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Poquérusse J, Brown CL, Gaillard C, Doughty C, Dalén L, Gallagher AJ, Wooller M, Zimov N, Church GM, Lamm B, Hysolli E. Assessing contemporary Arctic habitat availability for a woolly mammoth proxy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9804. [PMID: 38684726 PMCID: PMC11058768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60442-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Interest continues to grow in Arctic megafaunal ecological engineering, but, since the mass extinction of megafauna ~ 12-15 ka, key physiographic variables and available forage continue to change. Here we sought to assess the extent to which contemporary Arctic ecosystems are conducive to the rewilding of megaherbivores, using a woolly mammoth (M. primigenius) proxy as a model species. We first perform a literature review on woolly mammoth dietary habits. We then leverage Oak Ridge National Laboratories Distributive Active Archive Center Global Aboveground and Belowground Biomass Carbon Density Maps to generate aboveground biomass carbon density estimates in plant functional types consumed by the woolly mammoth at 300 m resolution on Alaska's North Slope. We supplement these analyses with a NASA Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment dataset to downgrade overall biomass estimates to digestible levels. We further downgrade available forage by using a conversion factor representing the relationship between total biomass and net primary productivity (NPP) for arctic vegetation types. Integrating these estimates with the forage needs of woolly mammoths, we conservatively estimate Alaska's North Slope could support densities of 0.0-0.38 woolly mammoth km-2 (mean 0.13) across a variety of habitats. These results may inform innovative rewilding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Camille Gaillard
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Chris Doughty
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Love Dalén
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, Svante Arrhenius Väg 20C, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Matthew Wooller
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
| | - Nikita Zimov
- North-East Science Station, Pacific Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chersky, Russia
| | - George M Church
- Colossal Biosciences Inc, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ben Lamm
- Colossal Biosciences Inc, Austin, TX, 78701, USA.
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2
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Williams J, Pettorelli N, Hartmann AC, Quinn RA, Plaisance L, O'Mahoney M, Meyer CP, Fabricius KE, Knowlton N, Ransome E. Decline of a distinct coral reef holobiont community under ocean acidification. MICROBIOME 2024; 12:75. [PMID: 38627822 PMCID: PMC11022381 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01683-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbes play vital roles across coral reefs both in the environment and inside and upon macrobes (holobionts), where they support critical functions such as nutrition and immune system modulation. These roles highlight the potential ecosystem-level importance of microbes, yet most knowledge of microbial functions on reefs is derived from a small set of holobionts such as corals and sponges. Declining seawater pH - an important global coral reef stressor - can cause ecosystem-level change on coral reefs, providing an opportunity to study the role of microbes at this scale. We use an in situ experimental approach to test the hypothesis that under such ocean acidification (OA), known shifts among macrobe trophic and functional groups may drive a general ecosystem-level response extending across macrobes and microbes, leading to reduced distinctness between the benthic holobiont community microbiome and the environmental microbiome. RESULTS We test this hypothesis using genetic and chemical data from benthic coral reef community holobionts sampled across a pH gradient from CO2 seeps in Papua New Guinea. We find support for our hypothesis; under OA, the microbiome and metabolome of the benthic holobiont community become less compositionally distinct from the sediment microbiome and metabolome, suggesting that benthic macrobe communities are colonised by environmental microbes to a higher degree under OA conditions. We also find a simplification and homogenisation of the benthic photosynthetic community, and an increased abundance of fleshy macroalgae, consistent with previously observed reef microbialisation. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate a novel structural shift in coral reefs involving macrobes and microbes: that the microbiome of the benthic holobiont community becomes less distinct from the sediment microbiome under OA. Our findings suggest that microbialisation and the disruption of macrobe trophic networks are interwoven general responses to environmental stress, pointing towards a universal, undesirable, and measurable form of ecosystem changed. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Williams
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Nathalie Pettorelli
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Aaron C Hartmann
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert A Quinn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Laetitia Plaisance
- Laboratoire Evolution Et Diversité Biologique, CNRS/UPS, Toulouse, France
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
| | - Michael O'Mahoney
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
| | - Chris P Meyer
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
| | | | - Nancy Knowlton
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
| | - Emma Ransome
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK.
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3
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Clements HS, Do Linh San E, Hempson G, Linden B, Maritz B, Monadjem A, Reynolds C, Siebert F, Stevens N, Biggs R, De Vos A, Blanchard R, Child M, Esler KJ, Hamann M, Loft T, Reyers B, Selomane O, Skowno AL, Tshoke T, Abdoulaye D, Aebischer T, Aguirre-Gutiérrez J, Alexander GJ, Ali AH, Allan DG, Amoako EE, Angedakin S, Aruna E, Avenant NL, Badjedjea G, Bakayoko A, Bamba-Kaya A, Bates MF, Bates PJJ, Belmain SR, Bennitt E, Bradley J, Brewster CA, Brown MB, Brown M, Bryja J, Butynski TM, Carvalho F, Channing A, Chapman CA, Cohen C, Cords M, Cramer JD, Cronk N, Cunneyworth PMK, Dalerum F, Danquah E, Davies-Mostert HT, de Blocq AD, De Jong YA, Demos TC, Denys C, Djagoun CAMS, Doherty-Bone TM, Drouilly M, du Toit JT, Ehlers Smith DA, Ehlers Smith YC, Eiseb SJ, Fashing PJ, Ferguson AW, Fernández-García JM, Finckh M, Fischer C, Gandiwa E, Gaubert P, Gaugris JY, Gibbs DJ, Gilchrist JS, Gil-Sánchez JM, Githitho AN, Goodman PS, Granjon L, Grobler JP, Gumbi BC, Gvozdik V, Harvey J, Hauptfleisch M, Hayder F, Hema EM, Herbst M, Houngbédji M, Huntley BJ, Hutterer R, Ivande ST, Jackson K, Jongsma GFM, Juste J, Kadjo B, Kaleme PK, Kamugisha E, Kaplin BA, Kato HN, Kiffner C, Kimuyu DM, Kityo RM, Kouamé NG, Kouete T M, le Roux A, Lee ATK, Lötter MC, Lykke AM, MacFadyen DN, Macharia GP, Madikiza ZJK, Mahlaba TAM, Mallon D, Mamba ML, Mande C, Marchant RA, Maritz RA, Markotter W, McIntyre T, Measey J, Mekonnen A, Meller P, Melville HI, Mganga KZ, Mills MGL, Minnie L, Missoup AD, Mohammad A, Moinde NN, Moise BFE, Monterroso P, Moore JF, Musila S, Nago SGA, Namoto MW, Niang F, Nicolas V, Nkenku JB, Nkrumah EE, Nono GL, Norbert MM, Nowak K, Obitte BC, Okoni-Williams AD, Onongo J, O'Riain MJ, Osinubi ST, Parker DM, Parrini F, Peel MJS, Penner J, Pietersen DW, Plumptre AJ, Ponsonby DW, Porembski S, Power RJ, Radloff FGT, Rambau RV, Ramesh T, Richards LR, Rödel MO, Rollinson DP, Rovero F, Saleh MA, Schmiedel U, Schoeman MC, Scholte P, Serfass TL, Shapiro JT, Shema S, Siebert SJ, Slingsby JA, Sliwa A, Smit-Robinson HA, Sogbohossou EA, Somers MJ, Spawls S, Streicher JP, Swanepoel L, Tanshi I, Taylor PJ, Taylor WA, Te Beest M, Telfer PT, Thompson DI, Tobi E, Tolley KA, Turner AA, Twine W, Van Cakenberghe V, Van de Perre F, van der Merwe H, van Niekerk CJG, van Wyk PCV, Venter JA, Verburgt L, Veron G, Vetter S, Vorontsova MS, Wagner TC, Webala PW, Weber N, Weier SM, White PA, Whitecross MA, Wigley BJ, Willems FJ, Winterbach CW, Woodhouse GM. The bii4africa dataset of faunal and floral population intactness estimates across Africa's major land uses. Sci Data 2024; 11:191. [PMID: 38346970 PMCID: PMC10861571 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02832-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Sub-Saharan Africa is under-represented in global biodiversity datasets, particularly regarding the impact of land use on species' population abundances. Drawing on recent advances in expert elicitation to ensure data consistency, 200 experts were convened using a modified-Delphi process to estimate 'intactness scores': the remaining proportion of an 'intact' reference population of a species group in a particular land use, on a scale from 0 (no remaining individuals) to 1 (same abundance as the reference) and, in rare cases, to 2 (populations that thrive in human-modified landscapes). The resulting bii4africa dataset contains intactness scores representing terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods: ±5,400 amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals) and vascular plants (±45,000 forbs, graminoids, trees, shrubs) in sub-Saharan Africa across the region's major land uses (urban, cropland, rangeland, plantation, protected, etc.) and intensities (e.g., large-scale vs smallholder cropland). This dataset was co-produced as part of the Biodiversity Intactness Index for Africa Project. Additional uses include assessing ecosystem condition; rectifying geographic/taxonomic biases in global biodiversity indicators and maps; and informing the Red List of Ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley S Clements
- Centre for Sustainability Transitions, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
- Helsinki Lab of Interdisciplinary Conservation Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Emmanuel Do Linh San
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Gareth Hempson
- Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Institute of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Birthe Linden
- Chair in Biodiversity Value & Change, Faculty of Science, Engineering & Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Bryan Maritz
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Ara Monadjem
- Biological Sciences, University of Eswatini, Kwaluseni, Eswatini
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Chevonne Reynolds
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Frances Siebert
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Nicola Stevens
- Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Reinette Biggs
- Centre for Sustainability Transitions, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alta De Vos
- Centre for Sustainability Transitions, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Ryan Blanchard
- Centre for Sustainability Transitions, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Fynbos Node of the South African Environmental Observation Network, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Matthew Child
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Karen J Esler
- Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Maike Hamann
- Centre for Sustainability Transitions, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Centre for Geography and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Ty Loft
- School of Geography and the Environment, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Belinda Reyers
- Centre for Environmental Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Odirilwe Selomane
- Centre for Sustainability Transitions, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Andrew L Skowno
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tshegofatso Tshoke
- Centre for Sustainability Transitions, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | | | - Jesús Aguirre-Gutiérrez
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Graham J Alexander
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - David G Allan
- Bird Department, Durban Natural Science Museum, Durban, South Africa
| | - Esther E Amoako
- Department of Environment and Sustainability Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Samuel Angedakin
- Department of Environmental Management, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Edward Aruna
- Biodiversity Conservation, Reptile and Amphibian Program - Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Nico L Avenant
- Department of Mammalogy, National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- Centre for Environmental Management, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Gabriel Badjedjea
- Aquatic Ecology, University of Kisangani/Biodiversity Monitoring Center, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Adama Bakayoko
- UFR Sciences de la Nature, Universite NanguiI Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Abraham Bamba-Kaya
- Institut de Recherches Agronomiques et Forestières (IRAF), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CENAREST), Libreville, Gabon
| | - Michael F Bates
- Department of Animal and Plant Systematics, National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | | | - Steven R Belmain
- Agriculture, Health and Environment, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Maritime, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Bennitt
- Okavango Research Institute, University of Botswana, Maun, Botswana
| | - James Bradley
- Kalahari Research and Conservation, Botswana, Botswana
| | | | | | - Michelle Brown
- Department of Anthropology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Josef Bryja
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas M Butynski
- Eastern Africa Primate Diversity and Conservation Program, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Filipe Carvalho
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- BIOPOLIS-CIBIO/InBIO, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alan Channing
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | | | - Callan Cohen
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Marina Cords
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Nadine Cronk
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Fredrik Dalerum
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Biodiversity Research Institute (CSIC-UO-PA), Mieres, Spain
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emmanuel Danquah
- Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Harriet T Davies-Mostert
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Conserve Global, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Yvonne A De Jong
- Eastern Africa Primate Diversity and Conservation Program, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Terrence C Demos
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, The Field Museum, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Christiane Denys
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Chabi A M S Djagoun
- Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Ecology, University of Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Thomas M Doherty-Bone
- Conservation Programs, Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marine Drouilly
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa (iCWild), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for Social Science Research (CSSR), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Panthera, New York, USA
| | - Johan T du Toit
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - David A Ehlers Smith
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Yvette C Ehlers Smith
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Seth J Eiseb
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Science, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Peter J Fashing
- Anthropology Department & Environmental Studies Program, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, United States of America
| | - Adam W Ferguson
- Gantz Family Collection Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA
| | | | - Manfred Finckh
- Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claude Fischer
- Nature Management, University of Applied Sciences of Western Switzerland, Geneva, Jussy, Switzerland
| | - Edson Gandiwa
- Scientific Services, Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Philippe Gaubert
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, IRD/CNRS/UPS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, cedex, 9, France
| | - Jerome Y Gaugris
- Flora Fauna & Man, Ecological Services Limited, Tortola, British Virgin Islands
| | | | - Jason S Gilchrist
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | | | - Laurent Granjon
- CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - J Paul Grobler
- Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Bonginkosi C Gumbi
- Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Vaclav Gvozdik
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, National Museum of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Morgan Hauptfleisch
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Firas Hayder
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel M Hema
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences Appliquées et Technologies (UFR-SAT), Université de Dédougou, Dédougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Marna Herbst
- Conservation Services, South African National Parks, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mariano Houngbédji
- Organisation pour le Développement Durable et la Biodiversité, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Brian J Huntley
- CIBIO-Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, University of Porto, Vairao, Portugal
| | | | - Samuel T Ivande
- A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute (APLORI), University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Kate Jackson
- Biology Department, Whitman College, Walla Walla, WA, USA
| | | | - Javier Juste
- Evolutionary Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Seville, Spain; CIBER, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blaise Kadjo
- Natural habitats and biodiversity management, University Félix Houphouet-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Prince K Kaleme
- Department of Biology, CRSN/ LWIRO, DS Bukavu, DR Congo, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Beth A Kaplin
- Center of Excellence in Biodiversity and Natural Resource Management, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda
| | - Humphrey N Kato
- Biology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Christian Kiffner
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Duncan M Kimuyu
- Department of Natural Resources, Karatina University, Karatina, Kenya
| | - Robert M Kityo
- Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - N'goran G Kouamé
- UFR Environnement, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Tropicale, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Marcel Kouete T
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Aliza le Roux
- Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Qwaqwa campus, Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa
| | - Alan T K Lee
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Mervyn C Lötter
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Duncan N MacFadyen
- Research and Conservation, Oppenheimer Generations, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Zimkitha J K Madikiza
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - David Mallon
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mnqobi L Mamba
- Biological Sciences, University of Eswatini, Kwaluseni, Eswatini
| | - Claude Mande
- Department of Ecology and Wildlife Management, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Rob A Marchant
- York institute for Tropical Ecosystems, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Robin A Maritz
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
- Conservation Alpha, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Trevor McIntyre
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, South Africa
| | - John Measey
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Institute of Biodiversity, Yunnan University, Kunming, UMR7179, China
- MECADEV CNRS/MNHN, Département Adaptations du Vivant, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Bâtiment d'Anatomie Comparée, Paris, France
| | - Addisu Mekonnen
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Paulina Meller
- Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Haemish I Melville
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
| | - Kevin Z Mganga
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael G L Mills
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Mpumalanga, Mbombela, South Africa
| | - Liaan Minnie
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Mpumalanga, Mbombela, South Africa
- Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | - Alain Didier Missoup
- Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Animal Organisms, Zoology Unit, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Abubakr Mohammad
- Researcher, Conflict and Environmental Observatory, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy N Moinde
- Conservation Biology, Institute of Primate Research-National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Pedro Monterroso
- Wildlife Conservation Ecology Research Group, CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Vairã, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
- African Parks, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Simon Musila
- Mammalogy Section-Department of Zoology, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sedjro Gilles A Nago
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, de Botanique et de Biologie végétale, University of Parakou, Parakou, Benin
| | - Maganizo W Namoto
- Indigenous Woodland Strategy Area, Forestry Research Institute of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi
| | - Fatimata Niang
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Technology and Sciences, University Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Violaine Nicolas
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Jerry B Nkenku
- Departement of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Evans E Nkrumah
- Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Gonwouo L Nono
- Department of Animal Biologie and Physiologie, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Mulavwa M Norbert
- Primatology, Center for Research in Ecology and Forestry (CREF), Bikoro, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Katarzyna Nowak
- Białowieża Geobotanical Station, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Benneth C Obitte
- Small Mammal Conservation Organization, Benin City, Nigeria
- Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, United States of America
| | | | | | - M Justin O'Riain
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Samuel T Osinubi
- Białowieża Geobotanical Station, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Daniel M Parker
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Mpumalanga, Mbombela, South Africa
| | - Francesca Parrini
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mike J S Peel
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Animal Production Institute, Rangeland Ecology, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences: Department of Environmental Sciences (ABEERU), University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Johannes Penner
- Frogs & Friends, Berlin, Germany
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology & Management, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Darren W Pietersen
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Andrew J Plumptre
- KBA Secretariat, c/o BirdLife International, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Damian W Ponsonby
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stefan Porembski
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Botany, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - R John Power
- Department of Economic Development, Environment, Conservation & Tourism, North West Provincial Government, Mahikeng, South Africa
| | - Frans G T Radloff
- Department of Conservation and Marine Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ramugondo V Rambau
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Tharmalingam Ramesh
- Division of Conservation Ecology, Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore, India
| | - Leigh R Richards
- Mammalogy Department, Durban Natural Science Museum, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mark-Oliver Rödel
- Herpetology, Museum für Naturkunde - Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominic P Rollinson
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Francesco Rovero
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | | | - M Corrie Schoeman
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Paul Scholte
- Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Thomas L Serfass
- Department of Biology and Natural Resources, Frostburg State University, Frostburg, USA
| | - Julie Teresa Shapiro
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sidney Shema
- Ornithology Section, Zoology Department, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stefan J Siebert
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Jasper A Slingsby
- Fynbos Node of the South African Environmental Observation Network, Cape Town, South Africa
- Biological Sciences and Centre for Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Hanneline A Smit-Robinson
- Conservation Division, BirdLife South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Applied Behavioural Ecological & Ecosystem Research Unit (ABEERU), University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
| | | | - Michael J Somers
- Mammal Research Institute, Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Jarryd P Streicher
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Lourens Swanepoel
- Department of Biology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Iroro Tanshi
- Small Mammal Conservation Organization, Benin City, Nigeria
- Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Peter J Taylor
- Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Qwaqwa campus, Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa
| | | | - Mariska Te Beest
- Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
- Grasslands-Forests-Wetlands Node of the South African Environmental Observation Network, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | | | - Dave I Thompson
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Ndlovu Node of the South African Environmental Observation Network, Phalaborwa, South Africa
| | - Elie Tobi
- Gabon Biodiversity Program, Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Gamba, Gabon
| | - Krystal A Tolley
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrew A Turner
- Biodiversity Capabilities Directorate, CapeNature, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wayne Twine
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Victor Van Cakenberghe
- FunMorph Lab, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- AfricanBats NPC, Centurion, South Africa
| | | | - Helga van der Merwe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Arid Lands Node of the South African Environmental Observation Network, Kimberley, South Africa
| | - Chris J G van Niekerk
- NWU Botanical Garden, School of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Pieter C V van Wyk
- Richtersveld Desert Botanical Gardens, Richtersveld National Park, SANParks, Sendelingsdrift, South Africa
| | - Jan A Venter
- Department of Conservation Management, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
| | - Luke Verburgt
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Geraldine Veron
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Susanne Vetter
- Department of Botany, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Maria S Vorontsova
- Accelerated Taxonomy, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas C Wagner
- Restoration Ecology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Paul W Webala
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Maasai Mara University, Narok, Kenya
| | - Natalie Weber
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
- Ecological Consultant, Fürth, Germany
| | - Sina M Weier
- SARChI (NRF-DST) Research Chair on Biodiversity Value and Change, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Paula A White
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Melissa A Whitecross
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Landscape Conservation Programme, BirdLife South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Benjamin J Wigley
- Plant Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- School of Natural Resource Management, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
- Scientific Services, South African National Parks, Skukuza, South Africa
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4
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Cosme M, Thomas C, Gaucherel C. On the History of Ecosystem Dynamical Modeling: The Rise and Promises of Qualitative Models. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:1526. [PMID: 37998218 PMCID: PMC10670156 DOI: 10.3390/e25111526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem modeling is a complex and multidisciplinary modeling problem which emerged in the 1950s. It takes advantage of the computational turn in sciences to better understand anthropogenic impacts and improve ecosystem management. For that purpose, ecosystem simulation models based on difference or differential equations were built. These models were relevant for studying dynamical phenomena and still are. However, they face important limitations in data-poor situations. As a response, several formal and non-formal qualitative dynamical modeling approaches were independently developed to overcome some limitations of the existing methods. Qualitative approaches allow studying qualitative dynamics as relevant abstractions of those provided by quantitative models (e.g., response to press perturbations). Each modeling framework can be viewed as a different assemblage of properties (e.g., determinism, stochasticity or synchronous update of variable values) designed to satisfy some scientific objectives. Based on four stated objectives commonly found in complex environmental sciences ((1) grasping qualitative dynamics, (2) making as few assumptions as possible about parameter values, (3) being explanatory and (4) being predictive), our objectives were guided by the wish to model complex and multidisciplinary issues commonly found in ecosystem modeling. We then discussed the relevance of existing modeling approaches and proposed the ecological discrete-event networks (EDEN) modeling framework for this purpose. The EDEN models propose a qualitative, discrete-event, partially synchronous and possibilistic view of ecosystem dynamics. We discussed each of these properties through ecological examples and existing analysis techniques for such models and showed how relevant they are for environmental science studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilien Cosme
- UMR AMAP, INRAE, University of Montpellier (Faculté des Sciences), IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, 34398 Montpellier, France
- UMR DECOD, Institut Agro Rennes-Angers (Campus Rennes), 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Colin Thomas
- IBISC, University of Evry, 91025 Evry, France (C.G.)
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5
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Pringle RM, Abraham JO, Anderson TM, Coverdale TC, Davies AB, Dutton CL, Gaylard A, Goheen JR, Holdo RM, Hutchinson MC, Kimuyu DM, Long RA, Subalusky AL, Veldhuis MP. Impacts of large herbivores on terrestrial ecosystems. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R584-R610. [PMID: 37279691 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Large herbivores play unique ecological roles and are disproportionately imperiled by human activity. As many wild populations dwindle towards extinction, and as interest grows in restoring lost biodiversity, research on large herbivores and their ecological impacts has intensified. Yet, results are often conflicting or contingent on local conditions, and new findings have challenged conventional wisdom, making it hard to discern general principles. Here, we review what is known about the ecosystem impacts of large herbivores globally, identify key uncertainties, and suggest priorities to guide research. Many findings are generalizable across ecosystems: large herbivores consistently exert top-down control of plant demography, species composition, and biomass, thereby suppressing fires and the abundance of smaller animals. Other general patterns do not have clearly defined impacts: large herbivores respond to predation risk but the strength of trophic cascades is variable; large herbivores move vast quantities of seeds and nutrients but with poorly understood effects on vegetation and biogeochemistry. Questions of the greatest relevance for conservation and management are among the least certain, including effects on carbon storage and other ecosystem functions and the ability to predict outcomes of extinctions and reintroductions. A unifying theme is the role of body size in regulating ecological impact. Small herbivores cannot fully substitute for large ones, and large-herbivore species are not functionally redundant - losing any, especially the largest, will alter net impact, helping to explain why livestock are poor surrogates for wild species. We advocate leveraging a broad spectrum of techniques to mechanistically explain how large-herbivore traits and environmental context interactively govern the ecological impacts of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Pringle
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Joel O Abraham
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - T Michael Anderson
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Tyler C Coverdale
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Andrew B Davies
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | | | - Jacob R Goheen
- Department of Zoology & Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82072, USA
| | - Ricardo M Holdo
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Matthew C Hutchinson
- Department of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Duncan M Kimuyu
- Department of Natural Resources, Karatina University, Karatina, Kenya
| | - Ryan A Long
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Amanda L Subalusky
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Michiel P Veldhuis
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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6
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He N, Yan P, Liu C, Xu L, Li M, Van Meerbeek K, Zhou G, Zhou G, Liu S, Zhou X, Li S, Niu S, Han X, Buckley TN, Sack L, Yu G. Predicting ecosystem productivity based on plant community traits. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:43-53. [PMID: 36115777 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid accumulation of plant trait data, major opportunities have arisen for the integration of these data into predicting ecosystem primary productivity across a range of spatial extents. Traditionally, traits have been used to explain physiological productivity at cell, organ, or plant scales, but scaling up to the ecosystem scale has remained challenging. Here, we show the need to combine measures of community-level traits and environmental factors to predict ecosystem productivity at landscape or biogeographic scales. We show how theory can extend the production ecology equation to enormous potential for integrating traits into ecological models that estimate productivity-related ecosystem functions across ecological scales and to anticipate the response of terrestrial ecosystems to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianpeng He
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Pu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Congcong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Li Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mingxu Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Koenraad Van Meerbeek
- Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guangsheng Zhou
- Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Guoyi Zhou
- Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Shirong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment, China's State Forestry Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- School of Ecological and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenggong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuli Niu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingguo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Thomas N Buckley
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Guirui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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7
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Krause J, Harfoot M, Hoeks S, Anthoni P, Brown C, Rounsevell M, Arneth A. How more sophisticated leaf biomass simulations can increase the realism of modelled animal populations. Ecol Modell 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.110061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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8
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Weiskopf SR, Myers BJE, Arce-Plata MI, Blanchard JL, Ferrier S, Fulton EA, Harfoot M, Isbell F, Johnson JA, Mori AS, Weng E, HarmáCˇková ZV, Londoño-Murcia MC, Miller BW, Pereira LM, Rosa IMD. A Conceptual Framework to Integrate Biodiversity, Ecosystem Function, and Ecosystem Service Models. Bioscience 2022; 72:1062-1073. [PMID: 36506699 PMCID: PMC9718641 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biac074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Global biodiversity and ecosystem service models typically operate independently. Ecosystem service projections may therefore be overly optimistic because they do not always account for the role of biodiversity in maintaining ecological functions. We review models used in recent global model intercomparison projects and develop a novel model integration framework to more fully account for the role of biodiversity in ecosystem function, a key gap for linking biodiversity changes to ecosystem services. We propose two integration pathways. The first uses empirical data on biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships to bridge biodiversity and ecosystem function models and could currently be implemented globally for systems and taxa with sufficient data. We also propose a trait-based approach involving greater incorporation of biodiversity into ecosystem function models. Pursuing both approaches will provide greater insight into biodiversity and ecosystem services projections. Integrating biodiversity, ecosystem function, and ecosystem service modeling will enhance policy development to meet global sustainability goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Weiskopf
- US Geological Survey National Climate Adaptation Science Center, in Reston, Virginia, United States
| | - Bonnie J E Myers
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | | | | | - Simon Ferrier
- Land and Water, CSIRO, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Mike Harfoot
- United Nations Environment Programme–World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
| | - Forest Isbell
- University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States
| | | | | | - Ensheng Weng
- Columbia University and with the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, both New York, New York, United States
| | - Zuzana V HarmáCˇková
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia and with the Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Brian W Miller
- US Geological Survey North Central Climate Adaptation Science Center, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Laura M Pereira
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa and with the Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Abraham A, Duvall E, Ferraro K, Webster A, Doughty C, le Roux E, Ellis‐Soto D. Understanding anthropogenic impacts on zoogeochemistry is essential for ecological restoration. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Abraham
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University Flagstaff USA
| | - Ethan Duvall
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca USA
| | - Kristy Ferraro
- School of the Environment Yale University Connecticut USA
| | - Andrea Webster
- Mammal Research Institute University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - Chris Doughty
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University Flagstaff USA
| | - Elizabeth le Roux
- Mammal Research Institute University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Section of EcoInformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology Aarhus University Denmark
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Diego Ellis‐Soto
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University Connecticut USA
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10
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Pilowsky JA, Colwell RK, Rahbek C, Fordham DA. Process-explicit models reveal the structure and dynamics of biodiversity patterns. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj2271. [PMID: 35930641 PMCID: PMC9355350 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj2271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
With ever-growing data availability and computational power at our disposal, we now have the capacity to use process-explicit models more widely to reveal the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms responsible for spatiotemporal patterns of biodiversity. Most research questions focused on the distribution of diversity cannot be answered experimentally, because many important environmental drivers and biological constraints operate at large spatiotemporal scales. However, we can encode proposed mechanisms into models, observe the patterns they produce in virtual environments, and validate these patterns against real-world data or theoretical expectations. This approach can advance understanding of generalizable mechanisms responsible for the distributions of organisms, communities, and ecosystems in space and time, advancing basic and applied science. We review recent developments in process-explicit models and how they have improved knowledge of the distribution and dynamics of life on Earth, enabling biodiversity to be better understood and managed through a deeper recognition of the processes that shape genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Pilowsky
- The Environment Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Corresponding author. (J.A.P.); (D.A.F.)
| | - Robert K. Colwell
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- University of Colorado Museum of Natural History, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Departmento de Ecología, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Global Mountain Biodiversity, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Damien A. Fordham
- The Environment Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Global Mountain Biodiversity, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Corresponding author. (J.A.P.); (D.A.F.)
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11
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Pilowsky JA, Colwell RK, Rahbek C, Fordham DA. Process-explicit models reveal the structure and dynamics of biodiversity patterns. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022. [PMID: 35930641 DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.19441655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
With ever-growing data availability and computational power at our disposal, we now have the capacity to use process-explicit models more widely to reveal the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms responsible for spatiotemporal patterns of biodiversity. Most research questions focused on the distribution of diversity cannot be answered experimentally, because many important environmental drivers and biological constraints operate at large spatiotemporal scales. However, we can encode proposed mechanisms into models, observe the patterns they produce in virtual environments, and validate these patterns against real-world data or theoretical expectations. This approach can advance understanding of generalizable mechanisms responsible for the distributions of organisms, communities, and ecosystems in space and time, advancing basic and applied science. We review recent developments in process-explicit models and how they have improved knowledge of the distribution and dynamics of life on Earth, enabling biodiversity to be better understood and managed through a deeper recognition of the processes that shape genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- July A Pilowsky
- The Environment Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert K Colwell
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- University of Colorado Museum of Natural History, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Departmento de Ecología, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Global Mountain Biodiversity, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Damien A Fordham
- The Environment Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Global Mountain Biodiversity, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Tobias JA, Sheard C, Pigot AL, Devenish AJM, Yang J, Sayol F, Neate-Clegg MHC, Alioravainen N, Weeks TL, Barber RA, Walkden PA, MacGregor HEA, Jones SEI, Vincent C, Phillips AG, Marples NM, Montaño-Centellas FA, Leandro-Silva V, Claramunt S, Darski B, Freeman BG, Bregman TP, Cooney CR, Hughes EC, Capp EJR, Varley ZK, Friedman NR, Korntheuer H, Corrales-Vargas A, Trisos CH, Weeks BC, Hanz DM, Töpfer T, Bravo GA, Remeš V, Nowak L, Carneiro LS, Moncada R AJ, Matysioková B, Baldassarre DT, Martínez-Salinas A, Wolfe JD, Chapman PM, Daly BG, Sorensen MC, Neu A, Ford MA, Mayhew RJ, Fabio Silveira L, Kelly DJ, Annorbah NND, Pollock HS, Grabowska-Zhang AM, McEntee JP, Carlos T Gonzalez J, Meneses CG, Muñoz MC, Powell LL, Jamie GA, Matthews TJ, Johnson O, Brito GRR, Zyskowski K, Crates R, Harvey MG, Jurado Zevallos M, Hosner PA, Bradfer-Lawrence T, Maley JM, Stiles FG, Lima HS, Provost KL, Chibesa M, Mashao M, Howard JT, Mlamba E, Chua MAH, Li B, Gómez MI, García NC, Päckert M, Fuchs J, Ali JR, Derryberry EP, Carlson ML, Urriza RC, Brzeski KE, Prawiradilaga DM, Rayner MJ, Miller ET, Bowie RCK, Lafontaine RM, Scofield RP, Lou Y, Somarathna L, Lepage D, Illif M, Neuschulz EL, Templin M, Dehling DM, Cooper JC, Pauwels OSG, Analuddin K, Fjeldså J, Seddon N, Sweet PR, DeClerck FAJ, Naka LN, Brawn JD, Aleixo A, Böhning-Gaese K, Rahbek C, Fritz SA, Thomas GH, Schleuning M. AVONET: morphological, ecological and geographical data for all birds. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:581-597. [PMID: 35199922 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Functional traits offer a rich quantitative framework for developing and testing theories in evolutionary biology, ecology and ecosystem science. However, the potential of functional traits to drive theoretical advances and refine models of global change can only be fully realised when species-level information is complete. Here we present the AVONET dataset containing comprehensive functional trait data for all birds, including six ecological variables, 11 continuous morphological traits, and information on range size and location. Raw morphological measurements are presented from 90,020 individuals of 11,009 extant bird species sampled from 181 countries. These data are also summarised as species averages in three taxonomic formats, allowing integration with a global phylogeny, geographical range maps, IUCN Red List data and the eBird citizen science database. The AVONET dataset provides the most detailed picture of continuous trait variation for any major radiation of organisms, offering a global template for testing hypotheses and exploring the evolutionary origins, structure and functioning of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Tobias
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Catherine Sheard
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alex L Pigot
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jingyi Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
| | - Ferran Sayol
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Montague H C Neate-Clegg
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Nico Alioravainen
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Natural Resources Institute Finland, Natural resources - Migratory fish and regulated rivers, Oulu, Finland
| | - Thomas L Weeks
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Robert A Barber
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
| | - Patrick A Walkden
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Hannah E A MacGregor
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Samuel E I Jones
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Claire Vincent
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna G Phillips
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nicola M Marples
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Flavia A Montaño-Centellas
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Mayor de San Andres, La Paz, Bolivia.,Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Victor Leandro-Silva
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução de Aves, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Santiago Claramunt
- Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bianca Darski
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Benjamin G Freeman
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tom P Bregman
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Future-Fit Foundation, Spitalfields, London, UK
| | | | - Emma C Hughes
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Elliot J R Capp
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Zoë K Varley
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Tring, UK
| | - Nicholas R Friedman
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Heiko Korntheuer
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Corrales-Vargas
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Christopher H Trisos
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,African Climate and Development Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Centre for Statistics in Ecology, the Environment and Conservation, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brian C Weeks
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dagmar M Hanz
- Biogeography and Biodiversity Lab, Institute of Physical Geography, Goethe University Frankfurt, , Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Till Töpfer
- Ornithology Section, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gustavo A Bravo
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vladimír Remeš
- Department of Zoology, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Larissa Nowak
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lincoln S Carneiro
- Coordenação de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Amilkar J Moncada R
- CATIE (Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza), Cartago, Turrialba, Costa Rica
| | | | | | | | - Jared D Wolfe
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | - Marjorie C Sorensen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander Neu
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Department of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael A Ford
- South African Ringing Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rebekah J Mayhew
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Luis Fabio Silveira
- Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo (MZUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - David J Kelly
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nathaniel N D Annorbah
- Department of Biological, Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Henry S Pollock
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Jay P McEntee
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, Springfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Juan Carlos T Gonzalez
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines Los, Baños, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.,Animal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los, Baños, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Camila G Meneses
- Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines Los, Baños, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Marcia C Muñoz
- Programa de Biología, Universidad de la Salle, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luke L Powell
- Institute of Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Biodiversity Initiative, Houghton, Michigan, USA.,CIBIO-InBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Gabriel A Jamie
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thomas J Matthews
- GEES (School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences) and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,CE3C (Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade, dos Açores), Depto de Ciências Agráriase Engenharia do Ambiente, Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal
| | - Oscar Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences and Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisina, USA
| | - Guilherme R R Brito
- Depto. de Ecologia e Zoologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Kristof Zyskowski
- Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ross Crates
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Michael G Harvey
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biodiversity Collections, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | | | - Peter A Hosner
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - James M Maley
- Moore Laboratory of Zoology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - F Gary Stiles
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hevana S Lima
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Kaiya L Provost
- Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Moses Chibesa
- Department of Zoology and Aquatic Sciences, Copperbelt University, Kitwe, Zambia
| | | | - Jeffrey T Howard
- Department of Biological Sciences and Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisina, USA.,Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisina, USA
| | - Edson Mlamba
- Department of Zoology, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Marcus A H Chua
- Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Bicheng Li
- Natural History Research Center, Shanghai Natural History Museum, Shanghai, China
| | - M Isabel Gómez
- Colección Boliviana de Fauna - Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Agua, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Natalia C García
- División Ornitología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martin Päckert
- Senckenberg Natural History Collections, Museum of Zoology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jérôme Fuchs
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, SU, EPHE, UA, Paris, France
| | - Jarome R Ali
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Derryberry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Monica L Carlson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rolly C Urriza
- Ornithology Section, Zoology Division, Philippine National Museum, Rizal Park, Manila, Philippines
| | - Kristin E Brzeski
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - Dewi M Prawiradilaga
- Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Centre for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Matt J Rayner
- Auckland Museum, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Rauri C K Bowie
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - René-Marie Lafontaine
- Operational Directorate Natural Environment, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Yingqiang Lou
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lankani Somarathna
- Natural History Section, Department of National Museum, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Eike Lena Neuschulz
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mathias Templin
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - D Matthias Dehling
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Olivier S G Pauwels
- Department of Recent Vertebrates, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kangkuso Analuddin
- Department of Biotechnology, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, Sulawesi Tenggara, Indonesia
| | - Jon Fjeldså
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nathalie Seddon
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul R Sweet
- Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
| | - Fabrice A J DeClerck
- Bioversity International, CGIAR, Parc Scientifique Agropolis II, Montpellier, France
| | - Luciano N Naka
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução de Aves, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey D Brawn
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Alexandre Aleixo
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katrin Böhning-Gaese
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Susanne A Fritz
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Institut für Geowissenschaften, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gavin H Thomas
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Tring, UK
| | - Matthias Schleuning
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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13
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14
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Urban MC, Travis JMJ, Zurell D, Thompson PL, Synes NW, Scarpa A, Peres-Neto PR, Malchow AK, James PMA, Gravel D, De Meester L, Brown C, Bocedi G, Albert CH, Gonzalez A, Hendry AP. Coding for Life: Designing a Platform for Projecting and Protecting Global Biodiversity. Bioscience 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Time is running out to limit further devastating losses of biodiversity and nature's contributions to humans. Addressing this crisis requires accurate predictions about which species and ecosystems are most at risk to ensure efficient use of limited conservation and management resources. We review existing biodiversity projection models and discover problematic gaps. Current models usually cannot easily be reconfigured for other species or systems, omit key biological processes, and cannot accommodate feedbacks with Earth system dynamics. To fill these gaps, we envision an adaptable, accessible, and universal biodiversity modeling platform that can project essential biodiversity variables, explore the implications of divergent socioeconomic scenarios, and compare conservation and management strategies. We design a roadmap for implementing this vision and demonstrate that building this biodiversity forecasting platform is possible and practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Urban
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Alice Scarpa
- University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Luc De Meester
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, with the Leibniz-Institut für Gewässerökologie und Binnenfischerei, Berlin, Germany, and with the Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Calum Brown
- IMK-IFU, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Greta Bocedi
- University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Cécile H Albert
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Univ Avignon, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
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15
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Barychka T, Mace GM, Purves DW. The Madingley general ecosystem model predicts bushmeat yields, species extinction rates and ecosystem‐level impacts of bushmeat harvesting. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsiana Barychka
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Dept of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Univ. College London London UK
| | - Georgina M. Mace
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Dept of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Univ. College London London UK
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16
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Myers BJE, Weiskopf SR, Shiklomanov AN, Ferrier S, Weng E, Casey KA, Harfoot M, Jackson ST, Leidner AK, Lenton TM, Luikart G, Matsuda H, Pettorelli N, Rosa IMD, Ruane AC, Senay GB, Serbin SP, Tittensor DP, Beard TD. A New Approach to Evaluate and Reduce Uncertainty of Model-Based Biodiversity Projections for Conservation Policy Formulation. Bioscience 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Biodiversity projections with uncertainty estimates under different climate, land-use, and policy scenarios are essential to setting and achieving international targets to mitigate biodiversity loss. Evaluating and improving biodiversity predictions to better inform policy decisions remains a central conservation goal and challenge. A comprehensive strategy to evaluate and reduce uncertainty of model outputs against observed measurements and multiple models would help to produce more robust biodiversity predictions. We propose an approach that integrates biodiversity models and emerging remote sensing and in-situ data streams to evaluate and reduce uncertainty with the goal of improving policy-relevant biodiversity predictions. In this article, we describe a multivariate approach to directly and indirectly evaluate and constrain model uncertainty, demonstrate a proof of concept of this approach, embed the concept within the broader context of model evaluation and scenario analysis for conservation policy, and highlight lessons from other modeling communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie J E Myers
- National Climate Adaptation Science Center, Reston, Virginia, United States
| | - Sarah R Weiskopf
- National Climate Adaptation Science Center, Reston, Virginia, United States
| | | | - Simon Ferrier
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Canberra, Australia
| | - Ensheng Weng
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Kimberly A Casey
- US Geological Survey's National Land Imaging Program, Reston, Virginia, United States
| | - Mike Harfoot
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
| | | | - Allison K Leidner
- NASA Headquarters/Biological Diversity Program, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Timothy M Lenton
- Global Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, England, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Luikart
- University of Montana Flathead Lake Biological Station, Polson, Montana, United States
| | | | - Nathalie Pettorelli
- Institute for Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, England, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel M D Rosa
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Alex C Ruane
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York, United States
| | - Gabriel B Senay
- US Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation Science Center, North Central Climate Adaptation Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Shawn P Serbin
- Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, United States
| | - Derek P Tittensor
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - T Douglas Beard
- National Climate Adaptation Science Center, Reston, Virginia, United States
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17
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Bianchi D, Carozza DA, Galbraith ED, Guiet J, DeVries T. Estimating global biomass and biogeochemical cycling of marine fish with and without fishing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabd7554. [PMID: 34623923 PMCID: PMC8500507 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd7554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The biomass and biogeochemical roles of fish in the ocean are ecologically important but poorly known. Here, we use a data-constrained marine ecosystem model to provide a first-order estimate of the historical reduction of fish biomass due to fishing and the associated change in biogeochemical cycling rates. The pre-exploitation global biomass of exploited fish (10 g to 100 kg) was 3.3 ± 0.5 Gt, cycling roughly 2% of global primary production (9.4 ± 1.6 Gt year−1) and producing 10% of surface biological export. Particulate organic matter produced by exploited fish drove roughly 10% of the oxygen consumption and biological carbon storage at depth. By the 1990s, biomass and cycling rates had been reduced by nearly half, suggesting that the biogeochemical impact of fisheries has been comparable to that of anthropogenic climate change. Our results highlight the importance of developing a better mechanistic understanding of how fish alter ocean biogeochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bianchi
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - David A. Carozza
- Département de Mathématiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric D. Galbraith
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jérôme Guiet
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Timothy DeVries
- Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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18
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Overcast I, Ruffley M, Rosindell J, Harmon L, Borges PAV, Emerson BC, Etienne RS, Gillespie R, Krehenwinkel H, Mahler DL, Massol F, Parent CE, Patiño J, Peter B, Week B, Wagner C, Hickerson MJ, Rominger A. A unified model of species abundance, genetic diversity, and functional diversity reveals the mechanisms structuring ecological communities. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 21:2782-2800. [PMID: 34569715 PMCID: PMC9297962 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biodiversity accumulates hierarchically by means of ecological and evolutionary processes and feedbacks. Within ecological communities drift, dispersal, speciation, and selection operate simultaneously to shape patterns of biodiversity. Reconciling the relative importance of these is hindered by current models and inference methods, which tend to focus on a subset of processes and their resulting predictions. Here we introduce massive ecoevolutionary synthesis simulations (MESS), a unified mechanistic model of community assembly, rooted in classic island biogeography theory, which makes temporally explicit joint predictions across three biodiversity data axes: (i) species richness and abundances, (ii) population genetic diversities, and (iii) trait variation in a phylogenetic context. Using simulations we demonstrate that each data axis captures information at different timescales, and that integrating these axes enables discriminating among previously unidentifiable community assembly models. MESS is unique in generating predictions of community‐scale genetic diversity, and in characterizing joint patterns of genetic diversity, abundance, and trait values. MESS unlocks the full potential for investigation of biodiversity processes using multidimensional community data including a genetic component, such as might be produced by contemporary eDNA or metabarcoding studies. We combine MESS with supervised machine learning to fit the parameters of the model to real data and infer processes underlying how biodiversity accumulates, using communities of tropical trees, arthropods, and gastropods as case studies that span a range of data availability scenarios, and spatial and taxonomic scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Overcast
- Biology Department, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA.,Biology Department, City College of New York, New York, New York, USA.,Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA
| | - Megan Ruffley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA.,Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST), University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - James Rosindell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, Berkshire, UK
| | - Luke Harmon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Paulo A V Borges
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e do Ambiente, Universidade dos Açores, Açores, Portugal
| | - Brent C Emerson
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology, IPNA-CSIC), La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Rampal S Etienne
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rosemary Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | - D Luke Mahler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francois Massol
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France.,Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.,CNRS, Evo-Eco-Paleo, SPICI Group, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christine E Parent
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA.,Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST), University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Jairo Patiño
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology, IPNA-CSIC), La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.,Plant Conservation and Biogeography Group, Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - Ben Peter
- Group of Genetic Diversity through Space and Time, Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bob Week
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Catherine Wagner
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Institute, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Michael J Hickerson
- Biology Department, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA.,Biology Department, City College of New York, New York, New York, USA.,Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew Rominger
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA.,Maine Center for Genetics in the Environment, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
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19
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Vedder D, Ankenbrand M, Sarmento Cabral J. Dealing with software complexity in individual‐based models. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vedder
- Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology Ecosystem Modeling Group University of Würzburg Wurzburg Germany
| | - Markus Ankenbrand
- Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology University of Würzburg Wurzburg Germany
| | - Juliano Sarmento Cabral
- Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology Ecosystem Modeling Group University of Würzburg Wurzburg Germany
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20
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Orr JA, Piggott JJ, Jackson AL, Arnoldi J. Scaling up uncertain predictions to higher levels of organisation tends to underestimate change. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Orr
- Zoology Department School of Natural Sciences Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Jeremy J. Piggott
- Zoology Department School of Natural Sciences Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Andrew L. Jackson
- Zoology Department School of Natural Sciences Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Jean‐François Arnoldi
- Zoology Department School of Natural Sciences Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station CNRS Moulis Moulis France
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21
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Towards an ecosystem model of infectious disease. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:907-918. [PMID: 34002048 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01454-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Increasingly intimate associations between human society and the natural environment are driving the emergence of novel pathogens, with devastating consequences for humans and animals alike. Prior to emergence, these pathogens exist within complex ecological systems that are characterized by trophic interactions between parasites, their hosts and the environment. Predicting how disturbance to these ecological systems places people and animals at risk from emerging pathogens-and the best ways to manage this-remains a significant challenge. Predictive systems ecology models are powerful tools for the reconstruction of ecosystem function but have yet to be considered for modelling infectious disease. Part of this stems from a mistaken tendency to forget about the role that pathogens play in structuring the abundance and interactions of the free-living species favoured by systems ecologists. Here, we explore how developing and applying these more complete systems ecology models at a landscape scale would greatly enhance our understanding of the reciprocal interactions between parasites, pathogens and the environment, placing zoonoses in an ecological context, while identifying key variables and simplifying assumptions that underly pathogen host switching and animal-to-human spillover risk. As well as transforming our understanding of disease ecology, this would also allow us to better direct resources in preparation for future pandemics.
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22
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Grismer LL, Ngo HN, Qi S, Wang YY, Le MD, Ziegler T. Phylogeny and evolution of habitat preference in Goniurosaurus (Squamata: Eublepharidae) and their correlation with karst and granite-stream-adapted ecomorphologies in species groups from Vietnam. VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/vz.71.e65969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) analyses using two mitochondrial (16S and cyt b) and two nuclear (CMOS and RAG1) genes and 103 specimens recovered the first phylogenies of all 23 extant species of Goniurosaurus. The analyses strongly supported the recognition of four monophyletic species groups with identical inter-specific relationships within the kuroiwae, lichtenfelderi, and yingdeensis groups but discordant topologies at some nodes within the luii group. Both analyses recovered a polyphyletic G. luii with respect to G. kadoorieorum, and owing to the lack of diagnostic characters in the latter, it is considered a junior synonym of G. luii. A stochastic character mapping analysis of karst versus non-karst habitat preference suggested that karstic landscapes may have played a major role in the evolution and diversification of Goniurosaurus. A karst habitat preference is marginally supported as the most probable ancestral condition for Goniurosaurus as well as for the kuroiwae, luii, and yingdeensis groups. However, a non-karst habitat preference is marginally supported as the most probable ancestral condition for the lichtenfelderi group. Multivariate and univariate ecomorphological analyses of the karst-adapted G. catbaensis, G. huuliensis, and G. luii of the luii group and the granite-stream-adapted G. lichtenfelderii of the lichtenfelderi group demonstrated that their markedly statistically different body shapes may be an adaptive response that contributes to habitat partitioning in areas of northern Vietnam where they are nearly sympatric.
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23
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Leidinger L, Vedder D, Cabral JS. Temporal environmental variation may impose differential selection on both genomic and ecological traits. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Leidinger
- Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, Faculty of Biology, Univ. of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Daniel Vedder
- Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, Faculty of Biology, Univ. of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Juliano Sarmento Cabral
- Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, Faculty of Biology, Univ. of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
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24
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Santini L, Isaac NJB. Rapid Anthropocene realignment of allometric scaling rules. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1318-1327. [PMID: 33932267 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The negative relationship between body size and population density in mammals is often interpreted as resulting from energetic constraints. In a global change scenario, however, this relationship might be expected to change, given the size-dependent nature of anthropogenic pressures and vulnerability to extinction. Here we test whether the size-density relationship (SDR) in mammals has changed over the last 50 years. We show that the relationship has shifted down and became shallower, corresponding to a decline in population density of 31-73%, for the largest and smallest mammals, respectively. However, the SDRs became steeper in some groups (e.g. carnivores) and shallower in others (e.g. herbivores). The Anthropocene reorganisation of biotic systems is apparent in macroecological relationships, reinforcing the notion that biodiversity pattens are contingent upon conditions at the time of investigation. We call for an increased attention to the role of global change on macroecological inferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Santini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.,National Research Council, Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (CNR-IRET), Monterotondo (Rome), Italy
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25
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Ross SRP, Suzuki Y, Kondoh M, Suzuki K, Villa Martín P, Dornelas M. Illuminating the intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of ecological stability across scales. Ecol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R. P.‐J. Ross
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Yuka Suzuki
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Okinawa Japan
| | - Michio Kondoh
- Graduate School of Life Sciences Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Kenta Suzuki
- Integrated Bioresource Information Division RIKEN BioResource Research Center Ibaraki Japan
| | - Paula Villa Martín
- Biological Complexity Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Okinawa Japan
| | - Maria Dornelas
- Centre for Biological Diversity University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
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26
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On the robustness of an eastern boundary upwelling ecosystem exposed to multiple stressors. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1908. [PMID: 33479438 PMCID: PMC7819996 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81549-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The resistance of an east border upwelling system was investigated using relative index of marine pelagic biomass estimates under a changing environment spanning 20-years in the strongly exploited southern Canary Current Large marine Ecosystem (sCCLME). We divided the sCCLME in two parts (north and south of Cap Blanc), based on oceanographic regimes. We delineated two size-based groups (“plankton” and “pelagic fish”) corresponding to lower and higher trophic levels, respectively. Over the 20-year period, all spatial remote sensing environmental variables increased significantly, except in the area south of Cap Blanc where sea surface Chlorophyll-a concentrations declined and the upwelling favorable wind was stable. Relative index of marine pelagic abundance was higher in the south area compared to the north area of Cap Blanc. No significant latitudinal shift to the mass center was detected, regardless of trophic level. Relative pelagic abundance did not change, suggesting sCCLME pelagic organisms were able to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Despite strong annual variability and the presence of major stressors (overfishing, climate change), the marine pelagic ressources, mainly fish and plankton remained relatively stable over the two decades, advancing our understanding on the resistance of this east border upwelling system.
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27
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Grismer LL, Wood PL, Le MD, Quah ESH, Grismer JL. Evolution of habitat preference in 243 species of Bent-toed geckos (Genus Cyrtodactylus Gray, 1827) with a discussion of karst habitat conservation. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:13717-13730. [PMID: 33391675 PMCID: PMC7771171 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the processes that underpin adaptive evolutionary shifts within major taxonomic groups has long been a research directive among many evolutionary biologists. Such phenomena are best studied in large monophyletic groups that occupy a broad range of habitats where repeated exposure to novel ecological opportunities has happened independently over time in different lineages. The gekkonid genus Cyrtodactylus is just such a lineage with approximately 300 species that range from South Asia to Melanesia and occupy a vast array of habitats. Ancestral state reconstructions using a stochastic character mapping analysis of nine different habitat preferences were employed across a phylogeny composed of 76% of the known species of Cyrtodactylus. This was done in order to ascertain which habitat preference is the ancestral condition and from that condition, the transition frequency to more derived habitat preferences. The results indicate that a general habitat preference is the ancestral condition for Cyrtodactylus and the frequency of transitioning from a general habitat preference to anything more specialized occurs approximately four times more often than the reverse. Species showing extreme morphological and/or ecological specializations generally do not give rise to species bearing other habitat preferences. The evolution of different habitat preferences is generally restricted to clades that tend to occur in specific geographic regions. The largest radiations in the genus occur in rocky habitats (granite and karst), indicating that the transition from a general habitat preference to a granite or karst-dwelling life style may be ecologically uncomplicated. Two large, unrelated clades of karst-associated species are centered in northern Indochina and the largest clade of granite-associated species occurs on the Thai-Malay Peninsula. Smaller, independent radiations of clades bearing other habitat preferences occur throughout the tree and across the broad distribution of the genus. With the exception of a general habitat preference, the data show that karst-associated species far out-number all others (29.6% vs. 0.4%-10.2%, respectively) and the common reference to karstic regions as "imperiled arcs of biodiversity" is not only misleading but potentially dangerous. Karstic regions are not simply refugia harboring the remnants of local biodiversity but are foci of speciation that continue to generate the most speciose, independent, radiations across the genus. Unfortunately, karstic landscapes are some of the most imperiled and least protected habitats on the planet and these data continue to underscore the urgent need for their conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Lee Grismer
- Herpetology LaboratoryDepartment of BiologyLa Sierra UniversityRiversideCAUSA
| | - Perry L. Wood
- Department of Biological Sciences & Museum of Natural HistoryAuburn UniversityAuburnALUSA
| | - Minh Duc Le
- Department of Environmental EcologyFaculty of Environmental SciencesUniversity of ScienceVietnam National University, HanoiHanoiVietnam
- Central Institute of Natural Resources and Environmental StudiesVietnam National University, HanoiHanoiVietnam
- Department of HerpetologyAmerican Museum of Natural HistoryNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Evan S. H. Quah
- Herpetology LaboratoryDepartment of BiologyLa Sierra UniversityRiversideCAUSA
- Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable DevelopmentUniversiti Malaysia TerengganuTerengganuMalaysia
| | - Jesse L. Grismer
- Herpetology LaboratoryDepartment of BiologyLa Sierra UniversityRiversideCAUSA
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28
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Webb TJ, Vanhoorne B. Linking dimensions of data on global marine animal diversity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190445. [PMID: 33131434 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent decades have seen an explosion in the amount of data available on all aspects of biodiversity, which has led to data-driven approaches to understand how and why diversity varies in time and space. Global repositories facilitate access to various classes of species-level data including biogeography, genetics and conservation status, which are in turn required to study different dimensions of diversity. Ensuring that these different data sources are interoperable is a challenge as we aim to create synthetic data products to monitor the state of the world's biodiversity. One way to approach this is to link data of different classes, and to inventory the availability of data across multiple sources. Here, we use a comprehensive list of more than 200 000 marine animal species, and quantify the availability of data on geographical occurrences, genetic sequences, conservation assessments and DNA barcodes across all phyla and broad functional groups. This reveals a very uneven picture: 44% of species are represented by no record other than their taxonomy, but some species are rich in data. Although these data-rich species are concentrated into a few taxonomic and functional groups, especially vertebrates, data are spread widely across marine animals, with members of all 32 phyla represented in at least one database. By highlighting gaps in current knowledge, our census of marine diversity data helps to prioritize future data collection activities, as well as emphasizing the importance of ongoing sustained observations and archiving of existing data into global repositories. This article is part of the theme issue 'Integrative research perspectives on marine conservation'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Webb
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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29
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Schmitz OJ, Leroux SJ. Food Webs and Ecosystems: Linking Species Interactions to the Carbon Cycle. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011720-104730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
All species within ecosystems contribute to regulating carbon cycling because of their functional integration into food webs. Yet carbon modeling and accounting still assumes that only plants, microbes, and invertebrate decomposer species are relevant to the carbon cycle. Our multifaceted review develops a case for considering a wider range of species, especially herbivorous and carnivorous wild animals. Animal control over carbon cycling is shaped by the animals’ stoichiometric needs and functional traits in relation to the stoichiometry and functional traits of their resources. Quantitative synthesis reveals that failing to consider these mechanisms can lead to serious inaccuracies in the carbon budget. Newer carbon-cycle models that consider food-web structure based on organismal functional traits and stoichiometry can offer mechanistically informed predictions about the magnitudes of animal effects that will help guide new empirical research aimed at developing a coherent understanding of the interactions and importance of all species within food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oswald J. Schmitz
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Shawn J. Leroux
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3X9, Canada
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30
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Heneghan RF, Everett JD, Sykes P, Batten SD, Edwards M, Takahashi K, Suthers IM, Blanchard JL, Richardson AJ. A functional size-spectrum model of the global marine ecosystem that resolves zooplankton composition. Ecol Modell 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Climate drives the geography of marine consumption by changing predator communities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28160-28166. [PMID: 33106409 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005255117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The global distribution of primary production and consumption by humans (fisheries) is well-documented, but we have no map linking the central ecological process of consumption within food webs to temperature and other ecological drivers. Using standardized assays that span 105° of latitude on four continents, we show that rates of bait consumption by generalist predators in shallow marine ecosystems are tightly linked to both temperature and the composition of consumer assemblages. Unexpectedly, rates of consumption peaked at midlatitudes (25 to 35°) in both Northern and Southern Hemispheres across both seagrass and unvegetated sediment habitats. This pattern contrasts with terrestrial systems, where biotic interactions reportedly weaken away from the equator, but it parallels an emerging pattern of a subtropical peak in marine biodiversity. The higher consumption at midlatitudes was closely related to the type of consumers present, which explained rates of consumption better than consumer density, biomass, species diversity, or habitat. Indeed, the apparent effect of temperature on consumption was mostly driven by temperature-associated turnover in consumer community composition. Our findings reinforce the key influence of climate warming on altered species composition and highlight its implications for the functioning of Earth's ecosystems.
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32
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Ophidiomycosis, an emerging fungal disease of snakes: Targeted surveillance on military lands and detection in the western US and Puerto Rico. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240415. [PMID: 33031451 PMCID: PMC7544097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife disease surveillance and pathogen detection are fundamental for conservation, population sustainability, and public health. Detection of pathogens in snakes is often overlooked despite their essential roles as both predators and prey within their communities. Ophidiomycosis (formerly referred to as Snake Fungal Disease, SFD), an emergent disease on the North American landscape caused by the fungus Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola, poses a threat to snake population health and stability. We tested 657 individual snakes representing 58 species in 31 states from 56 military bases in the continental US and Puerto Rico for O. ophiodiicola. Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola DNA was detected in samples from 113 snakes for a prevalence of 17.2% (95% CI: 14.4–20.3%), representing 25 species from 19 states/territories, including the first reports of the pathogen in snakes in Idaho, Oklahoma, and Puerto Rico. Most animals were ophidiomycosis negative (n = 462), with Ophidiomyces detected by qPCR (n = 64), possible ophidiomycosis (n = 82), and apparent ophidiomycosis (n = 49) occurring less frequently. Adults had 2.38 times greater odds than juveniles of being diagnosed with ophidiomycosis. Snakes from Georgia, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia all had greater odds of ophidiomycosis diagnosis, while snakes from Idaho were less likely to be diagnosed with ophidiomycosis. The results of this survey indicate that this pathogen is endemic in the eastern US and identified new sites that could represent emergence or improved detection of endemic sites. The direct mortality of snakes with ophidiomycosis is unknown from this study, but the presence of numerous individuals with clinical disease warrants further investigation and possible conservation action.
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33
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A guide to ecosystem models and their environmental applications. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1459-1471. [PMID: 32929239 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-01298-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Applied ecology has traditionally approached management problems through a simplified, single-species lens. Repeated failures of single-species management have led us to a new paradigm - managing at the ecosystem level. Ecosystem management involves a complex array of interacting organisms, processes and scientific disciplines. Accounting for interactions, feedback loops and dependencies between ecosystem components is therefore fundamental to understanding and managing ecosystems. We provide an overview of the main types of ecosystem models and their uses, and discuss challenges related to modelling complex ecological systems. Existing modelling approaches typically attempt to do one or more of the following: describe and disentangle ecosystem components and interactions; make predictions about future ecosystem states; and inform decision making by comparing alternative strategies and identifying important uncertainties. Modelling ecosystems is challenging, particularly when balancing the desire to represent many components of an ecosystem with the limitations of available data and the modelling objective. Explicitly considering different forms of uncertainty is therefore a primary concern. We provide some recommended strategies (such as ensemble ecosystem models and multi-model approaches) to aid the explicit consideration of uncertainty while also meeting the challenges of modelling ecosystems.
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34
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Newbold T, Tittensor DP, Harfoot MBJ, Scharlemann JPW, Purves DW. Non-linear changes in modelled terrestrial ecosystems subjected to perturbations. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14051. [PMID: 32820228 PMCID: PMC7441154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70960-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbed ecosystems may undergo rapid and non-linear changes, resulting in 'regime shifts' to an entirely different ecological state. The need to understand the extent, nature, magnitude and reversibility of these changes is urgent given the profound effects that humans are having on the natural world. General ecosystem models, which simulate the dynamics of ecosystems based on a mechanistic representation of ecological processes, provide one novel way to project ecosystem changes across all scales and trophic levels, and to forecast impact thresholds beyond which irreversible changes may occur. We model ecosystem changes in four terrestrial biomes subjected to human removal of plant biomass, such as occurs through agricultural land-use change. We find that irreversible, non-linear responses commonly occur where removal of vegetation exceeds 80% (a level that occurs across nearly 10% of the Earth's land surface), especially for organisms at higher trophic levels and in less productive ecosystems. Very large, irreversible changes to ecosystem structure are expected at levels of vegetation removal akin to those in the most intensively used real-world ecosystems. Our results suggest that the projected twenty-first century rapid increases in agricultural land conversion may lead to widespread trophic cascades and in some cases irreversible changes to ecosystem structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Newbold
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, UK. .,Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Derek P Tittensor
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, UK.,Biology Department, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Michael B J Harfoot
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, UK
| | - Jörn P W Scharlemann
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Drew W Purves
- Computational Science Laboratory, Microsoft Research, Cambridge, CB1 2FB, UK.,DeepMind, 6 Pancras Square, London, N1C 4AG, UK
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35
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Saavedra S, Medeiros LP, AlAdwani M. Structural forecasting of species persistence under changing environments. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1511-1521. [PMID: 32776667 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The persistence of a species in a given place not only depends on its intrinsic capacity to consume and transform resources into offspring, but also on how changing environmental conditions affect its growth rate. However, the complexity of factors has typically taken us to choose between understanding and predicting the persistence of species. To tackle this limitation, we propose a probabilistic approach rooted on the statistical concepts of ensemble theory applied to statistical mechanics and on the mathematical concepts of structural stability applied to population dynamics models - what we call structural forecasting. We show how this new approach allows us to estimate a probability of persistence for single species in local communities; to understand and interpret this probability conditional on the information we have concerning a system; and to provide out-of-sample predictions of species persistence as good as the best experimental approaches without the need of extensive amounts of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serguei Saavedra
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Av, 02139, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lucas P Medeiros
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Av, 02139, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mohammad AlAdwani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Av, 02139, Cambridge, MA, USA
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36
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Hintzen RE, Papadopoulou M, Mounce R, Banks‐Leite C, Holt RD, Mills M, T. Knight A, Leroi AM, Rosindell J. Relationship between conservation biology and ecology shown through machine reading of 32,000 articles. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2020; 34:721-732. [PMID: 31702070 PMCID: PMC7317371 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Conservation biology was founded on the idea that efforts to save nature depend on a scientific understanding of how it works. It sought to apply ecological principles to conservation problems. We investigated whether the relationship between these fields has changed over time through machine reading the full texts of 32,000 research articles published in 16 ecology and conservation biology journals. We examined changes in research topics in both fields and how the fields have evolved from 2000 to 2014. As conservation biology matured, its focus shifted from ecology to social and political aspects of conservation. The 2 fields diverged and now occupy distinct niches in modern science. We hypothesize this pattern resulted from increasing recognition that social, economic, and political factors are critical for successful conservation and possibly from rising skepticism about the relevance of contemporary ecological theory to practical conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier E. Hintzen
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonSilwood Park campus, Buckhurst RoadAscotBerkshireSL5 7PYU.K.
| | - Marina Papadopoulou
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonSilwood Park campus, Buckhurst RoadAscotBerkshireSL5 7PYU.K.
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningen9747 AGThe Netherlands
| | - Ross Mounce
- Arcadia FundSixth Floor, 5 Young StreetLondonW8 6EHU.K.
| | - Cristina Banks‐Leite
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonSilwood Park campus, Buckhurst RoadAscotBerkshireSL5 7PYU.K.
| | - Robert D. Holt
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL32611U.S.A.
| | - Morena Mills
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonSilwood Park campus, Buckhurst RoadAscotBerkshireSL5 7PYU.K.
| | - Andrew T. Knight
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonSilwood Park campus, Buckhurst RoadAscotBerkshireSL5 7PYU.K.
| | - Armand M. Leroi
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonSilwood Park campus, Buckhurst RoadAscotBerkshireSL5 7PYU.K.
| | - James Rosindell
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonSilwood Park campus, Buckhurst RoadAscotBerkshireSL5 7PYU.K.
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Enquist BJ, Abraham AJ, Harfoot MBJ, Malhi Y, Doughty CE. The megabiota are disproportionately important for biosphere functioning. Nat Commun 2020; 11:699. [PMID: 32019918 PMCID: PMC7000713 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14369-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A prominent signal of the Anthropocene is the extinction and population reduction of the megabiota—the largest animals and plants on the planet. However, we lack a predictive framework for the sensitivity of megabiota during times of rapid global change and how they impact the functioning of ecosystems and the biosphere. Here, we extend metabolic scaling theory and use global simulation models to demonstrate that (i) megabiota are more prone to extinction due to human land use, hunting, and climate change; (ii) loss of megabiota has a negative impact on ecosystem metabolism and functioning; and (iii) their reduction has and will continue to significantly decrease biosphere functioning. Global simulations show that continued loss of large animals alone could lead to a 44%, 18% and 92% reduction in terrestrial heterotrophic biomass, metabolism, and fertility respectively. Our findings suggest that policies that emphasize the promotion of large trees and animals will have disproportionate impact on biodiversity, ecosystem processes, and climate mitigation. Human-driven losses of megafauna and megaflora may have disproportionate ecological consequences. Here, the authors combine metabolic scaling theory and global simulation models to show that past and continued reduction of megabiota have and will continue to decrease ecosystem and biosphere functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Arizona, AZ 85721, USA. .,The Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Rd, Santa Fe, NM, 87501, USA.
| | - Andrew J Abraham
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Michael B J Harfoot
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, UK
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Christopher E Doughty
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
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38
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Gonzalez A, Germain RM, Srivastava DS, Filotas E, Dee LE, Gravel D, Thompson PL, Isbell F, Wang S, Kéfi S, Montoya J, Zelnik YR, Loreau M. Scaling-up biodiversity-ecosystem functioning research. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:757-776. [PMID: 31997566 PMCID: PMC7497049 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A rich body of knowledge links biodiversity to ecosystem functioning (BEF), but it is primarily focused on small scales. We review the current theory and identify six expectations for scale dependence in the BEF relationship: (1) a nonlinear change in the slope of the BEF relationship with spatial scale; (2) a scale‐dependent relationship between ecosystem stability and spatial extent; (3) coexistence within and among sites will result in a positive BEF relationship at larger scales; (4) temporal autocorrelation in environmental variability affects species turnover and thus the change in BEF slope with scale; (5) connectivity in metacommunities generates nonlinear BEF and stability relationships by affecting population synchrony at local and regional scales; (6) spatial scaling in food web structure and diversity will generate scale dependence in ecosystem functioning. We suggest directions for synthesis that combine approaches in metaecosystem and metacommunity ecology and integrate cross‐scale feedbacks. Tests of this theory may combine remote sensing with a generation of networked experiments that assess effects at multiple scales. We also show how anthropogenic land cover change may alter the scaling of the BEF relationship. New research on the role of scale in BEF will guide policy linking the goals of managing biodiversity and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gonzalez
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Dr. Penfield Avenue, Montreal, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Rachel M Germain
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Diane S Srivastava
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Elise Filotas
- Center for Forest Research, Département Science et Technologie, Université du Québec, 5800 Saint-Denis, Téluq, Montreal, H2S 3L5, Canada
| | - Laura E Dee
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Patrick L Thompson
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Forest Isbell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Science, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Sonia Kéfi
- ISEM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Jose Montoya
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, 2 route du CNRS, 09200, Moulis, France
| | - Yuval R Zelnik
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, 2 route du CNRS, 09200, Moulis, France
| | - Michel Loreau
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, 2 route du CNRS, 09200, Moulis, France
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Boschetti F, Lozano-Montes H, Stelfox B. Modelling regional futures at decadal scale: application to the Kimberley region. Sci Rep 2020; 10:849. [PMID: 31964923 PMCID: PMC6972922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56646-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We address the question of how to provide meaningful scientific information to support environmental decision making at the regional scale and at the temporal scale of several decades in a network of marine parks in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Where environmental sustainability is affected by slow-dynamics climate change processes and one-off investments in large infrastructure which can affect a region for decades to come, both strategic and reactive planning is necessary and prediction becomes as urgent as standard adaptive management. At the interface between future studies, socio-economic modelling and environmental modelling, we define 18 scenarios of economic development and climate change impacts and five management strategies. We explore these potential futures using coupled models of terrestrial and marine ecosystem dynamics. We obtain a projection of the Kimberley marine system to the year 2050, conditional on the chosen scenarios and management strategies. Our results suggest that climate change, not economic development, is the largest factor affecting the future of marine ecosystems in the Kimberley region, with site-attached species such as reef fish at greatest risk. These same species also benefit most from more stringent management strategies, especially expansion of sanctuary zones and Marine Protected Areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Boschetti
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Organisation, Canberra, Australia.
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40
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Newbold T, Bentley LF, Hill SLL, Edgar MJ, Horton M, Su G, Şekercioğlu ÇH, Collen B, Purvis A. Global effects of land use on biodiversity differ among functional groups. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Newbold
- Centre for Biodiversity & Environment Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment University College London London UK
| | - Laura F. Bentley
- UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre Cambridge UK
| | - Samantha L. L. Hill
- UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre Cambridge UK
- Department of Life Sciences Natural History Museum London UK
| | | | - Matthew Horton
- Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London London UK
| | - Geoffrey Su
- Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London London UK
| | - Çağan H. Şekercioğlu
- Department of Biology University of Utah Salt Lake City UT USA
- College of Sciences Koç University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Ben Collen
- Centre for Biodiversity & Environment Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment University College London London UK
| | - Andy Purvis
- Department of Life Sciences Natural History Museum London UK
- Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London London UK
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41
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Tuma J, Eggleton P, Fayle TM. Ant-termite interactions: an important but under-explored ecological linkage. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 95:555-572. [PMID: 31876057 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Animal interactions play an important role in understanding ecological processes. The nature and intensity of these interactions can shape the impacts of organisms on their environment. Because ants and termites, with their high biomass and range of ecological functions, have considerable effects on their environment, the interaction between them is important for ecosystem processes. Although the manner in which ants and termites interact is becoming increasingly well studied, there has been no synthesis to date of the available literature. Here we review and synthesise all existing literature on ant-termite interactions. We infer that ant predation on termites is the most important, most widespread, and most studied type of interaction. Predatory ant species can regulate termite populations and subsequently slow down the decomposition of wood, litter and soil organic matter. As a consequence they also affect plant growth and distribution, nutrient cycling and nutrient availability. Although some ant species are specialised termite predators, there is probably a high level of opportunistic predation by generalist ant species, and hence their impact on ecosystem processes that termites are known to provide varies at the species level. The most fruitful future research direction will be to evaluate the impact of ant-termite predation on broader ecosystem processes. To do this it will be necessary to quantify the efficacy both of particular ant species and of ant communities as a whole in regulating termite populations in different biomes. We envisage that this work will require a combination of methods, including DNA barcoding of ant gut contents along with field observations and exclusion experiments. Such a combined approach is necessary for assessing how this interaction influences entire ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Tuma
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Soil Biology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Paul Eggleton
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Tom M Fayle
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
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42
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Fulton EA, Blanchard JL, Melbourne-Thomas J, Plagányi ÉE, Tulloch VJD. Where the Ecological Gaps Remain, a Modelers' Perspective. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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43
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Lyons SK, Smith FA, Ernest SKM. Macroecological patterns of mammals across taxonomic, spatial, and temporal scales. J Mammal 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyy171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S Kathleen Lyons
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln, School of Biological Sciences, St. Lincoln, NE
| | - Felisa A Smith
- University of New Mexico, Department of Biology, Albuquerque, NM
| | - S K Morgan Ernest
- University of Florida, Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Gainesville, FL
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44
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Mazzega P. On the Ethics of Biodiversity Models, Forecasts and Scenarios. Asian Bioeth Rev 2018; 10:295-312. [PMID: 33717294 PMCID: PMC7747318 DOI: 10.1007/s41649-018-0069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of numerical models to produce realistic prospective scenarios for the evolution of biological diversity is essential. Only integrative impact assessment models are able to take into account the diverse and complex interactions embedded in social-ecological systems. The knowledge used is objective, the procedure of their integration is rigorous and the data massive. Nevertheless, the technical choices (model ontology, treatment of scales and uncertainty, data choice and pre-processing, technique of representation, etc.) made at each stage of the development of models and scenarios are mostly circumstantial, depending on both the skills of modellers on a project and the means available to them. In the end, the scenarios selected and the way they are simulated limit the futures explored, and the options offered to decision makers and stakeholders to act. The ethical implications of these circumstantial choices are generally not documented, explained or even perceived by modellers. Applied ethics propose a coherent set of principles to guide a critical reflection on the social and environmental consequences of integrative modelling and simulation of biodiversity scenarios. Such reflection should be incorporated into the actual modelling process, in a broad participatory framework, and foster effective moral involvement of modellers, policy-makers and stakeholders, in preference to the application of fixed ethical rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Mazzega
- UMR5563 GET Geosciences Environment Toulouse, CNRS / University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Affiliate Researcher, Strathclyde Center for Environmental Law and Governance, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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45
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Reino L, Triviño M, Beja P, Araújo MB, Figueira R, Segurado P. Modelling landscape constraints on farmland bird species range shifts under climate change. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:1596-1605. [PMID: 29996456 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Several studies estimating the effects of global environmental change on biodiversity are focused on climate change. Yet, non-climatic factors such as changes in land cover can also be of paramount importance. This may be particularly important for habitat specialists associated with human-dominated landscapes, where land cover and climate changes may be largely decoupled. Here, we tested this idea by modelling the influence of climate, landscape composition and pattern, on the predicted future (2021-2050) distributions of 21 farmland bird species in the Iberian Peninsula, using boosted regression trees and 10-km resolution presence/absence data. We also evaluated whether habitat specialist species were more affected by landscape factors than generalist species. Overall, this study showed that the contribution of current landscape composition and pattern to the performance of species distribution models (SDMs) was relatively low. However, SDMs built using either climate or climate plus landscape variables yielded very different predictions of future species range shifts and, hence, of the geographical patterns of change in species richness. Our results indicate that open habitat specialist species tend to expand their range, whereas habitat generalist species tend to retract under climate change scenarios. The effect of incorporating landscape factors were particularly marked on open habitat specialists of conservation concern, for which the expected expansion under climate change seems to be severely constrained by land cover change. Overall, results suggest that particular attention should be given to landscape change in addition to climate when modelling the impacts of environmental changes for both farmland specialist and generalist bird distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Reino
- CIBIO/InBIO-Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, n°9, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; CIBIO/InBIO-Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade de Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal; CEABN/InBIO-Centro de Estudos Ambientais 'Prof. Baeta Neves', Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - María Triviño
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland; Museo de Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Beja
- CIBIO/InBIO-Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, n°9, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; CEABN/InBIO-Centro de Estudos Ambientais 'Prof. Baeta Neves', Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel B Araújo
- CIBIO/InBIO-Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade de Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal; Museo de Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rui Figueira
- CIBIO/InBIO-Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, n°9, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; CEABN/InBIO-Centro de Estudos Ambientais 'Prof. Baeta Neves', Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Segurado
- CEF - Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
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46
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Accounting for activity respiration results in realistic trophic transfer efficiencies in allometric trophic network (ATN) models. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-018-0378-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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47
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Godoy O, Bartomeus I, Rohr RP, Saavedra S. Towards the Integration of Niche and Network Theories. Trends Ecol Evol 2018; 33:287-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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48
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Rahn E, Vaast P, Läderach P, van Asten P, Jassogne L, Ghazoul J. Exploring adaptation strategies of coffee production to climate change using a process-based model. Ecol Modell 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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49
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Cottrell RS, Fleming A, Fulton EA, Nash KL, Watson RA, Blanchard JL. Considering land-sea interactions and trade-offs for food and biodiversity. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:580-596. [PMID: 28833818 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
With the human population expected to near 10 billion by 2050, and diets shifting towards greater per-capita consumption of animal protein, meeting future food demands will place ever-growing burdens on natural resources and those dependent on them. Solutions proposed to increase the sustainability of agriculture, aquaculture, and capture fisheries have typically approached development from single sector perspectives. Recent work highlights the importance of recognising links among food sectors, and the challenge cross-sector dependencies create for sustainable food production. Yet without understanding the full suite of interactions between food systems on land and sea, development in one sector may result in unanticipated trade-offs in another. We review the interactions between terrestrial and aquatic food systems. We show that most of the studied land-sea interactions fall into at least one of four categories: ecosystem connectivity, feed interdependencies, livelihood interactions, and climate feedback. Critically, these interactions modify nutrient flows, and the partitioning of natural resource use between land and sea, amid a backdrop of climate variability and change that reaches across all sectors. Addressing counter-productive trade-offs resulting from land-sea links will require simultaneous improvements in food production and consumption efficiency, while creating more sustainable feed products for fish and livestock. Food security research and policy also needs to better integrate aquatic and terrestrial production to anticipate how cross-sector interactions could transmit change across ecosystem and governance boundaries into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Cottrell
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Aysha Fleming
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- CSIRO Land and Water, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Fulton
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Kirsty L Nash
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Reg A Watson
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Julia L Blanchard
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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50
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Singh H, Garg RD, Karnatak HC, Roy A. Spatial landscape model to characterize biological diversity using R statistical computing environment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 206:1211-1223. [PMID: 28988063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to urbanization and population growth, the degradation of natural forests and associated biodiversity are now widely recognized as a global environmental concern. Hence, there is an urgent need for rapid assessment and monitoring of biodiversity on priority using state-of-art tools and technologies. The main purpose of this research article is to develop and implement a new methodological approach to characterize biological diversity using spatial model developed during the study viz. Spatial Biodiversity Model (SBM). The developed model is scale, resolution and location independent solution for spatial biodiversity richness modelling. The platform-independent computation model is based on parallel computation. The biodiversity model based on open-source software has been implemented on R statistical computing platform. It provides information on high disturbance and high biological richness areas through different landscape indices and site specific information (e.g. forest fragmentation (FR), disturbance index (DI) etc.). The model has been developed based on the case study of Indian landscape; however it can be implemented in any part of the world. As a case study, SBM has been tested for Uttarakhand state in India. Inputs for landscape ecology are derived through multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) techniques in an interactive command line environment. MCDM with sensitivity analysis in spatial domain has been carried out to illustrate the model stability and robustness. Furthermore, spatial regression analysis has been made for the validation of the output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hariom Singh
- Geomatics Engineering Group, Civil Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - R D Garg
- Geomatics Engineering Group, Civil Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | | | - Arijit Roy
- Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, ISRO, Dehradun, India
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