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de Kermenguy F, Benzazon N, Maury P, Vauclin R, M'hamdi M, Cifliku V, Limkin E, Diallo I, Morel D, Milewski C, Clémenson C, Mondini M, Deutsch E, Robert C. LymphoDose: a lymphocyte dose estimation framework-application to brain radiotherapy. Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:105009. [PMID: 38593817 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad3c8d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Objective. Severe radiation-induced lymphopenia occurs in 40% of patients treated for primary brain tumors and is an independent risk factor of poor survival outcomes. We developed anin-silicoframework that estimates the radiation doses received by lymphocytes during volumetric modulated arc therapy brain irradiation.Approach. We implemented a simulation consisting of two interconnected compartmental models describing the slow recirculation of lymphocytes between lymphoid organs (M1) and the bloodstream (M2). We used dosimetry data from 33 patients treated with chemo-radiation for glioblastoma to compare three cases of the model, corresponding to different physical and biological scenarios: (H1) lymphocytes circulation only in the bloodstream i.e. circulation inM2only; (H2) lymphocytes recirculation between lymphoid organs i.e. circulation inM1andM2interconnected; (H3) lymphocytes recirculation between lymphoid organs and deep-learning computed out-of-field (OOF) dose to head and neck (H&N) lymphoid structures. A sensitivity analysis of the model's parameters was also performed.Main results. For H1, H2 and H3 cases respectively, the irradiated fraction of lymphocytes was 99.8 ± 0.7%, 40.4 ± 10.2% et 97.6 ± 2.5%, and the average dose to irradiated pool was 309.9 ± 74.7 mGy, 52.6 ± 21.1 mGy and 265.6 ± 48.5 mGy. The recirculation process considered in the H2 case implied that irradiated lymphocytes were irradiated in the field only 1.58 ± 0.91 times on average after treatment. The OOF irradiation of H&N lymphoid structures considered in H3 was an important contribution to lymphocytes dose. In all cases, the estimated doses are low compared with lymphocytes radiosensitivity, and other mechanisms could explain high prevalence of RIL in patients with brain tumors.Significance. Our framework is the first to take into account OOF doses and recirculation in lymphocyte dose assessment during brain irradiation. Our results demonstrate the need to clarify the indirect effects of irradiation on lymphopenia, in order to potentiate the combination of radio-immunotherapy or the abscopal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- François de Kermenguy
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Nathan Benzazon
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Pauline Maury
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Département de radiothérapie, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Meissane M'hamdi
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Vjona Cifliku
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Elaine Limkin
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Département de radiothérapie, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Ibrahima Diallo
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Daphné Morel
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Candice Milewski
- Gustave Roussy, Département de radiothérapie, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Céline Clémenson
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Michele Mondini
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Eric Deutsch
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Département de radiothérapie, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Charlotte Robert
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Département de radiothérapie, F-94800, Villejuif, France
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Nikmaneshi MR, Baish JW, Zhou H, Padera TP, Munn LL. Transport Barriers Influence the Activation of Anti-Tumor Immunity: A Systems Biology Analysis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304076. [PMID: 37949675 PMCID: PMC10754116 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Effective anti-cancer immune responses require activation of one or more naïve T cells. If the correct naïve T cell encounters its cognate antigen presented by an antigen presenting cell, then the T cell can activate and proliferate. Here, mathematical modeling is used to explore the possibility that immune activation in lymph nodes is a rate-limiting step in anti-cancer immunity and can affect response rates to immune checkpoint therapy. The model provides a mechanistic framework for optimizing cancer immunotherapy and developing testable solutions to unleash anti-tumor immune responses for more patients with cancer. The results show that antigen production rate and trafficking of naïve T cells into the lymph nodes are key parameters and that treatments designed to enhance tumor antigen production can improve immune checkpoint therapies. The model underscores the potential of radiation therapy in augmenting tumor immunogenicity and neoantigen production for improved ICB therapy, while emphasizing the need for careful consideration in cases where antigen levels are already sufficient to avoid compromising the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R. Nikmaneshi
- Department of Radiation OncologyMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114USA
| | - James W. Baish
- Biomedical EngineeringBucknell UniversityLewisburgPA17837USA
| | - Hengbo Zhou
- Department of Radiation OncologyMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114USA
| | - Timothy P. Padera
- Department of Radiation OncologyMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114USA
| | - Lance L. Munn
- Department of Radiation OncologyMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114USA
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3
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Paganetti H. A review on lymphocyte radiosensitivity and its impact on radiotherapy. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1201500. [PMID: 37601664 PMCID: PMC10435323 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1201500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that radiation therapy causes lymphopenia in patients and that this is correlated with a negative outcome. The mechanism is not well understood because radiation can have both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive effects. How tumor dose conformation, dose fractionation, and selective lymph node irradiation in radiation therapy does affect lymphopenia and immune response is an active area of research. In addition, understanding the impact of radiation on the immune system is important for the design and interpretation of clinical trials combining radiation with immune checkpoint inhibitors, both in terms of radiation dose and treatment schedules. Although only a few percent of the total lymphocyte population are circulating, it has been speculated that their increased radiosensitivity may contribute to, or even be the primary cause of, lymphopenia. This review summarizes published data on lymphocyte radiosensitivity based on human, small animal, and in vitro studies. The data indicate differences in radiosensitivity among lymphocyte subpopulations that affect their relative contribution and thus the dynamics of the immune response. In general, B cells appear to be more radiosensitive than T cells and NK cells appear to be the most resistant. However, the reported dose-response data suggest that in the context of lymphopenia in patients, aspects other than cell death must also be considered. Not only absolute lymphocyte counts, but also lymphocyte diversity and activity are likely to be affected by radiation. Taken together, the reviewed data suggest that it is unlikely that radiation-induced cell death in lymphocytes is the sole factor in radiation-induced lymphopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Paganetti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, United States
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4
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Lukas E, Hogan T, Williams C, Seddon B, Yates AJ. Quantifying cellular dynamics in mice using a novel fluorescent division reporter system. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1157705. [PMID: 37575229 PMCID: PMC10412932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1157705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of cell populations are frequently studied in vivo using pulse-chase DNA labeling techniques. When combined with mathematical models, the kinetic of label uptake and loss within a population of interest then allows one to estimate rates of cell production and turnover through death or onward differentiation. Here we explore an alternative method of quantifying cellular dynamics, using a cell fate-mapping mouse model in which dividing cells can be induced to constitutively express a fluorescent protein, using a Ki67 reporter construct. We use a pulse-chase approach with this reporter mouse system to measure the lifespans and division rates of naive CD4 and CD8 T cells using a variety of modeling approaches, and show that they are all consistent with estimates derived from other published methods. However we propose that to obtain unbiased parameter estimates and full measures of their uncertainty one should simultaneously model the timecourses of the frequencies of labeled cells within both the population of interest and its precursor. We conclude that Ki67 reporter mice provide a promising system for modeling cellular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Lukas
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Thea Hogan
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London (UCL), Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cayman Williams
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London (UCL), Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benedict Seddon
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London (UCL), Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Yates
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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5
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Horitani S, Ueda Y, Kamioka Y, Kondo N, Ikeda Y, Naganuma M, Kinashi T. The critical role of Rap1-GAPs Rasa3 and Sipa1 in T cells for pulmonary transit and egress from the lymph nodes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1234747. [PMID: 37545505 PMCID: PMC10399222 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1234747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rap1-GTPase activates integrins and plays an indispensable role in lymphocyte trafficking, but the importance of Rap1 inactivation in this process remains unknown. Here we identified the Rap1-inactivating proteins Rasa3 and Sipa1 as critical regulators of lymphocyte trafficking. The loss of Rasa3 and Sipa1 in T cells induced spontaneous Rap1 activation and adhesion. As a consequence, T cells deficient in Rasa3 and Sipa1 were trapped in the lung due to firm attachment to capillary beds, while administration of LFA1 antibodies or loss of talin1 or Rap1 rescued lung sequestration. Unexpectedly, mutant T cells exhibited normal extravasation into lymph nodes, fast interstitial migration, even greater chemotactic responses to chemokines and sphingosine-1-phosphate, and entrance into lymphatic sinuses but severely delayed exit: mutant T cells retained high motility in lymphatic sinuses and frequently returned to the lymph node parenchyma, resulting in defective egress. These results reveal the critical trafficking processes that require Rap1 inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Horitani
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ueda
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamioka
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kondo
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Ikeda
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Makoto Naganuma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kinashi
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
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Pham TN, Coupey J, Candeias SM, Ivanova V, Valable S, Thariat J. Beyond lymphopenia, unraveling radiation-induced leucocyte subpopulation kinetics and mechanisms through modeling approaches. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:50. [PMID: 36814272 PMCID: PMC9945629 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02621-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucocyte subpopulations in both lymphoid and myeloid lineages have a significant impact on antitumor immune response. While radiation-induced lymphopenia is being studied extensively, radiation effects on lymphoid and myeloid subtypes have been relatively less addressed. Interactions between leucocyte subpopulations, their specific radiation sensitivity and the specific kinetics of each subpopulation can be modeled based on both experimental data and knowledge of physiological leucocyte depletion, production, proliferation, maturation and homeostasis. Modeling approaches of the leucocyte kinetics that may be used to unravel mechanisms underlying radiation induced-leucopenia and prediction of changes in cell counts and compositions after irradiation are presented in this review. The approaches described open up new possibilities for determining the influence of irradiation parameters both on a single-time point of acute effects and the subsequent recovery of leukocyte subpopulations. Utilization of these approaches to model kinetic data in post-radiotherapy states may be a useful tool for further development of new treatment strategies or for the combination of radiotherapy and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao-Nguyen Pham
- grid.412043.00000 0001 2186 4076Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CNRS, ISTCT, GIP CYCERON, 14000 Caen, France ,grid.460771.30000 0004 1785 9671Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire UMR6534 IN2P3/ENSICAEN, Normandie Université, Caen, France
| | - Julie Coupey
- grid.412043.00000 0001 2186 4076Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CNRS, ISTCT, GIP CYCERON, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Serge M. Candeias
- grid.457348.90000 0004 0630 1517Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-LCBM-UMR5249, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Viktoriia Ivanova
- grid.412043.00000 0001 2186 4076Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CNRS, ISTCT, GIP CYCERON, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Samuel Valable
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CNRS, ISTCT, GIP CYCERON, 14000, Caen, France.
| | - Juliette Thariat
- Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire UMR6534 IN2P3/ENSICAEN, Normandie Université, Caen, France. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre François Baclesse, Caen, Normandy, France.
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7
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McCullum L, Shin J, Xing S, Beekman C, Schuemann J, Hong T, Duda D, Mohan R, Lin S, Correa-Alfonso CM, Domal S, Withrow J, Bolch W, Paganetti H, Grassberger C. Predicting Severity of Radiation Induced Lymphopenia in Individual Proton Therapy Patients for Varying Dose Rate and Fractionation Using Dynamic 4-Dimensional Blood Flow Simulations. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2023:S0360-3016(23)00105-0. [PMID: 36739919 PMCID: PMC10363211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation-induced lymphopenia has gained attention recently as the result of its correlation with survival in a range of indications, particularly when combining radiation therapy (RT) with immunotherapy. The purpose of this study is to use a dynamic blood circulation model combined with observed lymphocyte depletion in patients to derive the in vivo radiosensitivity of circulating lymphocytes and study the effect of RT delivery parameters. METHODS AND MATERIALS We assembled a cohort of 17 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with proton RT alone in 15 fractions (fx) using conventional dose rates (beam-on time [BOT], 120 seconds) for whom weekly absolute lymphocyte counts (ALCs) during RT and follow-up were available. We used HEDOS, a time-dependent, whole-body, blood flow computational framework, in combination with explicit liver blood flow modeling, to calculate the dose volume histograms for circulating lymphocytes for changing BOTs (1 second-300 seconds) and fractionations (5 fx, 15 fx). From this, we used the linear cell survival model and an exponential model to determine patient-specific lymphocyte radiation sensitivity, α, and recovery, σ, respectively. RESULTS The in vivo-derived patient-specific α had a median of 0.65 Gy-1 (range, 0.30-1.38). Decreasing BOT to 1 second led to an increased average end-of-treatment ALC of 27.5%, increasing to 60.3% when combined with the 5-fx regimen. Decreasing to 5 fx at the conventional dose rate led to an increase of 17.0% on average. The benefit of both increasing dose rate and reducing the number of fractions was patient specificࣧpatients with highly sensitive lymphocytes benefited most from decreasing BOT, whereas patients with slow lymphocyte recovery benefited most from the shorter fractionation regimen. CONCLUSIONS We observed that increasing dose rate at the same fractionation reduced ALC depletion more significantly than reducing the number of fractions. High-dose-rates led to an increased sparing of lymphocytes when shortening the fractionation regimen, particularly for patients with radiosensitive lymphocytes at elevated risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas McCullum
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Jungwook Shin
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Stella Xing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chris Beekman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jan Schuemann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Theodore Hong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dan Duda
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Radhe Mohan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Steven Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Camilo M Correa-Alfonso
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sean Domal
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Julia Withrow
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Wesley Bolch
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Harald Paganetti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Clemens Grassberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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8
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Brown LV, Coles MC, McConnell M, Ratushny AV, Gaffney EA. Analysis of cellular kinetic models suggest that physiologically based model parameters may be inherently, practically unidentifiable. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2022; 49:539-556. [PMID: 35933452 PMCID: PMC9508223 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-022-09819-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic and cellular kinetic models are used extensively to predict concentration profiles of drugs or adoptively transferred cells in patients and laboratory animals. Models are fit to data by the numerical optimisation of appropriate parameter values. When quantities such as the area under the curve are all that is desired, only a close qualitative fit to data is required. When the biological interpretation of the model that produced the fit is important, an assessment of uncertainties is often also warranted. Often, a goal of fitting PBPK models to data is to estimate parameter values, which can then be used to assess characteristics of the fit system or applied to inform new modelling efforts and extrapolation, to inform a prediction under new conditions. However, the parameters that yield a particular model output may not necessarily be unique, in which case the parameters are said to be unidentifiable. We show that the parameters in three published physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models are practically (deterministically) unidentifiable and that it is challenging to assess the associated parameter uncertainty with simple curve fitting techniques. This result could affect many physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models, and we advocate more widespread use of thorough techniques and analyses to address these issues, such as established Markov Chain Monte Carlo and Bayesian methodologies. Greater handling and reporting of uncertainty and identifiability of fit parameters would directly and positively impact interpretation and translation for physiologically-based model applications, enhancing their capacity to inform new model development efforts and extrapolation in support of future clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam V Brown
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Mark C Coles
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark McConnell
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Seattle, WA, USA
- Currently Chinook Therapeutics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Eamonn A Gaffney
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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9
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Gough MJ, Crittenden MR. The paradox of radiation and T cells in tumors. Neoplasia 2022; 31:100808. [PMID: 35691060 PMCID: PMC9194456 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2022.100808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review we consider what appears to be a paradox in immunotherapies based around radiation therapy. The paradox is based on three main points. 1. That T cells are needed for radiation's efficacy; 2. That tumor-specific T cells are enriched in the field of treatment; and 3. That radiation kills T cells in the treatment field. We discuss evidence of the effect of radiation on T cells in the field given their ongoing movement in and out of tissues and the tumor, and how the movement of T cells impacts the treated primary tumor and untreated distant metastases. Given this evidence, we revisit the paradox to understand how the extraordinary efficacy of radiation and immunity in preclinical models is dependent on this radiation sensitive cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St., Portland, OR 97213, USA.
| | - Marka R Crittenden
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St., Portland, OR 97213, USA; The Oregon Clinic, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
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10
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Zhao G, Straub RH, Meyer-Hermann M. The transition between acute and chronic infections in light of energy control: a mathematical model of energy flow in response to infection. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220206. [PMID: 35730176 PMCID: PMC9214282 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Different parts of an organism like the gut, endocrine, nervous and immune systems constantly exchange information. Understanding the pathogenesis of various systemic chronic diseases increasingly relies on understanding how these subsystems orchestrate their activities. Methods: We started from the working hypothesis that energy is a fundamental quantity that governs activity levels of all subsystems and that interactions between subsystems control the distribution of energy according to acute needs. Based on physiological knowledge, we constructed a mathematical model for the energy flow between subsystems and analysed the resulting organismal responses to in silico infections. Results: The model reproduces common behaviour in acute infections and suggests several host parameters that modulate infection duration and therapeutic responsiveness. Moreover, the model allows the formulation of conditions for the induction of chronic infections and predicts that alterations in energy released from fat can lead to the transition from clearance of acute infections to a chronic inflammatory state. Impact: These results suggest a fundamental role for brain and fat in controlling immune response through systemic energy control. In particular, it suggests that lipolysis resistance, which is known to be involved in obesity and ageing, might be a survival programme for coping with chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhao
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rainer H Straub
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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11
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Li J, Wu J, Zhang J, Tang L, Mei H, Hu Y, Li F. A multicompartment mathematical model based on host immunity for dissecting COVID-19 heterogeneity. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09488. [PMID: 35600458 PMCID: PMC9116108 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The determinants underlying the heterogeneity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remain to be elucidated. To systemically analyze the immunopathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, we built a multicompartment mathematical model based on immunological principles and typical COVID-19-related characteristics. This model integrated the trafficking of immune cells and cytokines among the secondary lymphoid organs, peripheral blood and lungs. Our results suggested that early-stage lymphopenia was related to lymphocyte chemotaxis, while prolonged lymphopenia in critically ill patients was associated with myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Furthermore, our model predicted that insufficient SARS-CoV-2-specific naïve T/B cell pools and ineffective activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) would cause delayed immunity activation, resulting in elevated viral load, low immunoglobulin level, etc. Overall, we provided a comprehensive view of the dynamics of host immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection that enabled us to understand COVID-19 heterogeneity from systemic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Li
- School of Physics, Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianghua Wu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic Disease, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jingpeng Zhang
- School of Physics, Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lu Tang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic Disease, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Heng Mei
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic Disease, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Yu Hu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic Disease, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Fangting Li
- School of Physics, Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Corresponding author.
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12
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Wang W, Ouyang D. Opportunities and challenges of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling in drug delivery. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:2100-2120. [PMID: 35452792 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is an important in silico tool to bridge drug properties and in vivo PK behaviors during drug development. Over the recent decade, the PBPK method has been largely applied to drug delivery systems (DDS), including oral, inhaled, transdermal, ophthalmic, and complex injectable products. The related therapeutic agents have included small-molecule drugs, therapeutic proteins, nucleic acids, and even cells. Simulation results have provided important insights into PK behaviors of new dosage forms, which strongly support drug regulation. In this review, we comprehensively summarize recent progress in PBPK applications in drug delivery, which shows large opportunities for facilitating drug development. In addition, we discuss the challenges of applying this methodology from a practical viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau, China; Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Defang Ouyang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau, China; Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
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13
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Ellsworth SG, Yalamanchali A, Lautenschlaeger T, Grossman SA, Grassberger C, Lin SH, Mohan R. Lymphocyte depletion rate as a biomarker of radiation dose to circulating lymphocytes during fractionated partial-body radiotherapy. Adv Radiat Oncol 2022; 7:100959. [PMID: 35928987 PMCID: PMC9343404 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2022.100959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Radiation causes exponential depletion of circulating lymphocyte populations; in turn, radiation-induced lymphopenia is associated with worse survival for many solid tumors, possibly owing to attenuated antitumor immune responses. Identifying reliable and reproducible methods of calculating the radiation dose to circulating immune cells may facilitate development of techniques to reduce the risk and severity of radiation-induced toxic effects to circulating lymphocytes. Methods and Materials Patient-specific lymphocyte loss rates were derived from a clinical data set including 684 adult patients with solid tumors. Multivariable linear regression was used to model the relationship between the lymphocyte loss rate and physical parameters of the radiation plan that determine circulating blood dose. Results During partial-body radiation, lymphocyte loss rates are determined by physical parameters of the radiation plan that reflect radiation exposure to circulating cells, including target volume size, dose per fraction squared, and anatomic site treated. Differences in observed versus predicted lymphocyte loss rates may be partly explained by variations in concurrent chemotherapy regimens. Conclusions We describe a novel method of using patient-specific lymphocyte loss kinetics to approximate the effective radiation dose to circulating lymphocytes during focal fractionated photon radiation therapy. Clinical applications of these findings include the early identification of patients at particularly high risk of severe radiation-induced lymphopenia based on physical parameters of the radiation therapy plan.
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14
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Perazzolo S, Shen DD, Ho RJ. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of 3 HIV Drugs in Combination and the Role of Lymphatic System after Subcutaneous Dosing. Part 2: Model for the Drug-combination Nanoparticles. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:825-837. [PMID: 34673094 PMCID: PMC9270959 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We previously developed a mechanism-based pharmacokinetic (MBPK) model to characterize the PK of a lymphocyte-targeted, long-acting 3 HIV drug-combination nanoparticle (DcNP) formulation of lopinavir, ritonavir, and tenofovir. MBPK describes time-courses of plasma drug concentration and has provided an initial hypothesis for the lymphatic PK of DcNP. Because anatomical and physiological interpretation of MBPK is limited, in this Part 2, we report the development of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for a detailed evaluation of the systemic and lymphatic PK of drugs associated with DcNP. The DcNP model is linked to the PBPK model presented earlier in Part 1 to account for the disposition of released free drugs. A key feature of the DcNP model is the uptake of the injected dose from the subcutaneous site to the adjacent lymphoid depot, routing through the nodes within and throughout the lymphatic network, and its subsequent passage into the blood circulation. Furthermore, the model accounts for DcNP transport to the lymph by lymphatic recirculation and mononuclear cell migration. The present PBPK model can be extended to other nano-drug combinations that target or transit through the lymphatic system. The PBPK model may allow scaling and prediction of DcNP PK in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Perazzolo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Danny D. Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Rodney J.Y. Ho
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA,Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA,Corresponding authors at: University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA. (S. Perazzolo), (R.J.Y. Ho)
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15
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Perazzolo S, Shireman LM, Shen DD, Ho RJ. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of 3 HIV Drugs in Combination and the Role of Lymphatic System after Subcutaneous Dosing. Part 1: Model for the Free-Drug Mixture. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:529-541. [PMID: 34673093 PMCID: PMC9272351 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Drug-combination nanoparticles (DcNP) allow the formulation of multiple HIV drugs in one injectable. In nonhuman primates (NHP), all drugs in DcNP have demonstrated long-acting pharmacokinetics (PK) in the blood and lymph nodes, rendering it suitable for a Targeted Long-acting Antiretroviral Therapy (TLC-ART). To support the translation of TLC-ART into the clinic, the objective is to present a physiologically based PK (PBPK) model tool to control mechanisms affecting the rather complex DcNP-drug PK. Two species contribute simultaneously to the drug PK: drugs that dissociate from DcNP (Part 1) and drugs retained in DcNP (Part 2, presented separately). Here, we describe the PBPK modeling of the nanoparticle-free drugs. The free-drug model was built on subcutaneous injections of suspended lopinavir, ritonavir, and tenofovir in NHP, and validated by external experiments. A novelty was the design of a lymphatic network as part of a whole-body PBPK system which included major lymphatic regions: the cervical, axillary, hilar, mesenteric, and inguinal nodes. This detailed/regionalized description of the lymphatic system and mononuclear cells represents an unprecedented level of prediction that renders the free-drug model extendible to other small-drug molecules targeting the lymphatic system at both the regional and cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Perazzolo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA,Corresponding authors at: University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA. (S. Perazzolo), (R.J.Y. Ho)
| | - Laura M. Shireman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Danny D. Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Rodney J.Y. Ho
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA,Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA,Corresponding authors at: University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA. (S. Perazzolo), (R.J.Y. Ho)
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16
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Lymphocyte Counts and Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics: Between Mechanisms of Action and Treatment-Limiting Side Effects. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113177. [PMID: 34831400 PMCID: PMC8625745 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the detailed pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is not completely understood, a broad range of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are available. A common side effect of nearly every MS therapeutic agent is lymphopenia, which can be both beneficial and, in some cases, treatment-limiting. A sound knowledge of the underlying mechanism of action of the selected agent is required in order to understand treatment-associated changes in white blood cell counts, as well as monitoring consequences. This review is a comprehensive summary of the currently available DMTs with regard to their effects on lymphocyte count. In the first part, we describe important general information about the role of lymphocytes in the course of MS and the essentials of lymphopenic states. In the second part, we introduce the different DMTs according to their underlying mechanism of action, summarizing recommendations for lymphocyte monitoring and definitions of lymphocyte thresholds for different therapeutic regimens.
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17
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Cleypool CGJ, Brinkman DJ, Mackaaij C, Nikkels PGJ, Nolte MA, Luyer MD, de Jonge WJ, Bleys RLAW. Age-Related Variation in Sympathetic Nerve Distribution in the Human Spleen. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:726825. [PMID: 34720859 PMCID: PMC8552063 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.726825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAIP) has been proposed as an efferent neural pathway dampening the systemic inflammatory response via the spleen. The CAIP activates the splenic neural plexus and a subsequent series of intrasplenic events, which at least require a close association between sympathetic nerves and T cells. Knowledge on this pathway has mostly been derived from rodent studies and only scarce information is available on the innervation of the human spleen. This study aimed to investigate the sympathetic innervation of different structures of the human spleen, the topographical association of nerves with T cells and age-related variations in nerve distribution. Materials and Methods: Spleen samples were retrieved from a diagnostic archive and were allocated to three age groups; neonates, 10–25 and 25–70 years of age. Sympathetic nerves and T cells were identified by immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and the membrane marker CD3, respectively. The overall presence of sympathetic nerves and T cells was semi-automatically quantified and expressed as total area percentage. A predefined scoring system was used to analyze the distribution of nerves within different splenic structures. Results: Sympathetic nerves were observed in all spleens and their number appeared to slightly increase from birth to adulthood and to decrease afterward. Irrespective to age, more than halve of the periarteriolar lymphatic sheaths (PALSs) contained sympathetic nerves in close association with T cells. Furthermore, discrete sympathetic nerves were observed in the capsule, trabeculae and red pulp and comparable to the total amount of sympathetic nerves, showed a tendency to decrease with age. No correlation was found between the number of T cells and sympathetic nerves. Conclusion: The presence of discrete sympathetic nerves in the splenic parenchyma, capsule and trabecular of human spleens could suggest a role in functions other than vasoregulation. In the PALS, sympathetic nerves were observed to be in proximity to T cells and is suggestive for the existence of the CAIP in humans. Since sympathetic nerve distribution shows interspecies and age-related variation, and our general understanding of the relative and spatial contribution of splenic innervation in immune regulation is incomplete, it remains difficult to estimate the anti-inflammatory potential of targeting splenic nerves in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy G J Cleypool
- Division of Surgical Specialties, Department of Anatomy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - David J Brinkman
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Claire Mackaaij
- Division of Surgical Specialties, Department of Anatomy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Peter G J Nikkels
- Division of Laboratories, Pharmacy, Biomedical Genetics and Pathology, Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Martijn A Nolte
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Misha D Luyer
- Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Wouter J de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ronald L A W Bleys
- Division of Surgical Specialties, Department of Anatomy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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18
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Diebner HH, Reinke S, Rösen-Wolff A, Winkler S. A Kinetic Response Model for Standardized Regression Analyses of Inflammation-Triggered Hypothermic Body Temperature-Time Courses in Mice. Front Physiol 2021; 12:634510. [PMID: 34504434 PMCID: PMC8421519 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.634510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
LPS is frequently used to induce experimental endotoxic shock, representing a standard model of acute inflammation in mice. The resulting inflammatory response leads to hypothermia of the experimental animals, which in turn can be used as surrogate for the severity of systemic inflammation. Although increasingly applied as a humane endpoint in murine studies, differences between obtained temperature-time curves are typically evaluated at a single time point with t-tests or ANOVA analyses. We hypothesized that analyses of the entire temperature-time curves using a kinetic response model could fit the data, which show a temperature decrease followed by a tendency to return to normal temperature, and could increase the statistical power. Using temperature-time curves obtained from LPS stimulated mice, we derived a biologically motivated kinetic response model based on a differential equation. The kinetic model includes four parameters: (i) normal body temperature (T n ), (ii) a coefficient related to the force of temperature autoregulation (r), (iii) damage strength (p 0), and (iv) clearance rate (k). Kinetic modeling of temperature-time curves obtained from LPS stimulated mice is feasible and leads to a high goodness-of-fit. Here, modifying key enzymes of inflammatory cascades induced a dominant impact of genotypes on the damage strength and a weak impact on the clearance rate. Using a likelihood-ratio test to compare modeled curves of different experimental groups yields strongly enhanced statistical power compared to pairwise t-tests of single temperature time points. Taken together, the kinetic model presented in this study has several advantages compared to simple analysis of individual time points and therefore may be used as a standard method for assessing inflammation-triggered hypothermic response curves in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Diebner
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sören Reinke
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Rösen-Wolff
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Winkler
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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19
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Zhang J, Wang Y, Yu H, Chen G, Wang L, Liu F, Yuan J, Ni Q, Xia X, Wan Y. Mapping the spatial distribution of T cells in repertoire dimension. Mol Immunol 2021; 138:161-171. [PMID: 34428621 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
T cells mediate adaptive immunity in diverse anatomic compartments through recognition of specific antigens via unique T cell receptor (TCR) structures. However, little is known about the spatial distribution of an organism's TCR repertoire. Here, using high-throughput TCR sequencing (TCRseq), we investigated the TCR repertoires of sixteen tissues in healthy C57B/L6 mice. We found that TCR repertoires generally classified into three categories (lymph nodes, non-lymph node tissues and small intestine) based on sequence similarity. Clonal distribution and diversity analyses showed that small intestine compartment had a more skewed repertoire as compared to lymph nodes and non-lymph node tissues. However, analysis of TRBV and TRBJ gene usage across tissue compartments, as well as comparison of CDR3 length distributions, showed no significant tissue-dependent differences. Interestingly, analysis of clonotype sharing between mice showed that although non-redundant public clonotypes were found more easily in lymph nodes, small intestinal CD4 + T cells harbored more abundant public clonotypes. These findings under healthy physiological conditions offer an important reference dataset, which may contribute to our ability to better manipulate T cell responses against infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, China
| | - Haili Yu
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cytomics, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cytomics, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Liting Wang
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cytomics, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cytomics, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jiangbei Yuan
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Guangdong Province, 518036, China
| | - Qingshan Ni
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cytomics, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Xuefeng Xia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Ying Wan
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cytomics, Chongqing, 400038, China; School of Big Data & Software Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
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20
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Predicted limited redistribution of T cells to secondary lymphoid tissue correlates with increased risk of haematological malignancies in asplenic patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16394. [PMID: 34385480 PMCID: PMC8360980 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen, a secondary lymphoid tissue (SLT), has an important role in generation of adaptive immune responses. Although splenectomy remains a common procedure, recent studies reported poor prognosis and increased risk of haematological malignancies in asplenic patients. The high baseline trafficking of T lymphocytes to splenic tissue suggests splenectomy may lead to loss of blood-borne malignant immunosurveillance that is not compensated for by the remaining SLT. To date, no quantitative analysis of the impact of splenectomy on the human T cell trafficking dynamics and tissue localisation has been reported. We developed a quantitative computational model that describes organ distribution and trafficking of human lymphocytes to explore the likely impact of splenectomy on immune cell distributions. In silico splenectomy resulted in an average reduction of T cell numbers in SLT by 35% (95%CI 0.12–0.97) and a comparatively lower, 9% (95%CI 0.17–1.43), mean decrease of T cell concentration in SLT. These results suggest that the surveillance capacity of the remaining SLT insufficiently compensates for the absence of the spleen. This may, in part, explain haematological malignancy risk in asplenic patients and raises the question of whether splenectomy has a clinically meaningful impact on patient responses to immunotherapy.
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21
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Ekstrand C, Pettersson H, Gehring R, Hedeland M, Adolfsson S, Lilliehöök I. Prednisolone in Dogs-Plasma Exposure and White Blood Cell Response. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:666219. [PMID: 34179161 PMCID: PMC8219870 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.666219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids such as prednisolone are commonly used in dogs but there is sparse quantitative pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic information of this drug in this species. The objective of this study was to quantitatively characterize the concentration-effect relationship for prednisolone in dogs on neutrophil and lymphocyte trafficking and cortisol suppression. Nine beagles, 2–12 years old and part of a group for teaching/research were used in a 4-way crossover experiment including two treatments, active or placebo, administered either per os (PO) or intravenously (IV). Plasma was analyzed for prednisolone and cortisol using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry. Leucocyte counts were performed in whole blood. Data was then analyzed by non-linear mixed effect modeling to estimate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters. After administration of prednisolone sodium succinate IV, the typical value (between subject variation) for total body prednisolone clearance was 1,370 ml/h·kg (13.4%). The volumes of the central and peripheral compartment were 2,300 ml/kg (10.7%) and 600 ml/kg (16.0%), respectively. The terminal plasma half-life was 1.7 h. The prednisolone plasma concentration producing 50% of the maximum response was 10 ng/mL (90.3%), 22.5 ng/ml (52.3%) and 0.04 ng/mL (197.3%) for neutrophil, lymphocyte and cortisol response, respectively. The administered dose (1 mg/kg) increased neutrophil and decreased lymphocyte numbers but not over the entire dosage interval of 24 h, due to the short half-life. However, glucocorticoids have a wide range of responses. An anti-inflammatory response due to altered gene transcription might have a longer duration. Future studies on the anti-inflammatory potency together with data presented are needed to optimize future dosage recommendations in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Ekstrand
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Pettersson
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Clinical Pathology Laboratory, University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ronette Gehring
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Division of Veterinary and Comparative Pharmacology, Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mikael Hedeland
- Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Adolfsson
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Inger Lilliehöök
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Clinical Pathology Laboratory, University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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22
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Tombácz I, Laczkó D, Shahnawaz H, Muramatsu H, Natesan A, Yadegari A, Papp TE, Alameh MG, Shuvaev V, Mui BL, Tam YK, Muzykantov V, Pardi N, Weissman D, Parhiz H. Highly efficient CD4+ T cell targeting and genetic recombination using engineered CD4+ cell-homing mRNA-LNP. Mol Ther 2021; 29:3293-3304. [PMID: 34091054 PMCID: PMC8571164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside-modified messenger RNA (mRNA)-lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are the basis for the first two EUA (Emergency Use Authorization) COVID-19 vaccines. The use of nucleoside-modified mRNA as a pharmacological agent opens immense opportunities for therapeutic, prophylactic and diagnostic molecular interventions. In particular, mRNA-based drugs may specifically modulate immune cells, such as T lymphocytes, for immunotherapy of oncologic, infectious and other conditions. The key challenge, however, is that T cells are notoriously resistant to transfection by exogenous mRNA. Here, we report that conjugating CD4 antibody to LNPs enables specific targeting and mRNA interventions to CD4+ cells, including T cells. After systemic injection in mice, CD4-targeted radiolabeled mRNA-LNPs accumulated in spleen, providing ∼30-fold higher signal of reporter mRNA in T cells isolated from spleen as compared with non-targeted mRNA-LNPs. Intravenous injection of CD4-targeted LNPs loaded with Cre recombinase-encoding mRNA provided specific dose-dependent loxP-mediated genetic recombination, resulting in reporter gene expression in about 60% and 40% of CD4+ T cells in spleen and lymph nodes, respectively. T cell phenotyping showed uniform transfection of T cell subpopulations, with no variability in uptake of CD4-targeted mRNA-LNPs in naive, central memory, and effector cells. The specific and efficient targeting and transfection of mRNA to T cells established in this study provides a platform technology for immunotherapy of devastating conditions and HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Tombácz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dorottya Laczkó
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hamna Shahnawaz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hiromi Muramatsu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ambika Natesan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amir Yadegari
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tyler E Papp
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mohamad-Gabriel Alameh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Vladimir Shuvaev
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Ying K Tam
- Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Vladimir Muzykantov
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Drew Weissman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hamideh Parhiz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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23
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Blair TC, Alice AF, Zebertavage L, Crittenden MR, Gough MJ. The Dynamic Entropy of Tumor Immune Infiltrates: The Impact of Recirculation, Antigen-Specific Interactions, and Retention on T Cells in Tumors. Front Oncol 2021; 11:653625. [PMID: 33968757 PMCID: PMC8101411 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.653625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of tumor infiltration using conventional methods reveals a snapshot view of lymphocyte interactions with the tumor environment. However, lymphocytes have the unique capacity for continued recirculation, exploring varied tissues for the presence of cognate antigens according to inflammatory triggers and chemokine gradients. We discuss the role of the inflammatory and cellular makeup of the tumor environment, as well as antigen expressed by cancer cells or cross-presented by stromal antigen presenting cells, on recirculation kinetics of T cells. We aim to discuss how current cancer therapies may manipulate lymphocyte recirculation versus retention to impact lymphocyte exclusion in the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C Blair
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University (OHSU), Portland, OR, United States.,Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Alejandro F Alice
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Lauren Zebertavage
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University (OHSU), Portland, OR, United States.,Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Marka R Crittenden
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States.,The Oregon Clinic, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Michael J Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
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24
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Chulián S, Martínez-Rubio Á, Marciniak-Czochra A, Stiehl T, Goñi CB, Rodríguez Gutiérrez JF, Ramírez Orellana M, Castillo Robleda A, Pérez-García VM, Rosa M. Dynamical properties of feedback signalling in B lymphopoiesis: A mathematical modelling approach. J Theor Biol 2021; 522:110685. [PMID: 33745905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Haematopoiesis is the process of generation of blood cells. Lymphopoiesis generates lymphocytes, the cells in charge of the adaptive immune response. Disruptions of this process are associated with diseases like leukaemia, which is especially incident in children. The characteristics of self-regulation of this process make them suitable for a mathematical study. In this paper we develop mathematical models of lymphopoiesis using currently available data. We do this by drawing inspiration from existing structured models of cell lineage development and integrating them with paediatric bone marrow data, with special focus on regulatory mechanisms. A formal analysis of the models is carried out, giving steady states and their stability conditions. We use this analysis to obtain biologically relevant regions of the parameter space and to understand the dynamical behaviour of B-cell renovation. Finally, we use numerical simulations to obtain further insight into the influence of proliferation and maturation rates on the reconstitution of the cells in the B line. We conclude that a model including feedback regulation of cell proliferation represents a biologically plausible depiction for B-cell reconstitution in bone marrow. Research into haematological disorders could benefit from a precise dynamical description of B lymphopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Chulián
- Department of Mathematics, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Álvaro Martínez-Rubio
- Department of Mathematics, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Anna Marciniak-Czochra
- Institute of Applied Mathematics, BioQuant and Interdisciplinary Center of Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Stiehl
- Institute of Applied Mathematics, BioQuant and Interdisciplinary Center of Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Manuel Ramírez Orellana
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Castillo Robleda
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor M Pérez-García
- Department of Mathematics, Mathematical Oncology Laboratory (MOLAB), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain; Instituto de Matemática Aplicada a la Ciencia y la Ingeniería (IMACI), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain; ETSI Industriales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - María Rosa
- Department of Mathematics, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
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25
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Brown LV, Gaffney EA, Ager A, Wagg J, Coles MC. Quantifying the limits of CAR T-cell delivery in mice and men. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20201013. [PMID: 33653113 PMCID: PMC8086861 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CAR (Chimeric Antigen Receptor) T cells have demonstrated clinical success for the treatment of multiple lymphomas and leukaemias, but not for various solid tumours, despite promising data from murine models. Lower effective CAR T-cell delivery rates to human solid tumours compared to haematological malignancies in humans and solid tumours in mice might partially explain these divergent outcomes. We used anatomical and physiological data for human and rodent circulatory systems to calculate the typical perfusion of healthy and tumour tissues, and estimated the upper limits of immune cell delivery rates across different organs, tumour types and species. Estimated maximum delivery rates were up to 10 000-fold greater in mice than humans yet reported CAR T-cell doses are typically only 10-100-fold lower in mice, suggesting that the effective delivery rates of CAR T cells into tumours in clinical trials are far lower than in corresponding mouse models. Estimated delivery rates were found to be consistent with published positron emission tomography data. Results suggest that higher effective human doses may be needed to drive efficacy comparable to mouse solid tumour models, and that lower doses should be tested in mice. We posit that quantitation of species and organ-specific delivery and homing of engineered T cells will be key to unlocking their potential for solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam V. Brown
- Wolfson Centre For Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eamonn A. Gaffney
- Wolfson Centre For Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ann Ager
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jonathan Wagg
- EPFL Innovation Park, AC Immune SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mark C. Coles
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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26
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Hillmann A, Crane M, Ruskin HJ. Assessing the impact of HIV treatment interruptions using stochastic cellular Automata. J Theor Biol 2020; 502:110376. [PMID: 32574568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic HIV infection causes a progressive decrease in the ability to maintain homeostasis resulting, after some time, in eventual break down of immune functions. Recent clinical research has shed light on a significant contribution of the lymphatic tissues, where HIV causes accumulation of collagen, (fibrosis). Specifically, where tissue is populated by certain types of functional stromal cells designated Fibroblastic Reticular Cells (FRCs), these have been found to play a crucial role in balancing out apoptosis and regeneration of naïve T-cells through 2-way cellular signaling. Tissue fibrosis not only impedes this signaling, effectively reducing T-cell levels through increased apoptosis of cells of both T- and FRC type but has been found to be irreversible by current HIV standard treatment (cART). While the therapy aims to block the viral lifecycle, cART-associated increase of T-cell levels in blood appears to conceal existing FRC impairment through fibrosis. This hidden impairment can lead to adverse consequences if treatment is interrupted, e.g. due to poor adherence (missing doses) or through periods recovering from drug toxicities. Formal clinical studies on treatment interruption have indicated possible adverse effects, but quantification of those effects in relation to interruption protocol and patient predisposition remains unclear. Accordingly, the impact of treatment interruption on lymphatic tissue structure and T-cell levels is explored here by means of computer simulation. A novel Stochastic Cellular Automata model is proposed, which utilizes all sources of clinical detail available to us (though sparse in part) for model parametrization. Sources are explicitly referenced and conflicting evidence from previous studies explored. The main focus is on (i) spatial aspects of collagen build up, together with (ii) collagen increase after repeated treatment interruptions to explore the dynamics of HIV-induced fibrosis and T-cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hillmann
- Advanced Research Computing Centre for Complex Systems Modelling, School of Computing, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Martin Crane
- Advanced Research Computing Centre for Complex Systems Modelling, School of Computing, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Heather J Ruskin
- Advanced Research Computing Centre for Complex Systems Modelling, School of Computing, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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27
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Morris SE, Farber DL, Yates AJ. Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells in Mice and Humans: Towards a Quantitative Ecology. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 203:2561-2569. [PMID: 31685700 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) have emerged as essential components of immunological memory. Following antigenic challenge, TRM remain in nonlymphoid tissues and defend against re-exposure. Although accumulating evidence suggests important roles for TRM in mediating protective immunity, fundamental aspects of the population biology of TRM remain poorly understood. In this article, we discuss how results from different systems shed light on the ecological dynamics of TRM in mice and humans. We highlight the importance of dissecting processes contributing to TRM maintenance, and how these might vary across phenotypically and spatially heterogeneous subsets. We also discuss how the diversity of TRM communities within specific tissues may evolve under competition and in response to antigenic perturbation. Throughout, we illustrate how mathematical models can clarify inferences obtained from experimental data and help elucidate the homeostatic mechanisms underpinning the ecology of TRM populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead E Morris
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Donna L Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032; and.,Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Andrew J Yates
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032;
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28
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Gross CC, Pawlitzki M, Schulte-Mecklenbeck A, Rolfes L, Ruck T, Hundehege P, Wiendl H, Herty M, Meuth SG. Generation of a Model to Predict Differentiation and Migration of Lymphocyte Subsets under Homeostatic and CNS Autoinflammatory Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062046. [PMID: 32192056 PMCID: PMC7139518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is an immune-privileged compartment that is separated from the circulating blood and the peripheral organs by the blood–brain and the blood–cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barriers. Transmigration of lymphocyte subsets across these barriers and their activation/differentiation within the periphery and intrathecal compartments in health and autoinflammatory CNS disease are complex. Mathematical models are warranted that qualitatively and quantitatively predict the distribution and differentiation stages of lymphocyte subsets in the blood and CSF. Here, we propose a probabilistic mathematical model that (i) correctly reproduces acquired data on location and differentiation states of distinct lymphocyte subsets under homeostatic and neuroinflammatory conditions, (ii) provides a quantitative assessment of differentiation and transmigration rates under these conditions, (iii) correctly predicts the qualitative behavior of immune-modulating therapies, (iv) and enables simulation-based prediction of distribution and differentiation stages of lymphocyte subsets in the case of limited access to biomaterial. Taken together, this model might reduce future measurements in the CSF compartment and allows for the assessment of the effectiveness of different immune-modulating therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina C. Gross
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A01, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (M.P.); (A.S.-M.); (L.R.); (T.R.); (P.H.); (H.W.); (S.G.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marc Pawlitzki
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A01, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (M.P.); (A.S.-M.); (L.R.); (T.R.); (P.H.); (H.W.); (S.G.M.)
| | - Andreas Schulte-Mecklenbeck
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A01, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (M.P.); (A.S.-M.); (L.R.); (T.R.); (P.H.); (H.W.); (S.G.M.)
| | - Leoni Rolfes
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A01, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (M.P.); (A.S.-M.); (L.R.); (T.R.); (P.H.); (H.W.); (S.G.M.)
| | - Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A01, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (M.P.); (A.S.-M.); (L.R.); (T.R.); (P.H.); (H.W.); (S.G.M.)
| | - Petra Hundehege
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A01, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (M.P.); (A.S.-M.); (L.R.); (T.R.); (P.H.); (H.W.); (S.G.M.)
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A01, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (M.P.); (A.S.-M.); (L.R.); (T.R.); (P.H.); (H.W.); (S.G.M.)
| | - Michael Herty
- Institute of Geometry and Applied Mathematics, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 55, D-52056 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Sven G. Meuth
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A01, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (M.P.); (A.S.-M.); (L.R.); (T.R.); (P.H.); (H.W.); (S.G.M.)
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29
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Integration of Computational and Experimental Approaches to Elucidate Mechanisms of First-Pass Lymphatic Drug Sequestration and Long-Acting Pharmacokinetics of the Injectable Triple-HIV Drug Combination TLC-ART 101. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:1789-1801. [PMID: 32006525 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
TLC-ART101 is a long-acting triple-HIV drug combination of lopinavir-ritonavir-tenofovir in one nanosuspension intended for subcutaneous injection. After a single TLC-ART 101 administration in nonhuman primates, drug concentrations in both plasma and HIV-target lymph node mononuclear cells were sustained for 2 weeks. Nevertheless, the mechanisms leading to the targeted long-acting pharmacokinetics remain elusive. Therefore, an intravenous study of TLC-ART 101 in nonhuman primates was conducted to elucidate the degree of association of drugs in vivo, estimate subcutaneous bioavailability, and refine a mechanism-based pharmacokinetic (MBPK2) model. The MBPK2 model considers TLC-ART 101 systemic drug clearances, nanoparticle-associated/dissociated species, more detailed mechanisms of lymphatic first-pass retention of associated-drugs after subcutaneous administrations, and the prediction of drug concentration time-courses in lymph node mononuclear cells. For all 3 drugs, we found a high association with the nanoparticles in plasma (>87% lopinavir-ritonavir, 97% tenofovir), and an incomplete subcutaneous bioavailability (<29% lopinavir-ritonavir, 85% tenofovir). As hypothesized by the MBPK2 model, the incomplete SC bioavailability observed is due to sequestration into a lymphatic node depot after subcutaneous absorption (unlike most intramuscular nanodrug products having near-to-injection depots), which contributes to long-acting profiles detected in plasma and target cells. This combined experimental and modeling approach may be applicable for the clinical development of other long-acting drug-combination injectables.
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30
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Varkhede N, Bommana R, Schöneich C, Forrest ML. Proteolysis and Oxidation of Therapeutic Proteins After Intradermal or Subcutaneous Administration. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:191-205. [PMID: 31408633 PMCID: PMC6937400 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intradermal (ID) and subcutaneous (SC) routes are commonly used for therapeutic proteins (TPs) and vaccines; however, the bioavailability of TPs is typically less than small molecule drugs given via the same routes. Proteolytic enzymes in the dermal, SC, and lymphatic tissues may be responsible for the loss of TPs. In addition, the TPs may be exposed to reactive oxygen species generated in the SC tissue and the lymphatic system in response to injection-related trauma and impurities within the formulation. The reactive oxygen species can oxidize TPs to alter their efficacy and immunogenicity potential. Mechanistic understandings of the dominant proteolysis and oxidative routes are useful in the drug discovery process, formulation development, and to assess the potential for immunogenicity and altered pharmacokinetics (PK). Furthermore, in vitro tools representing the ID or SC and lymphatic system can be used to evaluate the extent of proteolysis of the TPs after the injection and before systemic entry. The in vitro clearance data may be included in physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for improved PK predictions. In this review, we have summarized various physiological factors responsible for proteolysis and oxidation of TPs after ID and SC administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninad Varkhede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047; Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM), Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Rupesh Bommana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047; MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Christian Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - M Laird Forrest
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047.
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31
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Sambucci M, Gargano F, Guerrera G, Battistini L, Borsellino G. One, No One, and One Hundred Thousand: T Regulatory Cells' Multiple Identities in Neuroimmunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2947. [PMID: 31956323 PMCID: PMC6955595 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the Nobel laureate Luigi Pirandello wrote in his novels, identities can be evanescent. Although a quarter of a century has passed since regulatory T cells (Treg) were first described, new studies continue to reveal surprising and contradictory features of this lymphocyte subset. Treg cells are the core of the immunological workforce engaged in the restraint of autoimmune or inflammatory reactions, and their characterization has revealed substantial heterogeneity and complexity in the phenotype and gene expression profiles, proving them to be a most versatile and adaptive cell type, as exemplified by their plasticity in fine-tuning immune responses. Defects in Treg function are associated with several autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, which is caused by an inappropriate immune reaction toward brain components; conversely, the beneficial effects of immunomodulating therapies on disease progression have been shown to partly act upon the biology of these cells. Both in animals and in humans the pool of circulating Treg cells is a mixture of natural (nTregs) and peripherally-induced Treg (pTregs). Particularly in humans, circulating Treg cells can be phenotypically subdivided into different subpopulations, which so far are not well-characterized, particularly in the context of autoimmunity. Recently, Treg cells have been rediscovered as mediators of tissue healing, and have also shown to be involved in organ homeostasis. Moreover, stability of the Treg lineage has recently been addressed by several conflicting reports, and immune-suppressive abilities of these cells have been shown to be dynamically regulated, particularly in inflammatory conditions, adding further levels of complexity to the study of this cell subset. Finally, Treg cells exert their suppressive function through different mechanisms, some of which—such as their ectoenzymatic activity—are particularly relevant in CNS autoimmunity. Here, we will review the phenotypically and functionally discernible Treg cell subpopulations in health and in multiple sclerosis, touching also upon the effects on this cell type of immunomodulatory drugs used for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolo Sambucci
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Luca Battistini
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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32
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Cutler CE, Jones MB, Cutler AA, Mener A, Arthur CM, Stowell SR, Cummings RD. Cosmc is required for T cell persistence in the periphery. Glycobiology 2019; 29:776-788. [PMID: 31317176 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes, a key arm of adaptive immunity, are known to dynamically regulate O-glycosylation during T cell maturation and when responding to stimuli; however, the direct role of O-glycans in T cell maturation remains largely unknown. Using a conditional knockout of the gene (C1GalT1C1 or Cosmc) encoding the specific chaperone Cosmc, we generated mice whose T cells lack extended O-glycans (T cell conditional Cosmc knock out or TCKO mice) and homogeneously express the truncated Tn antigen. Loss of Cosmc is highly deleterious to T cell persistence, with near-complete elimination of Cosmc-null T cells from spleen and lymph nodes. Total T cell counts are 20% of wild type (WT), among which only 5% express the truncated glycans, with the remaining 95% consisting of escapers from Cre-mediated recombination. TCKO thymocytes were able to complete thymic maturation but failed to populate the secondary lymphoid organs both natively and upon adoptive transfer to WT recipients. Our results demonstrate that extended O-glycosylation is required for the establishment and maintenance of the peripheral T cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Cutler
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, CLS 11087, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, USA.,Emory University School of Medicine, 100 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mark B Jones
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, CLS 11087, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alicia A Cutler
- University of Colorado, Willard Loop Drive, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Amanda Mener
- Emory University School of Medicine, 100 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Connie M Arthur
- Emory University School of Medicine, 100 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Emory University School of Medicine, 100 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, CLS 11087, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, USA
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33
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Kelemen RK, Rajakaruna H, Cockburn IA, Ganusov VV. Clustering of Activated CD8 T Cells Around Malaria-Infected Hepatocytes Is Rapid and Is Driven by Antigen-Specific Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2153. [PMID: 31616407 PMCID: PMC6764016 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria, a disease caused by parasites of the Plasmodium genus, begins when Plasmodium-infected mosquitoes inject malaria sporozoites while searching for blood. Sporozoites migrate from the skin via blood to the liver, infect hepatocytes, and form liver stages which in mice 48 h later escape into blood and cause clinical malaria. Vaccine-induced activated or memory CD8 T cells are capable of locating and eliminating all liver stages in 48 h, thus preventing the blood-stage disease. However, the rules of how CD8 T cells are able to locate all liver stages within a relatively short time period remains poorly understood. We recently reported formation of clusters consisting of variable numbers of activated CD8 T cells around Plasmodium yoelii (Py)-infected hepatocytes. Using a combination of experimental data and mathematical models we now provide additional insights into mechanisms of formation of these clusters. First, we show that a model in which cluster formation is driven exclusively by T-cell-extrinsic factors, such as variability in "attractiveness" of different liver stages, cannot explain distribution of cluster sizes in different experimental conditions. In contrast, the model in which cluster formation is driven by the positive feedback loop (i.e., larger clusters attract more CD8 T cells) can accurately explain the available data. Second, while both Py-specific CD8 T cells and T cells of irrelevant specificity (non-specific CD8 T cells) are attracted to the clusters, we found no evidence that non-specific CD8 T cells play a role in cluster formation. Third and finally, mathematical modeling suggested that formation of clusters occurs rapidly, within few hours after adoptive transfer of CD8 T cells, thus illustrating high efficiency of CD8 T cells in locating their targets in complex peripheral organs, such as the liver. Taken together, our analysis provides novel insights into and attempts to discriminate between alternative mechanisms driving the formation of clusters of antigen-specific CD8 T cells in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reka K. Kelemen
- Institute of Science and Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Genome Science and Technology Program, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Harshana Rajakaruna
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Ian A. Cockburn
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Vitaly V. Ganusov
- Genome Science and Technology Program, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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McDaniel MM, Ganusov VV. Estimating Residence Times of Lymphocytes in Ovine Lymph Nodes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1492. [PMID: 31379805 PMCID: PMC6646577 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of lymphocytes to recirculate between blood and secondary lymphoid tissues such as lymph nodes (LNs) and spleen is well established. Sheep have been used as an experimental system to study lymphocyte recirculation for decades and multiple studies document accumulation and loss of intravenously (i.v.) transferred lymphocytes in efferent lymph of various ovine LNs. Yet, surprisingly little work has been done to accurately quantify the dynamics of lymphocyte exit from the LNs and to estimate the average residence times of lymphocytes in ovine LNs. In this work we developed a series of mathematical models based on fundamental principles of lymphocyte recirculation in the body under non-inflammatory (resting) conditions. Our analysis suggested that in sheep, recirculating lymphocytes spend on average 3 h in the spleen and 20 h in skin or gut-draining LNs with a distribution of residence times in LNs following a skewed gamma (lognormal-like) distribution. Our mathematical models also suggested an explanation for a puzzling observation of the long-term persistence of i.v. transferred lymphocytes in the efferent lymph of the prescapular LN (pLN); the model predicted that this is a natural consequence of long-term persistence of the transferred lymphocytes in circulation. We also found that lymphocytes isolated from the skin-draining pLN have a 2-fold increased entry rate into the pLN as opposed to the mesenteric (gut-draining) LN (mLN). Likewise, lymphocytes from mLN had a 3-fold increased entry rate into the mLN as opposed to entry rate into pLN. In contrast, these cannulation data could not be explained by preferential retention of cells in LNs of their origin. Taken together, our work illustrates the power of mathematical modeling in describing the kinetics of lymphocyte migration in sheep and provides quantitative estimates of lymphocyte residence times in ovine LNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M. McDaniel
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Vitaly V. Ganusov
- Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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Vella LA, Buggert M, Manne S, Herati RS, Sayin I, Kuri-Cervantes L, Bukh Brody I, O'Boyle KC, Kaprielian H, Giles JR, Nguyen S, Muselman A, Antel JP, Bar-Or A, Johnson ME, Canaday DH, Naji A, Ganusov VV, Laufer TM, Wells AD, Dori Y, Itkin MG, Betts MR, Wherry EJ. T follicular helper cells in human efferent lymph retain lymphoid characteristics. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3185-3200. [PMID: 31264971 DOI: 10.1172/jci125628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper cells (Tfh), a subset of CD4+ T cells, provide requisite help to B cells in the germinal centers (GC) of lymphoid tissue. GC Tfh are identified by high expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR5 and the inhibitory molecule PD-1. Although more accessible, blood contains lower frequencies of CXCR5+ and PD-1+ cells that have been termed circulating Tfh (cTfh). However, it remains unclear whether GC Tfh exit lymphoid tissues and populate this cTfh pool. To examine exiting cells, we assessed the phenotype of Tfh present within the major conduit of efferent lymph from lymphoid tissues into blood, the human thoracic duct. Unlike what was found in blood, we consistently identified a CXCR5-bright PD-1-bright (CXCR5BrPD-1Br) Tfh population in thoracic duct lymph (TDL). These CXCR5BrPD-1Br TDL Tfh shared phenotypic and transcriptional similarities with GC Tfh. Moreover, components of the epigenetic profile of GC Tfh could be detected in CXCR5BrPD-1Br TDL Tfh and the transcriptional imprint of this epigenetic signature was enriched in an activated cTfh subset known to contain vaccine-responding cells. Together with data showing shared TCR sequences between the CXCR5BrPD-1Br TDL Tfh and cTfh, these studies identify a population in TDL as a circulatory intermediate connecting the biology of Tfh in blood to Tfh in lymphoid tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Vella
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Sasikanth Manne
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ramin S Herati
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ismail Sayin
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and Cleveland Veterans Affairs, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Leticia Kuri-Cervantes
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Irene Bukh Brody
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kaitlin C O'Boyle
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hagop Kaprielian
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Josephine R Giles
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Son Nguyen
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexander Muselman
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jack P Antel
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew E Johnson
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David H Canaday
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and Cleveland Veterans Affairs, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ali Naji
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vitaly V Ganusov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Terri M Laufer
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Medicine, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew D Wells
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yoav Dori
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maxim G Itkin
- Center for Lymphatic Disorders, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael R Betts
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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36
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The Rate of CD4 T Cell Entry into the Lungs during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Is Determined by Partial and Opposing Effects of Multiple Chemokine Receptors. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00841-18. [PMID: 30962399 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00841-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific chemokine receptors utilized by Th1 cells to migrate into the lung during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection are unknown. We previously showed in mice that CXCR3+ Th1 cells enter the lung parenchyma and suppress M. tuberculosis growth, while CX3CR1+ KLRG1+ Th1 cells accumulate in the lung vasculature and are nonprotective. Here we quantify the contributions of these chemokine receptors to the migration and entry rate of Th1 cells into M. tuberculosis-infected lungs using competitive adoptive transfer migration assays and mathematical modeling. We found that in 8.6 h half of M. tuberculosis-specific CD4 T cells migrate from the blood to the lung parenchyma. CXCR3 deficiency decreases the average rate of Th1 cell entry into the lung parenchyma by half, while CX3CR1 deficiency doubles it. KLRG1 blockade has no effect on Th1 cell lung migration. CCR2, CXCR5, and, to a lesser degree, CCR5 and CXCR6 also promote the entry of Th1 cells into the lungs of infected mice. Moreover, blockade of G-protein-coupled receptors with pertussis toxin treatment prior to transfer only partially inhibits T cell migration into the lungs. Thus, the fraction of Th1 cell input into the lungs during M. tuberculosis infection that is regulated by chemokine receptors likely reflects the cumulative effects of multiple chemokine receptors that mostly promote but that can also inhibit entry into the parenchyma.
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de la Higuera L, López-García M, Castro M, Abourashchi N, Lythe G, Molina-París C. Fate of a Naive T Cell: A Stochastic Journey. Front Immunol 2019; 10:194. [PMID: 30894850 PMCID: PMC6415700 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The homeostasis of T cell populations depends on migration, division and death of individual cells (1). T cells migrate between spatial compartments (spleen, lymph nodes, lung, liver, etc.), where they may divide or differentiate, and eventually die (2). The kinetics of recirculation influences the speed at which local infections are detected and controlled (3). New experimental techniques have been developed to measure the lifespan of cells, and their migration dynamics; for example, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (4), in vitro time-lapse microscopy (5), or in vivo stable isotope labeling (e.g., deuterium) (6). When combined with mathematical and computational models, they allow estimation of rates of migration, division, differentiation and death (6, 7). In this work, we develop a stochastic model of a single cell migrating between spatial compartments, dividing and eventually dying. We calculate the number of division events during a T cell's journey, its lifespan, the probability of dying in each compartment and the number of progeny cells. A fast-migration approximation allows us to compute these quantities when migration rates are larger than division and death rates. Making use of published rates: (i) we analyse how perturbations in a given spatial compartment impact the dynamics of a T cell, (ii) we study the accuracy of the fast-migration approximation, and (iii) we quantify the role played by direct migration (not via the blood) between some compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis de la Higuera
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Martín López-García
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Castro
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Grupo Interdisciplinar de Sistemas Complejos and DNL, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Niloufar Abourashchi
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Grant Lythe
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen Molina-París
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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38
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Khot A, Matsueda S, Thomas VA, Koya RC, Shah DK. Measurement and Quantitative Characterization of Whole-Body Pharmacokinetics of Exogenously Administered T Cells in Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 368:503-513. [PMID: 30622170 PMCID: PMC6382992 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.252858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we have investigated whole-body pharmacokinetics (PK) of exogenously administered T cells in a mouse model of melanoma and have developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to quantitatively characterize the data. T cells were isolated from the spleen of tumor-bearing mice, activated, and labeled with chromium-51 to facilitate the quantification. Labeled T cells were injected in the tumor-bearing mice, and PK was measured in 19 different tissues. It was found that T cells disappear from the blood rapidly after administration and accumulate in the tissues to various extents. Spleen, liver, lung, kidney, bone, and lymph nodes accounted for more than 90% of T cells in the body. The distribution of T cells in solid tumors was found to be very low, hovering below 1%ID/g (percent of injected dose per gram of tissue) during the entire study. However, this observation may differ for targeted TCR-T and CAR-T cells. Observed PK profiles also suggest that T-cell-based therapies may be more successful in treating cancers of the lymphatic system and bone marrow metastases compared to solid tumors. A PBPK model was developed to characterize the whole-body PK of T cells, which incorporated key processes such as extravasation, elimination, and recirculation of T cells via lymph flow. Retention factors were incorporated into the spleen, liver, and kidney compartment to adequately capture the PK profiles. The model was able to characterize observed PK profiles reasonably well, and parameters were estimated with good confidence. The PK data and PBPK model presented here provide unprecedented insight into the biodistribution of exogenously administered T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antari Khot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo (A.K., V.A.T., D.K.S.) and Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute (S.M., R.C.K.), Buffalo, New York
| | - Satoko Matsueda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo (A.K., V.A.T., D.K.S.) and Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute (S.M., R.C.K.), Buffalo, New York
| | - Veena A Thomas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo (A.K., V.A.T., D.K.S.) and Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute (S.M., R.C.K.), Buffalo, New York
| | - Richard C Koya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo (A.K., V.A.T., D.K.S.) and Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute (S.M., R.C.K.), Buffalo, New York
| | - Dhaval K Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo (A.K., V.A.T., D.K.S.) and Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute (S.M., R.C.K.), Buffalo, New York
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39
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Wu Z, Xu J, Tan J, Song Y, Liu L, Zhang F, Zhang Y, Li X, Chi Y, Liu Y. Mesenteric adipose tissue B lymphocytes promote local and hepatic inflammation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease mice. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:3375-3385. [PMID: 30772951 PMCID: PMC6484337 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) inflammation is associated with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and immune cells play pivotal roles in the inflammation of adipose tissue. Here, we investigated the roles of MAT B lymphocytes in NAFLD. Mice fed with high‐fat diet (HFD) and normal diet (ND) were killed in time gradients (4, 8 and 12 weeks). Compared with ND‐fed mice, intra‐hepatic CD45+CD19+ B lymphocytes increased after 4 weeks (P < 0.01) of HFD feeding, and lasted until the 12th week, infiltrated earlier than CD45+CD3+ T lymphocytes and CD45+F4/80+ macrophages. The mRNA expression of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐6 and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)‐1 decreased in MAT of Bnull HFD‐fed mice compared to that in wild‐type HFD‐fed mice, along with lesser macrophages. Mesenteric adipose tissue B cells from HFD‐fed mice promoted macrophage differentiation to type‐Ι macrophages and expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in vitro. Macrophages pre‐treated with MAT B cells from HFD‐fed mice showed elevated mRNA expression of IL‐6 and TNF‐α and declined IL‐10 levels in adipocytes compared to ND MAT B cell pre‐treated macrophages. Besides, internal near‐infrared scanning and external transwell assay showed that HFD MAT B cells migrated to the liver more than ND MAT B cells. High‐fat diet MAT B cells induced higher MCP‐1 and lower IL‐10 expression in primary hepatocytes compared to ND MAT B cells in co‐culture experiment. These data indicate that B lymphocytes infiltrate early in MAT during the development of NAFLD, which may not only promote MAT inflammation by regulating macrophages but also migrate to the liver and induce hepatocytes inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Tan
- Gerontology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Central Laboratory & Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xia Li
- Gerontology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yujing Chi
- Department of Central Laboratory & Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
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40
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Nikolaev EV, Zloza A, Sontag ED. Immunobiochemical Reconstruction of Influenza Lung Infection-Melanoma Skin Cancer Interactions. Front Immunol 2019; 10:4. [PMID: 30745900 PMCID: PMC6360404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It was recently reported that acute influenza infection of the lung promoted distal melanoma growth in the dermis of mice. Melanoma-specific CD8+ T cells were shunted to the lung in the presence of the infection, where they expressed high levels of inflammation-induced cell-activation blocker PD-1, and became incapable of migrating back to the tumor site. At the same time, co-infection virus-specific CD8+ T cells remained functional while the infection was cleared. It was also unexpectedly found that PD-1 blockade immunotherapy reversed this effect. Here, we proceed to ground the experimental observations in a mechanistic immunobiochemical model that incorporates T cell pathways that control PD-1 expression. A core component of our model is a kinetic motif, which we call a PD-1 Double Incoherent Feed-Forward Loop (DIFFL), and which reflects known interactions between IRF4, Blimp-1, and Bcl-6. The different activity levels of the PD-1 DIFFL components, as a function of the cognate antigen levels and the given inflammation context, manifest themselves in phenotypically distinct outcomes. Collectively, the model allowed us to put forward a few working hypotheses as follows: (i) the melanoma-specific CD8+ T cells re-circulating with the blood flow enter the lung where they express high levels of inflammation-induced cell-activation blocker PD-1 in the presence of infection; (ii) when PD-1 receptors interact with abundant PD-L1, constitutively expressed in the lung, T cells loose motility; (iii) at the same time, virus-specific cells adapt to strong stimulation by their cognate antigen by lowering the transiently-elevated expression of PD-1, remaining functional and mobile in the inflamed lung, while the infection is cleared. The role that T cell receptor (TCR) activation and feedback loops play in the underlying processes are also highlighted and discussed. We hope that the results reported in our study could potentially contribute to the advancement of immunological approaches to cancer treatment and, as well, to a better understanding of a broader complexity of fundamental interactions between pathogens and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeni V. Nikolaev
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Clinical Investigations and Precision Therapeutics Program, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Andrew Zloza
- Section of Surgical Oncology Research, Division of Surgical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Eduardo D. Sontag
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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41
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Ellsworth SG. Field size effects on the risk and severity of treatment-induced lymphopenia in patients undergoing radiation therapy for solid tumors. Adv Radiat Oncol 2018; 3:512-519. [PMID: 30370350 PMCID: PMC6200885 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Radiation-induced lymphopenia (RIL) is the result of direct toxicity to circulating lymphocytes as they traverse the irradiated field, occurs in 40% to 70% of patients who undergo conventional external beam radiation therapy, and is associated with worse outcomes in multiple solid tumors. As immunotherapy strategies evolve, a better understanding of radiation's effects on the immune system is needed in order to develop rational methods of combining RT with immunotherapy. Methods and materials This paper is a review of the available literature on the clinical significance and dosimetric predictors of radiation-induced toxicity to the immune system. Results An association between severe RIL and inferior survival has been described in multiple solid tumors, including glioma, lung cancer, and pancreatic cancer. RIL risk is correlated with field size, dose per fraction, and fraction number. SBRT and proton therapy techniques are associated with lower RIL risk. Conclusions The immune system should be considered an organ at risk during RT, and absolute lymphocyte count is an important biomarker of RT-induced immunotoxicity. Radiation dose and technique affect the risk and severity of RIL. Further research is needed to accurately characterize RT-induced immunotoxicity and develop strategies to prevent or mitigate this clinically significant side effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah G Ellsworth
- Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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42
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Havenar-Daughton C, Abbott RK, Schief WR, Crotty S. When designing vaccines, consider the starting material: the human B cell repertoire. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 53:209-216. [PMID: 30190230 PMCID: PMC6148213 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Most viral vaccines provide protection from infection through the generation of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs). The repertoire of B cells responding to immunization is the starting material from which nAbs eventually arise. Immunization strategies are increasingly targeting precise B cell specificities to mimic nAbs generated during natural infection, in an effort to maximize the potency of the vaccine-elicited Ab response. An understanding of the human B cell specificities capable of immunogen recognition can aid in immunogen design and inform decision-making for clinical advancement. Here, we review what is known about antigen-specific and epitope-specific naive B cell repertoires in humans and mice, and we consider the challenges for identifying and analyzing antigen-specific naive B cell repertoires. Finally, we provide a framework for further exploration, interpretation, utilization of the B cell repertoire to facilitate vaccine discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Havenar-Daughton
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Robert K Abbott
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - William R Schief
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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43
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Kraft JC, McConnachie LA, Koehn J, Kinman L, Sun J, Collier AC, Collins C, Shen DD, Ho RJY. Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic (MBPK) models describe the complex plasma kinetics of three antiretrovirals delivered by a long-acting anti-HIV drug combination nanoparticle formulation. J Control Release 2018; 275:229-241. [PMID: 29432823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Existing oral antiretroviral (ARV) agents have been shown in human studies to exhibit limited lymph node penetration and lymphatic drug insufficiency. As lymph nodes are a reservoir of HIV, it is critical to deliver and sustain effective levels of ARV combinations in these tissues. To overcome lymph node drug insufficiency of oral combination ARV therapy (cART), we developed and reported a long-acting and lymphocyte-targeting injectable that contains three ARVs-hydrophobic lopinavir (LPV) and ritonavir (RTV), and hydrophilic tenofovir (TFV)-stabilized by lipid excipients in a nanosuspension. A single subcutaneous (SC) injection of this first-generation formulation of drug combination nanoparticles (DcNPs), named TLC-ART101, provided persistent ARV levels in macaque lymph node mononuclear cells (LNMCs) for at least 1 week, and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma for at least 2 weeks, demonstrating long-acting pharmacokinetics for all three drugs. In addition, the lymphocyte-targeting properties of this formulation were demonstrated by the consistently higher intracellular drug concentrations in LNMCs and PBMCs versus those in plasma. To provide insights into the complex mechanisms of absorption and disposition of TLC-ART101, we constructed novel mechanism-based pharmacokinetic (MBPK) models. Based upon plasma PK data obtained after single administration of TLC-ART101 (DcNPs) and a solution formulation of free triple-ARVs, the models feature uptake from the SC injection site that respectively routes free and nanoparticle-associated ARVs via the blood vasculature and lymphatics, and their eventual distribution into and clearance from the systemic circulation. The models provided simultaneous description of the complex long-acting plasma and lymphatic PK profiles for all three ARVs in TLC-ART101. The long-acting PK characteristics of the three drugs in TLC-ART101 were likely due to a combination of mechanisms including: (1) DcNPs undergoing preferential lymphatic uptake from the subcutaneous space, (2) retention in nodes during lymphatic first-pass, (3) subsequent slow release of ARVs into blood circulation, and (4) limited extravasation of DcNP-associated ARVs that resulted in longer persistence in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Kraft
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Lisa A McConnachie
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Josefin Koehn
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Loren Kinman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Jianguo Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Ann C Collier
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Center for AIDS Research, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Carol Collins
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Danny D Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Rodney J Y Ho
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Center for AIDS Research, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States.
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Yang Y, Ganusov VV. Kinetics of HIV-Specific CTL Responses Plays a Minimal Role in Determining HIV Escape Dynamics. Front Immunol 2018; 9:140. [PMID: 29472921 PMCID: PMC5810297 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) have been suggested to play an important role in controlling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1 or simply HIV) infection. HIV, due to its high mutation rate, can evade recognition of T cell responses by generating escape variants that cannot be recognized by HIV-specific CTLs. Although HIV escape from CTL responses has been well documented, factors contributing to the timing and the rate of viral escape from T cells have not been fully elucidated. Fitness costs associated with escape and magnitude of the epitope-specific T cell response are generally considered to be the key in determining timing of HIV escape. Several previous analyses generally ignored the kinetics of T cell responses in predicting viral escape by either considering constant or maximal T cell response; several studies also considered escape from different T cell responses to be independent. Here, we focus our analysis on data from two patients from a recent study with relatively frequent measurements of both virus sequences and HIV-specific T cell response to determine impact of CTL kinetics on viral escape. In contrast with our expectation, we found that including temporal dynamics of epitope-specific T cell response did not improve the quality of fit of different models to escape data. We also found that for well-sampled escape data, the estimates of the model parameters including T cell killing efficacy did not strongly depend on the underlying model for escapes: models assuming independent, sequential, or concurrent escapes from multiple CTL responses gave similar estimates for CTL killing efficacy. Interestingly, the model assuming sequential escapes (i.e., escapes occurring along a defined pathway) was unable to accurately describe data on escapes occurring rapidly within a short-time window, suggesting that some of model assumptions must be violated for such escapes. Our results thus suggest that the current sparse measurements of temporal CTL dynamics in blood bear little quantitative information to improve predictions of HIV escape kinetics. More frequent measurements using more sensitive techniques and sampling in secondary lymphoid tissues may allow to better understand whether and how CTL kinetics impacts viral escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiding Yang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Vitaly V. Ganusov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
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Røpke M, Bulai Livideanu C, Kaldate R, Snel A, Paul C. Changes in interleukin-17A, macrophage-derived chemokine and adiponectin following treatment of psoriasis with calcipotriol plus betamethasone dipropionate aerosol foam: results from the PSO-ABLE study. Br J Dermatol 2017; 178:e33-e34. [PMID: 28722136 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Røpke
- LEO Pharma A/S, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - C Bulai Livideanu
- Paul Sabatier University and Larrey University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - R Kaldate
- Myriad Genetics, Salt Lake City, UT, U.S.A
| | - A Snel
- LEO Pharma A/S, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - C Paul
- Paul Sabatier University and Larrey University Hospital, Toulouse, France
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46
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Gabel M, Regoes RR, Graw F. More or less-On the influence of labelling strategies to infer cell population dynamics. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185523. [PMID: 29045427 PMCID: PMC5646766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of labelled cell populations has been an essential tool to determine and quantify cellular dynamics. The experimental methods to label and track cells over time range from fluorescent dyes over congenic markers towards single-cell labelling techniques, such as genetic barcodes. While these methods have been widely used to quantify cell differentiation and division dynamics, the extent to which the applied labelling strategy actually affects the quantification of the dynamics has not been determined so far. This is especially important in situations where measurements can only be obtained at a single time point, as e.g. due to organ harvest. To this end, we studied the appropriateness of various labelling strategies as characterised by the number of different labels and the initial number of cells per label to quantify cellular dynamics. We simulated adoptive transfer experiments in systems of various complexity that assumed either homoeostatic cellular turnover or cell expansion dynamics involving various steps of cell differentiation and proliferation. Re-sampling cells at a single time point, we determined the ability of different labelling strategies to recover the underlying kinetics. Our results indicate that cell transition and expansion rates are differently affected by experimental shortcomings, such as loss of cells during transfer or sampling, dependent on the labelling strategy used. Furthermore, uniformly distributed labels in the transferred population generally lead to more robust and less biased results than non-equal label sizes. In addition, our analysis indicates that certain labelling approaches incorporate a systematic bias for the identification of complex cell expansion dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gabel
- Center for Modelling and Simulation in the Biosciences, BioQuant-Center, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (MG); (FG)
| | - Roland R. Regoes
- Institute for Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frederik Graw
- Center for Modelling and Simulation in the Biosciences, BioQuant-Center, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (MG); (FG)
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Ruck T, Bittner S, Meuth SG, Herty M. Insights from mathematical modelling for T cell migration into the central nervous system. MATHEMATICAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY-A JOURNAL OF THE IMA 2017; 34:39-58. [PMID: 26519370 DOI: 10.1093/imammb/dqv038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The migration of immune cells from peripheral immune organs into the central nervous system (CNS) through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a tightly regulated process. The complex interplay between cells of the BBB and immune cells coordinates cell migration as a part of normal immune surveillance while its dysregulation is critically involved in the pathogenesis of various CNS diseases. To develop tools for a deeper understanding of distribution and migratory pattern of immune cells regulated by the BBB, we made use of a mathematical modelling approach derived from Markov chain theory. We present a data-driven model using a derivation of kinetic differential equations from a particle game. According to the theory of gases, these equations allow one to predict the mean behaviour of a large class of cells by modelling cell-cell interactions. We used this model to assess the distribution of naive, central memory and effector memory T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Our model allows us to evaluate the impact of activation status, migratory capacity and cell death for cell distribution in the peripheral blood and the CNS.
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Sanche S, Sheehan N, Mesplède T, Wainberg MA, Li J, Nekka F. A Mathematical Model to Predict HIV Virological Failure and Elucidate the Role of Lymph Node Drug Penetration. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 6:469-476. [PMID: 28556627 PMCID: PMC5706346 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Preventing virological failure following HIV treatment remains a difficult task that is further complicated by the emergence of drug resistance. We have developed a mathematical model able to explain and predict HIV virological outcomes for various compounds and patients' drug intake patterns. Compared to current approaches, this model considers, altogether, drug penetration into lymph nodes, a refined adherence representation accounting for the propensity for long drug holidays, population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability, drug interaction, and crossresistance. In silico results are consistent with clinical observations for treatment with efavirenz, efavirenz in association with tenofovir DF and emtricitabine, or boosted darunavir. Our findings indicate that limited lymph node drug penetration can account for a large proportion of cases of virological failure and drug resistance. Since a limited amount of information is required by the model, it can be of use in the process of drug discovery and to guide clinical treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sanche
- Faculté de Pharmacie de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - N Sheehan
- Faculté de Pharmacie de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - T Mesplède
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - M A Wainberg
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - J Li
- Faculté de Pharmacie de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - F Nekka
- Faculté de Pharmacie de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Zhang H, He F, Shi M, Wang W, Tian X, Kang J, Han W, Wu R, Zhou L, Hu M, Li X, Mi F, Zhao G, Jia H. Toll-Like Receptor 4-Myeloid Differentiation Primary Response Gene 88 Pathway Is Involved in the Inflammatory Development of Polymyositis by Mediating Interferon-γ and Interleukin-17A in Humans and Experimental Autoimmune Myositis Mouse Model. Front Neurol 2017; 8:132. [PMID: 28446897 PMCID: PMC5388689 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is one of the key players in the development of many autoimmune diseases. To determine the possible role of TLR4 in polymyositis (PM) development, we collected muscle samples from PM patients and mice subjected to an experimental autoimmune myositis (EAM) model. METHODS We measured TLR4-MyD88 pathway-related factors, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) in EAM mice and PM patients. Then, we observed the changes of above factors and the inflammatory development of EAM mice with TLR4 antagonist TAK-242, IFN-γ, or IL-17A antibody treatment. RESULTS The expression of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB was significantly upregulated in the muscle tissues both in 22 patients with PM and in the EAM model. As expected, increased levels of various cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-α, TGF-β, IFN-γ, and IL-17A, were evident in the serum of EAM mice. Moreover, mRNA expression levels of IFN-γ and IL-17A were significantly increased in both PM patients and EAM mice. Consistently, the levels of these factors were positively correlated with the degree of muscle inflammation in EAM mice. However, when EAM mice were treated with TLR4 antagonist TAK-242, the expression of IFN-γ and IL-17A was decreased. When the cytokines were neutralized by anti-IFN-γ or anti-IL-17A antibody, the inflammatory development of EAM exacerbated or mitigated. CONCLUSION The present study provided the important evidence that the TLR4-MyD88 pathway may be involved in the immune mechanisms of PM by mediating IFN-γ and IL-17A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongya Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fangyuan He
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenxiu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaojia Tian
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Juan Kang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenjuan Han
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Linfu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengmeng Hu
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fang Mi
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongge Jia
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
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50
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van der Meer Y, Lammers A, Jansman AJM, Rijnen MMJA, Hendriks WH, Gerrits WJJ. Performance of pigs kept under different sanitary conditions affected by protein intake and amino acid supplementation. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:4704-4719. [PMID: 27898965 PMCID: PMC7199661 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that requirements for particular AA increase when pigs are kept under low sanitary conditions. The extent to which reduction in growth performance is related to these increased requirements is unclear. To evaluate this relationship, an experiment (2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement) was performed with 612 male pigs (9 per pen) kept under low sanitary conditions (LSC) or high sanitary conditions (HSC) and offered ad libitum access to either a normal CP concentration diet (NP; 17, 15, and 15% CP for the starter, grower, and finisher phase, respectively) or a low CP concentration diet (LP; 20% CP reduced relative to NP for each phase), each of which containing a basal AA profile (AA-B) or a supplemented AA profile (AA-S). The supplemented diet type contained 20% more Met, Thr, and Trp relative to Lys on an apparent ileal digestible basis compared with the basal diet type. Pigs were followed for a complete fattening period and slaughtered at a targeted pen weight of 110 kg. Haptoglobin concentrations in serum (0.92 g/L for LSC and 0.78 g/L for HSC) and IgG antibody titers against keyhole limpet hemocyanin (3.53 for LSC and 3.08 for HSC) collected in the starter, grower, and finisher phases and pleuritis scores at slaughter (0.51 for LSC and 0.20 for HSC) were greater for LSC pigs compared with HSC pigs ( ≤ 0.01), illustrating that sanitary conditions affected health conditions. The ADG and G:F were greater for HSC pigs compared with LSC pigs ( ≤ 0.01). The number of white blood cells (WBC) was higher in (AA-S)-fed pigs compared with (AA-B)-fed pigs when kept at LSC but not at HSC [SS (sanitary conditions) × AA interaction, = 0.04]. Pigs fed NP had a lower number of WBC compared with pigs fed LP ( = 0.02). The number of platelets in pigs fed AA-S diets was higher compared with pigs fed AA-B diets ( ≤ 0.01). A 20% reduction in dietary supplementation of Met, Thr, and Trp relative to Lys decreased G:F more in LSC pigs than in HSC pigs (interaction, = 0.03), illustrating that dietary requirements for these AA differ depending on sanitary conditions. This study, performed under practical conditions, shows that AA requirements are dependent on sanitary conditions. Furthermore, supplementation of diets with particular AA may improve performance, especially under poor hygienic conditions. Dietary protein concentration as well as Met, Thr, and Trp supplementation can modify immune status, which may influence resistance to subclinical and clinical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. van der Meer
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6708 WD, the Netherlands
- De Heus Animal Nutrition, Ede, 6717 VE, the Netherlands
| | - A. Lammers
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6708 WD, the Netherlands
| | - A. J. M. Jansman
- Wageningen UR, Livestock Research, Wageningen, 6708 WD, the Netherlands
| | | | - W. H. Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6708 WD, the Netherlands
| | - W. J. J. Gerrits
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6708 WD, the Netherlands
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