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Wu F, Kong Z, Ge P, Sun D, Liu D, Dong Z, Chen G. Ecotoxicological evaluation and regeneration impairment of planarians by dibutyl phthalate. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 257:119403. [PMID: 38871274 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Commonly utilized as a plasticizer in the food and chemical sectors, Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) poses threats to the environment and human well-being as it seeps or moves into the surroundings. Nevertheless, research on the harmfulness of DBP to aquatic organisms is limited, and its impact on stem cells and tissue regeneration remains unidentified. Planarians, recognized for their robust regenerative capabilities and sensitivity to aquatic pollutants, are emerging animal models in toxicology. This study investigated the comprehensive toxicity effects of environmentally relevant levels of DBP on planarians. It revealed potential toxicity mechanisms through the use of immunofluorescence, chromatin dispersion assay, Western blot, quantitative real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), chromatin behavioral and histological analyses, immunofluorescence, and terminal dUTP nickel-end labeling (TUNEL). Findings illustrated that DBP caused morphological and motor abnormalities, tissue damage, regenerative inhibition, and developmental neurotoxicity. Further research revealed increased apoptosis and suppressed stem cell proliferation and differentiation, disrupting a balance of cell proliferation and death, ultimately leading to morphological defects and functional abnormalities. This was attributed to oxidative stress and DNA damage caused by excessive release of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This exploration furnishes fresh perspectives on evaluating the toxicity peril posed by DBP in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Zhihong Kong
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Peng Ge
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Dandan Sun
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Dezeng Liu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Zimei Dong
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
| | - Guangwen Chen
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
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2
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Doddihal V, Mann FG, Ross EJ, McKinney MC, Guerrero-Hernández C, Brewster CE, McKinney SA, Sánchez Alvarado A. A PAK family kinase and the Hippo/Yorkie pathway modulate WNT signaling to functionally integrate body axes during regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321919121. [PMID: 38713625 PMCID: PMC11098123 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321919121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Successful regeneration of missing tissues requires seamless integration of positional information along the body axes. Planarians, which regenerate from almost any injury, use conserved, developmentally important signaling pathways to pattern the body axes. However, the molecular mechanisms which facilitate cross talk between these signaling pathways to integrate positional information remain poorly understood. Here, we report a p21-activated kinase (smed-pak1) which functionally integrates the anterior-posterior (AP) and the medio-lateral (ML) axes. pak1 inhibits WNT/β-catenin signaling along the AP axis and, functions synergistically with the β-catenin-independent WNT signaling of the ML axis. Furthermore, this functional integration is dependent on warts and merlin-the components of the Hippo/Yorkie (YKI) pathway. Hippo/YKI pathway is a critical regulator of body size in flies and mice, but our data suggest the pathway regulates body axes patterning in planarians. Our study provides a signaling network integrating positional information which can mediate coordinated growth and patterning during planarian regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viraj Doddihal
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO64110
| | | | - Eric J. Ross
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO64110
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3
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Phillips JE, Zheng Y, Pan D. Assembling a Hippo: the evolutionary emergence of an animal developmental signaling pathway. Trends Biochem Sci 2024:S0968-0004(24)00102-6. [PMID: 38729842 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2024.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Decades of work in developmental genetics has given us a deep mechanistic understanding of the fundamental signaling pathways underlying animal development. However, little is known about how these pathways emerged and changed over evolutionary time. Here, we review our current understanding of the evolutionary emergence of the Hippo pathway, a conserved signaling pathway that regulates tissue size in animals. This pathway has deep evolutionary roots, emerging piece by piece in the unicellular ancestors of animals, with a complete core pathway predating the origin of animals. Recent functional studies in close unicellular relatives of animals and early-branching animals suggest an ancestral function Hippo pathway of cytoskeletal regulation, which was subsequently co-opted to regulate proliferation and animal tissue size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Phillips
- Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Yonggang Zheng
- Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Duojia Pan
- Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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4
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Avalos PN, Wong LL, Forsthoefel DJ. Extracellular vesicles promote proliferation in an animal model of regeneration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.22.586206. [PMID: 38712279 PMCID: PMC11071309 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.22.586206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted nanoparticles composed of a lipid bilayer that carry lipid, protein, and nucleic acid cargo between cells as a mode of intercellular communication. Although EVs can promote tissue repair in mammals, their roles in animals with greater regenerative capacity are not well understood. Planarian flatworms are capable of whole body regeneration due to pluripotent somatic stem cells called neoblasts that proliferate in response to injury. Here, using transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and protein content examination, we showed that EVs enriched from the tissues of the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea had similar morphology and size as other eukaryotic EVs, and that these EVs carried orthologs of the conserved EV biogenesis regulators ALIX and TSG101. PKH67-labeled EVs were taken up more quickly by S/G2 neoblasts than G1 neoblasts/early progeny and differentiated cells. When injected into living planarians, EVs from regenerating tissue fragments enhanced upregulation of neoblast-associated transcripts. In addition, EV injection increased the number of F-ara-EdU-labelled cells by 49% as compared to buffer injection only. Our findings demonstrate that regenerating planarians produce EVs that promote stem cell proliferation, and suggest the planarian as an amenable in vivo model for the study of EV function during regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla N. Avalos
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Lily L. Wong
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - David J. Forsthoefel
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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5
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Sun Y, Huang Y, Hao Z, Zhang S, Tian Q. MRLC controls apoptotic cell death and functions to regulate epidermal development during planarian regeneration and homeostasis. Cell Prolif 2024; 57:e13524. [PMID: 37357415 PMCID: PMC10771114 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells (ASCs) are pluripotent cells with the capacity to self-renew and constantly replace lost cells due to physiological turnover or injury. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of the precise coordination of stem cell proliferation and proper cell fate decision is important to regeneration and organismal homeostasis. The planarian epidermis provides a highly tractable model to study ASC complex dynamic due to the distinct spatiotemporal differentiation stages during lineage development. Here, we identified the myosin regulatory light chain (MRLC) homologue in the Dugesia japonica transcriptome. We found high expression levels of MRLC in wound region during regeneration and also expressed in late epidermal progenitors as an essential regulator of the lineage from neoblasts to mature epidermal cells. We investigated the function of MRLC using in situ hybridization, real-time polymerase chain reaction and double fluorescent and uncovered the potential mechanism. Knockdown of MRLC leads to a remarkable increase in cell death, causes severe abnormalities during regeneration and homeostasis and eventually leads to animal death. The global decrease in epidermal cell in MRLC RNAi animals induces accelerated epidermal proliferation and differentiation. Additionally, we find that MRLC is co-expressed with cdc42 and acts cooperatively to control the epidermal lineage development by affecting cell death. Our results uncover an important role of MRLC, as an inhibitor of apoptosis, involves in epidermal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Sun
- School of Life SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Yongding Huang
- School of Life SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Zhitai Hao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyNew York University, School of MedicineNew YorkUSA
| | - Shoutao Zhang
- School of Life SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
- Longhu Laboratory of Advanced ImmunologyZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Qingnan Tian
- School of Life SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
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6
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Seifert AW, Duncan EM, Zayas RM. Enduring questions in regenerative biology and the search for answers. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1139. [PMID: 37945686 PMCID: PMC10636051 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential for basic research to uncover the inner workings of regenerative processes and produce meaningful medical therapies has inspired scientists, clinicians, and patients for hundreds of years. Decades of studies using a handful of highly regenerative model organisms have significantly advanced our knowledge of key cell types and molecular pathways involved in regeneration. However, many questions remain about how regenerative processes unfold in regeneration-competent species, how they are curtailed in non-regenerative organisms, and how they might be induced (or restored) in humans. Recent technological advances in genomics, molecular biology, computer science, bioengineering, and stem cell research hold promise to collectively provide new experimental evidence for how different organisms accomplish the process of regeneration. In theory, this new evidence should inform the design of new clinical approaches for regenerative medicine. A deeper understanding of how tissues and organs regenerate will also undoubtedly impact many adjacent scientific fields. To best apply and adapt these new technologies in ways that break long-standing barriers and answer critical questions about regeneration, we must combine the deep knowledge of developmental and evolutionary biologists with the hard-earned expertise of scientists in mechanistic and technical fields. To this end, this perspective is based on conversations from a workshop we organized at the Banbury Center, during which a diverse cross-section of the regeneration research community and experts in various technologies discussed enduring questions in regenerative biology. Here, we share the questions this group identified as significant and unanswered, i.e., known unknowns. We also describe the obstacles limiting our progress in answering these questions and how expanding the number and diversity of organisms used in regeneration research is essential for deepening our understanding of regenerative capacity. Finally, we propose that investigating these problems collaboratively across a diverse network of researchers has the potential to advance our field and produce unexpected insights into important questions in related areas of biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley W Seifert
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.
| | - Elizabeth M Duncan
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.
| | - Ricardo M Zayas
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
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Wiggans M, Zhu SJ, Molinaro AM, Pearson BJ. The BAF chromatin remodeling complex licenses planarian stem cells access to ectodermal and mesodermal cell fates. BMC Biol 2023; 21:227. [PMID: 37864247 PMCID: PMC10589948 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01730-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The flatworm planarian, Schmidtea mediterranea, has a large population of adult stem cells (ASCs) that replace any cell type during tissue turnover or regeneration. How planarian ASCs (called neoblasts) manage self-renewal with the ability to produce daughter cells of different cell lineages (multipotency) is not well understood. Chromatin remodeling complexes ultimately control access to DNA regions of chromosomes and together with specific transcription factors determine whether a gene is transcribed in a given cell type. Previous work in planarians determined that RNAi of core components of the BAF chromatin remodeling complex, brg1 and smarcc2, caused increased ASCs and failed regeneration, but how these cellular defects arise at the level of gene regulation in neoblasts is unknown. RESULTS Here, we perform ATAC and RNA sequencing on purified neoblasts, deficient for the BAF complex subunits brg-1 and smarcc2. The data demonstrate that the BAF complex promotes chromatin accessibility and facilitates transcription at target loci, as in other systems. Interestingly, we find that the BAF complex enables access to genes known to be required for the generation of mesoderm- and ectoderm-derived lineages, including muscle, parenchymal cathepsin, neural, and epithelial lineages. BAF complex knockdowns result in disrupted differentiation into these cell lineages and functional consequences on planarian regeneration and tissue turnover. Notably, we did not detect a role for the BAF complex in neoblasts making endodermal lineages. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides functional insights into how the BAF complex contributes to cell fate decisions in planarian ASCs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory Wiggans
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON, M5G0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Shu Jun Zhu
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON, M5G0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Alyssa M Molinaro
- Present address: Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Bret J Pearson
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON, M5G0A4, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada.
- Present address: Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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8
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Aitken KJ, Yadav P, Sidler M, Thanabalasingam T, Ahmed T, Aggarwal P, Yip ST, Jeffrey N, Jiang JX, Siebenaller A, Sotiropoulos C, Huang R, Le DMQ, Delgado-Olguin P, Bagli D. Spontaneous urinary bladder regeneration after subtotal cystectomy increases YAP/WWTR1 signaling and downstream BDNF expression: Implications for smooth muscle injury responses. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287205. [PMID: 37494380 PMCID: PMC10370683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodents have the capacity for spontaneous bladder regeneration and bladder smooth muscle cell (BSMC) migration following a subtotal cystectomy (STC). YAP/WWTR1 and BDNF (Brain-derived neurotrophic factor) play crucial roles in development and regeneration. During partial bladder outlet obstruction (PBO), excessive YAP/WWTR1 signaling and BDNF expression increases BSMC hypertrophy and dysfunction. YAP/WWTR1 and expression of BDNF and CYR61 were examined in models of regeneration and wound repair. Live cell microscopy was utilized in an ex vivo model of STC to visualize cell movement and division. In Sprague-Dawley female rats, STC was performed by resection of the bladder dome sparing the trigone, followed by closure of the bladder. Smooth muscle migration and downstream effects on signaling and expression were also examined after scratch wound of BSMC with inhibitors of YAP and BDNF signaling. Sham, PBO and incision (cystotomy) were comparators for the STC model. Scratch wound in vitro increased SMC migration and expression of BDNF, CTGF and CYR61 in a YAP/WWTR1-dependent manner. Inhibition of YAP/WWTR1 and BDNF signaling reduced scratch-induced migration. BDNF and CYR61 expression was elevated during STC and PBO. STC induces discrete genes associated with endogenous de novo cell regeneration downstream of YAP/WWTR1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Aitken
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Priyank Yadav
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Sidler
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division Chief, Paediatric and Neonatal Surgeon, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Thenuka Thanabalasingam
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Human Biology Programme, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tabina Ahmed
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Human Biology Programme, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Prateek Aggarwal
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Human Biology Programme, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shing Tai Yip
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nefateri Jeffrey
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jia-Xin Jiang
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aliza Siebenaller
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris Sotiropoulos
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Human Biology Programme, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan Huang
- Human Biology Programme, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Minh Quynh Le
- Human Biology Programme, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Delgado-Olguin
- Translational Medicine Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darius Bagli
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Guo Y, Sun Y, Ma M, Huang Y, Zhang S, Tian Q. Djsnon, a downstream gene of Djfoxk1, is required for the regeneration of the planarian central nervous system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 643:8-15. [PMID: 36584589 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.12.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Regulators of adult neurogenesis are crucial targets for neuronal repair. Freshwater planarians are ideal model systems for studying neuronal regeneration as they can regenerate their entire central nervous system (CNS) using pluripotent adult stem cells. Here, we identified Djfoxk1 in planarian Dugesia japonica to be required for planarian CNS regeneration. Knockdown of Djfoxk1 inhibits the regeneration of the cephalic ganglia, resulting in the failure of eye regeneration. By RNAi screening of Djfoxk1 downstream genes, we identified Djsnon as another regulator of planarian neuronal regeneration. Inhibition of Djsnon with RNA interference (RNAi) results in similar phenotypes caused by Djfoxk1 RNAi without affecting cell proliferation and wound healing. Our findings show that Djsnon as a downstream gene of Djfoxk1 regulates the regeneration of the planarian CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Guo
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yujia Sun
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Mengwen Ma
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yongding Huang
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shoutao Zhang
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Qingnan Tian
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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10
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Djck1α Is Required for Proper Regeneration and Maintenance of the Medial Tissues in Planarians. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030473. [PMID: 36766815 PMCID: PMC9913719 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CK1α (Casein kinase 1α) is a member of the casein kinase 1(CK1) family that is involved in diverse cellular processes, but its functions remain unclear in stem cell development. Freshwater planarians are capable of whole-body regeneration, making it a classic model for the study of regeneration, tissue homeostasis, and polarity in vivo. To investigate the roles of CK1α in regeneration and homeostasis progress, we characterize a homolog of CK1α from planarian Dugesia japonica. We find that Djck1α, which shows an enriched expression pattern in the nascent tissues, is widely expressed especially in the medial regions of planarians. Knockdown of CK1α by RNAi presents a thicker body due to dorsal hyperplasia, along with defects in the medial tissues including nerve proliferation, missing epidermis, intestine disturbance, and hyper-proliferation during the progression of regeneration and homeostasis. Moreover, we find that the ck1α RNAi animals exhibit expansion of the midline marker slit. The eye deficiency induced by slit RNAi can be rescued by ck1α and slit double RNAi. These results suggest that ck1α is required for the medial tissue regeneration and maintenance in planarian Dugesia japonica by regulating the expression of slit, which helps to further investigate the regulation of planarian mediolateral axis.
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11
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Liu X, Sun Y, Wang S, Zhang S, Tian Q. Actin restricts cell proliferation and promotes differentiation during planarian regeneration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 640:150-156. [PMID: 36508928 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Actin is an integral component of the cytoskeleton, which plays an important role in various fundamental cellular processes, such as affecting the polarity of embryonic cells during embryonic development in various model organisms. Meanwhile, previous studies have demonstrated that the polymerization of the actin cytoskeleton can affect cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Actin polymerization state regulated osteogenic differentiation and affected cell proliferation. However, the function of actin in regenerative biology has not been thoroughly elucidated. The planarian flatworm, which contains a large number of adult somatic stem cells (neoblasts), is an ideal model organism to study regenerative biology. Here, we identified a homolog of actin in planarian Dugesia japonica and found that RNAi targeting actin during planarian regeneration results in the formation of protrusions on the dorsal side, where the division of phospho-H3 mitotic cells is increased. In addition, a decrease in differentiation is observed in regenerating tissues after Djactin RNAi. These results indicate that Djactin functions in proliferation and differentiation control in planarian regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomai Liu
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yujia Sun
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shaocong Wang
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shoutao Zhang
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Qingnan Tian
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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12
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Wyss LS, Bray SR, Wang B. Cellular diversity and developmental hierarchy in the planarian nervous system. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2022; 76:101960. [PMID: 35878572 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2022.101960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Our ability to dissect cell type diversity, development, and plasticity in the nervous system has been transformed by the recent surge of massive sequencing studies at the single-cell level. A large body of this work has focused primarily on organisms with nervous systems established early in development. Using planarian flatworms in which neurons are constantly respecified, replenished, and regenerated, we analyze several existing single-cell transcriptomic datasets and observe features in neuron identity, differentiation, maturation, and function that may provide the planarian nervous system with high levels of adaptability required to respond to various cues including injury. This analysis allows us to place many prior observations made by functional characterizations in a general framework and provide additional hypothesis and predictions to test in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia S Wyss
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Samuel R Bray
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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13
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Abel C, Powers K, Gurung G, Pellettieri J. Defined diets for freshwater planarians. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:390-402. [PMID: 34258816 PMCID: PMC8758798 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Planarian flatworms are popular invertebrate models for basic research on stem cell biology and regeneration. These animals are commonly maintained on a diet of homogenized calf liver or boiled egg yolk in the laboratory, introducing a source of uncontrolled experimental variability. RESULTS Here, we report the development of defined diets, prepared entirely from standardized, commercially sourced ingredients, for the freshwater species Schmidtea mediterranea, Dugesia japonica, and Girardia dorotocephala. These food sources provide an opportunity to test the effects of specific nutritional variables on biological phenomena of interest. Defined diet consumption was not sufficient for growth and only partially induced the increase in stem cell division that normally accompanies feeding, suggesting these responses are not solely determined by caloric intake. Our defined diet formulations enable delivery of double-stranded RNA for gene knockdown in a manner that provides unique advantages in some experimental contexts. We also present a new approach for preserving tissue integrity during hydrogen peroxide bleaching of liver-fed animals. CONCLUSIONS These tools will empower research on the connections between diet, metabolism, and stem cell biology in the experimentally tractable planarian system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Abel
- Department of Biology, Keene State College, Keene, NH, USA
| | - Kaleigh Powers
- Department of Biology, Keene State College, Keene, NH, USA
| | - Gargi Gurung
- Department of Biology, Keene State College, Keene, NH, USA
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14
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Unni M, Reddy PC, Pal M, Sagi I, Galande S. Identification of Components of the Hippo Pathway in Hydra and Potential Role of YAP in Cell Division and Differentiation. Front Genet 2021; 12:676182. [PMID: 34691138 PMCID: PMC8526868 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.676182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway has been shown to be involved in regulating cellular identity, cell/tissue size maintenance and mechanotransduction. The Hippo pathway consists of a kinase cascade which determines the nucleo-cytoplasmic localization of YAP in the cell. YAP is the effector protein in the Hippo pathway, which acts as a transcriptional cofactor for TEAD. Phosphorylation of YAP upon activation of the Hippo pathway prevents it from entering the nucleus and abrogates its function in the transcription of the target genes. In Cnidaria, the information on the regulatory roles of the Hippo pathway is virtually lacking. Here, we report the existence of a complete set of Hippo pathway core components in Hydra for the first time. By studying their phylogeny and domain organization, we report evolutionary conservation of the components of the Hippo pathway. Protein modelling suggested the conservation of YAP-TEAD interaction in Hydra. Further, we characterized the expression pattern of the homologs of yap, hippo, mob and sav in Hydra using whole-mount RNA in situ hybridization and report their possible role in stem cell maintenance. Immunofluorescence assay revealed that Hvul_YAP expressing cells occur in clusters in the body column and are excluded in the terminally differentiated regions. Actively proliferating cells marked by Ki67 exhibit YAP colocalization in their nuclei. Strikingly, a subset of these colocalized cells is actively recruited to the newly developing bud. Disruption of the YAP-TEAD interaction increased the budding rate indicating a critical role of YAP in regulating cell proliferation in Hydra. Collectively, we posit that the Hippo pathway is an essential signaling system in Hydra; its components are ubiquitously expressed in the Hydra body column and play a crucial role in Hydra tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Unni
- Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Puli Chandramouli Reddy
- Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Mrinmoy Pal
- Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Irit Sagi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sanjeev Galande
- Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
- Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Delhi-NCR, India
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15
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Pryszlak M, Wiggans M, Chen X, Jaramillo JE, Burns SE, Richards LM, Pugh TJ, Kaplan DR, Huang X, Dirks PB, Pearson BJ. The DEAD-box helicase DDX56 is a conserved stemness regulator in normal and cancer stem cells. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108903. [PMID: 33789112 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the animal kingdom, adult tissue homeostasis is regulated by adult stem cell activity, which is commonly dysregulated in human cancers. However, identifying key regulators of stem cells in the milieu of thousands of genes dysregulated in a given cancer is challenging. Here, using a comparative genomics approach between planarian adult stem cells and patient-derived glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs), we identify and demonstrate the role of DEAD-box helicase DDX56 in regulating aspects of stemness in four stem cell systems: planarians, mouse neural stem cells, human GSCs, and a fly model of glioblastoma. In a human GSC line, DDX56 localizes to the nucleolus, and using planarians, when DDX56 is lost, stem cells dysregulate expression of ribosomal RNAs and lose nucleolar integrity prior to stem cell death. Together, a comparative genomic approach can be used to uncover conserved stemness regulators that are functional in both normal and cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pryszlak
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Mallory Wiggans
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Xin Chen
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Julia E Jaramillo
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sarah E Burns
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Laura M Richards
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Trevor J Pugh
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - David R Kaplan
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Xi Huang
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada; The Hospital for Sick Children, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Peter B Dirks
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada; The Hospital for Sick Children, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Bret J Pearson
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada.
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16
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Pascual-Carreras E, Marin-Barba M, Herrera-Úbeda C, Font-Martín D, Eckelt K, de Sousa N, García-Fernández J, Saló E, Adell T. Planarian cell number depends on blitzschnell, a novel gene family that balances cell proliferation and cell death. Development 2020; 147:dev.184044. [PMID: 32122990 DOI: 10.1242/dev.184044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Control of cell number is crucial to define body size during animal development and to restrict tumoral transformation. The cell number is determined by the balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Although many genes are known to regulate those processes, the molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between cell number and body size remain poorly understood. This relationship can be better understood by studying planarians, flatworms that continuously change their body size according to nutrient availability. We identified a novel gene family, blitzschnell (bls), that consists of de novo and taxonomically restricted genes that control cell proliferation:cell death ratio. Their silencing promotes faster regeneration and increases cell number during homeostasis. Importantly, this increase in cell number leads to an increase in body size only in a nutrient-rich environment; in starved planarians, silencing results in a decrease in cell size and cell accumulation that ultimately produces overgrowths. bls expression is downregulated after feeding and is related to activity of the insulin/Akt/mTOR network, suggesting that the bls family evolved in planarians as an additional mechanism for restricting cell number in nutrient-fluctuating environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eudald Pascual-Carreras
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics and Institute of Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Catalunya, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Marta Marin-Barba
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Carlos Herrera-Úbeda
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics and Institute of Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Catalunya, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Daniel Font-Martín
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics and Institute of Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Catalunya, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Kay Eckelt
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics and Institute of Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Catalunya, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Nidia de Sousa
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics and Institute of Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Catalunya, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Jordi García-Fernández
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics and Institute of Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Catalunya, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Emili Saló
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics and Institute of Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Catalunya, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Teresa Adell
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics and Institute of Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Catalunya, Spain .,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Catalunya, Spain
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17
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Schad EG, Petersen CP. STRIPAK Limits Stem Cell Differentiation of a WNT Signaling Center to Control Planarian Axis Scaling. Curr Biol 2020; 30:254-263.e2. [PMID: 31928872 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration involves regulating tissue proportionality across considerable size ranges through unknown mechanisms. In planarians, which scale reversibly over 40× through regeneration, we identify the Striatin-interacting phosphatase and kinase (STRIPAK) complex as a potent negative regulator of axis length. Inhibition of two proteins in the STRIPAK complex, mob4 and striatin, dramatically increased posterior length, through expansion of a posterior wnt1+ signaling center within midline muscle cells. wnt1 was required for tail expansion after mob4 inhibition and dynamically reestablishes proportionality after amputation in normal animals, indicating STRIPAK represses Wnt signaling for scaling. Regulation of wnt1 expansion was stem cell dependent, demonstrating that control of signaling-center production through stem cell differentiation underlies proportional growth in adult regenerative tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik G Schad
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Christian P Petersen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Robert Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston IL 60208, USA.
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18
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Smed-myb-1 Specifies Early Temporal Identity during Planarian Epidermal Differentiation. Cell Rep 2020; 25:38-46.e3. [PMID: 30282036 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The planarian epidermis provides an excellent model to explore adult stem cell (ASC) lineage development due to well-characterized and distinct spatiotemporal phases during lineage progression. Using flow cytometry-isolated cells enriched in epidermal progenitors, we performed transcriptional profiling and RNAi screening to uncover regulators of epidermal differentiation. We identified a MYB-type transcription factor (Smed-myb-1) required for the specification of the first temporal phase of post-mitotic maturation. Knockdown of myb-1 abolished the early progenitor phase of differentiation without ceasing production of subsequent epidermal progenitor states or homeostatic turnover and regeneration of the epidermis. Further examination revealed accelerated maturation of ASC descendants, with premature entry into subsequent progeny phases and, ultimately, the epidermis. These results demonstrate that a spatiotemporal shift in lineage progression occurs in the absence of the early progenitor state after myb-1 RNAi, and identify myb-1 as a critical regulator of the early temporal window in stepwise specification during planarian epidermal differentiation.
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19
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The Cellular and Molecular Basis for Planarian Regeneration. Cell 2019; 175:327-345. [PMID: 30290140 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration is one of the great mysteries of biology. Planarians are flatworms capable of dramatic feats of regeneration, which have been studied for over 2 centuries. Recent findings identify key cellular and molecular principles underlying these feats. A stem cell population (neoblasts) generates new cells and is comprised of pluripotent stem cells (cNeoblasts) and fate-specified cells (specialized neoblasts). Positional information is constitutively active and harbored primarily in muscle, where it acts to guide stem cell-mediated tissue turnover and regeneration. I describe here a model in which positional information and stem cells combine to enable regeneration.
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20
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Yujia S, Tingting G, Jiaxin L, Saisai Z, Zhitai H, Qingnan T, Shoutao Z. Cdc42 regulate the apoptotic cell death required for planarian epidermal regeneration and homeostasis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 112:107-113. [PMID: 31102665 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rho GTPases have been shown previously to play important roles in several cellular processes by regulating the organization of the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons. However, the mechanisms of Rho GTPases that integrate the cellular responses during regeneration have not been thoroughly elucidated. The planarian flatworm, which contains a large number of adult somatic stem cells (neoblasts), is a unique model to study stem cell lineage development in vivo. Here, we focus on cdc42, which is an extensively characterized member among Rho GTPases. We found that cdc42 is required for the maintenance of epidermal lineage. Cdc42 RNAi induced a sustained increased of cell death and led to a loss of the mature epidermal cells but without affected cell division. Our results indicate that cdc42 function as an inhibitor to block the excessive apoptotic cell death in planarian epidermal regeneration and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Yujia
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Gao Tingting
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Li Jiaxin
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhang Saisai
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hao Zhitai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University, School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Tian Qingnan
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Zhang Shoutao
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Bioactive Macromolecules, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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21
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Olson PD, Zarowiecki M, James K, Baillie A, Bartl G, Burchell P, Chellappoo A, Jarero F, Tan LY, Holroyd N, Berriman M. Genome-wide transcriptome profiling and spatial expression analyses identify signals and switches of development in tapeworms. EvoDevo 2018; 9:21. [PMID: 30455861 PMCID: PMC6225667 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-018-0110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tapeworms are agents of neglected tropical diseases responsible for significant health problems and economic loss. They also exhibit adaptations to a parasitic lifestyle that confound comparisons of their development with other animals. Identifying the genetic factors regulating their complex ontogeny is essential to understanding unique aspects of their biology and for advancing novel therapeutics. Here we use RNA sequencing to identify up-regulated signalling components, transcription factors and post-transcriptional/translational regulators (genes of interest, GOI) in the transcriptomes of Larvae and different regions of segmented worms in the tapeworm Hymenolepis microstoma and combine this with spatial gene expression analyses of a selection of genes. RESULTS RNA-seq reads collectively mapped to 90% of the > 12,000 gene models in the H. microstoma v.2 genome assembly, demonstrating that the transcriptome profiles captured a high percentage of predicted genes. Contrasts made between the transcriptomes of Larvae and whole, adult worms, and between the Scolex-Neck, mature strobila and gravid strobila, resulted in 4.5-30% of the genes determined to be differentially expressed. Among these, we identified 190 unique GOI up-regulated in one or more contrasts, including a large range of zinc finger, homeobox and other transcription factors, components of Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog and TGF-β/BMP signalling, and post-transcriptional regulators (e.g. Boule, Pumilio). Heatmap clusterings based on overall expression and on select groups of genes representing 'signals' and 'switches' showed that expression in the Scolex-Neck region is more similar to that of Larvae than to the mature or gravid regions of the adult worm, which was further reflected in large overlap of up-regulated GOI. CONCLUSIONS Spatial expression analyses in Larvae and adult worms corroborated inferences made from quantitative RNA-seq data and in most cases indicated consistency with canonical roles of the genes in other animals, including free-living flatworms. Recapitulation of developmental factors up-regulated during larval metamorphosis suggests that strobilar growth involves many of the same underlying gene regulatory networks despite the significant disparity in developmental outcomes. The majority of genes identified were investigated in tapeworms for the first time, setting the stage for advancing our understanding of developmental genetics in an important group of flatworm parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D. Olson
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Magdalena Zarowiecki
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
- Parasite Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Katherine James
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Andrew Baillie
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Georgie Bartl
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Phil Burchell
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Azita Chellappoo
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Francesca Jarero
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Li Ying Tan
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Nancy Holroyd
- Parasite Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Matt Berriman
- Parasite Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
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22
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Swapna LS, Molinaro AM, Lindsay-Mosher N, Pearson BJ, Parkinson J. Comparative transcriptomic analyses and single-cell RNA sequencing of the freshwater planarian Schmidtea mediterranea identify major cell types and pathway conservation. Genome Biol 2018; 19:124. [PMID: 30143032 PMCID: PMC6109357 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-018-1498-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Lophotrochozoa/Spiralia superphylum, few organisms have as high a capacity for rapid testing of gene function and single-cell transcriptomics as the freshwater planaria. The species Schmidtea mediterranea in particular has become a powerful model to use in studying adult stem cell biology and mechanisms of regeneration. Despite this, systematic attempts to define gene complements and their annotations are lacking, restricting comparative analyses that detail the conservation of biochemical pathways and identify lineage-specific innovations. RESULTS In this study we compare several transcriptomes and define a robust set of 35,232 transcripts. From this, we perform systematic functional annotations and undertake a genome-scale metabolic reconstruction for S. mediterranea. Cross-species comparisons of gene content identify conserved, lineage-specific, and expanded gene families, which may contribute to the regenerative properties of planarians. In particular, we find that the TRAF gene family has been greatly expanded in planarians. We further provide a single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of 2000 cells, revealing both known and novel cell types defined by unique signatures of gene expression. Among these are a novel mesenchymal cell population as well as a cell type involved in eye regeneration. Integration of our metabolic reconstruction further reveals the extent to which given cell types have adapted energy and nucleotide biosynthetic pathways to support their specialized roles. CONCLUSIONS In general, S. mediterranea displays a high level of gene and pathway conservation compared with other model systems, rendering it a viable model to study the roles of these pathways in stem cell biology and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alyssa M Molinaro
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole Lindsay-Mosher
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bret J Pearson
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - John Parkinson
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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23
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Birkholz TR, Van Huizen AV, Beane WS. Staying in shape: Planarians as a model for understanding regenerative morphology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 87:105-115. [PMID: 29738883 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A key requirement of tissue/organ regeneration is the ability to induce appropriate shape in situ. Regenerated structures need to be integrated with pre-existing ones, through the combined regulation of new tissue growth and the scaling of surrounding tissues. This requires a tightly coordinated control of individual cell functions such as proliferation and stem cell differentiation. While great strides have been made in elucidating cell growth and differentiation mechanisms, how overall shape is generated during regeneration remains unknown. This is because a significant gap remains in our understanding of how cell behaviors are coordinated at the level of tissues and organs. The highly regenerative planarian flatworm has emerged as an important model for defining and understanding regenerative shape mechanisms. This review provides an overview of the main processes known to regulate tissue and animal shape during planarian regeneration: adult stem cell regulation, the reestablishment of body axes, tissue remodeling in pre-existing structures, organ scaling and the maintenance of body proportion, and the bioelectrical regulation of animal morphology. In order for the field to move forward, it will be necessary to identify shape mutants as a means to uncover the molecular mechanisms that synchronize all these separate processes to produce the worm's final regenerative shape. This knowledge will also aid efforts to define the mechanisms that control the termination of regenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor R Birkholz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Alanna V Van Huizen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Wendy S Beane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA.
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24
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Sandoval-Guzmán T, Currie JD. The journey of cells through regeneration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 55:36-41. [PMID: 30031323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The process of building an organ, appendage, or organism requires the precise coordination of cells in space and time. Regeneration of those same tissues adds an additional element of complexity, emerging from the chaos of disease or injury to build a mass of progenitors from mature tissue. Translating insights from natural examples of tissue regeneration into engineered regenerative therapies requires a deep understanding of the journey of a cell directly following injury to its contribution to functional, scaled replacement tissue. Here we step through the chronological phases of regeneration and highlight emerging work that brings us closer to elucidating the unique intrinsic and extrinsic properties of cells during epimorphic regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Sandoval-Guzmán
- DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Joshua D Currie
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada.
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25
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Ricci L, Srivastava M. Wound-induced cell proliferation during animal regeneration. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2018; 7:e321. [PMID: 29719123 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many animal species are capable of replacing missing tissues that are lost upon injury or amputation through the process of regeneration. Although the extent of regeneration is variable across animals, that is, some animals can regenerate any missing cell type whereas some can only regenerate certain organs or tissues, regulated cell proliferation underlies the formation of new tissues in most systems. Notably, many species display an increase in proliferation within hours or days upon wounding. While different cell types proliferate in response to wounding in various animal taxa, comparative molecular data are beginning to point to shared wound-induced mechanisms that regulate cell division during regeneration. Here, we synthesize current insights about early molecular pathways of regeneration from diverse model and emerging systems by considering these species in their evolutionary contexts. Despite the great diversity of mechanisms underlying injury-induced cell proliferation across animals, and sometimes even in the same species, similar pathways for proliferation have been implicated in distantly related species (e.g., small diffusible molecules, signaling from apoptotic cells, growth factor signaling, mTOR and Hippo signaling, and Wnt and Bmp pathways). Studies that explicitly interrogate molecular and cellular regenerative mechanisms in understudied animal phyla will reveal the extent to which early pathways in the process of regeneration are conserved or independently evolved. This article is categorized under: Comparative Development and Evolution > Body Plan Evolution Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Regeneration Comparative Development and Evolution > Model Systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Ricci
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Mansi Srivastava
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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26
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Pellettieri J. Regenerative tissue remodeling in planarians - The mysteries of morphallaxis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 87:13-21. [PMID: 29631028 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Biologists have long marveled at the ability of planarian flatworms to regenerate any parts of their bodies in just a little over a week. While great progress has been made in deciphering the mechanisms by which new tissue is formed at sites of amputation, we know relatively little about the complementary remodeling response that occurs in uninjured tissues to restore anatomical scale and proportion. This review explores the mysterious biology of this process, first described in hydra by the father of experimental zoology, Abraham Trembley, and later termed 'morphallaxis' by the father of experimental genetics, Thomas Hunt Morgan. The perceptive work of these early pioneers, together with recent studies using modern tools, has revealed some of the key features of regenerative tissue remodeling, including repatterning of the body axes, reproportioning of organs like the brain and gut, and a major increase in the rate of cell death. Yet a mechanistic solution to this longstanding problem in the field will require further study by the next generation of planarian researchers.
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27
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Fu V, Plouffe SW, Guan KL. The Hippo pathway in organ development, homeostasis, and regeneration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 49:99-107. [PMID: 29316535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is a universal governor of organ size, tissue homeostasis, and regeneration. A growing body of work has advanced our understanding of Hippo pathway regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and spatial patterning not only in organ development but also upon injury-induced regeneration. The pathway's central role in stem cell biology thus implicates its potential for therapeutic manipulation in mammalian organ regeneration. In this review, we survey recent literature linking the Hippo pathway to the development, homeostasis, and regeneration of various organs, including Hippo-independent roles for YAP, defined here as YAP functions that are not regulated by the Hippo pathway kinases LATS1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Steven W Plouffe
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States.
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28
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de Sousa N, Rodríguez-Esteban G, Rojo-Laguna JI, Saló E, Adell T. Hippo signaling controls cell cycle and restricts cell plasticity in planarians. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2002399. [PMID: 29357350 PMCID: PMC5794332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2002399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway plays a key role in regulating cell turnover in adult tissues, and abnormalities in this pathway are consistently associated with human cancers. Hippo was initially implicated in the control of cell proliferation and death, and its inhibition is linked to the expansion of stem cells and progenitors, leading to larger organ size and tumor formation. To understand the mechanism by which Hippo directs cell renewal and promotes stemness, we studied its function in planarians. These stem cell-based organisms are ideal models for the analysis of the complex cellular events underlying tissue renewal in the whole organism. hippo RNA interference (RNAi) in planarians decreased apoptotic cell death, induced cell cycle arrest, and could promote the dedifferentiation of postmitotic cells. hippo RNAi resulted in extensive undifferentiated areas and overgrowths, with no effect on body size or cell number. We propose an essential role for hippo in controlling cell cycle, restricting cell plasticity, and thereby preventing tumoral transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nídia de Sousa
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics and Institute of Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Gustavo Rodríguez-Esteban
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Jose Ignacio Rojo-Laguna
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics and Institute of Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Emili Saló
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics and Institute of Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Teresa Adell
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics and Institute of Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
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29
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Bansal D, Kulkarni J, Nadahalli K, Lakshmanan V, Krishna S, Sasidharan V, Geo J, Dilipkumar S, Pasricha R, Gulyani A, Raghavan S, Palakodeti D. Cytoplasmic poly (A)-binding protein critically regulates epidermal maintenance and turnover in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Development 2017; 144:3066-3079. [PMID: 28807897 PMCID: PMC5611960 DOI: 10.1242/dev.152942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Identifying key cellular events that facilitate stem cell function and tissue organization is crucial for understanding the process of regeneration. Planarians are powerful model system to study regeneration and stem cell (neoblast) function. Here, using planaria, we show that the initial events of regeneration, such as epithelialization and epidermal organization are critically regulated by a novel cytoplasmic poly A-binding protein, SMED-PABPC2. Knockdown of smed-pabpc2 leads to defects in epidermal lineage specification, disorganization of epidermis and ECM, and deregulated wound healing, resulting in the selective failure of neoblast proliferation near the wound region. Polysome profiling suggests that epidermal lineage transcripts, including zfp-1, are translationally regulated by SMED-PABPC2. Together, our results uncover a novel role for SMED-PABPC2 in the maintenance of epidermal and ECM integrity, critical for wound healing and subsequent processes for regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiru Bansal
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
- Manipal University, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Jahnavi Kulkarni
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Kavana Nadahalli
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
- Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Vairavan Lakshmanan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
- Sastra University, Thanjavur 613402 India
| | - Srikar Krishna
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
- Sastra University, Thanjavur 613402 India
| | - Vidyanand Sasidharan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
- Manipal University, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Jini Geo
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Shilpa Dilipkumar
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Renu Pasricha
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Akash Gulyani
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Srikala Raghavan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
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