predicting their global distribution. We show Aedes distributions to be the widest ever recorded; now extensive in all continents, including North America and Europe. These maps will help define the spatial limits of current autochthonous transmission of dengue and chikungunya viruses. It is only with this kind of rigorous entomological baseline that we can hope to project future health impacts of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz UG Kraemer
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marianne E Sinka
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsten A Duda
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian QN Mylne
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Freya M Shearer
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M Barker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Chester G Moore
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | | | | | - Wim Van Bortel
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Hwa-Jen Teng
- Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Oliver J Brady
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jane P Messina
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David M Pigott
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas W Scott
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - David L Smith
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
- Sanaria Institute for Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Rockville, United States
| | - GR William Wint
- Environmental Research Group Oxford, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Golding
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon I Hay
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
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Perkins TA, Metcalf CJE, Grenfell BT, Tatem AJ. Estimating drivers of autochthonous transmission of chikungunya virus in its invasion of the americas. PLOS CURRENTS 2015; 7. [PMID: 25737803 PMCID: PMC4339250 DOI: 10.1371/currents.outbreaks.a4c7b6ac10e0420b1788c9767946d1fc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background
Chikungunya is an emerging arbovirus that has caused explosive outbreaks in Africa and Asia for decades and invaded the Americas just over a year ago. During this ongoing invasion, it has spread to 45 countries where it has been transmitted autochthonously, infecting nearly 1.3 million people in total.
Methods
Here, we made use of weekly, country-level case reports to infer relationships between transmission and two putative climatic drivers: temperature and precipitation averaged across each country on a monthly basis. To do so, we used a TSIR model that enabled us to infer a parametric relationship between climatic drivers and transmission potential, and we applied a new method for incorporating a probabilistic description of the serial interval distribution into the TSIR framework.
Results
We found significant relationships between transmission and linear and quadratic terms for temperature and precipitation and a linear term for log incidence during the previous pathogen generation. The lattermost suggests that case numbers three to four weeks ago are largely predictive of current case numbers. This effect is quite nonlinear at the country level, however, due to an estimated mixing parameter of 0.74. Relationships between transmission and the climatic variables that we estimated were biologically plausible and in line with expectations.
Conclusions
Our analysis suggests that autochthonous transmission of Chikungunya in the Americas can be correlated successfully with putative climatic drivers, even at the coarse scale of countries and using long-term average climate data. Overall, this provides a preliminary suggestion that successfully forecasting the future trajectory of a Chikungunya outbreak and the receptivity of virgin areas may be possible. Our results also provide tentative estimates of timeframes and areas of greatest risk, and our extension of the TSIR model provides a novel tool for modeling vector-borne disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Alex Perkins
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA; Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - C Jessica E Metcalf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bryan T Grenfell
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Andrew J Tatem
- Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Flowminder Foundation, Stockholm, Sweden
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Semenza JC, Sudre B, Miniota J, Rossi M, Hu W, Kossowsky D, Suk JE, Van Bortel W, Khan K. International dispersal of dengue through air travel: importation risk for Europe. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3278. [PMID: 25474491 PMCID: PMC4256202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The worldwide distribution of dengue is expanding, in part due to globalized traffic and trade. Aedes albopictus is a competent vector for dengue viruses (DENV) and is now established in numerous regions of Europe. Viremic travellers arriving in Europe from dengue-affected areas of the world can become catalysts of local outbreaks in Europe. Local dengue transmission in Europe is extremely rare, and the last outbreak occurred in 1927–28 in Greece. However, autochthonous transmission was reported from France in September 2010, and from Croatia between August and October 2010. Methodology We compiled data on areas affected by dengue in 2010 from web resources and surveillance reports, and collected national dengue importation data. We developed a hierarchical regression model to quantify the relationship between the number of reported dengue cases imported into Europe and the volume of airline travellers arriving from dengue-affected areas internationally. Principal Findings In 2010, over 5.8 million airline travellers entered Europe from dengue-affected areas worldwide, of which 703,396 arrived at 36 airports situated in areas where Ae. albopictus has been recorded. The adjusted incidence rate ratio for imported dengue into European countries was 1.09 (95% CI: 1.01–1.17) for every increase of 10,000 travellers; in August, September, and October the rate ratios were 1.70 (95%CI: 1.23–2.35), 1.46 (95%CI: 1.02–2.10), and 1.35 (95%CI: 1.01–1.81), respectively. Two Italian cities where the vector is present received over 50% of all travellers from dengue-affected areas, yet with the continuing vector expansion more cities will be implicated in the future. In fact, 38% more travellers arrived in 2013 into those parts of Europe where Ae. albopictus has recently been introduced, compared to 2010. Conclusions The highest risk of dengue importation in 2010 was restricted to three months and can be ranked according to arriving traveller volume from dengue-affected areas into cities where the vector is present. The presence of the vector is a necessary, but not sufficient, prerequisite for DENV onward transmission, which depends on a number of additional factors. However, our empirical model can provide spatio-temporal elements to public health interventions. The global disease burden of dengue is staggering. Continuous expansion and vaccine failures illustrate the limitations of current dengue control efforts. Novel approaches and additional tools are required to combat and contain the disease. In Europe, dengue infections are rare and the last outbreak of dengue occurred in the late 1920s, in Greece. In 2010, however, local transmission occurred in France and Croatia. Based on 2010 data, we present a novel quantitative model of the risk of dengue importation for Europe. The 2010 model predicts the risk of dengue importation to be greatest for Milan, Rome and Barcelona in August, September and October, precisely when vector activity is the highest. With the current expansion of the vector in Europe, more cities are projected to be at risk in the future. Thus, the model based on 2010 data quantifies the likelihood and timing of importation. This approach employs global travel data to assess dengue importation risk in the EU and illustrates how quantitative models could tailor infectious disease control to certain regions and time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan C. Semenza
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Bertrand Sudre
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Miniota
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Massimiliano Rossi
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wei Hu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Kossowsky
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan E. Suk
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wim Van Bortel
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kamran Khan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Ogden NH, Milka R, Caminade C, Gachon P. Recent and projected future climatic suitability of North America for the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:532. [PMID: 25441177 PMCID: PMC4261747 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0532-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Since the 1980s, populations of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus have become established in south-eastern, eastern and central United States, extending to approximately 40°N. Ae. albopictus is a vector of a wide range of human pathogens including dengue and chikungunya viruses, which are currently emerging in the Caribbean and Central America and posing a threat to North America. Methods The risk of Ae. albopictus expanding its geographic range in North America under current and future climate was assessed using three climatic indicators of Ae. albopictus survival: overwintering conditions (OW), OW combined with annual air temperature (OWAT), and a linear index of precipitation and air temperature suitability expressed through a sigmoidal function (SIG). The capacity of these indicators to predict Ae. albopictus occurrence was evaluated using surveillance data from the United States. Projected future climatic suitability for Ae. albopictus was obtained using output of nine Regional Climate Model experiments (RCMs). Results OW and OWAT showed >90% specificity and sensitivity in predicting observed Ae. albopictus occurrence and also predicted moderate to high risk of Ae. albopictus invasion in Pacific coastal areas of the Unites States and Canada under current climate. SIG also well predicted observed Ae. albopictus occurrence (ROC area under the curve was 0.92) but predicted wider current climatic suitability in the north-central and north-eastern United States and south-eastern Canada. RCM output projected modest (circa 500 km) future northward range expansion of Ae. albopictus by the 2050s when using OW and OWAT indicators, but greater (600–1000 km) range expansion, particularly in eastern and central Canada, when using the SIG indicator. Variation in future possible distributions of Ae. albopictus was greater amongst the climatic indicators used than amongst the RCM experiments. Conclusions Current Ae. albopictus distributions were well predicted by simple climatic indicators and northward range expansion was predicted for the future with climate change. However, current and future predicted geographic distributions of Ae. albopictus varied amongst the climatic indicators used. Further field studies are needed to assess which climatic indicator is the most accurate in predicting regions suitable for Ae. albopictus survival in North America. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-014-0532-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H Ogden
- Zoonoses Division, Centre for Food-Borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 7C6, Québec, Canada.
| | - Radojević Milka
- Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique, 42 Av Coriolis, F-31057, Toulouse, Cedex 1, France.
| | - Cyril Caminade
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, School of Environmental Sciences, Roxby Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZT, UK.
| | - Philippe Gachon
- Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment Canada, 800 rue de la Gauchetière Ouest, Montréal, H5A 1 L9, Québec, Canada. .,Centre pour l'étude et la simulation du climat à l'échelle régionale (ESCER), Université du Québec à Montréal, 201 avenue Président-Kennedy, Montréal, H2X 3Y7, Québec, Canada.
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Schechter MC, Workowski KA, Fairley JK. Unusual presentation of chikungunya virus infection with concomintant erysipelas in a returning traveler from the Caribbean: a case report. Open Forum Infect Dis 2014; 1:ofu097. [PMID: 25734165 PMCID: PMC4324224 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofu097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya fever is a mosquito-borne febrile illness caused by Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an alphavirus from the Togaviridae family. It is transmitted by primarily Aedes aegytpi and Aedes albopictus mosquitos [1]. Once of little importance in the Americas, local transmission was identified in the Caribbean in late 2013. More than 1000 travelers returning to the continental United States have been diagnosed with CHIKV. More importantly, there have been 9 documented cases of autochthonous disease in Florida as of September 16, 2014 [2].
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos C Schechter
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine , Emory University School of Medicine
| | - Kimberly A Workowski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine , Emory University School of Medicine ; Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , Georgia
| | - Jessica K Fairley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine , Emory University School of Medicine
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Abstract
Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne virus that has shown increased prevalence in the Caribbean since October 2013. There have been several outbreaks throughout Asian and African countries over the past few decades with global travel and tourism having a major impact on the further spread of this disease. Improved policies and practices for preventative measures and epidemiological surveillance must be implemented to prevent the continued transmission of chikungunya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizette Mowatt
- Department of Surgery, Anesthetics, Radiology and Intensive Care, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica.
| | - Sandra T Jackson
- Virology Division, Microbiology Department, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
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