1
|
Poliakova N, Shrier LA, Harris SK, Bélanger RE. Predicting Time to Return to Cannabis Use After a Cessation Attempt: Impact of Cumulated Exposure to Nicotine-Containing Products. Tob Use Insights 2024; 17:1179173X241259603. [PMID: 38846268 PMCID: PMC11155328 DOI: 10.1177/1179173x241259603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: Cannabis is frequently co-used with tobacco/nicotine products, especially among young adults. Little is known about the effects of this co-use on cannabis cessation outcomes. Within a sample of young adults using cannabis frequently (current use of ≥5 days/week in the past 3 months), this study aimed to (a) document sources of exposure to tobacco/nicotine products, whether used simultaneously with cannabis or on different occasions, (b) examine if the level of cumulated exposure to tobacco/nicotine (self-reported or from biochemical testing) could predict time to cannabis lapse during a cannabis abstinence period, and (c) explore the relationship between nicotine/tobacco exposure and time to cannabis lapse according to tobacco cigarette smoking status. Method: Urine cotinine measures and self-reported data on use of different tobacco/nicotine products, collected from 32 participants (aged 19 to 23), were analyzed to predict time to lapse during a 2-week period of attempted abstinence from cannabis, controlling for cannabis dependence and sex. Results: Half of participants (56.3%) used at least one tobacco/nicotine product. Higher urine cotinine, representing higher cumulated tobacco/nicotine exposure, was related to a higher risk of lapsing (Hazard Ratio [HR] = 1.64; 95%CI [1.04, 2.58]). The risk of lapsing was even higher ([HR] = 3.46; 95%CI [1.17, 10.25]) among heavily tobacco/nicotine exposed (>600 ng/mL, urine cotinine) participants than among unexposed (<50 ng/mL) or lightly/moderately exposed (50-600 ng/mL) participants. Among those smoking cigarettes (solely or in combination with other products), there was no relation between cotinine level and time to lapse, likely due to a reduced variability in abstinence probability and a high likelihood of lapse observed for higher cotinine levels, mainly achieved by cigarette use. Conclusions: With a rapidly changing landscape of tobacco/nicotine use, our results underscore the need to consider all sources of tobacco/nicotine exposure to fully understand the specific and cumulative contributions of tobacco/nicotine to cannabis cessation outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Poliakova
- Research Centre of CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Lydia A. Shrier
- Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sion Kim Harris
- Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard E. Bélanger
- Research Centre of CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Acharya P, Mishra A, Kuikel S, Mishra A, Rauniyar R, Khanal K, Nepal AS, Thapaliya S. Severe and rapidly changing hypophosphatemia in cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a case report. Oxf Med Case Reports 2024; 2024:omae055. [PMID: 38860017 PMCID: PMC11162588 DOI: 10.1093/omcr/omae055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of cannabis worldwide requires awareness of a potential, less recognized, paradoxical entity, the cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS). This includes cyclic episodes of nausea, vomiting, and compulsive hot water bathing for alleviation in individuals with chronic cannabis use. An 18-year-old male with daily and prolonged cannabis use has excessive nausea and vomiting, is diagnosed with CHS, and is further complicated by severe and rapidly fluctuating hypophosphatemia. He was successfully managed with intravenous (IV) antiemetic (metoclopramide) and IV normal saline in the emergency department. Hypophosphatemia was treated with IV phosphorous. Although hypophosphatemia in CHS is a rare encounter, the authors share their experience to promote broader recognition and insight into successful management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Acharya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aakash Mishra
- Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Bagmati Province, Nepal
| | - Sandip Kuikel
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Bagmati Province, Nepal
| | - Aman Mishra
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Bagmati Province, Nepal
| | - Robin Rauniyar
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Bagmati Province, Nepal
| | - Kunjan Khanal
- Green City Hospital Private Limited, Kathmandu, Bagmati Province, Nepal
| | - Amit Sharma Nepal
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Bagmati Province, Nepal
| | - Sahil Thapaliya
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Bagmati Province, Nepal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Connor JP, Manthey J, Hall W, Stjepanović D. Effectiveness of cannabis use and cannabis use disorder interventions: a European and international data synthesis. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024:10.1007/s00406-024-01829-5. [PMID: 38780801 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-024-01829-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This data synthesis examined the effectiveness of behavioural and pharmacological approaches for cannabis treatment. We integrated findings from high level evidence studies and prioritised data from Europe when available. The synthesis found that only a relatively small number of published behavioural and pharmacological studies on cannabis interventions have been conducted in Europe. Applying both European and non-European data, it was found that Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and/or Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) improved short-term outcomes in the frequency of cannabis use and dependency severity, although abstinence outcomes were less consistent. These improvements were typically not maintained nine months after treatment. CBT and MET (or combined CBT + MET) treatments that extend beyond four sessions were more effective than fewer sessions over a shorter duration. Combining CBT or MET (or combined CBT + MET) with adjunctive Contingency Management (CM) improved therapeutic outcomes. No pharmacotherapies have been approved for the management of cannabis use, cannabis use disorders or cannabis withdrawal. Despite only weak evidence to support the use of pharmacological agents, some are used 'off-label' to manage withdrawal symptoms outside clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Connor
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Jakob Manthey
- Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstraße 10, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wayne Hall
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Daniel Stjepanović
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Willoughby JF, Hust SJT, Li J, Couto L. Exposure to Pro and Anti-Cannabis Social Media Messages and Teens' and College Students' Intentions to Use Cannabis. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2024; 39:183-194. [PMID: 36628502 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2022.2162707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Content analyses have documented that posts about cannabis are increasingly common on social media. The relationship between the cannabis-related content to which teens and college students are exposed on social media and how such content may be associated with intentions to use and use of cannabis is less known, however. We conducted an online survey with teens (N = 350) who lived in Washington state using online survey panel participants in June 2018 and with college students (N = 966) in a Washington state-wide university system in February and March 2019. Participants in both samples reported seeing both pro-cannabis and anti-cannabis messages on social media platforms. Exposure to pro-cannabis messages on social media was associated with an increased intention to use cannabis. Exposure to anti-cannabis messages on social media was indirectly associated with decreased intentions to use cannabis through negative outcome beliefs of cannabis use and, among college students, through perceived norms. Among college students specifically, exposure to pro-cannabis messages on social media was also associated with more frequent cannabis use. Health communicators could focus anti-cannabis messaging on negative outcome beliefs among teens and college students as well as norms among college students to potentially influence constructs associated with intentions and use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stacey J T Hust
- The Edward R. Murrow College of Communication, Washington State University
| | - Jiayu Li
- The Edward R. Murrow College of Communication, Washington State University
| | - Leticia Couto
- The Edward R. Murrow College of Communication, Washington State University
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dubois C, Fernandes H, Lin M, Martins KJB, Dyck JRB, Klarenbach SW, Richer L, Jess E, Hanlon JG, Hyshka E, Eurich DT. Benzodiazepine use in medical cannabis authorization adult patients from 2013 to 2021: Alberta, Canada. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:859. [PMID: 38504198 PMCID: PMC10953249 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18356-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benzodiazepines are a class of medications that are being frequently prescribed in Canada but carry significant risk of harm. There has been increasing clinical interest on the potential "sparing effects" of medical cannabis as one strategy to reduce benzodiazepine use. The objective of this study as to examine the association of medical cannabis authorization with benzodiazepine usage between 2013 and 2021 in Alberta, Canada. METHODS A propensity score matched cohort study with patients on regular benzodiazepine treatment authorized to use medical cannabis compared to controls who do not have authorization for medical cannabis. A total of 9690 medically authorized cannabis patients were matched to controls. To assess the effect of medical cannabis use on daily average diazepam equivalence (DDE), interrupted time series (ITS) analysis was used to assess the change in the trend of DDE in the 12 months before and 12 months after the authorization of medical cannabis. RESULTS Over the follow-up period after medical cannabis authorization, there was no overall change in the DDE use in authorized medical cannabis patients compared to matched controls (- 0.08 DDE, 95% CI: - 0.41 to 0.24). Likewise, the sensitivity analysis showed that, among patients consuming ≤5 mg baseline DDE, there was no change immediately after medical cannabis authorization compared to controls (level change, - 0.04 DDE, 95% CI: - 0.12 to 0.03) per patient as well as in the month-to-month trend change (0.002 DDE, 95% CI: - 0.009 to 0.12) per patient was noted. CONCLUSIONS This short-term study found that medical cannabis authorization had minimal effects on benzodiazepine use. Our findings may contribute ongoing evidence for clinicians regarding the potential impact of medical cannabis to reduce benzodiazepine use. HIGHLIGHTS • Medical cannabis authorization had little to no effect on benzodiazepine usage among patients prescribed regular benzodiazepine treatment in Alberta, Canada. • Further clinical research is needed to investigate the potential impact of medical cannabis as an alternative to benzodiazepine medication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cerina Dubois
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 3-300 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy 11405 - 87 Ave Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9 2E, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Heidi Fernandes
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 3-300 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy 11405 - 87 Ave Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9 2E, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mu Lin
- SPOR (Strategy for Patient Oriented Research) Data Platform, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Karen J B Martins
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jason R B Dyck
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Scott W Klarenbach
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lawrence Richer
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ed Jess
- College of Physicians & Surgeons of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John G Hanlon
- St. Michael's Hospital Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elaine Hyshka
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 3-300 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy 11405 - 87 Ave Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9 2E, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Dean T Eurich
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 3-300 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy 11405 - 87 Ave Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9 2E, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Irandoust K, Daroudi R, Tajvar M, Yaseri M. Assessing health determinants worldwide: Econometric analysis of the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2000-18 - Highlighting impactful factors on DALY, YLL, and YLD indicators. J Glob Health 2024; 14:04051. [PMID: 38483443 PMCID: PMC10939113 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.14.04051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background As the health status of a population is influenced by a variety of health determinants, we sought to assess their impact on health outcomes, both at the global and regional levels. Methods This ecological study encompassed all 194 member countries of the World Health Organization (WHO) from 2000 to 2018. We first identified all health determinants and then retrieved the related data from various global databases. We additionally considered three indicators - disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years of life lost (YLL), and years lived with disability (YLD) - in evaluating health outcomes; we extracted their data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study. We then applied econometric analyses using a multilevel mixed-effects linear regression model. Results The analysis using the DALY indicator showed that the variables of sexually transmitted infections, injuries prevalence, and urbanisation had the highest effect size or regression coefficients (β) for health outcomes. The variables of sexually transmitted infection (β = 0.75, P < 0.001) in the African region; drinking water (β = -0.60, P < 0.001), alcohol use (β = 0.20, P < 0.001), and drug use (β = 0.05, P = 0.036) in the Americas region; urbanisation (β = -0.34, P < 0.001) in the Eastern Mediterranean region; current health expenditure (β = -0.21, P < 0.001) in the Europe region; injuries (β = 0.65, P < 0.001), air pollution (β = 0.29, P < 0.001), and obesity (β = 0.92, P < 0.001) in the South-East Asia region; and gross domestic product (β = -0.25, P < 0.001), education (β = -0.90, P < 0.001), and smoking (β = 0.28, P < 0.001) in the Western Pacific region had the most significant role in explaining global health outcomes. Except for the drug use variable in regional findings, the role of other variables in explaining the YLL indicator was greater than that of the YLD indicator. Conclusions To address global health disparities and optimise resource allocation, global and interregional policymakers should focus on determinants that had the highest β with health outcomes in each region compared to other regions. These determinants likely have a higher marginal health product, and investing in them is likely to be more cost-effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Irandoust
- Department of Health Management, Policy, and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Health Economics, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rajabali Daroudi
- Department of Health Management, Policy, and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Tajvar
- Department of Health Management, Policy, and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yaseri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ghandour L, Slim A, Abbas N, El-Khoury J. Patterns of cannabis use, perception of harm, and perceived impact of legislative change in an online sample of young adults from Lebanon: insight on recreational users versus dual motive users. Harm Reduct J 2024; 21:41. [PMID: 38360652 PMCID: PMC10868015 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-024-00958-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lebanon remains as one of the major sources of cannabis worldwide. In 2020, its government passed a legislation enabling the cultivation of local medicinal cannabis. This first study following the legislative change examines the overlapping use of cannabis for recreational/medicinal purposes and characteristics of the distinct cannabis user types. METHODS A total of 1230 young adults (18-24 years) filled an anonymous online survey in early 2020. RESULTS Young adults in the sample were distributed as follows: 33% 18-20 years; 60% males; 94% Lebanese; 75% students; and 89% living with family. The older young adults (21-24), males, those employed, living with non-family members, and who perceived themselves as being a little/lot richer than most were statistically significantly more present in the cannabis user subtypes (recreational only or recreational/medicinal) than non-cannabis users. When dual recreational/medicinal users are compared to recreational users only, the latter seemed to have a more conservative profile of behaviours, attitudes, and perceptions and acts of harm. The prevalence ratio comparing the prevalence of users supporting consuming cannabis "once or twice" in dual motive users vs. recreational users only was 1.13 for "once or twice", 1.25 for "occasionally", 1.64 for "regularly", and 2.4 for "daily". Any other illicit drug use was reported by 1% of the non-cannabis users, 36% of the recreational users only, and 58% of the recreational/medicinal users (p-value < 0.01). Similarly, any prescription drug use was reported by 3% of the non-cannabis users, 16% of the recreational users only, and 28% of both recreational/medicinal users (p-value < 0.01). CONCLUSION The interface between recreational and medicinal cannabis use is complex. Dual motive users may warrant special attention as a subpopulation of cannabis users. This is relevant to contexts experiencing medicinal cannabis legislation changes, such as Lebanon, as policymakers and implementers should be sensitized to the emerging evidence for more data-informed policy changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Ghandour
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Andre Slim
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nada Abbas
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Joseph El-Khoury
- Department of Psychiatry, The Valens Clinic, Business Bay, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Libuy N, Guajardo V, Ibáñez C, Araneda AM, Contreras L, Donoso P, Gaete J, Mundt AP. Parental practices and their association with alcohol and cannabis use among adolescents in Chile. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1209584. [PMID: 37767214 PMCID: PMC10520567 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1209584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adolescent alcohol and cannabis use are common in Chile. The present study aimed to assess the relationship between perceived parenting practices and alcohol and cannabis use among adolescents in a Latin American context. Methods We adapted and implemented a substance use prevention strategy in Chile, which included surveys of tenth-grade students from six municipalities in the Metropolitan Region of Greater Santiago. We assessed the reliability and factorial structure of the parenting scale with 16 items, which formed part of the survey. We dichotomized parenting scores into high (above the median) and low. The association of parenting practices with alcohol and cannabis use in adolescents was assessed using multivariate multilevel regression models. Results A total of 7,538 tenth-grade students from 118 schools were included in the study. The 16-item scale of parenting practices showed good internal consistency (Omega total = 0.84), and three factors representing Relationship between parents and adolescents, Norms and monitoring, and Parents knowing their children's friends and the parents of their children's friends. High total scores of parenting were associated with lower odds of lifetime alcohol use (OR 0.57; 95% CI: 0.49-0.65), past-month alcohol use (OR 0.63; 95% CI: 0.57-0.70), lifetime drunkenness (OR 0.64; 95% CI: 0.58-0.72), and lifetime cannabis use (OR 0.54; 95% CI: 0.47-0.61). Above median scores on each parenting subscale were associated with significantly lower odds of substance use. The strongest associations were observed for the subscale Norms and monitoring. Interactions between parenting and gender showed a significantly stronger effect of parenting practices on alcohol and cannabis use among girls. Conclusion Different types of parenting practices were associated with a lower prevalence of adolescent alcohol and cannabis use. Improving parenting practices has the potential to prevent adolescent substance use in Chile, especially among girls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Libuy
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Medical Faculty, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Doctorado en Psicoterapia, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile y Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- ANID, Millennium Science Initiative Program, Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths, Imhay, Santiago, Chile
| | - Viviana Guajardo
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Medical Faculty, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Ibáñez
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Medical Faculty, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana María Araneda
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Medical Faculty, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Contreras
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Medical Faculty, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Donoso
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Medical Faculty, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Gaete
- ANID, Millennium Science Initiative Program, Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths, Imhay, Santiago, Chile
- Research Center for School Mental Health, Faculty of Education (ISME), Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adrian P. Mundt
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Medical Faculty, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Medical Faculty, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lawn W, Trinci K, Mokrysz C, Borissova A, Ofori S, Petrilli K, Bloomfield M, Haniff ZR, Hall D, Fernandez‐Vinson N, Wang S, Englund A, Chesney E, Wall MB, Freeman TP, Curran HV. The acute effects of cannabis with and without cannabidiol in adults and adolescents: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover experiment. Addiction 2023; 118:1282-1294. [PMID: 36750134 PMCID: PMC10481756 DOI: 10.1111/add.16154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Long-term harms of cannabis may be exacerbated in adolescence, but little is known about the acute effects of cannabis in adolescents. We aimed to (i) compare the acute effects of cannabis in adolescent and adult cannabis users and (ii) determine if cannabidiol (CBD) acutely modulates the effects of delta-9-tetrahydocannabinol (THC). DESIGN Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover experiment. The experiment was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04851392). SETTING Laboratory in London, United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-four adolescents (12 women, 16- to 17-year-olds) and 24 adults (12 women, 26- to 29-year-olds) who used cannabis 0.5-3 days/week and were matched on cannabis use frequency (mean = 1.5 days/week). INTERVENTION We administered three weight-adjusted vaporised cannabis flower preparations: 'THC' (8 mg THC for 75 kg person); 'THC + CBD' (8 mg THC and 24 mg CBD for 75 kg person); and 'PLA' (matched placebo). MEASUREMENTS Primary outcomes were (i) subjective 'feel drug effect'; (ii) verbal episodic memory (delayed prose recall); and (iii) psychotomimetic effect (Psychotomimetic States Inventory). FINDINGS Compared with 'PLA', 'THC' and 'THC + CBD' significantly (P < 0.001) increased 'feel drug effect' (mean difference [MD] = 6.3, 95% CI = 5.3-7.2; MD = 6.8, 95% CI = 6.0-7.7), impaired verbal episodic memory (MD = -2.7, 95% CI = -4.1 to -1.4; MD = -2.9, 95% CI = -4.1 to -1.7) and increased psychotomimetic effects (MD = 7.8, 95% CI = 2.8-12.7; MD = 10.8, 95% CI = 6.2-15.4). There was no evidence that adolescents differed from adults in their responses to cannabis (interaction P ≥ 0.4). Bayesian analyses supported equivalent effects of cannabis in adolescents and adults (Bayes factor [BF01 ] >3). There was no evidence that CBD significantly modulated the acute effects of THC. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent cannabis users are neither more resilient nor more vulnerable than adult cannabis users to the acute psychotomimetic, verbal memory-impairing or subjective effects of cannabis. Furthermore, in adolescents and adults, vaporised cannabidiol does not mitigate the acute harms caused by delta-9-tetrahydocannabinol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Will Lawn
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Addictions, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Clinical Educational and Health PsychologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Katie Trinci
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Clinical Educational and Health PsychologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Claire Mokrysz
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Clinical Educational and Health PsychologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Anna Borissova
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research CentreUniversity College HospitalLondonUK
| | - Shelan Ofori
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Clinical Educational and Health PsychologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Kat Petrilli
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of PsychologyUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Michael Bloomfield
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Clinical Educational and Health PsychologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research CentreUniversity College HospitalLondonUK
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of PsychiatryUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Zarah R. Haniff
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Clinical Educational and Health PsychologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Daniel Hall
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Clinical Educational and Health PsychologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Natalia Fernandez‐Vinson
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Clinical Educational and Health PsychologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Simiao Wang
- Department of Addictions, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Clinical Educational and Health PsychologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Amir Englund
- Department of Addictions, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Edward Chesney
- Department of Addictions, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Matthew B. Wall
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Clinical Educational and Health PsychologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Invicro LondonBurlington Danes Building, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane RoadLondonUK
| | - Tom P. Freeman
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Clinical Educational and Health PsychologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of PsychologyUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - H. Valerie Curran
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Clinical Educational and Health PsychologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Greene MC, Kane J, Alto M, Giusto A, Lovero K, Stockton M, McClendon J, Nicholson T, Wainberg ML, Johnson RM, Tol WA. Psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions to reduce harmful alcohol use in low- and middle-income countries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 5:CD013350. [PMID: 37158538 PMCID: PMC10167787 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013350.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Harmful alcohol use is defined as unhealthy alcohol use that results in adverse physical, psychological, social, or societal consequences and is among the leading risk factors for disease, disability and premature mortality globally. The burden of harmful alcohol use is increasing in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and there remains a large unmet need for indicated prevention and treatment interventions to reduce harmful alcohol use in these settings. Evidence regarding which interventions are effective and feasible for addressing harmful and other patterns of unhealthy alcohol use in LMICs is limited, which contributes to this gap in services. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and safety of psychosocial and pharmacologic treatment and indicated prevention interventions compared with control conditions (wait list, placebo, no treatment, standard care, or active control condition) aimed at reducing harmful alcohol use in LMICs. SEARCH METHODS We searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) indexed in the Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group (CDAG) Specialized Register, the Cochrane Clinical Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and the Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS) through 12 December 2021. We searched clinicaltrials.gov, the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, Web of Science, and Opengrey database to identify unpublished or ongoing studies. We searched the reference lists of included studies and relevant review articles for eligible studies. SELECTION CRITERIA All RCTs comparing an indicated prevention or treatment intervention (pharmacologic or psychosocial) versus a control condition for people with harmful alcohol use in LMICs were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. MAIN RESULTS We included 66 RCTs with 17,626 participants. Sixty-two of these trials contributed to the meta-analysis. Sixty-three studies were conducted in middle-income countries (MICs), and the remaining three studies were conducted in low-income countries (LICs). Twenty-five trials exclusively enrolled participants with alcohol use disorder. The remaining 51 trials enrolled participants with harmful alcohol use, some of which included both cases of alcohol use disorder and people reporting hazardous alcohol use patterns that did not meet criteria for disorder. Fifty-two RCTs assessed the efficacy of psychosocial interventions; 27 were brief interventions primarily based on motivational interviewing and were compared to brief advice, information, or assessment only. We are uncertain whether a reduction in harmful alcohol use is attributable to brief interventions given the high levels of heterogeneity among included studies (Studies reporting continuous outcomes: Tau² = 0.15, Q =139.64, df =16, P<.001, I² = 89%, 3913 participants, 17 trials, very low certainty; Studies reporting dichotomous outcomes: Tau²=0.18, Q=58.26, df=3, P<.001, I² =95%, 1349 participants, 4 trials, very low certainty). The other types of psychosocial interventions included a range of therapeutic approaches such as behavioral risk reduction, cognitive-behavioral therapy, contingency management, rational emotive therapy, and relapse prevention. These interventions were most commonly compared to usual care involving varying combinations of psychoeducation, counseling, and pharmacotherapy. We are uncertain whether a reduction in harmful alcohol use is attributable to psychosocial treatments due to high levels of heterogeneity among included studies (Heterogeneity: Tau² = 1.15; Q = 444.32, df = 11, P<.001; I²=98%, 2106 participants, 12 trials, very low certainty). Eight trials compared combined pharmacologic and psychosocial interventions with placebo, psychosocial intervention alone, or another pharmacologic treatment. The active pharmacologic study conditions included disulfiram, naltrexone, ondansetron, or topiramate. The psychosocial components of these interventions included counseling, encouragement to attend Alcoholics Anonymous, motivational interviewing, brief cognitive-behavioral therapy, or other psychotherapy (not specified). Analysis of studies comparing a combined pharmacologic and psychosocial intervention to psychosocial intervention alone found that the combined approach may be associated with a greater reduction in harmful alcohol use (standardized mean difference (standardized mean difference (SMD))=-0.43, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.61 to -0.24; 475 participants; 4 trials; low certainty). Four trials compared pharmacologic intervention alone with placebo and three with another pharmacotherapy. Drugs assessed were: acamprosate, amitriptyline, baclofen disulfiram, gabapentin, mirtazapine, and naltrexone. None of these trials evaluated the primary clinical outcome of interest, harmful alcohol use. Thirty-one trials reported rates of retention in the intervention. Meta-analyses revealed that rates of retention between study conditions did not differ in any of the comparisons (pharmacologic risk ratio (RR) = 1.13, 95% CI: 0.89 to 1.44, 247 participants, 3 trials, low certainty; pharmacologic in addition to psychosocial intervention: RR = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.95 to 1.40, 363 participants, 3 trials, moderate certainty). Due to high levels of heterogeneity, we did not calculate pooled estimates comparing retention in brief (Heterogeneity: Tau² = 0.00; Q = 172.59, df = 11, P<.001; I2 = 94%; 5380 participants; 12 trials, very low certainty) or other psychosocial interventions (Heterogeneity: Tau² = 0.01; Q = 34.07, df = 8, P<.001; I2 = 77%; 1664 participants; 9 trials, very low certainty). Two pharmacologic trials and three combined pharmacologic and psychosocial trials reported on side effects. These studies found more side effects attributable to amitriptyline relative to mirtazapine, naltrexone and topiramate relative to placebo, yet no differences in side effects between placebo and either acamprosate or ondansetron. Across all intervention types there was substantial risk of bias. Primary threats to validity included lack of blinding and differential/high rates of attrition. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS In LMICs there is low-certainty evidence supporting the efficacy of combined psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions on reducing harmful alcohol use relative to psychosocial interventions alone. There is insufficient evidence to determine the efficacy of pharmacologic or psychosocial interventions on reducing harmful alcohol use largely due to the substantial heterogeneity in outcomes, comparisons, and interventions that precluded pooling of these data in meta-analyses. The majority of studies are brief interventions, primarily among men, and using measures that have not been validated in the target population. Confidence in these results is reduced by the risk of bias and significant heterogeneity among studies as well as the heterogeneity of results on different outcome measures within studies. More evidence on the efficacy of pharmacologic interventions, specific types of psychosocial interventions are needed to increase the certainty of these results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Claire Greene
- Program on Forced Migration and Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeremy Kane
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michelle Alto
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Ali Giusto
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University/NYSPI, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kathryn Lovero
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Melissa Stockton
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University/NYSPI, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jasmine McClendon
- Department of Psychiatry, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CALIFORNIA, USA
| | - Terriann Nicholson
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University/NYSPI, New York, New York, USA
| | - Milton L Wainberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University/NYSPI, New York, New York, USA
| | - Renee M Johnson
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wietse Anton Tol
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Peter C. Alderman Program for Global Mental Health, HealthRight International, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bharat C, Glantz MD, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Bruffaerts R, Bunting B, Caldas-de-Almeida JM, Cardoso G, Chardoul S, de Jonge P, Gureje O, Haro JM, Harris MG, Karam EG, Kawakami N, Kiejna A, Kovess-Masfety V, Lee S, McGrath JJ, Moskalewicz J, Navarro-Mateu F, Rapsey C, Sampson NA, Scott KM, Tachimori H, Ten Have M, Vilagut G, Wojtyniak B, Xavier M, Kessler RC, Degenhardt L. Development and evaluation of a risk algorithm predicting alcohol dependence after early onset of regular alcohol use. Addiction 2023; 118:954-966. [PMID: 36609992 PMCID: PMC10073308 DOI: 10.1111/add.16122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Likelihood of alcohol dependence (AD) is increased among people who transition to greater levels of alcohol involvement at a younger age. Indicated interventions delivered early may be effective in reducing risk, but could be costly. One way to increase cost-effectiveness would be to develop a prediction model that targeted interventions to the subset of youth with early alcohol use who are at highest risk of subsequent AD. DESIGN A prediction model was developed for DSM-IV AD onset by age 25 years using an ensemble machine-learning algorithm known as 'Super Learner'. Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) assessed variable importance. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Respondents reporting early onset of regular alcohol use (i.e. by 17 years of age) who were aged 25 years or older at interview from 14 representative community surveys conducted in 13 countries as part of WHO's World Mental Health Surveys. MEASUREMENTS The primary outcome to be predicted was onset of life-time DSM-IV AD by age 25 as measured using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, a fully structured diagnostic interview. FINDINGS AD prevalence by age 25 was 5.1% among the 10 687 individuals who reported drinking alcohol regularly by age 17. The prediction model achieved an external area under the curve [0.78; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.74-0.81] higher than any individual candidate risk model (0.73-0.77) and an area under the precision-recall curve of 0.22. Overall calibration was good [integrated calibration index (ICI) = 1.05%]; however, miscalibration was observed at the extreme ends of the distribution of predicted probabilities. Interventions provided to the 20% of people with highest risk would identify 49% of AD cases and require treating four people without AD to reach one with AD. Important predictors of increased risk included younger onset of alcohol use, males, higher cohort alcohol use and more mental disorders. CONCLUSIONS A risk algorithm can be created using data collected at the onset of regular alcohol use to target youth at highest risk of alcohol dependence by early adulthood. Important considerations remain for advancing the development and practical implementation of such models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chrianna Bharat
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC), University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Meyer D Glantz
- Department of Epidemiology, Services, and Prevention Research (DESPR), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institute of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MA, USA
| | | | - Jordi Alonso
- Health Services Research Unit, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ronny Bruffaerts
- Universitair Psychiatrisch Centrum - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (UPC-KUL), Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - José Miguel Caldas-de-Almeida
- Lisbon Institute of Global Mental Health and Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Graça Cardoso
- Lisbon Institute of Global Mental Health and Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Stephanie Chardoul
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter de Jonge
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oye Gureje
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Research, Teaching and Innovation Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Centre for Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Meredith G Harris
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia
| | - Elie G Karam
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Development, Research, Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), St George Hospital University Medical Center, Balamand University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Norito Kawakami
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrzej Kiejna
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lower Silesia, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Viviane Kovess-Masfety
- Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique (EHESP), Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Sing Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong
| | - John J McGrath
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus V, Denmark
| | | | - Fernando Navarro-Mateu
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Basic Psychology and Methodology, University of Murcia, Murcia Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB-Arrixaca), Unidad de Docencia, Investigación y Formación en Salud Mental, Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, Spain
| | - Charlene Rapsey
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nancy A Sampson
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kate M Scott
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Hisateru Tachimori
- Department of Clinical Data Science, Clinical Research and Education Promotion Division, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Endowed Course for Health System Innovation, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Margreet Ten Have
- Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gemma Vilagut
- Health Services Research Unit, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Bogdan Wojtyniak
- Centre of Monitoring and Analyses of Population Health, National Institute of Public Health-National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Miguel Xavier
- Lisbon Institute of Global Mental Health and Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ronald C Kessler
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Louisa Degenhardt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC), University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mihan R, Mousavi SB, Khodaie Ardakani MR, Rezaei H, Hosseinzadeh S, Nazeri Astaneh A, Alikhani R. Comparison of Caregivers' Burden among Family Members of Patients with Severe Mental Disorders and Patients with Substance Use Disorder. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2023; 18:183-190. [PMID: 37383957 PMCID: PMC10293690 DOI: 10.18502/ijps.v18i2.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The burden on caregivers of patients with severe mental disorders is significantly higher than the care burden of patients with other medical conditions. Substance use disorder is also one of the most common psychiatric disorders that has negative effects on people's quality of life. This study was designed to investigate caregiver burden in severe mental disorders versus substance use disorder. Method : First-degree relatives of patients admitted to the Razi Psychiatric Hospital of Tehran with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder type1, schizoaffective disorder, or substance use disorder entered this study. They completed the sociodemographic questionnaire for patients and caregivers and the Zarit burden interview for caregivers. Results: Our study shows that caregiver burden in substance use disorder has no significant difference with that in severe mental disorders (P > 0.05). In both groups, the highest spectrum of burden was moderate to severe. To find caregiver burden related factors, a general linear regression model with multiple predictor variables was fitted. In this model, caregivers' burden was significantly higher in patients with comorbidity (P = 0.007), poor compliance (P < 0.001), and in female caregivers (P = 0.013). Conclusion: Statistically speaking, the caregiver burden in substance use disorders is as severe as other mental disorders. The considerable burden on both groups necessitates serious efforts to minimize its negative effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Mihan
- Psychosis Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seiedeh Bentolhoda Mousavi
- Psychosis Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hamed Rezaei
- Psychosis Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Nazeri Astaneh
- Psychosis Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rosa Alikhani
- Psychosis Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gorey C, Kroon E, Runia N, Bornovalova M, Cousijn J. Direct Effects of Cannabis Intoxication on Motivations for Softer and Harder Drug Use: An Experimental Approach to the Gateway Hypothesis. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023. [PMID: 36927091 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: This study experimentally tested whether there is a gateway-type effect of cannabis administration on tobacco and cocaine motivation and whether motivational responses predicted use 6 months later. Methods: A 2 (condition: active cannabis vs. placebo joint)×3 (substance stimulus type: tobacco, cannabis, and cocaine) factor within-subjects design for both implicit and explicit motivation. Both experimental sessions were conducted in a cannabis dispensary ("coffeeshop") in Amsterdam and were separated by ∼1 week, followed by a 6-month online follow-up. Eighty-five participants between 18 and 27 years of age (57% male), who used cannabis, tobacco, and cocaine <15 times per month, participated in session 1 (session 2: N=79 and follow-up: N=81). Counterbalanced over sessions, participants smoked an active and a placebo joint following a paced puffing procedure. Before and after smoking, craving and avoidance (explicit motivation) were assessed using visual analog scales, and after smoking, the stimulus response compatibility test was completed to assess approach biases (implicit motivation). Self-reported intoxication and similarity to their usual smoking experience were assessed at the end of both sessions. Self-reported frequency/quantity and dependence symptoms for tobacco, cannabis, and cocaine were assessed at all time points. A linear mixed model approach was used to assess the effects of condition, substance stimulus type, and their interactions on explicit and implicit motivation. Results: In the active condition, participants reported higher levels of intoxication and an experience more similar to their usual smoking experience than in the placebo condition. There was no significant effect of condition, substance type, or their interaction on approach bias. Participants exhibited increased cannabis craving during the placebo condition only and increased explicit cannabis avoidance during the active condition only. Explicit tobacco avoidance decreased during both conditions. Baseline measures did not predict use at 6-month follow-up. Conclusions: In light users, cannabis intoxication did not affect implicit and explicit tobacco or cocaine motivations. Tobacco avoidance decreased regardless of condition, indicating that the cannabis cue-rich setting-rather than tetrahydrocannabinol itself-may momentarily increase the likelihood to smoke tobacco. However, motivation at baseline did not predict use 6 months later, deeming any gateway-like function unlikely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gorey
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Emese Kroon
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nora Runia
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Bornovalova
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Janna Cousijn
- Neuroscience of Addiction (NofA) Lab, Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The Concept of Resistance to Substance Use and a Research Approach: The Resist! Project. Twin Res Hum Genet 2023:1-9. [PMID: 36896815 PMCID: PMC10363246 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2023.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Illicit substance use is dangerous in both acute and chronic forms, frequently resulting in lethal poisoning, addiction, and other negative consequences. Similar to research in other psychiatric conditions, whose ultimate goal is to enable effective prevention and treatment, studies in substance use are focused on factors elevating the risk for the disorder. The rapid growth of the substance use problem despite the effort invested in fighting it, however, suggests the need in changing the research approach. Instead of attempting to identify risk factors, whose neutralization is often infeasible if not impossible, it may be more promising to systematically reverse the perspective to the factors enhancing the aspect of liability to disorder that shares the same dimension but is opposite to risk, that is, resistance to substance use. Resistance factors, which enable the majority of the population to remain unaffected despite the ubiquity of psychoactive substances, may be more amenable to translation. While the resistance aspect of liability is symmetric to risk, the resistance approach requires substantial changes in sampling (high-resistance rather than high-risk) and using quantitative indices of liability. This article provides an overview and a practical approach to research in resistance to substance use/addiction, currently implemented in a NIH-funded project. The project benefits from unique opportunities afforded by the data originating from two longitudinal twin studies, the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent and Behavioral Development and the Minnesota Twin Family Study. The methodology described is also applicable to other psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
|
15
|
Najman JM, Bell S, Williams GM, Clavarino AM, Scott JG, McGee TR, Mamun AA. Do tobacco and cannabis use and co-use predict lung function: A longitudinal study. Respir Med 2023; 208:107124. [PMID: 36682602 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2023.107124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Use of tobacco and cannabis is common and has been reported to predict lung function. Less is known about co-use of tobacco and cannabis and their impact on changes in lung function to early adulthood. RESEARCH QUESTION The study examines whether cigarette smoking or cannabis use and co-use are each associated with lung function in a population sample of young adults. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Data are from a prospective cohort study of cigarette smoking, cannabis use and co-use at 21 and 30 years of age and lung function (FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC) measured at 30 years. Lung function results are transformed using Global Lung Function Formulae. Subjects are the children of pregnant women who were recruited into the cohort study over the period 1981-3. Respondents were administered a spirometry assessment at 21 and 30 years of age. These respondents completed a smoking and cannabis use questionnaire at 21- and 30-year follow-ups. RESULTS Cigarette smoking (with or without cannabis use) is associated with reduced airflow. There is no consistent association between cannabis use and measures of lung function. The co-use of tobacco and cannabis appears to entail no additional risk to lung function beyond the risks associated with tobacco use alone. INTERPRETATION Persistent cigarette smoking is associated with reduced airflow even in young adults. Cannabis use does not appear to be related to lung function even after years of use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jake M Najman
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, 266 Herston Road, Herston, Qld, 4006, Australia.
| | - Scott Bell
- Children's Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Graham Road, South Brisbane, Qld, 4101, Australia
| | - Gail M Williams
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, 266 Herston Road, Herston, Qld, 4006, Australia
| | - Alexandra M Clavarino
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, 266 Herston Road, Herston, Qld, 4006, Australia
| | - James G Scott
- Child & Youth Mental Health, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Qld, 4006, Australia
| | - Tara R McGee
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mount Gravatt, Qld, 4122, Australia
| | - Abdullah A Mamun
- UQ Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, The University of Queensland, 74 High Street, Toowong, Qld, 4066, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vellozo EP, Vitalle MSDS, Passos MAZ, Niskier SR, Schoen TH, Hall PR, Arcanjo FPN, Costa RFD, Kopelman BI, Konstantyner T. Prevalence of psychoactive substance use by adolescents in public schools in a municipality in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, Brazil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2023; 39:e00169722. [PMID: 36820725 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311xen169722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of psychoactive substance use by adolescents from public schools. This is a cross-sectional study that used a random sample of adolescents from five public schools located in a municipality in the central-west region of the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, Brazil. Information on demographic, socioeconomic, and drug use was collected using self-report questionnaires. The sample consisted of 1,460 students, 716 (49%) males, aged 10-19 years (13.19±2.04 years). The prevalence of psychoactive substance use in the last month was 51% for analgesics; 48.8% for alcohol; 37.3% for tobacco; 30.8% for tranquilizers; 23.1% for marijuana; 22.6% for anabolic steroids; 21.6% for ecstasy; 15.3% for amphetamines/stimulants; 13.4% for phencyclidine; 12.9% for cocaine/crack; 12.6% for inhalants/solvents; 11.5% for opiates; 11.4% for hallucinogens; and 16.2% for other unclassified drugs. Elementary and middle school students were more likely to consume tobacco (OR = 2.306; 95%CI: 1.733-3.068; p < 0.001), and male students were more likely to consume any type of substance. We identified a high use of psychoactive substances among this study participants, with a higher prevalence among male students.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Aparecida Zanetti Passos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação e Saúde na Infância e Adolescência, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tulio Konstantyner
- Departamento de Pediatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
De Clercq L, Schut MC, Bossuyt PMM, van Weert HCPM, Handoko ML, Harskamp RE. TARGET-HF: developing a model for detecting incident heart failure among symptomatic patients in general practice using routine health care data. Fam Pract 2023; 40:188-194. [PMID: 35778772 PMCID: PMC9909665 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmac069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Timely diagnosis of heart failure (HF) is essential to optimize treatment opportunities that improve symptoms, quality of life, and survival. While most patients consult their general practitioner (GP) prior to HF, the early stages of HF may be difficult to identify. An integrated clinical support tool may aid in identifying patients at high risk of HF. We therefore constructed a prediction model using routine health care data. METHODS Our study involved a dynamic cohort of patients (≥35 years) who consulted their GP with either dyspnoea and/or peripheral oedema within the Amsterdam metropolitan area from 2011 to 2020. The outcome of interest was incident HF, verified by an expert panel. We developed a regularized, cause-specific multivariable proportional hazards model (TARGET-HF). The model was evaluated with bootstrapping on an isolated validation set and compared to an existing model developed with hospital insurance data as well as patient age as a sole predictor. RESULTS Data from 31,905 patients were included (40% male, median age 60 years) of whom 1,301 (4.1%) were diagnosed with HF over 124,676 person-years of follow-up. Data were allocated to a development (n = 25,524) and validation (n = 6,381) set. TARGET-HF attained a C-statistic of 0.853 (95% CI, 0.834 to 0.872) on the validation set, which proved to provide a better discrimination than C = 0.822 for age alone (95% CI, 0.801 to 0.842, P < 0.001) and C = 0.824 for the hospital-based model (95% CI, 0.802 to 0.843, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The TARGET-HF model illustrates that routine consultation codes can be used to build a performant model to identify patients at risk for HF at the time of GP consultation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas De Clercq
- Department of General Practice, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn C Schut
- Department of Medical Informatics, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick M M Bossuyt
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk C P M van Weert
- Department of General Practice, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Louis Handoko
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ralf E Harskamp
- Department of General Practice, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fond G, Trouve M, Andrieu-Haller C, Sunhary de Verville PL, Boyer L. Barriers in psychiatrists' mind to active smoking cessation promotion in severe psychiatric disorders. L'ENCEPHALE 2023; 49:21-26. [PMID: 34862009 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Promoting the cessation of smoking in mental healthcare is a priority of international health organizations as it is the most cost-effective intervention in psychiatry. AIM To explore the representations of psychiatrists on their role in active smoking cessation prevention in severe psychiatric disorders. METHODS Psychiatrists and residents in psychiatry were recruited at a national level by professional mailings. RESULTS One thousand four hundred and sixty participants were included in the study, and only 46% reported actively promoting smoking cessation. In multivariate analyses, participants aged<35years were more likely to promote cessation of tobacco smoking, as well as the two thirds who believe that psychiatry is a systemic discipline with complex interactions between brain, body and mind. Almost two thirds of those promoting tobacco cessation reported lacking time to combine psychiatric and physical examination during one session. The psychiatrists who reported not promoting tobacco smoking cessation also reported never dealing with physical health in case of the absence of a general practitioner and thinking that physical examination may have a negative impact on the therapeutic relationship. Almost all (96%) reported promoting the need for a general practitioner for their patients. We found no significant difference between the public and private sectors (P>0.05). INTERPRETATION Young psychiatrists are more prone than their elders to promote smoking cessation but report lacking time to include it in their daily practice. Promotion of tobacco smoking cessation should be included in the components for quality evaluation for mental health services and specific sessions dedicated to this intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Fond
- Pole psychiatrie, centre expert depression resistante et schizophrénie FondaMental, CHU La Conception, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille university, CEReSS-health service research and quality of life center, 27, boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - M Trouve
- Centre hospitalier Montperrin, Aix en Provence, France
| | - C Andrieu-Haller
- Pole psychiatrie, centre expert depression resistante et schizophrénie FondaMental, CHU La Conception, Marseille, France
| | - P-L Sunhary de Verville
- Pole psychiatrie, centre expert depression resistante et schizophrénie FondaMental, CHU La Conception, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille university, CEReSS-health service research and quality of life center, 27, boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - L Boyer
- Aix-Marseille university, CEReSS-health service research and quality of life center, 27, boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Skarstein S, Lien L, Abebe DS. The burden of somatic diseases among people with alcohol- and drug use disorders are influenced by mental illness and low socioeconomic status. A registry-based cohort study in Norway. J Psychosom Res 2023; 165:111137. [PMID: 36608508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.111137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Persons with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and drug use disorder (DUD) have a lower life expectancy than the general population. We examined the burden of somatic diseases among persons with AUD or DUD and investigated impact of socioeconomic status (SES) and mental health disorders on the co-occurrence of somatic diseases in these groups. METHODS We performed a retrospective, register-based cohort study with a 6-year follow-up of persons (aged ≥18 y) with AUD (13,478) or DUD (16,659). Cox regression analyses were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) of somatic diseases. RESULTS Patients with DUD were, on average, 10 years younger at the point of diagnosis than patients with AUD. Mental illnesses were prominent in both groups (AUD: 40.5%, and DUD: 46.9% vs 3.5% in controls). Adjusting for mental disorders, the risk of all somatic diseases among the AUD and DUD groups was reduced by 30%. Some of the elevated risk of somatic diseases among persons with AUD and DUD is explained by low SES, though less than that explained by the presence of mental disorders. The diseases with highest risk among AUD patients were metabolic disorders (16.9-fold) and hypertension (14.8-fold), and among AUD patients, viral hepatitis (23.3-fold), after adjusting for low SES and mental disorders. CONCLUSIONS Persons with AUD had a higher risk of most somatic diseases, while those with DUD had specific risks for infections and viral hepatitis. Mental health disorders and SES adjusted the associations regarding most somatic diseases. In general, improvement of socio-economic conditions, preferably in combination with professional support to self-manage mental health problems, will reduce the risk of somatic illness in both groups. For DUD patients, available sterile user equipment will reduce the risk of viral hepatis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siv Skarstein
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Lars Lien
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Ottestad, Norway; Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Inland University of Applied Sciences, Norway.
| | - Dawit Shawel Abebe
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Ottestad, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Alanazi AMM, Alqahtani MM, Alquaimi MM, Alotaibi TF, Algarni SS, Alonizi KM, Ismaeil TT, Gibson-Young L, Jayawardene WP. Epidemiological associations of asthma status and tobacco use, substance use, and substance misuse among adults in the United States, 2015-2019. J Asthma 2023; 60:87-95. [PMID: 35025703 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2022.2029480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Adults with asthma have a higher prevalence of substance use. However, knowledge is scarce regarding the associations between adults with asthma and tobacco use, substance use, and substance misuse. This study aimed to use national samples of United States adults to assess the comprehensive use and misuse of substances in adults with asthma.Method: This cross-sectional study comprised data drawn from the 2015 to 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Weighted logistic regressions were used to measure the associations of asthma status (lifetime and current) with last month's tobacco use; substance use (alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, crack, heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants); and substance misuse (pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, sedatives). All regression models were controlled for sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidity, last-month serious psychological distress, and co-substance use and misuse. Results: Adults with lifetime asthma (Nweighted = 115,600,887) were less likely to use cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, inhalants, and polyuse of any substance. In contrast, adults with current asthma (Nweighted = 765,096,31) were more likely to use pipe tobacco, cocaine, non-prescribed tranquilizers, and less likely to use polytobacco products. Adults with lifetime asthma were associated with fewer last-month tobacco and inhalant use than those without lifetime asthma. However, adults with current asthma were associated with greater last month's pipe tobacco, cocaine, and non-prescribed tranquilizers. Conclusion: Thus, further longitudinal studies are recommended among adults with asthma to effectively design tailored treatment and prevention interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M M Alanazi
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Alqahtani
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maher M Alquaimi
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tareq F Alotaibi
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh S Algarni
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid M Alonizi
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Respiratory Services, Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taha T Ismaeil
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Wasantha P Jayawardene
- Institute for Research on Addictive Behavior, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pfeifer P, Auer R, Baggio S, Moggi F. A Nationwide Study of Inpatient Case Rate Incidence of Cannabis-Related Diagnoses in Switzerland. Int J Public Health 2022; 67:1605554. [PMID: 36618434 PMCID: PMC9811405 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1605554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit substance and has been associated with mental health issues. In this study, we examined trends in hospitalizations due to cannabis use. Methods: Data were obtained from the Swiss Federal Statistics Office and comprised hospital main diagnoses, gender, age group and region of all psychiatric inpatient cases in Switzerland from 1998 to 2020. We performed trend analyses of annual case rates with cannabinoid-related diagnoses and compared them to trend analyses of alcohol-related and psychotic disorders. Results: Case rates of CRDs significantly increased in the observed time period. From all psychiatric main diagnoses, CRDs were overrepresented in the age groups of 15-24 and 25-44 years. Conclusion: We found a sharp increase in hospitalizations for CRD. Future studies should test whether changes in the upcoming cannabis regulation, which can facilitate the implementation of interventions to address mental health among users, impact future hospitalization rates of CRD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Pfeifer
- University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,*Correspondence: Philippe Pfeifer,
| | - Reto Auer
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Baggio
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Franz Moggi
- University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fang Y, Sun Y, Liu Y, Liu T, Hao W, Liao Y. Neurobiological mechanisms and related clinical treatment of addiction: a review. PSYCHORADIOLOGY 2022; 2:180-189. [PMID: 38665277 PMCID: PMC10917179 DOI: 10.1093/psyrad/kkac021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Drug addiction or substance use disorder (SUD), has been conceptualized as a three-stage (i.e. binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation/craving) recurring cycle that involves complex changes in neuroplasticity, reward, motivation, desire, stress, memory, and cognitive control, and other related brain regions and brain circuits. Neuroimaging approaches, including magnetic resonance imaging, have been key to mapping neurobiological changes correlated to complex brain regions of SUD. In this review, we highlight the neurobiological mechanisms of these three stages of addiction. The abnormal activity of the ventral tegmental, nucleus accumbens, and caudate nucleus in the binge/intoxication stage involve the reward circuit of the midbrain limbic system. The changes in the orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hypothalamus emotional system in the withdrawal/negative affect stage involve increases in negative emotional states, dysphoric-like effects, and stress-like responses. The dysregulation of the insula and prefrontal lobes is associated with craving in the anticipation stage. Then, we review the present treatments of SUD based on these neuroimaging findings. Finally, we conclude that SUD is a chronically relapsing disorder with complex neurobiological mechanisms and multimodal stages, of which the craving stage with high relapse rate may be the key element in treatment efficacy of SUD. Precise interventions targeting different stages of SUD and characteristics of individuals might serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for SUD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yehong Fang
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Yunkai Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Tieqiao Liu
- Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University. National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders & National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders. Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, 139 Renmin (M) Rd, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P. R. China
| | - Wei Hao
- Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University. National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders & National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders. Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, 139 Renmin (M) Rd, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P. R. China
| | - Yanhui Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Torrens A, Roy P, Lin L, Vu C, Grimes D, Inshishian VC, Montesinos JS, Ahmed F, Mahler SV, Huestis MA, Das A, Piomelli D. Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Adolescent and Adult Male and Female Rats. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2022; 7:814-826. [PMID: 35353551 PMCID: PMC9784615 DOI: 10.1089/can.2021.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Studies in rodent models have shown that adolescent exposure to Δ9-THC, the psychotropic constituent of cannabis, produces long-lasting alterations in brain function and behavior. However, our understanding of how age and sex might influence the distribution and metabolism of THC in laboratory rodents is still incomplete. In the present report, we provide a comparative analysis of the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of THC in adolescent and adult rats of both sexes, and outline several dissimilarities across these groups. Materials and Methods: A single (acute) or 2-week daily (subchronic) administration of THC (0.5 or 5 mg/kg, acute; 5 mg/kg, subchronic; intraperitoneal) was given to adolescent (33-day-old, acute; 30-44-day-old, subchronic) and young adult (70-day-old, acute only) male and female rats. THC and its first-pass metabolites-11-hydroxy-Δ9-THC (11-OH-THC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-THC (11-COOH-THC)-were quantified in plasma and brain tissue using a selective isotope-dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay. Changes in body temperature were measured using abdominally implanted microchips. Biotransformation of THC to its metabolites using freshly prepared liver microsomes was assessed. Results: At the acute 5 mg/kg dose, maximal plasma concentrations of THC were twice as high in adult than in adolescent rats. Conversely, in adults, brain concentrations and brain-to-plasma ratios for THC were substantially lower (25-50%) than those measured in adolescents. Similarly, plasma and brain concentrations of THC metabolites were higher in adolescent male rats compared with adult males. Interestingly, plasma and brain concentrations of the psychoactive THC metabolite 11-OH-THC were twofold to sevenfold higher in female animals of both ages compared with males. Moreover, liver microsomes from adolescent males and adolescent and adult females converted THC to 11-OH-THC twice as fast as adult male microsomes. A dose-dependent hypothermic response to THC was observed in females with 0.5 and 5 mg/kg THC, whereas only the highest dose elicited a response in males. Finally, subchronic administration of THC during adolescence did not significantly affect the drug's PK profile. Conclusions: The results reveal the existence of multiple age and sex differences in the distribution and metabolism of THC in rats, which might influence the pharmacological response to the drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Torrens
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Pritam Roy
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Cindy Vu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Dakota Grimes
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Victoria C. Inshishian
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Johanna S. Montesinos
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Faizy Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Stephen V. Mahler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Marylin A. Huestis
- Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aditi Das
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, and University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Janardhan N, Roy PG, Vyas AK. Impact of maternal substance use on offspring's cardiovascular health. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 450:116164. [PMID: 35842136 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Substance use (SU) during pregnancy is on the rise, posing significant risks to the developing fetus. The adverse impact of maternal alcohol and nicotine use during the perinatal period on offspring health has been well established, including their associations with adverse cardiovascular health in offspring. However, limited studies examine the impact of other well-known SU utilized during pregnancy on offspring's cardiovascular health. This review summarizes the proposed mechanism of action of four commonly utilized substances: cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamine, and opioids, and their cardiovascular impact. Furthermore, we will review the current understanding of the adverse impact of substance use during pregnancy on offspring's cardiovascular system based on existing studies. This review will also highlight possible molecular mechanisms underlying the in-utero adverse programming of offspring's cardiovascular system secondary to SU in pregnancy and address the gaps in current understanding of how SU adversely impacts the developing cardiovascular system of offspring in utero.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitya Janardhan
- College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, United States of America
| | - Pritha Ghosh Roy
- College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, United States of America
| | - Arpita Kalla Vyas
- College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ayisire OE, Okobi OE, Adaralegbe NJ, Adeosun AA, Sood D, Onyechi NP, Agazie O, Shittu HO, Akinsola Z, Nnaji CG, Owolabi OJ, Umeh NJ, Imobighe IC, Adedoyin AM, Usman M. The Use of Cannabis and Its Effects on Postpartum Depression. Cureus 2022; 14:e27926. [PMID: 36120218 PMCID: PMC9464445 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.27926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis use and depression management have been studied, with a preponderance of exacerbating effects, but there are few studies on postpartum depression (PPD). Depression affects a significant number of women, with a portion of it manifesting as PPD in childbearing women in the United States each year. The pharmacologic management approaches have disadvantages such as side effects, cost-benefit ratio, contraindications, use reluctance, medication adherence, and stigmatization in patients. Anecdotal claims of medical cannabis' therapeutic benefits have led to widespread legalization in several regions, making cannabis and its extracts a possible alternative. Cannabis is widely used during pregnancy and in general. Even though substance use disorders exacerbating depression symptoms have been reported, there are increasing reports and evidence about the therapeutic benefit of dose-dependent cannabis or its extracts in some depression symptoms, such as acute psychosocial stress relief, its purported anxiolytic effect, appetite, and sleep quality, thus stimulating more interest that may be inferred to depression. PPD marijuana use is unclear. This paper reviewed works of literature that claimed cannabis' therapeutic benefit in treating depression and, by extension, PPD. Our findings show the link between cannabis and PPD has not been fully explored. Self-reported studies link marijuana uses to positive mood, anxiety relief, sleep regulation, nausea and vomiting reduction, and appetite stimulation-all PPD symptoms. Others opposed postpartum marijuana use.
Collapse
|
26
|
Li SD, Xie L, Wu K, Lu J, Kang M, Shen H. The Changing Patterns and Correlates of Adolescent Substance Use in China's Special Administrative Region of Macau. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137988. [PMID: 35805651 PMCID: PMC9266093 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Most of the research on adolescent substance use is from either the U.S, Europe, or other non-Eastern countries, but very little attention is paid to that in the Greater China Region. As a special administrative region of China, Macau is known for its gambling industry, its proximity to the Golden Triangle, and its lenient drug laws, all of which can be conducive to high-level drug use in the population, including its adolescents. Yet, the extent and patterns of adolescent substance use in Macau are not well understood. Using the data collected from two large representative samples of secondary school students in 2014 and 2018, this study provided population-based estimates of the prevalence rates of lifetime and past 30-day substance use among Macau adolescents in the two separate survey years. By comparing the two sets of estimates, it established the patterns of changes in cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and illicit drug use among adolescents in Macau during the period. Additionally, through the analysis of the data in the latest year, it identified risk factors for adolescent substance use in the special administrative region. Among the key results, the rates of cigarette smoking and illicit drug use were low to moderate while the rates of alcohol use were relatively high; cigarette smoking decreased during the period, but alcohol use and illicit drug use remained stable; Macau adolescents shared similar risk factors for substance use with adolescents elsewhere, but unique circumstances might exist to influence their alcohol consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jiaqi Lu
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +853-6324-0296
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Farinha-Ferreira M, Rei N, Fonseca-Gomes J, Miranda-Lourenço C, Serrão P, Vaz SH, Gomes JI, Martins V, de Alves Pereira B, Sebastião AM. Unexpected short- and long-term effects of chronic adolescent HU-210 exposure on emotional behavior. Neuropharmacology 2022; 214:109155. [PMID: 35660545 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic adolescent cannabinoid receptor agonist exposure has been shown to lead to persistent increases in depressive-like behaviors. This has been a key obstacle to the development of cannabinoid-based therapeutics. However, most of the published work has been performed with only three compounds, namely Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, CP55,940 and WIN55,212-2. Hypothesizing that different compounds may lead to distinct outcomes, we herein used the highly potent CB1R/CB2R full agonist HU-210, and first aimed at replicating cannabinoid-induced long-lasting effects, by exposing adolescent female Sprague-Dawley rats to increasing doses of HU-210, for 11 days and testing them at adulthood, after a 30-day drug washout. Surprisingly, HU-210 did not significantly impact adult anxious- or depressive-like behaviors. We then tested whether chronic adolescent HU-210 treatment resulted in short-term (24h) alterations in depressive-like behavior. Remarkably, HU-210 treatment simultaneously induced marked antidepressant- and prodepressant-like responses, in the modified forced swim (mFST) and sucrose preference tests (SPT), respectively. Hypothesizing that mFST results were a misleading artifact of HU-210-induced behavioral hyperreactivity to stress, we assessed plasmatic noradrenaline and corticosterone levels, under basal conditions and following an acute swim-stress episode. Notably, we found that while HU-210 did not alter basal noradrenaline or corticosterone levels, it greatly augmented the stress-induced increase in both. Our results show that, contrary to previously studied cannabinoid receptor agonists, HU-210 does not induce persisting depressive-like alterations, despite inducing marked short-term increases in stress-induced reactivity. By showing that not all cannabinoid receptor agonists may induce long-term negative effects, these results hold significant relevance for the development of cannabinoid-based therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Farinha-Ferreira
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nádia Rei
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Fonseca-Gomes
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Miranda-Lourenço
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paula Serrão
- Departamento de Biomedicina - Unidade de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto. Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal; MedInUP - Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto. Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra H Vaz
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana I Gomes
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Valéria Martins
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Beatriz de Alves Pereira
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana M Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lee C, Round JM, Hanlon JG, Hyshka E, Dyck JR, Eurich DT. Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item (GAD-7) Scores in Medically Authorized Cannabis Patients-Ontario and Alberta, Canada. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2022; 67:470-480. [PMID: 34520280 PMCID: PMC9149533 DOI: 10.1177/07067437211043393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite increasing rates of legalization of medical cannabis worldwide, the current evidence available on its effect on mental health outcomes including anxiety is of mixed results. This study assesses the effect of medical cannabis on generalized anxiety disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scores in adult patients between 2014 and 2019 in Ontario and Alberta, Canada. METHODS An observational cohort study of adults authorized to use medical cannabis. The GAD-7 was administered at the time of the first visit to the clinic and subsequently over the follow-up time period of up to 3.2 years. Overall changes in GAD-7 scores were computed (mean change) and categorized as: no change (<1 point); improvement; or worsening-over time. RESULTS A total of 37,303 patients had initial GAD-7 scores recorded and 5,075 (13.6%) patients had subsequent GAD-7 follow-up scores. The average age was 54.2 years (SD 15.7 years), 46.0% were male, and 45.6% noted anxiety symptoms at the baseline. Average GAD-7 scores were 9.11 (SD 6.6) at the baseline and after an average of 282 days of follow-up (SD 264) the average final GAD-7 score recorded was 9.04 (SD 6.6): mean change -0.23 (95% CI, -0.28 to -0.17, t[5,074]: -8.19, p-value <0.001). A total of 4,607 patients (90.8%) had no change in GAD-7 score from their initial to final follow-up, 188 (3.7%) had a clinically significant decrease, and 64 (1.3%) noted a clinically significant increase in their GAD-7 scores. CONCLUSIONS Overall, there was a statistically significant decrease in GAD-7 scores over time (in particular, in the 6-12-month period). However, this change did not meet the threshold to be considered clinically significant. Thus, we did not detect clinical improvements or detriment in GAD-7 scores in medically authorized cannabis patients. However, future well-controlled clinical trials are needed to fully examine risks or benefits associated with using medical cannabis to treat anxiety conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cerina Lee
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jessica M. Round
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John G. Hanlon
- Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elaine Hyshka
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jason R.B. Dyck
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dean T. Eurich
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Epskamp S, van der Maas HLJ, Peterson RE, van Loo HM, Aggen SH, Kendler KS. Intermediate stable states in substance use. Addict Behav 2022; 129:107252. [PMID: 35182945 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Many people across the world use potentially addictive legal and illegal substances, but evidence suggests that not all use leads to heavy use and dependence, as some substances are used moderately for long periods of time. Here, we empirically examine, the stability of and transitions between three substance use states: zero-use, moderate use, and heavy use. We investigate two large datasets from the US and the Netherlands on yearly usage and change of alcohol, nicotine, and cannabis. Results, which we make available through an extensive interactive tool, suggests that there are stable moderate use states, even after meeting criteria for a positive diagnosis of substance abuse or dependency, for both alcohol and cannabis use. Moderate use of tobacco, however, was rare. We discuss implications of recognizing three states rather than two states as a modeling target, in which the moderate use state can both act as an intervention target or as a gateway between zero use and heavy use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Epskamp
- University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychology, Psychological Methods Program Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; University of Amsterdam, Centre for Urban Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Han L J van der Maas
- University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychology, Psychological Methods Program Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roseann E Peterson
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Hanna M van Loo
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Steven H Aggen
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Keyes KM, Cerdá M. Dynamics of drug overdose in the 20th and 21st centuries: The exponential curve was not inevitable, and continued increases are preventable. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2022; 104:103675. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
31
|
Hernández-Becerril Z, Orozco R, Borges G. Road traffic injuries and substance use in Latin America: A systematic review. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2022; 23:209-214. [PMID: 35333682 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2022.2051018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study is to identify and report the epidemiological patterns of substance use on fatal and non-fatal road traffic injuries (RTIs) in Latin America. METHODS A systematic review identified all published studies from January 2010 through October 2020. Twenty-eight studies were included from PubMed and SciELO databases. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the studies. RESULTS The prevalence of alcohol consumption in fatal RTIs in studies where 100% of the target population were tested varies from 15.3% up to 55% in Brazil; with respect to non-fatal RTIs, it varies from 9.1% in car drivers in Brazil to 24.1% in emergency patients in Argentina. The most studied drug other than alcohol was cannabis, present in 6.5% up to 20.8% of non-fatal RTIs cases, but lower rates of testing for drugs was reported. Few studies reported epidemiological association measures. CONCLUSIONS This article shows that scientific production on substance use and RTIs in the region is limited and reports the prevalence of substance use, with few estimates of the relative risk of drug use and RTIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaide Hernández-Becerril
- Nursing Department, Hospital General Regional No. 2 "Mexican Institute of Social Security", Mexico City, Mexico
- Doctorate Program in Medical, Odontology and Health Sciences of the National Autonomous, University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Orozco
- Directorate of Epidemiological and Psychosocial Research, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guilherme Borges
- Directorate of Epidemiological and Psychosocial Research, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Recommendations of the treatment-resistant depression expert center network for promoting tobacco smoking cessation based on the results from the real-world FACE-TRD national cohort. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 114:110479. [PMID: 34826559 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco smoking has been associated with suicide, impulsivity and depression in non-clinical populations with differences across sexes. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of tobacco smoking in Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) according to sex in a precision-medicine approach. METHOD The FACE-TRD cohort is a national cohort of TRD patients recruited in 13 resistant depression expert centers between 2014 and 2021 and followed-up at 6 months. A standardized one-day long comprehensive battery was carried out, including trained-clinician and patient-reported outcomes, and patients were reevaluated at 6 months on their smoking and psychiatric hospitalization outcomes. RESULTS 355 TRD participants were included (222 women). The smoking rate was much higher in TRD women compared to the French general population (34% vs 24%) while it was comparable for men (approximately 29%). In multivariate analyses, compared to non-smoking women, female smokers had significantly increased number of lifetime psychiatric hospitalizations (standardized beta B = 0.232, p = 0.014) and electro-convulsive therapy (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.748, p = 0.005), increased suicidal ideations (aOR = 4.047, p = 0.031), history of suicide attempt (aOR = 1.994, p = 0.033), and increased impulsivity (B = 0.210, p = 0.006) and were more frequently treated by benzodiazepines (aOR = 1.848, p = 0.035) and third- or fourth-line TRD treatments (antipsychotics aOR = 2.270, p = 0.006, mood stabilizers aOR = 2.067 p = 0.044). Tobacco smoking at baseline was predictive of psychiatric hospitalization within 6 months in persistent smoking women (aOR = 2.636, p = 0.031). These results were not replicated in men, for whom tobacco smoking was only associated with increased clinician-rated and self-reported depressive symptoms (respectively B = 0.207, p = 0.022 and B = 0.184, p = 0.048). The smoking cessation rate at 6 months was higher in women than in men (12% vs. 7%). No patient was administered nicotine substitute or varenicline at the two timepoints. INTERPRETATION Combining these results and those of the literature, we recommend that active tobacco cessation should be promoted in TRD to improve depression, suicide and impulsivity especially in women. Female smokers appear as a specific population with heavier mental health outcomes that should be specifically addressed.
Collapse
|
33
|
Song D, Geetha HS, Jain S, Reyes JV, Jaiswal V, Nepal G, Lieber J. Delayed presentation of cannabis induced pancreatitis. Clin Case Rep 2022; 10:e05595. [PMID: 35340657 PMCID: PMC8929280 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.5595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A thorough history and identifying risk factors are pivotal in establishing the cause of pancreatitis and preventing recurrences to curb the incidence of chronic pancreatitis and/or pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Song
- Department of Internal Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Elmhurst Hospital Center New York New York USA
| | | | - Samkit Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Elmhurst Hospital Center New York New York USA
| | - Jonathan Vincent Reyes
- Department of Internal Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Elmhurst Hospital Center New York New York USA
| | | | - Gaurav Nepal
- Rani Primary Health Care Centre Biratnagar Nepal
| | - Joseph Lieber
- Department of Internal Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Elmhurst Hospital Center New York New York USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
The Mediating Role of Contextual Problems and Sensation Seeking in the Association between Substance Use and Mental Health in Adolescents from Northern Chile. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042262. [PMID: 35206450 PMCID: PMC8871919 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Substance use is a risk behavior that has been associated with adverse mental health outcomes in adolescence. The aim of this study was to determine the relation between behavioral problems, emotional problems, and substance use as well as the mediating role of contextual problems and sensation seeking in this relation. A cross-sectional study of 2277 adolescents from Northern Chile was conducted. The System for the Evaluation of Children and Adolescents (SENA) was used to assess substance use, contextual problems, sensation seeking, and emotional and behavioral problems. Through a mediational model, it was observed that substance use has a positive indirect effect on emotional and behavioral problems when both contextual problems and sensation seeking act as mediating variables. An indirect effect of substance use on contextual problems with sensation seeking as a mediator was also observed. The results suggests that context and sensation seeking are a relevant source of information in understanding adolescents and their propensity to use drugs. Interventions based on addressing contextual problems (problems with school, peers, and family) and enhancing personal resources should be implemented in order to reduce substance use in adolescents as well as the consequences it can generate in the short, medium, and long term.
Collapse
|
35
|
Neuroadaptations and TGF-β signaling: emerging role in models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:296-306. [PMID: 34131268 PMCID: PMC8671568 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01186-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric diseases are manifested by maladaptive behavioral plasticity. Despite the greater understanding of the neuroplasticity underlying behavioral adaptations, pinpointing precise cellular mediators has remained elusive. This has stymied the development of pharmacological interventions to combat these disorders both at the level of progression and relapse. With increased knowledge on the putative role of the transforming growth factor (TGF- β) family of proteins in mediating diverse neuroadaptations, the influence of TGF-β signaling in regulating maladaptive cellular and behavioral plasticity underlying neuropsychiatric disorders is being increasingly elucidated. The current review is focused on what is currently known about the TGF-β signaling in the central nervous system in mediating cellular and behavioral plasticity related to neuropsychiatric manifestations.
Collapse
|
36
|
Aliyeva Z. Innovation in healthcare management: drug decriminalization for reducing the health damage from crime. MARKETING AND MANAGEMENT OF INNOVATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.21272/mmi.2022.1-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The article focuses on the positive impact of drug legalization on reducing crime and violence's impact on health. The authors considered the potential of an innovative approach to crime prevention and health care improvement. Criminalization may reduce drug harm, but the current criminal-justice approach to drugs is not working enough. Drug use is still widespread, public. The personal harms are significantly large. There are a lot of short- and long-term health effects from crime and violence. The World Health Organization affirms that rates of drug use are unrelated to how effectively drug laws are enforced. Thus, it is actually to find new possibilities and develop new methods to reduce crime level and its negative influence. Drug decriminalization is one of such important issues. This article aims to investigate drug decriminalization for reducing the health damage from crime in the context of innovation in healthcare management. There is a comparative analysis of some drug legalization policies: decriminalization of the use and possession of all illicit drugs (with the control of their legal supply) or legalization of the use and supply of cannabis etc. The dynamic analysis of data for different types of crime, such as unlawful acts involving controlled drugs or precursors, intentional homicide, assault, kidnapping, sexual assault, and other violent crime both in two groups of countries – with criminal-justice and innovation health care (including drug decriminalization) approaches were taken. Portugal, Switzerland, Netherlands, Czechia are among the countries of the second group, which have decriminalized drug use and possession for personal use and have invested in harm reduction programs. The research consists of data for 25 European countries for 2008-2018 (the time limit of 2018 is determined by available statistics of the statistical service of the European Union, World Health Organization, UN Office on Drugs & Crime Databases, etc.). Based on the correlation and regression analysis, it is substantiated that drug decriminalization is an important factor in reducing the health damage from crime.
Collapse
|
37
|
Hase A, Erdmann M, Limbach V, Hasler G. Analysis of recreational psychedelic substance use experiences classified by substance. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:643-659. [PMID: 35031816 PMCID: PMC8799548 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Differences among psychedelic substances regarding their subjective experiences are clinically and scientifically interesting. Quantitative linguistic analysis is a powerful tool to examine such differences. This study compared five psychedelic substance report groups and a non-psychedelic report group on quantitative linguistic markers of psychological states and processes derived from recreational use-based online experience reports. METHODS Using 2947 publicly available online reports, we compared Ayahuasca and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT, analyzed together), ketamine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), psilocybin (mushroom), and antidepressant drug use experiences. We examined word frequencies related to various psychological states and processes and semantic proximity to psychedelic and mystical experience scales. RESULTS Linguistic markers of psychological function indicated distinct effect profiles. For example, MDMA experience reports featured an emotionally intensifying profile accompanied by many cognitive process words and dynamic-personal language. In contrast, Ayahuasca and DMT experience reports involved relatively little emotional language, few cognitive process words, increased analytical thinking-associated language, and the most semantic similarity with psychedelic and mystical experience descriptions. LSD, psilocybin mushroom, and ketamine reports showed only small differences on the emotion-, analytical thinking-, psychedelic, and mystical experience-related language outcomes. Antidepressant reports featured more negative emotional and cognitive process-related words, fewer positive emotional and analytical thinking-related words, and were generally not similar to mystical and psychedelic language. CONCLUSION This article addresses an existing research gap regarding the comparison of different psychedelic drugs on linguistic profiles of psychological states, processes, and experiences. The large sample of experience reports involving multiple psychedelic drugs provides valuable information that would otherwise be difficult to obtain. The results could inform experimental research into psychedelic drug effects in healthy populations and clinical trials for psychedelic treatments of psychiatric problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Hase
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Max Erdmann
- grid.10493.3f0000000121858338Faculty of Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Verena Limbach
- grid.6612.30000 0004 1937 0642Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Hasler
- grid.8534.a0000 0004 0478 1713Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bohigues A, Fernández-i-Marín X. Drug Legalization, Elite Support, and Government Effectiveness in Latin America. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/00220426211055434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In Latin America, the legalization of drugs—where it occurred—has been driven mainly by elites, although much attention has been placed on public opinion. Considering that efforts toward legalization have been top-down, analysis should concentrate on opinions of the governing elites. To undertake such an analysis, we draw on data from surveys conducted in 18 Latin American parliaments (2012–2018), and we examine elite perspectives on the legalization of all drugs. Results from a Bayesian hierarchical logistic analysis show that in countries where the government is less effective, and where public health problems persist, legislators are less likely to support legalization. We argue that this is due to a lack of trust by MPs in legalization as a solution to trafficking. Wherever those concerned with drug trafficking see the current government as problematic, they will be less likely to support so challenging and complex a policy as drug legalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asbel Bohigues
- University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Barceloana, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Egan L, Gardner LA, Newton N, Champion K. eHealth interventions targeting poor diet, alcohol use, tobacco smoking and vaping among disadvantaged youth: A systematic review protocol (Preprint). JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 11:e35408. [PMID: 35560002 PMCID: PMC9143768 DOI: 10.2196/35408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic disease burden is higher among disadvantaged populations. Preventing lifestyle risk behaviors such as poor diet, alcohol use, tobacco smoking, and vaping in adolescence is critical for reducing the risk of chronic disease and related harms in adolescence and adulthood. Although eHealth interventions are a promising prevention approach among the general population, it is unclear whether they adequately serve adolescents from disadvantaged backgrounds such as those living in geographically remote or lower socioeconomic areas. Objective This is the first systematic review to identify, evaluate, and synthesize evidence for the effectiveness of eHealth interventions targeting adolescents living in geographically remote or lower socioeconomic areas in preventing poor diet, alcohol use, tobacco smoking, and vaping. Methods A systematic search will be conducted in 7 electronic databases: the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PROSPERO, MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), Scopus, and PsycInfo (Ovid). The search will be limited to eHealth-based experimental studies (ie, randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies) targeting diet, alcohol use, tobacco smoking, and vaping among adolescents (aged 10-19 years). Eligible studies will be those reporting on at least one marker of socioeconomic status (eg, social class, household income, parental occupation status, parental education, and family affluence) or geographical remoteness (eg, living in rural, regional, and remote areas, or living outside major metropolitan centers). One reviewer will screen all studies for eligibility, of which 25% will be double-screened. Data will be extracted and summarized in a narrative synthesis. Risk of bias will be assessed using the Cochrane Revised Risk of Bias Tool. Results As of December 2021, the title and abstract screening of 3216 articles was completed, and the full-text review was underway. The systematic review is expected to be completed in 2022. Conclusions This systematic review will provide an in-depth understanding of effective eHealth interventions targeting poor diet, alcohol use, tobacco smoking, and vaping among adolescents living in geographically remote or lower socioeconomic areas and the factors that contribute to their effectiveness. This in turn will provide critical knowledge to improve future interventions delivered to these populations. Trial Registration PROSPERO CRD42021294119; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=294119 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/35408
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lyra Egan
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lauren Anne Gardner
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicola Newton
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Katrina Champion
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Mathijssen J, Rozema A, Hiemstra M, Jansen M, van Oers J. Stability of and change in substance use risk personality: Gender differences and smoking cigarettes among early adolescents. Addict Behav Rep 2021; 14:100360. [PMID: 34159249 PMCID: PMC8196044 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2021.100360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adolescents show a steadily increasing inclination toward health risk behaviors, including smoking cigarettes. There is ample evidence that personality traits are related to smoking behavior. However, less is known about the stability of and change in these personality traits during early adolescence and whether smoking behavior affects the developmental trajectories. Moreover, less is known about the influence of gender on the course of personality. METHOD Longitudinal data of three waves were used from 1121 early adolescents. To measure personality, the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale was used. Individual growth curve models were conducted to measure the stability, mean-level change and individual differences in change for personality. RESULTS Stability of personality was moderate for boys and ranged from moderate to high for girls. On average early adolescents became more impulsive and more sensation seeking over a period of 18 months. Furthermore, hopelessness for girls increased and the increase in sensation seeking was higher for girls than for boys. Third, smoking behavior was related to all personality traits, indicating that smoking adolescents are more anxious, hopeless, impulsive and sensation seeking than non-smoking adolescents. CONCLUSIONS Our results are in line with the disruption hypothesis, i.e., during early adolescence there is a dip in personality maturity. There are clear differences between girls and boys in stability of and change in personality traits. Besides, although smoking behavior is related to personality, the change in personality is probably related to other variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J.J.P Mathijssen
- Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Department Tranzo, Tilburg University, the Netherlands
| | - A.D. Rozema
- Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Department Tranzo, Tilburg University, the Netherlands
| | - M. Hiemstra
- Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Department Tranzo, Tilburg University, the Netherlands
| | - M.W.J. Jansen
- Academic Collaborative Centre for Public Health Limburg, Public Health Service South Limburg (GGD ZL), Heerlen, the Netherlands
- Department of Health Services Research, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - J.A.M. van Oers
- Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Department Tranzo, Tilburg University, the Netherlands
- Ministry of Health and Welfare, Den Haag, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Maksimov SA, Shalnova SA, Balanova YA, Kutsenko VA, Evstifeeva SE, Imaeva AE, Drapkina OM. What Regional Living Conditions Affect Individual Smoking of Adults in Russia. Int J Public Health 2021; 66:599570. [PMID: 34744565 PMCID: PMC8565254 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2021.599570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Our study evaluated the impact of a wide range of characteristics of large administrative regions on the individual level of cigarette smoking in the Russian adult population. Methods: The pool of participants included 20,303 individuals aged 25-64 years. We applied 64 characteristics of the 12 Russian regions under study for 2010-2014. Using principal component analysis, we deduced five evidence-based composite indices of the regions. We applied the generalized estimating equation to determine associations between the regional indices and the individual level of smoking. Results: The increased Industrial index in the region is associated with the probability of smoking (odds ratio = 1.15; 95% confidence interval = 1.06-1.24). The other indices show associations with smoking only in separate gender and educational groups. Surprisingly, it was found that the Economic index has no associations with the probability of smoking. Conclusion: We evaluated the key associations of the territorial indices with the individual probability of smoking, as well as the mutual influence between the territorial indices and individual factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Maksimov
- Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Shalnova
- Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia A Balanova
- Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Kutsenko
- Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana E Evstifeeva
- Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Asiia E Imaeva
- Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oksana M Drapkina
- Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Chalhoub C, Obeid S, Hallit R, Salameh P, Hallit S. Addictive profiles of Lebanese university students in terms of smoking, alcohol, and illegal drug use. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:57657-57666. [PMID: 34091844 PMCID: PMC8179089 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14751-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The Lebanese economic crisis, financial crisis, and USD shortage were conducive to an increased drug addiction especially for students who feel that their future in Lebanon is not safe, as well as the psychological fragility of the Lebanese people, and the more permissive sociocultural context. Our study aimed to assess the addiction levels and profiles of university students in Lebanon, and thus to evaluate the rapid rising in dependence regarding smoking, alcohol, and illegal drug use during this crisis. This cross-sectional study was carried out between February and September 2020. A total of 467 participants (315 females, 152 males; Mage = 23.48 ± 6.03) were recruited through convenience sampling through several universities in Lebanon's governorates. Participants received the online link to the survey. Students were divided into three clusters as follows: cluster 1, which corresponds to students with moderate addictions; cluster 2, which corresponds to students with high addictions; and cluster 3, which corresponds to students with low addictions. When comparing cluster 1 to cluster 3, the results of the multinomial regression showed that older age (aOR=1.08) and having a high monthly income compared to no income (aOR=2.78) were significantly associated with higher odds of being in cluster 1 compared to cluster 3. When comparing cluster 2 to cluster 3, the results of the multinomial regression showed that female gender (aOR=0.19) was significantly associated with lower odds of being in cluster 2 compared to cluster 3, whereas having a dead (aOR=16.38) or divorced parent (aOR=6.54) and having a low (aOR=3.93) or intermediate income compared to zero income (aOR=4.71) were significantly associated with higher odds of being in cluster 2 compared to cluster 3. The results of our study revealed a considerable prevalence of addiction to alcohol, illicit drugs, and specially to smoking, among Lebanese university students. These findings emphasize the need to implement firm policies and rules in an attempt to minimize the tendency of the young population to engage in such addictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Chalhoub
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Research and Psychology Departments, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal ed Dib, Lebanon
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Épidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Rabih Hallit
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
- Infectious Disease Department, Bellevue Medical Center, Mansourieh, Lebanon
- Infectious Disease Department, Notre-Dame des Secours University Hospital, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Pascale Salameh
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Épidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon
- University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Épidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Al-Waheeb S, Al-Omair N, Mahdi A. Patterns of drug overdose deaths in Kuwait from 2014 to 2018. PUBLIC HEALTH IN PRACTICE 2021; 2:100181. [PMID: 36101572 PMCID: PMC9461498 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhip.2021.100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kuwait is an Arabian Gulf couFntry with a population of around 4.4 million as of 2020. In recent years, government based news agencies have commonly exposed drug smuggling plots that were foiled by local authorities. We attempted to study the patterns of drug overdose deaths in Kuwait, which we believe is a good method to address the effect of illicit drug use in the country. Methodology All cases that were signed out as drug overdose death were collected from the General department of criminal evidence. The relationship between demographic factors and drug types were analyzed using various statistical methodologies. Results 344 victims were identified from 2014 to 2018. The majority of whom were Kuwaiti nationals (67%) and the average age of death was 38. Hawalli governorate had the highest number of cases, while Jahra governorate had the least. Morphine appeared to be the most common drug found in the victims post mortem (79.9%) followed by benzodiazepines (43%). Our study has an extremely low female number of victims (2.6%). Some substances that are commonly abused globally eg heroin and cocaine were rarely recovered in our study. The number of cases have had an increase over the study period with the highest number of cases in 2018. Conclusion The current study is the first of its kind in Kuwait and one of the first in the middle east region. It is evident that illicit drug use and subsequent drug overdose deaths are on a rise in Kuwait and government agencies need to put a strategic plan to address and reduce this problem.
Collapse
|
44
|
Chronic Ethanol Exposure Induces Deleterious Changes in Cardiomyocytes Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:2314-2331. [PMID: 34564802 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10267-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption in adults can induce cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias, and heart failure. In newborns, prenatal alcohol exposure can increase the risk of congenital heart diseases. Understanding biological mechanisms involved in the long-term alcohol exposure-induced cardiotoxicity is pivotal to the discovery of therapeutic strategies. In this study, cardiomyocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CMs) were treated with clinically relevant doses of ethanol for various durations up to 5 weeks. The treated cells were characterized for their cellular properties and functions, and global proteomic profiling was conducted to understand the molecular changes associated with long-term ethanol exposure. Increased cell death, oxidative stress, deranged Ca2+ handling, abnormal action potential, altered contractility, and suppressed structure development were observed in ethanol-treated cells. Many dysregulated proteins identified by global proteomic profiling were involved in apoptosis, heart contraction, and extracellular collagen matrix. In addition, several signaling pathways including the Wnt and TGFβ signaling pathways were affected due to long-term ethanol treatment. Therefore, chronic ethanol treatment of hiPSC-CMs induces cardiotoxicity, impairs cardiac functions, and alters protein expression and signaling pathways. This study demonstrates the utility of hiPSC-CMs as a novel model for chronic alcohol exposure study and provides the molecular mechanisms associated with long-term alcohol exposure in human cardiomyocytes.
Collapse
|
45
|
Ponce-Blandón JA, Martínez-Montilla JM, Pabón-Carrasco M, Martos-García R, Castro-Méndez A, Romero-Castillo R. International Multicenter Study on Drug Consumption in Nursing Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189526. [PMID: 34574451 PMCID: PMC8466226 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of illicit drug use among young people is high, with many being highly vulnerable to substance abuse. The nursing profession is not immune to the impacts of substance misuse. Knowing the current levels of consumption of illicit drugs in nursing students will allow for the introduction of preventive actions. Methods: Multi-center, descriptive, and cross-sectional study involving nursing schools from four different countries (Spain, Belgium, France, and Brazil). A total of seven centers participated. An adapted version of the Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) was used as a tool, which selected only the module on illicit drugs. Standard logistic regression analysis was performed. Results: A total of 496 nursing students participated in the study. Illicit drug shows positive representation among nursing students. A significant difference was observed between the gender and the age of first drug use, illicit drug consumption, cannabis use, and cocaine use ever in life, with higher use of illicit drugs by male, although at later ages than girls. The bivariate analysis, gender, problems as result of drugs, and nationality were significantly associated with the consumption of illicit drugs, cannabis, cocaine, and ecstasy ever in life. Conclusions: High rates of illicit drug use were found among nursing students, as well as factors that can influence consumption such as nationality or gender. These results can serve as a basis for the development of educational and policy interventions within nursing schools that are based on evidence, with significant implications for nurse educators, academic administrators, and practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Ponce-Blandón
- Spanish Red Cross Nursing School, University of Seville, Avda. de la Cruz Roja, nº 1 Dpdo., 41009 Seville, Spain; (J.A.P.-B.); (M.P.-C.); (R.M.-G.); (R.R.-C.)
| | - José Manuel Martínez-Montilla
- Spanish Red Cross Nursing School, University of Seville, Avda. de la Cruz Roja, nº 1 Dpdo., 41009 Seville, Spain; (J.A.P.-B.); (M.P.-C.); (R.M.-G.); (R.R.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-954350997
| | - Manuel Pabón-Carrasco
- Spanish Red Cross Nursing School, University of Seville, Avda. de la Cruz Roja, nº 1 Dpdo., 41009 Seville, Spain; (J.A.P.-B.); (M.P.-C.); (R.M.-G.); (R.R.-C.)
| | - Raúl Martos-García
- Spanish Red Cross Nursing School, University of Seville, Avda. de la Cruz Roja, nº 1 Dpdo., 41009 Seville, Spain; (J.A.P.-B.); (M.P.-C.); (R.M.-G.); (R.R.-C.)
| | - Aurora Castro-Méndez
- Department of Podiatry, School of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain;
| | - Rocío Romero-Castillo
- Spanish Red Cross Nursing School, University of Seville, Avda. de la Cruz Roja, nº 1 Dpdo., 41009 Seville, Spain; (J.A.P.-B.); (M.P.-C.); (R.M.-G.); (R.R.-C.)
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lv J, Ni L, Liu K, Gao X, Yang J, Zhang X, Ye Y, Dong Q, Fu R, Sun H, Yan X, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Yang Y, Xu H. Clinical Characteristics, Prognosis, and Gender Disparities in Young Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:720378. [PMID: 34458344 PMCID: PMC8387867 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.720378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Young people hold a stable or increasing percentage of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in many countries. However, data on clinical characteristics and outcomes of young AMI patients were insufficient. This study aimed to analyze clinical characteristics, prognosis, and gender disparities in patients aged ≤45 years with AMI. Methods: A total of 24,125 patients from China Acute Myocardial Infarction registry were included in this study. Clinical characteristics, managements, and in-hospital and 2-year outcomes were compared between patients aged ≤45 years and those aged >45 years. Predictors of all-cause death were obtained using multivariate regression models. Gender disparities of AMI were analyzed among young patients. Results: Of 24,125 patients, 2,042 (8.5%, 116 female) were aged ≤45 years. Compared with patients aged >45 years, young patients were more often male, current smokers, and more likely to have medical history of hyperlipidemia. Smoking (72.1%) was the major modifiable risk factor in patients aged ≤45 years. Young patients received more evidence-based medications and had significantly lower risk of both in-hospital and 2-year adverse events than older patients. Education level and left ventricular ejection fraction were independent predictors of 2-year mortality in young patients. Moreover, symptom onset to admission time of young women was significantly longer than that of young men. Young women were less likely to receive percutaneous coronary intervention and suffered higher risk of in-hospital adverse events than young men (adjusted odds ratio for death: 5.767, 95% confidence interval 1.580–21.049, p = 0.0080; adjusted odds ratio for the composite of death, re-infarction, and stroke: 3.981, 95% confidence interval 1.150–13.784, p = 0.0292). Young women who survived at discharge had a higher 2-year cumulative incidence of death (3.8 vs 1.4%, plog−rank = 0.0412). Conclusions: Patients aged ≤45 years constituted a non-negligible proportion of AMI patients, with higher prevalence of smoking and hyperlipidemia but better care and prognosis compared with older patients. There were significant gender disparities of managements and outcomes in young patients. More efforts to improve quality of care in young women are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junxing Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Ni
- Medical Research & Biometrics Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Medical Research & Biometrics Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojin Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jingang Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yunqing Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuting Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Medical Research & Biometrics Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Medical Research & Biometrics Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuejin Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yuen WS, Chan G, Bruno R, Clare PJ, Aiken A, Mattick R, Farrell M, Kypri K, Slade T, Hutchinson D, McBride N, McCambridge J, Boland V, Peacock A. Trajectories of alcohol-induced blackouts in adolescence: early risk factors and alcohol use disorder outcomes in early adulthood. Addiction 2021; 116:2039-2048. [PMID: 33464664 DOI: 10.1111/add.15415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Experience of alcohol-induced memory blackouts in adolescence may be an important risk factor for later harms. This longitudinal study (i) modelled trajectories of alcohol-related blackouts throughout adolescence, (ii) explored early-adolescent predictors of blackout trajectories and (iii) examined the association between blackout trajectories and alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptoms. DESIGN Longitudinal study in which data from six annual surveys of a longitudinal cohort of Australian adolescents were used to model latent class growth trajectories of blackouts, adjusting for alcohol consumption frequency and typical quantity. Regression models were used to determine whether parent, child and peer factors at baseline (mean age = 12.9) predicted profiles of blackout trajectory membership and whether blackout trajectories predicted meeting criteria for AUD in early adulthood (mean age = 19.8). SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Australian adolescents (n = 1821; mean age = 13.9-18.8 years). MEASUREMENTS Alcohol-related blackouts, alcohol consumption frequency, typical consumption quantity and DSM-5 AUD in early adulthood were all self-reported. FINDINGS We identified a three-class solution: delayed alcohol initiation, rare blackouts (n = 701; 38.5%); early initiation, rare blackouts (n = 869; 47.7%); and early initiation, increasing blackouts (n = 251; 13.8%). Female sex was associated with increased risk of early initiation, increasing blackouts relative to delayed initiation, rare blackouts [relative risk ratio (RRR) = 3.90; 99.5% confidence interval (CI) = 1.96, 7.76] and relative to early initiation, rare blackouts (RRR = 2.89; 99.5% CI = 1.42, 5.87). Early initiation, rare blackouts [odds ratio (OR) = 1.96; 99.5% CI = 1.17, 3.29] and early initiation, increasing blackouts (OR = 4.93; 99.5% CI = 2.32, 10.48) were each associated with increased odds of meeting criteria for AUD in early adulthood relative to delayed initiation, rare blackouts. Early initiation, increasing blackouts was associated with increased odds of meeting criteria for AUD in early adulthood relative to early initiation, rare blackouts (OR = 2.51; 99.5% CI = 1.18, 5.38). CONCLUSIONS Females in Australia appear to be at higher risk of adolescent alcohol-related blackouts independent of alcohol consumption levels and age of initiation. Alcohol-related blackouts may be associated with later alcohol use disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wing See Yuen
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gary Chan
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Raimondo Bruno
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Philip J Clare
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexandra Aiken
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Mattick
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Farrell
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kypros Kypri
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia
| | - Tim Slade
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Delyse Hutchinson
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nyanda McBride
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Australia
| | | | - Veronica Boland
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amy Peacock
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Chavarria J, Fridberg DJ, Obst E, Zimmermann US, King A. Subjective alcohol responses in high- and low-risk adolescents: results from the Dresden Longitudinal Study on Alcohol Use in Young Adults. Addiction 2021; 116:1716-1724. [PMID: 33283325 PMCID: PMC8729170 DOI: 10.1111/add.15368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Research shows that sensitivity to certain alcohol responses conveys risk for problem drinking. This study aimed to determine if high-risk adolescent drinkers infuse more alcohol and experience greater alcohol-induced stimulation and wanting and less sedation than low-risk adolescent drinkers. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS Ninety-two low- (n = 38) and high-risk (n = 54) adolescent drinkers, as determined by Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test scores of < 6 or ≥ 6, respectively, participated in the Dresden Longitudinal Study on Alcohol Use in Young Adults in which intravenous alcohol self-administration was examined in a mixed within- and between-subjects design. SETTING Technische Universität Dresden. Dresden, Germany. MEASUREMENTS Predictors were drinking status (high- versus low-risk), time and their interactions. Outcomes were arterial blood alcohol concentration (aBAC); alcohol-induced stimulation, sedation and wanting assessed at baseline, 10 (alcohol prime), 45, 65, 85, 105, 125 and 145 minutes. Covariates were family history of alcohol use disorder, sex and aBAC. RESULTS The alcohol prime dose produced similar sharp increases in stimulation and sedation in high- and low-risk drinkers (time P < 0.001; group × time P > 0.05). During self-administration, high-risk drinkers reached higher aBACs (P = 0.028) at a faster rate (group × time P < 0.001), and experienced further increases in stimulation (group × time P = 0.005) but with similar sedation (group × time P = 0.794) than in low-risk drinkers. High-risk drinkers also exhibited greater tonic alcohol wanting (group P = 0.003) throughout the session. CONCLUSIONS High-risk adolescent drinkers appear to have heightened sensitivity to alcohol-induced stimulation and tonic high levels of wanting compared with low-risk adolescent drinkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Chavarria
- Institute for Mental Health and Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1 Canada
| | - Daniel J. Fridberg
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA 60637
| | - Elisabeth Obst
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Zimmermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Addiction Medicine and Psychotherapy, Isar-Amper-Klinikum München-Ost, Ringstr. 9, 85540 Haar, Germany
| | - Andrea King
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA 60637
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Arif Y, Singh P, Bajguz A, Hayat S. Phytocannabinoids Biosynthesis in Angiosperms, Fungi, and Liverworts and Their Versatile Role. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1307. [PMID: 34203173 PMCID: PMC8309193 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phytocannabinoids are a structurally diverse class of bioactive naturally occurring compounds found in angiosperms, fungi, and liverworts and produced in several plant organs such as the flower and glandular trichrome of Cannabis sativa, the scales in Rhododendron, and oil bodies of liverworts such as Radula species; they show a diverse role in humans and plants. Moreover, phytocannabinoids are prenylated polyketides, i.e., terpenophenolics, which are derived from isoprenoid and fatty acid precursors. Additionally, targeted productions of active phytocannabinoids have beneficial properties via the genes involved and their expression in a heterologous host. Bioactive compounds show a remarkable non-hallucinogenic biological property that is determined by the variable nature of the side chain and prenyl group defined by the enzymes involved in their biosynthesis. Phytocannabinoids possess therapeutic, antibacterial, and antimicrobial properties; thus, they are used in treating several human diseases. This review gives the latest knowledge on their role in the amelioration of abiotic (heat, cold, and radiation) stress in plants. It also aims to provide synthetic and biotechnological approaches based on combinatorial biochemical and protein engineering to synthesize phytocannabinoids with enhanced properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yamshi Arif
- Department of Botany, Plant Physiology Section, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (Y.A.); (P.S.); (S.H.)
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Department of Botany, Plant Physiology Section, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (Y.A.); (P.S.); (S.H.)
| | - Andrzej Bajguz
- Department of Biology and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Shamsul Hayat
- Department of Botany, Plant Physiology Section, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (Y.A.); (P.S.); (S.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Aguocha CM, Nwefoh E. Prevalence and correlates of substance use among undergraduates in a developing country. Afr Health Sci 2021; 21:875-883. [PMID: 34795747 PMCID: PMC8568244 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v21i2.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Psychoactive substance use is a major global public health issue. Use of psychoactive substances has been associated with negative consequences among students. Objective The study assessed the prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of psychoactive substance use among undergraduate students in a Nigerian university. Materials and Methods This was a cross-sectional descriptive study of 763 undergraduate students of Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria, recruited using multi-stage sampling technique. Data on the socio-demographic characteristics and pattern of psychoactive substance use were collected using a structured questionnaire. Results The lifetime rate of psychoactive substance use was 84.5%. Alcohol had the highest rate of lifetime (82.5%) and 12-month (61.1%) use. There was a similar rate of lifetime use of psychoactive substances among males (86.1%) and females (83.4%). Age (p<0.05) and place of residence (p<0.05) were significantly associated with lifetime psychoactive substance use. Catholics (OR:1.43; 1.03 – 1.99), whose friend (OR:1.94; 1.39 – 2.71), roommate (OR:3.06; (1.62 – 5.78) or brother (OR:1.22; 0.77 – 1.93) uses psychoactive substances were significantly more likely to have used substances in the past 12-months. Conclusion There is a high rate of psychoactive substance use among the students. Age, religion, place of residence, family and peer use of substances are important determinants of psychoactive substance use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emeka Nwefoh
- Department of Medicine, Imo state University, Owerri, Imo state
| |
Collapse
|