1
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Zhu Y, Cho K, Lacin H, Zhu Y, DiPaola JT, Wilson BA, Patti GJ, Skeath JB. Loss of dihydroceramide desaturase drives neurodegeneration by disrupting endoplasmic reticulum and lipid droplet homeostasis in glial cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.01.573836. [PMID: 38260379 PMCID: PMC10802327 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.01.573836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Dihydroceramide desaturases convert dihydroceramides to ceramides, the precursors of all complex sphingolipids. Reduction of DEGS1 dihydroceramide desaturase function causes pediatric neurodegenerative disorder hypomyelinating leukodystrophy-18 (HLD-18). We discovered that infertile crescent (ifc), the Drosophila DEGS1 homolog, is expressed primarily in glial cells to promote CNS development by guarding against neurodegeneration. Loss of ifc causes massive dihydroceramide accumulation and severe morphological defects in cortex glia, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) expansion, failure of neuronal ensheathment, and lipid droplet depletion. RNAi knockdown of the upstream ceramide synthase schlank in glia of ifc mutants rescues ER expansion, suggesting dihydroceramide accumulation in the ER drives this phenotype. RNAi knockdown of ifc in glia but not neurons drives neuronal cell death, suggesting that ifc function in glia promotes neuronal survival. Our work identifies glia as the primary site of disease progression in HLD-18 and may inform on juvenile forms of ALS, which also feature elevated dihydroceramide levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zhu
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kevin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Metabolic Tracing, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Haluk Lacin
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jose T DiPaola
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Beth A Wilson
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gary J Patti
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Metabolic Tracing, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - James B Skeath
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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2
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Fernandes VM, Auld V, Klämbt C. Glia as Functional Barriers and Signaling Intermediaries. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024; 16:a041423. [PMID: 38167424 PMCID: PMC10759988 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Glia play a crucial role in providing metabolic support to neurons across different species. To do so, glial cells isolate distinct neuronal compartments from systemic signals and selectively transport specific metabolites and ions to support neuronal development and facilitate neuronal function. Because of their function as barriers, glial cells occupy privileged positions within the nervous system and have also evolved to serve as signaling intermediaries in various contexts. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has significantly contributed to our understanding of glial barrier development and function. In this review, we will explore the formation of the glial sheath, blood-brain barrier, and nerve barrier, as well as the significance of glia-extracellular matrix interactions in barrier formation. Additionally, we will delve into the role of glia as signaling intermediaries in regulating nervous system development, function, and response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilaiwan M Fernandes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London UC1E 6DE, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Auld
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Christian Klämbt
- Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
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3
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Baldenius M, Kautzmann S, Nanda S, Klämbt C. Signaling Pathways Controlling Axonal Wrapping in Drosophila. Cells 2023; 12:2553. [PMID: 37947631 PMCID: PMC10647682 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid transmission of action potentials is an important ability that enables efficient communication within the nervous system. Glial cells influence conduction velocity along axons by regulating the radial axonal diameter, providing electrical insulation as well as affecting the distribution of voltage-gated ion channels. Differentiation of these wrapping glial cells requires a complex set of neuron-glia interactions involving three basic mechanistic features. The glia must recognize the axon, grow around it, and eventually arrest its growth to form single or multiple axon wraps. This likely depends on the integration of numerous evolutionary conserved signaling and adhesion systems. Here, we summarize the mechanisms and underlying signaling pathways that control glial wrapping in Drosophila and compare those to the mechanisms that control glial differentiation in mammals. This analysis shows that Drosophila is a beneficial model to study the development of even complex structures like myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christian Klämbt
- Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Münster, Röntgenstraße 16, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (M.B.)
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4
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Chung HL, Ye Q, Park YJ, Zuo Z, Mok JW, Kanca O, Tattikota SG, Lu S, Perrimon N, Lee HK, Bellen HJ. Very-long-chain fatty acids induce glial-derived sphingosine-1-phosphate synthesis, secretion, and neuroinflammation. Cell Metab 2023; 35:855-874.e5. [PMID: 37084732 PMCID: PMC10160010 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
VLCFAs (very-long-chain fatty acids) are the most abundant fatty acids in myelin. Hence, during demyelination or aging, glia are exposed to higher levels of VLCFA than normal. We report that glia convert these VLCFA into sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) via a glial-specific S1P pathway. Excess S1P causes neuroinflammation, NF-κB activation, and macrophage infiltration into the CNS. Suppressing the function of S1P in fly glia or neurons, or administration of Fingolimod, an S1P receptor antagonist, strongly attenuates the phenotypes caused by excess VLCFAs. In contrast, elevating the VLCFA levels in glia and immune cells exacerbates these phenotypes. Elevated VLCFA and S1P are also toxic in vertebrates based on a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS), experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Indeed, reducing VLCFA with bezafibrate ameliorates the phenotypes. Moreover, simultaneous use of bezafibrate and fingolimod synergizes to improve EAE, suggesting that lowering VLCFA and S1P is a treatment avenue for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Lok Chung
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Qi Ye
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ye-Jin Park
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhongyuan Zuo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jung-Wan Mok
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Oguz Kanca
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Shenzhao Lu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nobert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hyun Kyoung Lee
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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5
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Corty MM, Coutinho-Budd J. Drosophila glia take shape to sculpt the nervous system. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 79:102689. [PMID: 36822142 PMCID: PMC10023329 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The importance of glial cells has become increasingly apparent over the past 20 years, yet compared to neurons we still know relatively little about these essential cells. Most critical glial cell functions are conserved in Drosophila glia, often using the same key molecular players as their vertebrate counterparts. The relative simplicity of the Drosophila nervous system, combined with a vast array of powerful genetic tools, allows us to further dissect the molecular composition and functional roles of glia in ways that would be much more cumbersome or not possible in higher vertebrate systems. Importantly, Drosophila genetics allow for in vivo manipulation, and their transparent body wall enables in vivo imaging of glia in intact animals throughout early development. Here we discuss recent advances in Drosophila glial development detailing how these cells take on their mature morphologies and interact with neurons to perform their important functional roles in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Corty
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. https://twitter.com/@megancphd
| | - Jaeda Coutinho-Budd
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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6
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Pan X, Dutta D, Lu S, Bellen HJ. Sphingolipids in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1137893. [PMID: 36875645 PMCID: PMC9978793 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1137893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative Diseases (NDDs) are a group of disorders that cause progressive deficits of neuronal function. Recent evidence argues that sphingolipid metabolism is affected in a surprisingly broad set of NDDs. These include some lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), hereditary sensory and autonomous neuropathy (HSAN), hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD), Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), as well as some forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Many of these diseases have been modeled in Drosophila melanogaster and are associated with elevated levels of ceramides. Similar changes have also been reported in vertebrate cells and mouse models. Here, we summarize studies using fly models and/or patient samples which demonstrate the nature of the defects in sphingolipid metabolism, the organelles that are implicated, the cell types that are initially affected, and potential therapeutics for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Pan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Debdeep Dutta
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shenzhao Lu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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7
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Corty MM, Hulegaard AL, Hill JQ, Sheehan AE, Aicher SA, Freeman MR. Discoidin domain receptor regulates ensheathment, survival and caliber of peripheral axons. Development 2022; 149:281293. [PMID: 36355066 PMCID: PMC10112903 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Most invertebrate axons and small-caliber axons in mammalian peripheral nerves are unmyelinated but still ensheathed by glia. Here, we use Drosophila wrapping glia to study the development and function of non-myelinating axon ensheathment, which is poorly understood. Selective ablation of these glia from peripheral nerves severely impaired larval locomotor behavior. In an in vivo RNA interference screen to identify glial genes required for axon ensheathment, we identified the conserved receptor tyrosine kinase Discoidin domain receptor (Ddr). In larval peripheral nerves, loss of Ddr resulted in severely reduced ensheathment of axons and reduced axon caliber, and we found a strong dominant genetic interaction between Ddr and the type XV/XVIII collagen Multiplexin (Mp), suggesting that Ddr functions as a collagen receptor to drive axon wrapping. In adult nerves, loss of Ddr decreased long-term survival of sensory neurons and significantly reduced axon caliber without overtly affecting ensheathment. Our data establish essential roles for non-myelinating glia in nerve development, maintenance and function, and identify Ddr as a key regulator of axon-glia interactions during ensheathment and establishment of axon caliber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Corty
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | - Jo Q Hill
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Amy E Sheehan
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Sue A Aicher
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Marc R Freeman
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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8
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Vaughen JP, Theisen E, Rivas-Serna IM, Berger AB, Kalakuntla P, Anreiter I, Mazurak VC, Rodriguez TP, Mast JD, Hartl T, Perlstein EO, Reimer RJ, Clandinin MT, Clandinin TR. Glial control of sphingolipid levels sculpts diurnal remodeling in a circadian circuit. Neuron 2022; 110:3186-3205.e7. [PMID: 35961319 PMCID: PMC10868424 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Structural plasticity in the brain often necessitates dramatic remodeling of neuronal processes, with attendant reorganization of the cytoskeleton and membranes. Although cytoskeletal restructuring has been studied extensively, how lipids might orchestrate structural plasticity remains unclear. We show that specific glial cells in Drosophila produce glucocerebrosidase (GBA) to locally catabolize sphingolipids. Sphingolipid accumulation drives lysosomal dysfunction, causing gba1b mutants to harbor protein aggregates that cycle across circadian time and are regulated by neural activity, the circadian clock, and sleep. Although the vast majority of membrane lipids are stable across the day, a specific subset that is highly enriched in sphingolipids cycles daily in a gba1b-dependent fashion. Remarkably, both sphingolipid biosynthesis and degradation are required for the diurnal remodeling of circadian clock neurites, which grow and shrink across the day. Thus, dynamic sphingolipid regulation by glia enables diurnal circuit remodeling and proper circadian behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Vaughen
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Emma Theisen
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Irma Magaly Rivas-Serna
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Andrew B Berger
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Prateek Kalakuntla
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ina Anreiter
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vera C Mazurak
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | | | - Joshua D Mast
- Perlara PBC, 2625 Alcatraz Ave #435, Berkeley, CA 94705, USA
| | - Tom Hartl
- Perlara PBC, 2625 Alcatraz Ave #435, Berkeley, CA 94705, USA
| | | | - Richard J Reimer
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M Thomas Clandinin
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Thomas R Clandinin
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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9
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Kunduri G, Le SH, Baena V, Vijaykrishna N, Harned A, Nagashima K, Blankenberg D, Yoshihiro I, Narayan K, Bamba T, Acharya U, Acharya JK. Delivery of ceramide phosphoethanolamine lipids to the cleavage furrow through the endocytic pathway is essential for male meiotic cytokinesis. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001599. [PMID: 36170207 PMCID: PMC9550178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division, wherein 1 cell divides into 2 daughter cells, is fundamental to all living organisms. Cytokinesis, the final step in cell division, begins with the formation of an actomyosin contractile ring, positioned midway between the segregated chromosomes. Constriction of the ring with concomitant membrane deposition in a specified spatiotemporal manner generates a cleavage furrow that physically separates the cytoplasm. Unique lipids with specific biophysical properties have been shown to localize to intercellular bridges (also called midbody) connecting the 2 dividing cells; however, their biological roles and delivery mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we show that ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE), the structural analog of sphingomyelin, has unique acyl chain anchors in Drosophila spermatocytes and is essential for meiotic cytokinesis. The head group of CPE is also important for spermatogenesis. We find that aberrant central spindle and contractile ring behavior but not mislocalization of phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIPs) at the plasma membrane is responsible for the male meiotic cytokinesis defect in CPE-deficient animals. Further, we demonstrate the enrichment of CPE in multivesicular bodies marked by Rab7, which in turn localize to cleavage furrow. Volume electron microscopy analysis using correlative light and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy shows that CPE-enriched Rab7 positive endosomes are juxtaposed on contractile ring material. Correlative light and transmission electron microscopy reveal Rab7 positive endosomes as a multivesicular body-like organelle that releases its intraluminal vesicles in the vicinity of ingressing furrows. Genetic ablation of Rab7 or Rab35 or expression of dominant negative Rab11 results in significant meiotic cytokinesis defects. Further, we show that Rab11 function is required for localization of CPE positive endosomes to the cleavage furrow. Our results imply that endosomal delivery of CPE to ingressing membranes is crucial for meiotic cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govind Kunduri
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Si-Hung Le
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Valentina Baena
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nagampalli Vijaykrishna
- Genomic Medicine Institute and Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Adam Harned
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kunio Nagashima
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel Blankenberg
- Genomic Medicine Institute and Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Izumi Yoshihiro
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kedar Narayan
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Usha Acharya
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jairaj K. Acharya
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
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10
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Delta/Notch signaling in glia maintains motor nerve barrier function and synaptic transmission by controlling matrix metalloproteinase expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2110097119. [PMID: 35969789 PMCID: PMC9407389 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110097119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have made a surprising discovery linking Delta/Notch signaling in subperineurial glia (SPG) to the regulation of nerve ensheathment and neurotransmitter release at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ). SPG, the counterpart of the endothelial layer in the vertebrate blood–brain barrier, form the key cellular layer that is critical for axonal ensheathment and the blood–brain barrier in Drosophila. Our findings demonstrate that Delta/Notch signaling exerts a constitutive negative inhibition on JNK signaling in SPG, thereby limiting the expression of Mmp1, a matrix metalloproteinase. SPG-specific and temporally regulated knockdown of Delta leads to breakdown of barrier function and compromises neurotransmitter release at the NMJ. Our results provide a mechanistic insight into the biology of barrier function and glia–neuron interactions. While the role of barrier function in establishing a protective, nutrient-rich, and ionically balanced environment for neurons has been appreciated for some time, little is known about how signaling cues originating in barrier-forming cells participate in maintaining barrier function and influence synaptic activity. We have identified Delta/Notch signaling in subperineurial glia (SPG), a crucial glial type for Drosophila motor axon ensheathment and the blood–brain barrier, to be essential for controlling the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (Mmp1), a major regulator of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Our genetic analysis indicates that Delta/Notch signaling in SPG exerts an inhibitory control on Mmp1 expression. In the absence of this inhibition, abnormally enhanced Mmp1 activity disrupts septate junctions and glial ensheathment of peripheral motor nerves, compromising neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Temporally controlled and cell type–specific transgenic analysis shows that Delta/Notch signaling inhibits transcription of Mmp1 by inhibiting c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling in SPG. Our results provide a mechanistic insight into the regulation of neuronal health and function via glial-initiated signaling and open a framework for understanding the complex relationship between ECM regulation and the maintenance of barrier function.
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11
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Chen X, Li J, Gao Z, Yang Y, Kuang W, Dong Y, Chua GH, Huang X, Jiang B, Tian H, Wang Y, Huang X, Li Y, Lam SM, Shui G. Endogenous ceramide phosphoethanolamine modulates circadian rhythm via neural-glial coupling in Drosophila. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 9:nwac148. [PMID: 36713590 PMCID: PMC9875363 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While endogenous lipids are known to exhibit rhythmic oscillations, less is known about how specific lipids modulate circadian behavior. Through a series of loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments on ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE) synthase of Drosophila, we demonstrated that pan-glial-specific deficiency in membrane CPE, the structural analog of mammalian sphingomyelin (SM), leads to arrhythmic locomotor behavior and shortens lifespan, while the reverse is true for increasing CPE. Comparative proteomics uncovered dysregulated synaptic glutamate utilization and transport in CPE-deficient flies. An extensive genetic screen was conducted to verify the role of differentially expressed proteins in circadian regulation. Arrhythmic locomotion under cpes1 mutant background was rescued only by restoring endogenous CPE or SM through expressing their respective synthases. Our results underscore the essential role of CPE in maintaining synaptic glutamate homeostasis and modulating circadian behavior in Drosophila. The findings suggest that region-specific elevations of functional membrane lipids can benefit circadian regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhongbao Gao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yang Yang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenqing Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yue Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gek Huey Chua
- LipidALL Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou213022, China
| | - Xiahe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Binhua Jiang
- LipidALL Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou213022, China
| | - He Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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12
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Balbi T, Trenti F, Panevska A, Bajc G, Guella G, Ciacci C, Canonico B, Canesi L, Sepčić K. Ceramide Aminoethylphosphonate as a New Molecular Target for Pore-Forming Aegerolysin-Based Protein Complexes. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:902706. [PMID: 35693554 PMCID: PMC9174665 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.902706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ostreolysin A6 (OlyA6) is a 15 kDa protein produced by the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). It belongs to the aegerolysin family of proteins and binds with high affinity to the insect-specific membrane sphingolipid, ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE). In concert with its partnering protein with the membrane-attack-complex/perforin domain, pleurotolysin B (PlyB), OlyA6 can form bicomponent 13-meric transmembrane pores in artificial and biological membranes containing the aegerolysin lipid receptor, CPE. This pore formation is the main underlying molecular mechanism of potent and selective insecticidal activity of OlyA6/PlyB complexes against two economically important coleopteran plant pests: the western corn rootworm and the Colorado potato beetle. In contrast to insects, the main sphingolipid in cell membranes of marine invertebrates (i.e., molluscs and cnidarians) is ceramide aminoethylphosphonate (CAEP), a CPE analogue built on a phosphono rather than the usual phosphate group in its polar head. Our targeted lipidomic analyses of the immune cells (hemocytes) of the marine bivalve, the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, confirmed the presence of 29.0 mol% CAEP followed by 36.4 mol% of phosphatidylcholine and 34.6 mol% of phosphatidylethanolamine. Further experiments showed the potent binding of OlyA6 to artificial lipid vesicles supplemented with mussel CAEP, and strong lysis of these vesicles by the OlyA6/PlyB mixture. In Mytilus haemocytes, short term exposure (max. 1 h) to the OlyA6/PlyB mixture induced lysosomal membrane destabilization, decreased phagocytic activity, increased Annexin V binding and oxyradical production, and decreased levels of reduced glutathione, indicating rapid damage of endo-lysosomal and plasma membranes and oxidative stress. Our data suggest CAEP as a novel high-affinity receptor for OlyA6 and a target for cytolytic OlyA6/PlyB complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Balbi
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Trenti
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Anastasija Panevska
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Bajc
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Graziano Guella
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Caterina Ciacci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Barbara Canonico
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Laura Canesi
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Kristina Sepčić, ; Laura Canesi,
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Kristina Sepčić, ; Laura Canesi,
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13
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Wrapping glia regulates neuronal signaling speed and precision in the peripheral nervous system of Drosophila. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4491. [PMID: 32901033 PMCID: PMC7479103 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The functionality of the nervous system requires transmission of information along axons with high speed and precision. Conductance velocity depends on axonal diameter whereas signaling precision requires a block of electrical crosstalk between axons, known as ephaptic coupling. Here, we use the peripheral nervous system of Drosophila larvae to determine how glia regulates axonal properties. We show that wrapping glial differentiation depends on gap junctions and FGF-signaling. Abnormal glial differentiation affects axonal diameter and conductance velocity and causes mild behavioral phenotypes that can be rescued by a sphingosine-rich diet. Ablation of wrapping glia does not further impair axonal diameter and conductance velocity but causes a prominent locomotion phenotype that cannot be rescued by sphingosine. Moreover, optogenetically evoked locomotor patterns do not depend on conductance speed but require the presence of wrapping glial processes. In conclusion, our data indicate that wrapping glia modulates both speed and precision of neuronal signaling.
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14
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Wrapping axons in mammals and Drosophila: Different lipids, same principle. Biochimie 2020; 178:39-48. [PMID: 32800899 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membranes of axon-wrapping glial cells develop specific cylindrical bilayer membranes that surround thin individual axons or axon bundles. Axons are wrapped with single layered glial cells in lower organisms whereas in the mammalian nervous system, axons are surrounded with a characteristic complex multilamellar myelin structure. The high content of lipids in myelin suggests that lipids play crucial roles in the structure and function of myelin. The most striking feature of myelin lipids is the high content of galactosylceramide (GalCer). Serological and genetic studies indicate that GalCer plays a key role in the formation and function of the myelin sheath in mammals. In contrast to mammals, Drosophila lacks GalCer. Instead of GalCer, ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE) has an important role to ensheath axons with glial cells in Drosophila. GalCer and CPE share similar physical properties: both lipids have a high phase transition temperature and high packing, are immiscible with cholesterol and form helical liposomes. These properties are caused by both the strong headgroup interactions and the tight packing resulting from the small size of the headgroup and the hydrogen bonds between lipid molecules. These results suggest that mammals and Drosophila wrap axons using different lipids but the same conserved principle.
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15
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Chung HL, Wangler MF, Marcogliese PC, Jo J, Ravenscroft TA, Zuo Z, Duraine L, Sadeghzadeh S, Li-Kroeger D, Schmidt RE, Pestronk A, Rosenfeld JA, Burrage L, Herndon MJ, Chen S, Shillington A, Vawter-Lee M, Hopkin R, Rodriguez-Smith J, Henrickson M, Lee B, Moser AB, Jones RO, Watkins P, Yoo T, Mar S, Choi M, Bucelli RC, Yamamoto S, Lee HK, Prada CE, Chae JH, Vogel TP, Bellen HJ. Loss- or Gain-of-Function Mutations in ACOX1 Cause Axonal Loss via Different Mechanisms. Neuron 2020; 106:589-606.e6. [PMID: 32169171 PMCID: PMC7289150 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
ACOX1 (acyl-CoA oxidase 1) encodes the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) β-oxidation pathway in peroxisomes and leads to H2O2 production. Unexpectedly, Drosophila (d) ACOX1 is mostly expressed and required in glia, and loss of ACOX1 leads to developmental delay, pupal death, reduced lifespan, impaired synaptic transmission, and glial and axonal loss. Patients who carry a previously unidentified, de novo, dominant variant in ACOX1 (p.N237S) also exhibit glial loss. However, this mutation causes increased levels of ACOX1 protein and function resulting in elevated levels of reactive oxygen species in glia in flies and murine Schwann cells. ACOX1 (p.N237S) patients exhibit a severe loss of Schwann cells and neurons. However, treatment of flies and primary Schwann cells with an antioxidant suppressed the p.N237S-induced neurodegeneration. In summary, both loss and gain of ACOX1 lead to glial and neuronal loss, but different mechanisms are at play and require different treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Lok Chung
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael F Wangler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Paul C Marcogliese
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Juyeon Jo
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Thomas A Ravenscroft
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhongyuan Zuo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lita Duraine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sina Sadeghzadeh
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - David Li-Kroeger
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Robert E Schmidt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Neuropathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alan Pestronk
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Neuropathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lindsay Burrage
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mitchell J Herndon
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Neuropathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shan Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amelle Shillington
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Marissa Vawter-Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Robert Hopkin
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jackeline Rodriguez-Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Michael Henrickson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Brendan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ann B Moser
- Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Richard O Jones
- Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Paul Watkins
- Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Taekyeong Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soe Mar
- Department of Neurology, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Murim Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert C Bucelli
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hyun Kyoung Lee
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Carlos E Prada
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jong-Hee Chae
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tiphanie P Vogel
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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16
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Bittern J, Pogodalla N, Ohm H, Brüser L, Kottmeier R, Schirmeier S, Klämbt C. Neuron-glia interaction in the Drosophila nervous system. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 81:438-452. [PMID: 32096904 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Animals are able to move and react in manifold ways to external stimuli. Thus, environmental stimuli need to be detected, information must be processed, and, finally, an output decision must be transmitted to the musculature to get the animal moving. All these processes depend on the nervous system which comprises an intricate neuronal network and many glial cells. Glial cells have an equally important contribution in nervous system function as their neuronal counterpart. Manifold roles are attributed to glia ranging from controlling neuronal cell number and axonal pathfinding to regulation of synapse formation, function, and plasticity. Glial cells metabolically support neurons and contribute to the blood-brain barrier. All of the aforementioned aspects require extensive cell-cell interactions between neurons and glial cells. Not surprisingly, many of these processes are found in all phyla executed by evolutionarily conserved molecules. Here, we review the recent advance in understanding neuron-glia interaction in Drosophila melanogaster to suggest that work in simple model organisms will shed light on the function of mammalian glial cells, too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bittern
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Nicole Pogodalla
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Henrike Ohm
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Brüser
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Rita Kottmeier
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schirmeier
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Klämbt
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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17
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Silva-Rodrigues JF, Patrício-Rodrigues CF, de Sousa-Xavier V, Augusto PM, Fernandes AC, Farinho AR, Martins JP, Teodoro RO. Peripheral axonal ensheathment is regulated by RalA GTPase and the exocyst complex. Development 2020; 147:dev.174540. [PMID: 31969325 DOI: 10.1242/dev.174540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Axon ensheathment is fundamental for fast impulse conduction and the normal physiological functioning of the nervous system. Defects in axonal insulation lead to debilitating conditions, but, despite its importance, the molecular players responsible are poorly defined. Here, we identify RalA GTPase as a key player in axon ensheathment in Drosophila larval peripheral nerves. We demonstrate through genetic analysis that RalA action through the exocyst complex is required in wrapping glial cells to regulate their growth and development. We suggest that the RalA-exocyst pathway controls the targeting of secretory vesicles for membrane growth or for the secretion of a wrapping glia-derived factor that itself regulates growth. In summary, our findings provide a new molecular understanding of the process by which axons are ensheathed in vivo, a process that is crucial for normal neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana F Silva-Rodrigues
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cátia F Patrício-Rodrigues
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vicente de Sousa-Xavier
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro M Augusto
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana C Fernandes
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana R Farinho
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João P Martins
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita O Teodoro
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal
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18
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Ceramide phosphoethanolamine, an enigmatic cellular membrane sphingolipid. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:1284-1292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Formation of tubules and helical ribbons by ceramide phosphoethanolamine-containing membranes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5812. [PMID: 30967612 PMCID: PMC6456502 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42247-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE), a major sphingolipid in invertebrates, is crucial for axonal ensheathment in Drosophila. Darkfield microscopy revealed that an equimolar mixture of bovine buttermilk CPE (milk CPE) and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (diC18:1 PC) tends to form tubules and helical ribbons, while pure milk CPE mainly exhibits amorphous aggregates and, at low frequency, straight needles. Negative staining electron microscopy indicated that helices and tubules were composed of multilayered 5–10 nm thick slab-like structures. Using different molecular species of PC and CPE, we demonstrated that the acyl chain length of CPE but not of PC is crucial for the formation of tubules and helices in equimolar mixtures. Incubation of the lipid suspensions at the respective phase transition temperature of CPE facilitated the formation of both tubules and helices, suggesting a dynamic lipid rearrangement during formation. Substituting diC18:1 PC with diC18:1 PE or diC18:1 PS failed to form tubules and helices. As hydrated galactosylceramide (GalCer), a major lipid in mammalian myelin, has been reported to spontaneously form tubules and helices, it is believed that the ensheathment of axons in mammals and Drosophila is based on similar physical processes with different lipids.
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20
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Sphingolipid-dependent Dscam sorting regulates axon segregation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:813. [PMID: 30778062 PMCID: PMC6379420 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08765-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are highly polarized cells with distinct protein compositions in axonal and dendritic compartments. Cellular mechanisms controlling polarized protein sorting have been described for mature nervous system but little is known about the segregation in newly differentiated neurons. In a forward genetic screen for regulators of Drosophila brain circuit development, we identified mutations in SPT, an evolutionary conserved enzyme in sphingolipid biosynthesis. Here we show that reduced levels of sphingolipids in SPT mutants cause axonal morphology defects similar to loss of cell recognition molecule Dscam. Loss- and gain-of-function studies show that neuronal sphingolipids are critical to prevent aggregation of axonal and dendritic Dscam isoforms, thereby ensuring precise Dscam localization to support axon branch segregation. Furthermore, SPT mutations causing neurodegenerative HSAN-I disorder in humans also result in formation of stable Dscam aggregates and axonal branch phenotypes in Drosophila neurons, indicating a causal link between developmental protein sorting defects and neuronal dysfunction. Little is known about the initial segregation of axonal and dendritic proteins during the differentiation of newly generated neurons. Here authors use a forward genetic screen to identify the role of sphingolipids in regulating the sub-cellular distribution of Dscam for neuronal patterning in Drosophila Mushroom Bodies
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21
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Yildirim K, Petri J, Kottmeier R, Klämbt C. Drosophila glia: Few cell types and many conserved functions. Glia 2018; 67:5-26. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerem Yildirim
- Institute for Neuro and Behavioral Biology; University of Münster; Badestraße 9, 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Johanna Petri
- Institute for Neuro and Behavioral Biology; University of Münster; Badestraße 9, 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Rita Kottmeier
- Institute for Neuro and Behavioral Biology; University of Münster; Badestraße 9, 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Christian Klämbt
- Institute for Neuro and Behavioral Biology; University of Münster; Badestraße 9, 48149 Münster Germany
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22
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Hullin-Matsuda F, Murate M, Kobayashi T. Protein probes to visualize sphingomyelin and ceramide phosphoethanolamine. Chem Phys Lipids 2018; 216:132-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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23
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Chi KC, Tsai WC, Wu CL, Lin TY, Hueng DY. An Adult Drosophila Glioma Model for Studying Pathometabolic Pathways of Gliomagenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:4589-4599. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1392-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Kunduri G, Turner-Evans D, Konya Y, Izumi Y, Nagashima K, Lockett S, Holthuis J, Bamba T, Acharya U, Acharya JK. Defective cortex glia plasma membrane structure underlies light-induced epilepsy in cpes mutants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E8919-E8928. [PMID: 30185559 PMCID: PMC6156639 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808463115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures induced by visual stimulation (photosensitive epilepsy; PSE) represent a common type of epilepsy in humans, but the molecular mechanisms and genetic drivers underlying PSE remain unknown, and no good genetic animal models have been identified as yet. Here, we show an animal model of PSE, in Drosophila, owing to defective cortex glia. The cortex glial membranes are severely compromised in ceramide phosphoethanolamine synthase (cpes)-null mutants and fail to encapsulate the neuronal cell bodies in the Drosophila neuronal cortex. Expression of human sphingomyelin synthase 1, which synthesizes the closely related ceramide phosphocholine (sphingomyelin), rescues the cortex glial abnormalities and PSE, underscoring the evolutionarily conserved role of these lipids in glial membranes. Further, we show the compromise in plasma membrane structure that underlies the glial cell membrane collapse in cpes mutants and leads to the PSE phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govind Kunduri
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | | | - Yutaka Konya
- Department of Metabolomics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Izumi
- Department of Metabolomics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kunio Nagashima
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Stephen Lockett
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Joost Holthuis
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, University of Osnabrück, 49074 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Department of Metabolomics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Usha Acharya
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Jairaj K Acharya
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702;
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25
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Zülbahar S, Sieglitz F, Kottmeier R, Altenhein B, Rumpf S, Klämbt C. Differential expression of Öbek controls ploidy in the Drosophila blood-brain barrier. Development 2018; 145:dev.164111. [PMID: 30002129 DOI: 10.1242/dev.164111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During development, tissue growth is mediated by either cell proliferation or cell growth, coupled with polyploidy. Both strategies are employed by the cell types that make up the Drosophila blood-brain barrier. During larval growth, the perineurial glia proliferate, whereas the subperineurial glia expand enormously and become polyploid. Here, we show that the level of ploidy in the subperineurial glia is controlled by the N-terminal asparagine amidohydrolase homolog Öbek, and high Öbek levels are required to limit replication. In contrast, perineurial glia express moderate levels of Öbek, and increased Öbek expression blocks their proliferation. Interestingly, other dividing cells are not affected by alteration of Öbek expression. In glia, Öbek counteracts fibroblast growth factor and Hippo signaling to differentially affect cell growth and number. We propose a mechanism by which growth signals are integrated differentially in a glia-specific manner through different levels of Öbek protein to adjust cell proliferation versus endoreplication in the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selen Zülbahar
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Münster, Badestrasse 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Florian Sieglitz
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Münster, Badestrasse 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Rita Kottmeier
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Münster, Badestrasse 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Benjamin Altenhein
- Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rumpf
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Münster, Badestrasse 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Klämbt
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Münster, Badestrasse 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
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26
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Santos AL, Preta G. Lipids in the cell: organisation regulates function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1909-1927. [PMID: 29427074 PMCID: PMC11105414 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2765-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are fundamental building blocks of all cells and play important roles in the pathogenesis of different diseases, including inflammation, autoimmune disease, cancer, and neurodegeneration. The lipid composition of different organelles can vary substantially from cell to cell, but increasing evidence demonstrates that lipids become organised specifically in each compartment, and this organisation is essential for regulating cell function. For example, lipid microdomains in the plasma membrane, known as lipid rafts, are platforms for concentrating protein receptors and can influence intra-cellular signalling. Lipid organisation is tightly regulated and can be observed across different model organisms, including bacteria, yeast, Drosophila, and Caenorhabditis elegans, suggesting that lipid organisation is evolutionarily conserved. In this review, we summarise the importance and function of specific lipid domains in main cellular organelles and discuss recent advances that investigate how these specific and highly regulated structures contribute to diverse biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Santos
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1001 and Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Giulio Preta
- Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Sauletekio 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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27
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Hebbar S, Khandelwal A, Jayashree R, Hindle SJ, Chiang YN, Yew JY, Sweeney ST, Schwudke D. Lipid metabolic perturbation is an early-onset phenotype in adult spinster mutants: a Drosophila model for lysosomal storage disorders. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3728-3740. [PMID: 29046397 PMCID: PMC5739291 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-09-0674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular accumulation of lipids and swollen dysfunctional lysosomes are linked to several neurodegenerative diseases, including lysosomal storage disorders (LSD). Detailed characterization of lipid metabolic changes in relation to the onset and progression of neurodegeneration is currently missing. We systematically analyzed lipid perturbations in spinster (spin) mutants, a Drosophila model of LSD-like neurodegeneration. Our results highlight an imbalance in brain ceramide and sphingosine in the early stages of neurodegeneration, preceding the accumulation of endomembranous structures, manifestation of altered behavior, and buildup of lipofuscin. Manipulating levels of ceramidase and altering these lipids in spin mutants allowed us to conclude that ceramide homeostasis is the driving force in disease progression and is integral to spin function in the adult nervous system. We identified 29 novel physical interaction partners of Spin and focused on the lipid carrier protein, Lipophorin (Lpp). A subset of Lpp and Spin colocalize in the brain and within organs specialized for lipid metabolism (fat bodies and oenocytes). Reduced Lpp protein was observed in spin mutant tissues. Finally, increased levels of lipid metabolites produced by oenocytes in spin mutants allude to a functional interaction between Spin and Lpp, underscoring the systemic nature of lipid perturbation in LSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Hebbar
- National Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Avinash Khandelwal
- National Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - R Jayashree
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms (C-CAMP), Proteomics Facility, Bangalore 560065, India
| | | | | | - Joanne Y Yew
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Ma-noa, Honolulu, HI 96822
| | - Sean T Sweeney
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Dominik Schwudke
- National Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560065, India
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28
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Gerdøe-Kristensen S, Lund VK, Wandall HH, Kjaerulff O. Mactosylceramide prevents glial cell overgrowth by inhibiting insulin and fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:3112-3127. [PMID: 28019653 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling controls key aspects of cellular differentiation, proliferation, survival, metabolism, and migration. Deregulated RTK signaling also underlies many cancers. Glycosphingolipids (GSL) are essential elements of the plasma membrane. By affecting clustering and activity of membrane receptors, GSL modulate signal transduction, including that mediated by the RTK. GSL are abundant in the nervous system, and glial development in Drosophila is emerging as a useful model for studying how GSL modulate RTK signaling. Drosophila has a simple GSL biosynthetic pathway, in which the mannosyltransferase Egghead controls conversion of glucosylceramide (GlcCer) to mactosylceramide (MacCer). Lack of elongated GSL in egghead (egh) mutants causes overgrowth of subperineurial glia (SPG), largely due to aberrant activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). However, to what extent this effect involves changes in upstream signaling events is unresolved. We show here that glial overgrowth in egh is strongly linked to increased activation of Insulin and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR). Glial hypertrophy is phenocopied when overexpressing gain-of-function mutants of the Drosophila insulin receptor (InR) and the FGFR homolog Heartless (Htl) in wild type SPG, and is suppressed by inhibiting Htl and InR activity in egh. Knockdown of GlcCer synthase in the SPG fails to suppress glial overgrowth in egh nerves, and slightly promotes overgrowth in wild type, suggesting that RTK hyperactivation is caused by absence of MacCer and not by GlcCer accumulation. We conclude that an early product in GSL biosynthesis, MacCer, prevents inappropriate activation of insulin and fibroblast growth factor receptors in Drosophila glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Gerdøe-Kristensen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Viktor K Lund
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hans H Wandall
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Ole Kjaerulff
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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29
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Probing phosphoethanolamine-containing lipids in membranes with duramycin/cinnamycin and aegerolysin proteins. Biochimie 2016; 130:81-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Chen K, Lin G, Haelterman NA, Ho TSY, Li T, Li Z, Duraine L, Graham BH, Jaiswal M, Yamamoto S, Rasband MN, Bellen HJ. Loss of Frataxin induces iron toxicity, sphingolipid synthesis, and Pdk1/Mef2 activation, leading to neurodegeneration. eLife 2016; 5:e16043. [PMID: 27343351 PMCID: PMC4956409 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Frataxin (FXN) cause Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), a recessive neurodegenerative disorder. Previous studies have proposed that loss of FXN causes mitochondrial dysfunction, which triggers elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and leads to the demise of neurons. Here we describe a ROS independent mechanism that contributes to neurodegeneration in fly FXN mutants. We show that loss of frataxin homolog (fh) in Drosophila leads to iron toxicity, which in turn induces sphingolipid synthesis and ectopically activates 3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase-1 (Pdk1) and myocyte enhancer factor-2 (Mef2). Dampening iron toxicity, inhibiting sphingolipid synthesis by Myriocin, or reducing Pdk1 or Mef2 levels, all effectively suppress neurodegeneration in fh mutants. Moreover, increasing dihydrosphingosine activates Mef2 activity through PDK1 in mammalian neuronal cell line suggesting that the mechanisms are evolutionarily conserved. Our results indicate that an iron/sphingolipid/Pdk1/Mef2 pathway may play a role in FRDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuchuan Chen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Guang Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Nele A Haelterman
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Tammy Szu-Yu Ho
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Tongchao Li
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Zhihong Li
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Lita Duraine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Brett H Graham
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Manish Jaiswal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, United States
| | - Matthew N Rasband
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, United States
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31
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Schirmeier S, Matzat T, Klämbt C. Axon ensheathment and metabolic supply by glial cells in Drosophila. Brain Res 2015; 1641:122-129. [PMID: 26367447 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal function requires constant working conditions and a well-balanced supply of ions and metabolites. The metabolic homeostasis in the nervous system crucially depends on the presence of glial cells, which nurture and isolate neuronal cells. Here we review recent findings on how these tasks are performed by glial cells in the genetically amenable model organism Drosophila melanogaster. Despite the small size of its nervous system, which would allow diffusion of metabolites, a surprising division of labor between glial cells and neurons is evident. Glial cells are glycolytically active and transfer lactate and alanine to neurons. Neurons in turn do not require glycolysis but can use the glially provided compounds for their energy homeostasis. Besides feeding neurons, glial cells also insulate neuronal axons in a way similar to Remak fibers in the mammalian nervous system. The molecular mechanisms orchestrating this insulation require neuregulin signaling and resemble the mechanisms controlling glial differentiation in mammals surprisingly well. We hypothesize that metabolic cross talk and insulation of neurons by glial cells emerged early during evolution as two closely interlinked features in the nervous system. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Myelin Evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schirmeier
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Till Matzat
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Klämbt
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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32
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Sasse S, Neuert H, Klämbt C. Differentiation ofDrosophilaglial cells. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:623-36. [DOI: 10.1002/wdev.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Sasse
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie; Münster Germany
| | - Helen Neuert
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie; Münster Germany
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33
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Bhat HB, Ishitsuka R, Inaba T, Murate M, Abe M, Makino A, Kohyama-Koganeya A, Nagao K, Kurahashi A, Kishimoto T, Tahara M, Yamano A, Nagamune K, Hirabayashi Y, Juni N, Umeda M, Fujimori F, Nishibori K, Yamaji-Hasegawa A, Greimel P, Kobayashi T. Evaluation of aegerolysins as novel tools to detect and visualize ceramide phosphoethanolamine, a major sphingolipid in invertebrates. FASEB J 2015; 29:3920-34. [PMID: 26060215 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-272112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE), a sphingomyelin analog, is a major sphingolipid in invertebrates and parasites, whereas only trace amounts are present in mammalian cells. In this study, mushroom-derived proteins of the aegerolysin family—pleurotolysin A2 (PlyA2; K(D) = 12 nM), ostreolysin (Oly; K(D) = 1.3 nM), and erylysin A (EryA; K(D) = 1.3 nM)—strongly associated with CPE/cholesterol (Chol)-containing membranes, whereas their low affinity to sphingomyelin/Chol precluded establishment of the binding kinetics. Binding specificity was determined by multilamellar liposome binding assays, supported bilayer assays, and solid-phase studies against a series of neutral and negatively charged lipid classes mixed 1:1 with Chol or phosphatidylcholine. No cross-reactivity was detected with phosphatidylethanolamine. Only PlyA2 also associated with CPE, independent of Chol content (K(D) = 41 μM), rendering it a suitable tool for visualizing CPE in lipid-blotting experiments and biologic samples from sterol auxotrophic organisms. Visualization of CPE enrichment in the CNS of Drosophila larvae (by PlyA2) and in the bloodstream form of the parasite Trypanosoma brucei (by EryA) by fluorescence imaging demonstrated the versatility of aegerolysin family proteins as efficient tools for detecting and visualizing CPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Balakrishna Bhat
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Reiko Ishitsuka
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Takehiko Inaba
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Motohide Murate
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Mitsuhiro Abe
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Asami Makino
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ayako Kohyama-Koganeya
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Kohjiro Nagao
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Atsushi Kurahashi
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Takuma Kishimoto
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Michiru Tahara
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Akinori Yamano
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Kisaburo Nagamune
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yoshio Hirabayashi
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Naoto Juni
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Masato Umeda
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Fumihiro Fujimori
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Kozo Nishibori
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Akiko Yamaji-Hasegawa
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Peter Greimel
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Toshihide Kobayashi
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
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Lajoie DM, Roberts SA, Zobel-Thropp PA, Delahaye JL, Bandarian V, Binford GJ, Cordes MHJ. Variable Substrate Preference among Phospholipase D Toxins from Sicariid Spiders. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:10994-1007. [PMID: 25752604 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.636951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Venoms of the sicariid spiders contain phospholipase D enzyme toxins that can cause severe dermonecrosis and even death in humans. These enzymes convert sphingolipid and lysolipid substrates to cyclic phosphates by activating a hydroxyl nucleophile present in both classes of lipid. The most medically relevant substrates are thought to be sphingomyelin and/or lysophosphatidylcholine. To better understand the substrate preference of these toxins, we used (31)P NMR to compare the activity of three related but phylogenetically diverse sicariid toxins against a diverse panel of sphingolipid and lysolipid substrates. Two of the three showed significantly faster turnover of sphingolipids over lysolipids, and all three showed a strong preference for positively charged (choline and/or ethanolamine) over neutral (glycerol and serine) headgroups. Strikingly, however, the enzymes vary widely in their preference for choline, the headgroup of both sphingomyelin and lysophosphatidylcholine, versus ethanolamine. An enzyme from Sicarius terrosus showed a strong preference for ethanolamine over choline, whereas two paralogous enzymes from Loxosceles arizonica either preferred choline or showed no significant preference. Intrigued by the novel substrate preference of the Sicarius enzyme, we solved its crystal structure at 2.1 Å resolution. The evolution of variable substrate specificity may help explain the reduced dermonecrotic potential of some natural toxin variants, because mammalian sphingolipids use primarily choline as a positively charged headgroup; it may also be relevant for sicariid predatory behavior, because ethanolamine-containing sphingolipids are common in insect prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Lajoie
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 and
| | - Sue A Roberts
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 and
| | | | - Jared L Delahaye
- the Department of Biology, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, Oregon 97219
| | - Vahe Bandarian
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 and
| | - Greta J Binford
- the Department of Biology, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, Oregon 97219
| | - Matthew H J Cordes
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 and
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35
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Schmitt S, Castelvetri LC, Simons M. Metabolism and functions of lipids in myelin. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:999-1005. [PMID: 25542507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rapid conduction of nerve impulses requires coating of axons by myelin sheaths, which are lipid-rich and multilamellar membrane stacks. The lipid composition of myelin varies significantly from other biological membranes. Studies in mutant mice targeting various lipid biosynthesis pathways have shown that myelinating glia have a remarkable capacity to compensate the lack of individual lipids. However, compensation fails when it comes to maintaining long-term stability of myelin. Here, we summarize how lipids function in myelin biogenesis, axon-glia communication and in supporting long-term maintenance of myelin. We postulate that change in myelin lipid composition might be relevant for our understanding of aging and demyelinating diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue titled Brain Lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schmitt
- Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ludovici Cantuti Castelvetri
- Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mikael Simons
- Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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36
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Faust JE, Manisundaram A, Ivanova PT, Milne SB, Summerville JB, Brown HA, Wangler M, Stern M, McNew JA. Peroxisomes are required for lipid metabolism and muscle function in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100213. [PMID: 24945818 PMCID: PMC4063865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles that perform lipid and reactive oxygen species metabolism. Defects in peroxisome biogenesis cause peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs). The most severe PBD, Zellweger syndrome, is characterized in part by neuronal dysfunction, craniofacial malformations, and low muscle tone (hypotonia). These devastating diseases lack effective therapies and the development of animal models may reveal new drug targets. We have generated Drosophila mutants with impaired peroxisome biogenesis by disrupting the early peroxin gene pex3, which participates in budding of pre-peroxisomes from the ER and peroxisomal membrane protein localization. pex3 deletion mutants lack detectible peroxisomes and die before or during pupariation. At earlier stages of development, larvae lacking Pex3 display reduced size and impaired lipid metabolism. Selective loss of peroxisomes in muscles impairs muscle function and results in flightless animals. Although, hypotonia in PBD patients is thought to be a secondary effect of neuronal dysfunction, our results suggest that peroxisome loss directly affects muscle physiology, possibly by disrupting energy metabolism. Understanding the role of peroxisomes in Drosophila physiology, specifically in muscle cells may reveal novel aspects of PBD etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Faust
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Arvind Manisundaram
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Pavlina T. Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Milne
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - James B. Summerville
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - H. Alex Brown
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michael Wangler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael Stern
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - James A. McNew
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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37
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Ejsmont RK, Hassan BA. The Little Fly that Could: Wizardry and Artistry of Drosophila Genomics. Genes (Basel) 2014; 5:385-414. [PMID: 24827974 PMCID: PMC4094939 DOI: 10.3390/genes5020385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than 100 years now, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has been at the forefront of our endeavors to unlock the secrets of the genome. From the pioneering studies of chromosomes and heredity by Morgan and his colleagues, to the generation of fly models for human disease, Drosophila research has been at the forefront of genetics and genomics. We present a broad overview of some of the most powerful genomics tools that keep Drosophila research at the cutting edge of modern biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bassem A Hassan
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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