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Martínez-Campreciós J, Espinosa-Pereiro J, Sánchez-Montalvá A. Update on the treatment of tuberculosis. Med Clin (Barc) 2024:S0025-7753(24)00213-6. [PMID: 38705792 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2024.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) affects more than 10 million people each year. We have contested this burden with a paradoxically slow development of treatments, as compared to other infectious diseases. This review aims to update health care professionals on the last developments for the management of TB. The combination of drugs established more than 40years ago is still adequate to cure most people affected by TB. However, with the generalisation of regimens based on rifampicin and isoniazid for (only) 6months, resistance emerged. Resistant cases needed long treatments based on injectable drugs. Now, after an exciting decade of research, we can treat resistant TB with oral regimens based on bedaquiline, nitroimidazoles, and linezolid for (only) 6months, and we may soon break the 6-month barrier for treatment duration. However, these improvements are not enough to end TB without an engagement of people affected and their communities to achieve adherence to treatment, transmission control, and improve socioeconomic determinants of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Martínez-Campreciós
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Departamento de Medicina, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona. Programa de Salud Internacional del Instituto Catalán de la Salud (PROSICS), Barcelona, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España
| | - Juan Espinosa-Pereiro
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Departamento de Medicina, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona. Programa de Salud Internacional del Instituto Catalán de la Salud (PROSICS), Barcelona, España; Grupo de Estudio de Infecciones por Micobacterias (GEIM), Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (SEIMC), Madrid, España.
| | - Adrián Sánchez-Montalvá
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Departamento de Medicina, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona. Programa de Salud Internacional del Instituto Catalán de la Salud (PROSICS), Barcelona, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Grupo de Estudio de Infecciones por Micobacterias (GEIM), Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (SEIMC), Madrid, España
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Vega V, Cabrera-Sanchez J, Rodríguez S, Verdonck K, Seas C, Otero L, Van der Stuyft P. Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis recurrence, relapse and reinfection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Respir Res 2024; 11:e002281. [PMID: 38479821 PMCID: PMC10941165 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2023-002281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rate of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) recurrence is substantial. Identifying risk factors can support the development of prevention strategies. METHODS We retrieved studies published between 1 January 1980 and 31 December 2022 that assessed factors associated with undifferentiated TB recurrence, relapse or reinfection. For factors reported in at least four studies, we performed random-effects meta-analysis to estimate a pooled relative risk (RR). We assessed heterogeneity, risk of publication bias and certainty of evidence. RESULTS We included 85 studies in the review; 81 documented risk factors for undifferentiated recurrence, 17 for relapse and 10 for reinfection. The scope for meta-analyses was limited given the wide variety of factors studied, inconsistency in control for confounding and the fact that only few studies employed molecular genotyping. Factors that significantly contributed to moderately or strongly increased pooled risk and scored at least moderate certainty of evidence were: for undifferentiated recurrence, multidrug resistance (MDR) (RR 3.49; 95% CI 1.86 to 6.53) and fixed-dose combination TB drugs (RR 2.29; 95% CI 1.10 to 4.75) in the previous episode; for relapse, none; and for reinfection, HIV infection (RR 4.65; 95% CI 1.71 to 12.65). Low adherence to treatment increased the pooled risk of recurrence 3.3-fold (95% CI 2.37 to 4.62), but the certainty of evidence was weak. CONCLUSION This review emphasises the need for standardising methods for TB recurrence research. Actively pursuing MDR prevention, facilitating retention in treatment and providing integrated care for patients with HIV could curb recurrence rates. The use of fixed-dose combinations of TB drugs under field conditions merits further attention. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42018077867.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Vega
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Sharon Rodríguez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Kristien Verdonck
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Carlos Seas
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Lima, Peru
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Tropicales y Dermatológicas, Hospital Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Larissa Otero
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Lima, Peru
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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Kasaie P, Pennington J, Gupta A, Dowdy DW, Kendall EA. The Impact of Preventive Treatment for Multidrug- and Rifampin-Resistant Tuberculosis Exceeds Trial-Based Estimates. Clin Infect Dis 2024; 78:133-143. [PMID: 37724763 PMCID: PMC10810707 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several clinical trials of tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT) for household contacts of patients with multidrug- or rifampin-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB) are nearing completion. The potential benefits of delivering TPT to MDR/RR-TB contacts extend beyond the outcomes that clinical trials can measure. METHODS We developed an agent-based, household-structured TB and MDR/RR-TB transmission model, calibrated to an illustrative setting in India. We simulated contact investigation in households of patients with MDR/RR-TB, comparing an MDR/RR-TPT regimen (assuming 6-month duration, 70% efficacy) and associated active case finding against alternatives of contact investigation without TPT or no household intervention. We simulated the TB and MDR/RR-TB incidence averted relative to placebo over 2 years, as measurable by a typical trial, as well as the incidence averted over a longer time horizon, in the broader population, and relative to no contact investigation. RESULTS Observing TPT and placebo recipients for 2 years as in a typical trial, MDR/RR-TPT was measured to prevent 72% (interquartile range, 45%-100%) of incident MDR/RR-TB among recipients; the median number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent 1 MDR/RR-TB case was 73, compared to placebo. This NNT decreased to 54 with 13-18 years of observation, to 27 when downstream transmission effects were also considered, and to 12 when the effects of active TB screening were included by comparing to a no-household-contact-intervention scenario. CONCLUSIONS If forthcoming trial results demonstrate efficacy, the long-term population impact of TPT for MDR/RR-TB-including the large effect of increased active TB detection among MDR/RR-TB contacts-could be much greater than suggested by trial outcomes alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastu Kasaie
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeff Pennington
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amita Gupta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David W Dowdy
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Emily A Kendall
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Lee HS, Wei YF, Shu CC. Influence of Rifamycin on Survival in Patients with Concomitant Lung Cancer and Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3130. [PMID: 38137350 PMCID: PMC10741138 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coexistence of lung cancer and tuberculosis is not rare. Rifamycin plays a pivotal role in anti-tuberculosis therapy. However, its potential impact on the liver metabolism of oncology drugs raises concerns. We performed this study to explore whether Rifamycin affects the survival of patients with tuberculosis and lung cancer. METHODS Drawing from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, we identified patients diagnosed with concurrent lung cancer and tuberculosis between 2000 and 2014. Patients were categorized based on whether they underwent rifamycin-inclusive or rifamycin-exempt anti-tuberculosis therapy. Subsequently, we paired them at a 1:1 ratio and evaluated the mortality risk over a two-year span. RESULTS Out of the study participants, 1558 (81.4%) received rifamycin-based anti-tuberculosis therapy, while 356 (18.6%) underwent a rifamycin-free regimen. Analysis revealed no marked variance in the biennial mortality rate between the groups (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.33, 95% confidence interval 0.93-1.90, p = 0.1238). When focusing on the matched sets comprising 127 individuals in each group, the data did not indicate a significant link between rifamycin and a heightened two-year mortality risk (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.00, 95% confidence interval 0.86-1.18, p = 0.9538). CONCLUSIONS For individuals with concomitant lung cancer and tuberculosis, rifamycin's administration did not adversely influence two-year survival. Thus, rifamycin-containing anti-TB regimens should be prescribed for the indicated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Sheng Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Feng Wei
- School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Cancer Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824005, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chung Shu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung Shan South Road, Taipei 100225, Taiwan
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Kim H, Shin SJ. Revolutionizing control strategies against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection through selected targeting of lipid metabolism. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:291. [PMID: 37704889 PMCID: PMC11072447 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04914-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Lipid species play a critical role in the growth and virulence expression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB). During Mtb infection, foamy macrophages accumulate lipids in granulomas, providing metabolic adaptation and survival strategies for Mtb against multiple stresses. Host-derived lipid species, including triacylglycerol and cholesterol, can also contribute to the development of drug-tolerant Mtb, leading to reduced efficacy of antibiotics targeting the bacterial cell wall or transcription. Transcriptional and metabolic analyses indicate that lipid metabolism-associated factors of Mtb are highly regulated by antibiotics and ultimately affect treatment outcomes. Despite the well-known association between major antibiotics and lipid metabolites in TB treatment, a comprehensive understanding of how altered lipid metabolites in both host and Mtb influence treatment outcomes in a drug-specific manner is necessary to overcome drug tolerance. The current review explores the controversies and correlations between lipids and drug efficacy in various Mtb infection models and proposes novel approaches to enhance the efficacy of anti-TB drugs. Moreover, the review provides insights into the efficacious control of Mtb infection by elucidating the impact of lipids on drug efficacy. This review aims to improve the effectiveness of current anti-TB drugs and facilitate the development of innovative therapeutic strategies against Mtb infection by making reverse use of Mtb-favoring lipid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Amorim G, Jaworski J, Cordeiro-Santos M, Kritski AL, Figueiredo MC, Turner M, Andrade BB, Velez Edwards DR, Santos AR, Rolla VC, Sterling TR, Haas DW. Pharmacogenetics of tuberculosis treatment toxicity and effectiveness in a large Brazilian cohort. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.08.30.23294860. [PMID: 37693472 PMCID: PMC10491388 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.30.23294860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Genetic polymorphisms have been associated with risk of anti-tuberculosis treatment toxicity. We characterized associations with adverse events and treatment failure/recurrence among adults treated for tuberculosis in Brazil. Methods Participants were followed in Regional Prospective Observational Research in Tuberculosis (RePORT)-Brazil. We included persons with culture-confirmed drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis who started treatment between 2015-2019, and who were evaluable for pharmacogenetics. Treatment included 2 months of isoniazid, rifampin or rifabutin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, then 4 months of isoniazid and rifampin or rifabutin, with 24 month follow-up. Analyses included 43 polymorphisms in 20 genes related to anti-tuberculosis drug hepatotoxicity or pharmacokinetics. Whole exome sequencing was done in a case-control toxicity subset. Results Among 903 participants in multivariable genetic association analyses, NAT2 slow acetylator status was associated with increased risk of treatment-related grade 2 or greater adverse events, including hepatotoxicity. Treatment failure/recurrence was more likely among NAT2 rapid acetylators, but not statistically significant at the 5% level. A GSTM1 polymorphism (rs412543) was associated with increased risk of treatment-related adverse events, including hepatotoxicity. SLCO1B1 polymorphisms were associated with increased risk of treatment- related hepatoxicity and treatment failure/recurrence. Polymorphisms in NR1/2 were associated with decreased risk of adverse events and increased risk of failure/recurrence. In whole exome sequencing, hepatotoxicity was associated with a polymorphism in VTI1A , and the genes METTL17 and PRSS57 , but none achieved genome-wide significance. Conclusions In a clinical cohort representing three regions of Brazil, NAT2 acetylator status was associated with risk for treatment-related adverse events. Additional significant polymorphisms merit investigation in larger study populations.
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Silva DR, Muñoz-Torrico M, Fernandes GR, Narvaez-Diaz L, Miranda-Perez A, Dos Santos APC, Becerril-Vargas E, Soto-Vidal G, Willers DMC, Migliori GB. Isoniazid-resistant TB: treatment outcomes and impact of regimens with fluoroquinolones. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2023; 27:638-640. [PMID: 37491756 PMCID: PMC10365560 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.23.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D R Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina, and, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Pneumológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - G R Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Pneumológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS
| | | | - A Miranda-Perez
- Dirección de Enseñanza, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, México City, México
| | - A P C Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Pneumológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - G Soto-Vidal
- Dirección de Enseñanza, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, México City, México
| | - D M C Willers
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - G B Migliori
- Servizio di Epidemiologia Clinica delle Malattie Respiratorie, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Tradate, Italy
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Hymn PK, Gurjar Y, Savani NM. A Retrospective Analysis of Clinico-Demographic and Genetic Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes in Isoniazid Mono-Resistant Tuberculosis Patients: A Single-Center Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e42166. [PMID: 37602046 PMCID: PMC10439306 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Treatment failure and relapse rates are more likely to occur when there is isoniazid (INH) resistance. So, we can no longer ignore the problem of isoniazid mono-resistance. It is pertinent to control the spread of primary INH resistance and prevent secondary resistance. AIM This study aims to evaluate subjects' clinical, demographic, and genetic characteristics and explore their treatment outcomes. METHODS All data of isoniazid mono-resistant tuberculosis (TB) patients, which were maintained in the electronic database of mandatory notifications (NIKSHAY Portal) between 2017 and 2022, were reviewed. A total of 54 patients were included after excluding five patients with ongoing treatment. RESULTS Of 54 patients, 41 (75.9%) were cured, which was classified under favorable outcome, and the rest were classified under unfavorable outcome. Phenotypic, high-level mutation (katG) was found in 48 (88.9%) patients. Kaplan-Meier curves show that survival probabilities increase in weeks with regular intake of drugs. CONCLUSION Our study found that those with younger ages and males were more affected. We found favorable outcomes in the majority of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parikh K Hymn
- Pulmonary Medicine, Shantabaa Medical College and General Hospital, Amreli, IND
| | - Yamini Gurjar
- Community Medicine, Shantabaa Medical College, Amreli, IND
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Inbaraj LR, Shewade HD, Daniel J, Srinivasalu VA, Paul J, Satish S, Kirubakaran R, Padmapriyadarsini C. Effectiveness and safety of Levofloxacin containing regimen in the treatment of Isoniazid mono-resistant pulmonary Tuberculosis: a systematic review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1085010. [PMID: 37415768 PMCID: PMC10321706 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1085010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to determine the effectiveness and safety of the Levofloxacin-containing regimen that the World Health Organization is currently recommending for the treatment of Isoniazid mono-resistant pulmonary Tuberculosis. Methods Our eligible criteria for the studies to be included were; randomized controlled trials or cohort studies that focused on adults with Isoniazid mono-resistant tuberculosis (HrTB) and treated with a Levofloxacin-containing regimen along with first-line anti-tubercular drugs; they should have had a control group treated with first-line without Levofloxacin; should have reported treatment success rate, mortality, recurrence, progression to multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis. We performed the search in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Epistemonikos, Google Scholar, and Clinical trials registry. Two authors independently screened the titles/abstracts and full texts that were retained after the initial screening, and a third author resolved disagreements. Results Our search found 4,813 records after excluding duplicates. We excluded 4,768 records after screening the titles and abstracts, retaining 44 records. Subsequently, 36 articles were excluded after the full-text screening, and eight appeared to have partially fulfilled the inclusion criteria. We contacted the respective authors, and none responded positively. Hence, no articles were included in the meta-analysis. Conclusion We found no "quality" evidence currently on the effectiveness and safety of Levofloxacin in treating HrTB. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022290333, identifier: CRD42022290333.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leeberk Raja Inbaraj
- Department of Clinical Research, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Hemant Deepak Shewade
- Division of Health System Research, Indian Council of Medical Research – National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
| | - Jefferson Daniel
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Vignes Anand Srinivasalu
- Department of Clinical Research, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Jabez Paul
- Prof. BV Moses Centre for Evidence Informed Healthcare and Health Policy, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - S. Satish
- Division of Health System Research, Indian Council of Medical Research – National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
| | | | - Chandrasekaran Padmapriyadarsini
- Department of Clinical Research, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
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Aslan AF, Ortaköylü MG, Bağcı BA, Toprak S. Evaluation of treatment regimens and long-term clinical outcomes in patients with isoniazid-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis: a 5-year follow-up. Turk J Med Sci 2023; 53:761-770. [PMID: 37476899 PMCID: PMC10388119 DOI: 10.55730/1300-0144.5639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering its early bactericidal activity, isoniazid (H) is an important first-line agent in tuberculosis (TB) treatment.The aim of this study was to evaluate the treatment regimens and results of H-resistant pulmonary TB patients. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated treatment regimens and results of 188 H-resistant pulmonary TB patients who were treated in our center between January 2015 and December 2017. Treatment regimens applied were noted and treatment outcomes were recorded. The long-term results were evaluated. RESULTS Totally 174 (92.6%) of 188 patients with H-resistant pulmonary TB achieved treatment success. Ninety-seven patients (51.6%)were cured and 77 patients (41.0%) completed treatment. Five patients (2.7%) had treatment failure. Four patients (2.1%) having treatment success relapsed during one-year follow-up. Eighteen patients (9.6%) had unfavorable outcomes, including treatment failure in five (2.7%), death in nine (4.8%), and relapse in four patients (2.1%). The treatment success rate was found to be statistically higher in group 1 (9-month regimen 2HREZ/7HRE) compared with those in group 2 (9HREZ) (97.4% vs. 85.9%; p = 0.010). Group 3 (HREZFQ) and group 1 had statistically significant favorable outcomes, compared to group 2 (group 2 vs. group 3, p = 0.048; group 1 vs. group 2, p = 0.022). Interestingly, no relapse and acquired rifampicin resistance in patients occurred who received an FQ-containing regimen. DISCUSSION Our study results show higher treatment success and positive results with the treatment regimen containing FQ and that treatment with HREZ for nine months is associated with a lower treatment success rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Feyza Aslan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Yedikule Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mediha Gönenç Ortaköylü
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Yedikule Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Belma Akbaba Bağcı
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Yedikule Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezer Toprak
- Department of Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Yedikule Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
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Shapovalova K, Zatonsky G, Grammatikova N, Osterman I, Razumova E, Shchekotikhin A, Tevyashova A. Synthesis of 6″-Modified Kanamycin A Derivatives and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial Properties. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041177. [PMID: 37111662 PMCID: PMC10141514 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminoglycosides are one of the first classes of antibiotics to have been used clinically, and they are still being used today. They have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, making them effective against many different types of bacteria. Despite their long history of use, aminoglycosides are still considered promising scaffolds for the development of new antibacterial agents, particularly as bacteria continue to develop resistances to existing antibiotics. We have synthesized a series of 6″-deoxykanamycin A analogues with additional protonatable groups (amino-, guanidino or pyridinium) and tested their biological activities. For the first time we have demonstrated the ability of the tetra-N-protected-6″-O-(2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl)kanamycin A to interact with a weak nucleophile, pyridine, resulting in the formation of the corresponding pyridinium derivative. Introducing small diamino-substituents at the 6″-position of kanamycin A did not significantly alter the antibacterial activity of the parent antibiotic, but further modification by acylation resulted in a complete loss of the antibacterial activity. However, introducing a guanidine residue led to a compound with improved activity against S. aureus. Moreover, most of the obtained 6″-modified kanamycin A derivatives were less influenced by the resistant mechanism associated with mutations of the elongation factor G than the parent kanamycin A. This suggests that modifying the 6″-position of kanamycin A with protonatable groups is a promising direction for the further development of new antibacterial agents with reduced resistances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya Shapovalova
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya, 119021 Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgy Zatonsky
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya, 119021 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ilya Osterman
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Elizaveta Razumova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Anna Tevyashova
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya, 119021 Moscow, Russia
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Anaam MS, Alrasheedy AA. Recurrence Rate of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Patients Treated with the Standard 6-Month Regimen: Findings and Implications from a Prospective Observational Multicenter Study. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8020110. [PMID: 36828526 PMCID: PMC9963147 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) recurrence following successful treatment is a significant challenge in TB control programs. However, the rate of TB recurrence varies among studies. It depends on several factors, including the country/region where the investigation occurs, the study design, sample characteristics, and the anti-TB regimen used. In Yemen, a few previous studies examined the rate of TB recurrence and reported high recurrence rates, with a 5-year recurrence rate of approximately 9.5%. However, they were conducted before 2010 using the previous anti-TB regimen which was phased out and replaced with the World Health Organization's (WHO) standard 6-month TB regimen. Consequently, this study aimed to examine the rate of TB recurrence after the implementation of the WHO standard 6-month regimen in Yemen. A prospective observational study was conducted with patients diagnosed with drug-susceptible pulmonary TB. The patients were recruited from five health centers with TB units in five governorates from January to December 2011. All the patients were followed up for five years after treatment completion. A total of 439 patients who completed the anti-TB regimen met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study. During the 5-year follow-up period, 8 patients (1.8%) died, and 13 patients (2.96%) were lost to follow-up, resulting in a final cohort of 418 patients. Of the cohort, 50.5% (n = 211) were male, while 49.5% (n = 207) were female patients. Of the patients, 129 patients (30.9%) were illiterate, 56 (13.4%) had cavitary pulmonary disease, and 6.2% (n = 26) had diabetes. The overall 5-year rate of TB recurrence in this study for the patients receiving the standard 6-month regimen was 2.9% (12/418). Moreover, almost half of the recurrent cases (41.7%; n = 5) were seen during the first year of the follow-up period. Some patient groups with risk factors recorded a higher recurrence rate, including patients with diabetes (15.4%), non-compliant patients (14.3%), pre-treatment lung cavitation patients (8.9%), illiterate patients (7.8%), and underweight patients (5.1%). In conclusion, the overall TB recurrence rate with the standard 6-month regimen was lower than that with the previous TB regimens. However, more efforts are needed to decrease TB recurrence rates further and achieve a durable cure for TB. In addition, healthcare professionals and TB control programs should consider potential risk factors of recurrence and address them to provide optimal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Saif Anaam
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alian A. Alrasheedy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
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Kasaie P, Pennington J, Gupta A, Dowdy DW, Kendall EA. Trials underestimate the impact of preventive treatment for household contacts exposed to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a simulation study. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.02.06.23285528. [PMID: 36798407 PMCID: PMC9934809 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.06.23285528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Several clinical trials of tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT) for household contacts of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are nearing completion. The potential benefits of TPT for MDR-TB contacts extend beyond the outcomes that clinical trials can measure. Methods We developed an agent-based, household-structured TB and MDR-TB transmission model, calibrated to an illustrative setting in India, the country accounting for 26% of global MDR-TB burden. We simulated household contact investigation for contacts of patients with MDR-TB, comparing an MDR-TPT regimen against alternatives of isoniazid preventive treatment, household contact investigation without TPT, or no household contact intervention. We simulated outcomes of a clinical trial and estimated the patient-level and population-level effects over a longer time horizon. Findings During two years of follow-up per recipient, a simulated 6-month MDR-TPT regimen with 70% efficacy against both DS- and MDR-TB infection could prevent 72% [Interquartile range (IQR): 45 - 100%] of incident MDR-TB among TPT recipients (number needed to treat (NNT) 73 [44 - 176] to prevent one MDR-TB case), compared to household contact investigation without TPT. This NNT decreased to 54 [30 - 183] when median follow-up was increased from two to 16 years, to 27 [11 - Inf] when downstream transmission effects were also considered, and to 12 [8 - 22] when these effects were compared to a scenario of no household contact intervention. Interpretation If forthcoming trial results demonstrate efficacy, the long-term population impact of MDR-TPT implementation could be much greater than suggested by trial outcomes alone. Funding NIH K01AI138853 and K08AI127908; Johns Hopkins Catalyst Award.
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Arinaminpathy N, Rade K, Kumar R, Joshi RP, Rao R. The potential impact of vaccination on tuberculosis burden in India: A modelling analysis. Indian J Med Res 2023; 157:119-126. [PMID: 37202930 PMCID: PMC10319376 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_328_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives Vaccination will play an important role in meeting the end tuberculosis (TB) goals. While certain vaccine candidates in advanced stages of clinical trials raise hope for the future availability of new tools, in the immediate term, there is also increasing interest in Bacille Calmette-Guérin revaccination among adults and adolescents as a potential strategy. Here, we sought to estimate the potential epidemiological impact of TB vaccination in India. Methods We developed a deterministic, age-structured, compartmental model of TB in India. Data from the recent national prevalence survey was used to inform epidemiological burden while also incorporating a vulnerable population who may be prioritized for vaccination, the latter consistent with the burden of undernutrition. Using this framework, the potential impact on incidence and mortality of a vaccine with 50 per cent efficacy was estimated, if rolled out in 2023 to cover 50 per cent of the unvaccinated each year. Simulated impacts were compared for disease- vs. infection-preventing vaccines, as well as when prioritizing vulnerable groups (those with undernutrition) rather than the general population. A sensitivity analyses were also conducted with respect to the duration, and efficacy, of vaccine immunity. Results When rolled out in the general population, an infection-preventing vaccine would avert 12 per cent (95% Bayesian credible intervals (Crl): 4.3-28%) of cumulative TB incidence between 2023 and 2030, while a disease-preventing vaccine would avert 29 per cent (95% Crl: 24-34%). Although the vulnerable population accounts for only around 16 per cent of India's population, prioritizing this group for vaccination would achieve almost half the impact of rollout in the general population, in the example of an infection-preventing vaccine. Sensitivity analysis also highlights the importance of the duration and efficacy of vaccine-induced immunity. Interpretation & conclusions These results highlight how even a vaccine with moderate effectiveness (50%) could achieve substantial reductions in TB burden in India, especially when prioritized for the most vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimalan Arinaminpathy
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kirankumar Rade
- WHO India Country Office, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravinder Kumar
- Central TB Division, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajendra P. Joshi
- Central TB Division, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi, India
| | - Raghuram Rao
- Central TB Division, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi, India
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Gaballah A, Ghazal A, Almiry R, Hussein S, Emad R, El-Sherbini E. Fingerprinting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates by MIRU-VNTR genotyping and detection of isoniazid resistance by real-time PCR. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Tuberculosis (TB) is a great public health problem in developing countries such as Egypt. Genotyping of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
isolates has a prominent role in the field of TB prevention.
Aim. This study aimed to evaluate real-time PCR using Minor Groove Binder (MGB) probes and to identify circulating lineages/sub-lineages of
M. tuberculosis
and their transmission patterns.
Hypothesis. We hypothesize that MIRU-VNTR technique is efficient in identifying circulating
M. tuberculosis
lineages in Egypt.
Methodology. Fifty sputum specimens positive for acid-fast bacilli were included. Isoniazid (INH) resistance was detected using the 1 % proportion method. Real-time PCR using MGB-probes was used for simultaneous detection of TB infection and INH resistance. Partial sequencing of the katG gene was used to confirm INH resistance results. A standard 15 Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Unit Variable Number Tandem Repeat (15-MIRU-VNTR) approach was used for genotyping through the MIRU-VNTRplus online platform.
Results. Only seven specimens showed phenotypic resistance to INH.
M. tuberculosis
was detected in all samples, while a mutation in the katG gene codon 315 was detected only in five samples, which were also phenotypically INH-resistant. Sequencing of the katG gene showed codon 315 mutation genotypically and phenotypically in the five INH-resistant isolates. Molecular genotyping of
M. tuberculosis
isolates revealed that the majority of isolates (26/50, 52 %) belonged to the S family of lineage_4. A low clustering rate (2 %) was observed among our isolates. According to the Hunter-Gaston Discriminatory Index (HGDI), 11 MIRU-VNTR loci were highly or moderately discriminative, while four loci were less polymorphic.
Conclusion. MIRU-VNTR genotyping revealed a low clustering rate with a low recent transmission rate of
M. tuberculosis
strains in Alexandria, Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Gaballah
- Department of Microbiology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Abeer Ghazal
- Department of Microbiology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Reda Almiry
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Alexandria Armed Forces Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Somaya Hussein
- Elmamoura Chest Hospital, Egyptian Ministry of Health, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rasha Emad
- Alexandria Main University Hospital, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Eglal El-Sherbini
- Department of Microbiology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt
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Abdollahi E, Keynan Y, Foucault P, Brophy J, Sheffield H, Moghadas SM. Evaluation of TB elimination strategies in Canadian Inuit populations: Nunavut as a case study. Infect Dis Model 2022; 7:698-708. [PMID: 36313153 PMCID: PMC9583452 DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to disproportionately affect Inuit populations in Canada with some communities having over 300 times higher rate of active TB than Canadian-born, non-Indigenous people. Inuit Tuberculosis Elimination Framework has set the goal of reducing active TB incidence by at least 50% by 2025, aiming to eliminate it by 2030. Whether these goals are achievable with available resources and treatment regimens currently in practice has not been evaluated. We developed an agent-based model of TB transmission to evaluate timelines and milestones attainable in Nunavut, Canada by including case findings, contact-tracing and testing, treatment of latent TB infection (LTBI), and the government investment on housing infrastructure to reduce the average household size. The model was calibrated to ten years of TB incidence data, and simulated for 20 years to project program outcomes. We found that, under a range of plausible scenarios with tracing and testing of 25%–100% of frequent contacts of detected active cases, the goal of 50% reduction in annual incidence by 2025 is not achievable. If active TB cases are identified rapidly within one week of becoming symptomatic, then the annual incidence would reduce below 100 per 100,000 population, with 50% reduction being met between 2025 and 2030. Eliminating TB from Inuit populations would require high rates of contact-tracing and would extend beyond 2030. The findings indicate that time-to-identification of active TB is a critical factor determining program effectiveness, suggesting that investment in resources for rapid case detection is fundamental to controlling TB. TB elimination in Inuit populations would likely extend beyond timelines outlined in action plans. Rapid case findings combined with testing of frequent contacts are fundamental to TB control. Reducing average household size has minimal effect on rates of TB incidence.
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Vesga JF, Lienhardt C, Nsengiyumva P, Campbell JR, Oxlade O, den Boon S, Falzon D, Schwartzman K, Churchyard G, Arinaminpathy N. Prioritising attributes for tuberculosis preventive treatment regimens: a modelling analysis. BMC Med 2022; 20:182. [PMID: 35581650 PMCID: PMC9115962 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02378-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent years have seen important improvements in available preventive treatment regimens for tuberculosis (TB), and research is ongoing to develop these further. To assist with the formulation of target product profiles for future regimens, we examined which regimen properties would be most influential in the epidemiological impact of preventive treatment. METHODS Following expert consultation, we identified 5 regimen properties relevant to the incidence-reducing impact of a future preventive treatment regimen: regimen duration, efficacy, ease-of-adherence (treatment completion rates in programmatic conditions), forgiveness to non-completion and the barrier to developing rifampicin resistance during treatment. For each regimen property, we elicited expert input for minimally acceptable and optimal (ideal-but-feasible) performance scenarios for future regimens. Using mathematical modelling, we then examined how each regimen property would influence the TB incidence reduction arising from full uptake of future regimens according to current WHO guidelines, in four countries: South Africa, Kenya, India and Brazil. RESULTS Of all regimen properties, efficacy is the single most important predictor of epidemiological impact, while ease-of-adherence plays an important secondary role. These results are qualitatively consistent across country settings; sensitivity analyses show that these results are also qualitatively robust to a range of model assumptions, including the mechanism of action of future preventive regimens. CONCLUSIONS As preventive treatment regimens against TB continue to improve, understanding the key drivers of epidemiological impact can assist in guiding further development. By meeting these key targets, future preventive treatment regimens could play a critical role in global efforts to end TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Vesga
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | | | - Placide Nsengiyumva
- McGill International Tuberculosis Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jonathon R Campbell
- McGill International Tuberculosis Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Olivia Oxlade
- McGill International Tuberculosis Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Saskia den Boon
- Global TB Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dennis Falzon
- Global TB Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Schwartzman
- McGill International Tuberculosis Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Gavin Churchyard
- The Aurum Institute, Parktown, South Africa.,School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nimalan Arinaminpathy
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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18
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Yang J, Kim HY, Park S, Sentissi I, Green N, Oh BK, Kim Y, Oh KH, Paek E, Park YJ, Oh IH, Lee SH. Cost-effectiveness of a medication event monitoring system for tuberculosis management in Morocco. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267292. [PMID: 35439273 PMCID: PMC9017941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Digital health technologies have been used to enhance adherence to TB medication, but the cost-effectiveness remains unclear. Methods We used the real data from the study conducted from April 2014 to December 2020 in Morocco using a smart pillbox with a web-based medication monitoring system, called Medication Event Monitoring Systems (MEMS). Cost-effectiveness was evaluated using a decision analysis model including Markov model for Multi-drug resistant (MDR) TB from the health system perspective. The primary outcome was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per disability adjusted life-year (DALY) averted. Two-way sensitive analysis was done for the treatment success rate between MEMS and standard of care. Results The average total per-patient health system costs for treating a new TB patient under MEMS versus standard of care were $398.70 and $155.70, respectively. The MEMS strategy would reduce the number of drug-susceptible TB cases by 0.17 and MDR-TB cases by 0.01 per patient over five years. The ICER of MEMS was $434/DALY averted relative to standard of care, and was most susceptible to the TB treatment success rate of both strategies followed by the managing cost of MEMS. Conclusion MEMS is considered cost-effective for managing infectious active TB in Morocco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangmi Yang
- National Evidence Based Health Care Collaborating Agency, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Young Kim
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Seup Park
- Global Care International, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilham Sentissi
- Chief Public Health Service and Epidemiological Surveillance, Moroccan League Against Tuberculosis (Ligue Marocaine de Lute Contre la Tuberculosis, LMCT), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nathan Green
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Yujin Kim
- National Evidence Based Health Care Collaborating Agency, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hyun Oh
- Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Korean National Tuberculosis Association, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- End TB and Leprosy Unit, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines
| | | | | | - In-Hwan Oh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Heon Lee
- Global Care International, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Pulmonary, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan-City, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Torres Ortiz A, Coronel J, Vidal JR, Bonilla C, Moore DAJ, Gilman RH, Balloux F, Kon OM, Didelot X, Grandjean L. Genomic signatures of pre-resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7312. [PMID: 34911948 PMCID: PMC8674244 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27616-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in bacterial whole-genome sequencing have resulted in a comprehensive catalog of antibiotic resistance genomic signatures in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. With a view to pre-empt the emergence of resistance, we hypothesized that pre-existing polymorphisms in susceptible genotypes (pre-resistance mutations) could increase the risk of becoming resistant in the future. We sequenced whole genomes from 3135 isolates sampled over a 17-year period. After reconstructing ancestral genomes on time-calibrated phylogenetic trees, we developed and applied a genome-wide survival analysis to determine the hazard of resistance acquisition. We demonstrate that M. tuberculosis lineage 2 has a higher risk of acquiring resistance than lineage 4, and estimate a higher hazard of rifampicin resistance evolution following isoniazid mono-resistance. Furthermore, we describe loci and genomic polymorphisms associated with a higher risk of resistance acquisition. Identifying markers of future antibiotic resistance could enable targeted therapy to prevent resistance emergence in M. tuberculosis and other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Torres Ortiz
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Diseases, London, UK
| | - Jorge Coronel
- grid.11100.310000 0001 0673 9488Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Julia Rios Vidal
- grid.419858.90000 0004 0371 3700Unidad Técnica de Tuberculosis MDR, Ministerio de Salud, Lima, Perú
| | - Cesar Bonilla
- grid.419858.90000 0004 0371 3700Unidad Técnica de Tuberculosis MDR, Ministerio de Salud, Lima, Perú ,grid.441740.20000 0004 0542 2122Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima, Perú
| | - David A. J. Moore
- grid.8991.90000 0004 0425 469XLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Robert H. Gilman
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | - Onn Min Kon
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Respiratory Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Xavier Didelot
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613University of Warwick, School of Life Sciences and Department of Statistics, Warwick, UK
| | - Louis Grandjean
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Diseases, London, UK. .,UCL Department of Infection, Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
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20
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Arinaminpathy N, Nandi A, Vijayan S, Jha N, Nair SA, Kumta S, Dewan P, Rade K, Vadera B, Rao R, Sachdeva KS. Engaging with the private healthcare sector for the control of tuberculosis in India: cost and cost-effectiveness. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:bmjgh-2021-006114. [PMID: 34610905 PMCID: PMC8493898 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The control of tuberculosis (TB) in India is complicated by the presence of a large, disorganised private sector where most patients first seek care. Following pilots in Mumbai and Patna (two major cities in India), an initiative known as the ‘Public–Private Interface Agency’ (PPIA) is now being expanded across the country. We aimed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of scaling up PPIA operations, in line with India’s National Strategic Plan for TB control. Methods Focusing on Mumbai and Patna, we collected cost data from implementing organisations in both cities and combined this data with models of TB transmission dynamics. Estimating the cost per disability adjusted life years (DALY) averted between 2014 (the start of PPIA scale-up) and 2025, we assessed cost-effectiveness using two willingness-to-pay approaches: a WHO-CHOICE threshold based on per-capita economic productivity, and a more stringent threshold incorporating opportunity costs in the health system. Findings A PPIA scaled up to ultimately reach 50% of privately treated TB patients in Mumbai and Patna would cost, respectively, US$228 (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 159 to 320) per DALY averted and US$564 (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 409 to 775) per DALY averted. In Mumbai, the PPIA would be cost-effective relative to all thresholds considered. In Patna, if focusing on adherence support, rather than on improved diagnosis, the PPIA would be cost-effective relative to all thresholds considered. These differences between sites arise from variations in the burden of drug resistance: among the services of a PPIA, improved diagnosis (including rapid tests with genotypic drug sensitivity testing) has greatest value in settings such as Mumbai, with a high burden of drug-resistant TB. Conclusions To accelerate decline in TB incidence, it is critical first to engage effectively with the private sector in India. Mechanisms such as the PPIA offer cost-effective ways of doing so, particularly when tailored to local settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimalan Arinaminpathy
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, London, UK
| | - Arindam Nandi
- Population Council, New York, New York, USA.,CDDEP, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | | | - Nita Jha
- World Health Partners, Patna, India
| | | | - Sameer Kumta
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, India Country Office, New Delhi, India
| | - Puneet Dewan
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kiran Rade
- World Health Organization Country Office for India, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Raghuram Rao
- National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme, India Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi, India
| | - Kuldeep S Sachdeva
- South-East Asia Office, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, New Delhi, India
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Ruan QL, Yang QL, Sun F, Liu W, Shen YJ, Wu J, Jiang N, Zhou JY, Shao LY, Zhang WH. Recurrent pulmonary tuberculosis after treatment success: a population-based retrospective study in China. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 28:684-689. [PMID: 34601149 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Post-treatment recurrence remains a challenge for the global control of tuberculosis (TB). This study investigated longitudinal data on pulmonary TB recurrence rates and its risk factors among successfully treated smear-positive tuberculosis cases in China. METHODS From 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2016, we evaluated 33,441 treatment-naïve patients diagnosed with sputum smear-positive, non-multidrug-resistant TB in Hangzhou, China. We included the data of 9,828 patients with TB who were successfully treated. RESULTS A total of 4.9% were recurrent cases (479/9,828), identified within a median observation period lasting 1,565 days. Altogether, 51.1% (245/479) of the recurrences occurred within one year. The cumulative 2- and 5-year recurrence rates were 3.90% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3%-4.5%) and 5.4% (95% CI, 4.8%-6.0%), respectively. Prolonged treatment (over 7 months) was occurred in 64.7% (6,363/9,828), with median treatment duration of 242 (interquartile range, 195-348) days. Male sex (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] [95% CI] = 1.61 [1.30-2.00], P<0.001), ≥ 60-years age (aHR [95% CI] = 2.03 [1.70-2.44], P<0.001), pulmonary cavity (aHR [95% CI] = 1.51 [1.25-1.82], P<0.001) and sputum positive at 2 months (aHR [95% CI] =1.39 [1.05-1.81], P=0.02) increased the risk of TB recurrence. Prolonged treatment was associated with reduced TB recurrence (aHR [95% CI] =0.73 [0.61-0.88], P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS Recurrence remains a problem for successfully treated patients with sputum smear-positive pulmonary TB, especially those with independent risk factors. Further analysis of prolonged treatment is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Ling Ruan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Qing-Luan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Feng Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Hangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Yao-Jie Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jing-Yu Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Ling-Yun Shao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai 200040, China; National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Wen-Hong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai 200040, China; National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/MOH) and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Barliana MI, Kusuma ASW, Insani WN, Alfian SD, Diantini A, Mutakin M, Rostinawati T, Herlambang H, Puspitasari IM, Suwantika AA, Abdulah R. Genetic variation of ABCB1 (rs1128503, rs1045642) and CYP2E1 rs3813867 with the duration of tuberculosis therapy: a pilot study among tuberculosis patients in Indonesia. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:295. [PMID: 34332626 PMCID: PMC8325820 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05711-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The risk of contracting tuberculosis (TB) and the efficacy of TB therapy are affected by several factors, including genetic variation among populations. In the Indonesian population, data on the genes involved in drug transport and metabolism of TB therapy are limited. The aim of this study was to identify the genetic profile of the ABCB1 gene (rs1128503 and rs1045642) and CYP2E1 gene (rs3813867) in Indonesians with TB. This study was a cross-sectional study of 50 TB outpatients in Jambi city, Indonesia. Sociodemographic characteristics were obtained from medical records. Whole blood was collected, and genomic DNA was isolated. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were determined using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism with HaeIII, MboI, and PstI for rs1128503, rs1045642 (ABCB1), and rs3813867 (CYP2E1), respectively. Result The frequency of alleles of each gene was analyzed by Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. The genetic profiles of ABCB1 rs1128503 and rs1045642 were varied (CC, CT, TT), while CYP2E1 rs3813867 was present in CC (wild type). The genetic variations of ABCB1 and CYP2E1 may have no significant correlation with the duration of TB therapy. Nevertheless, this study may provide as preliminary results for the genetic profiles of ABCB1 (rs1128503, rs1045642) and CYP2E1 (rs3813867) in the Indonesia population. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-021-05711-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Intan Barliana
- Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang KM 21, Jatinangor, Bandung, 45363, Indonesia. .,Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Bandung, Indonesia.
| | - Arif Satria Wira Kusuma
- Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang KM 21, Jatinangor, Bandung, 45363, Indonesia.,Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Widya Norma Insani
- Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Bandung, Indonesia.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Sofa Dewi Alfian
- Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Bandung, Indonesia.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Ajeng Diantini
- Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Bandung, Indonesia.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Mutakin Mutakin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Tina Rostinawati
- Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang KM 21, Jatinangor, Bandung, 45363, Indonesia
| | | | - Irma Melyani Puspitasari
- Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Bandung, Indonesia.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Auliya Abdurrohim Suwantika
- Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Bandung, Indonesia.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Rizky Abdulah
- Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Bandung, Indonesia.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
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23
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Sylverken AA, Kwarteng A, Twumasi-Ankrah S, Owusu M, Arthur RA, Dumevi RM, Adu-Amoah L, Addofoh N, Okyere PB, Dzata F, Bonsu F, Adusi-Poku Y, Kranzer K, Siroka A, van Gemert W, Dean A, Owusu-Dabo E. The burden of drug resistance tuberculosis in Ghana; results of the First National Survey. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252819. [PMID: 34111159 PMCID: PMC8191906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to Tuberculosis drugs has become a major threat to the control of tuberculosis (TB) globally. We conducted the first nation-wide drug resistance survey to investigate the level and pattern of resistance to first-line TB drugs among newly and previously treated sputum smear-positive TB cases. We also evaluated associations between potential risk factors and TB drug resistance. Using the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on conducting national TB surveys, we selected study participants from 33 health facilities from across the country, grouped into 29 clusters, and included them into the survey. Between April 2016 and June 2017, a total of 927 patients (859 new and 68 previously treated) were enrolled in the survey. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) isolates were successfully cultured from 598 (65.5%) patient samples and underwent DST, 550 from newly diagnosed and 48 from previously treated patients. The proportion of patients who showed resistance to any of the TB drugs tested was 25.2% (95% CI; 21.8–28.9). The most frequent resistance was to Streptomycin (STR) (12.3%), followed by Isoniazid (INH) (10.4%), with Rifampicin (RIF), showing the least resistance of 2.4%. Resistance to Isoniazid and Rifampicin (multi-drug resistance) was found in 19 (3.2%; 95% CI: 1.9–4.9) isolates. Prevalence of multidrug resistance was 7 (1.3%; 95% CI: 0.5–2.6) among newly diagnosed and 12 (25.0%; 95% CI: 13.6–39.6) among previously treated patients. At both univariate and multivariate analysis, MDR-TB was positively associated with previous history of TB treatment (OR = 5.09, 95% CI: 1.75–14.75, p = 0.003); (OR = 5.41, 95% CI: 1.69–17.30, p = 0.004). The higher levels of MDR-TB and overall resistance to any TB drug among previously treated patients raises concerns about adherence to treatment. This calls for strengthening existing TB programme measures to ensure a system for adequately testing and monitoring TB drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustina Angelina Sylverken
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- * E-mail:
| | - Alexander Kwarteng
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Sampson Twumasi-Ankrah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Michael Owusu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Rejoice Agyeiwaa Arthur
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Rexford Mawunyo Dumevi
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Louis Adu-Amoah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Nicholas Addofoh
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Portia Boakye Okyere
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Francisca Dzata
- National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - Frank Bonsu
- National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yaw Adusi-Poku
- National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Andrew Siroka
- Global Tuberculosis Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Wayne van Gemert
- Global Tuberculosis Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anna Dean
- Global Tuberculosis Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ellis Owusu-Dabo
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Department of Global and International Health, School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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24
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The positive externalities of migrant-based TB control strategy in a Chinese urban population with internal migration: a transmission-dynamic modeling study. BMC Med 2021; 19:95. [PMID: 33874940 PMCID: PMC8055441 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-01968-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large-scale rural-to-urban migration has changed the epidemiology of tuberculosis (TB) in large Chinese cities. We estimated the contribution of TB importation, reactivation of latent infection, and local transmission to new TB cases in Shanghai, and compared the potential impact of intervention options. METHODS We developed a transmission dynamic model of TB for Songjiang District, Shanghai, which has experienced high migration over the past 25 years. We calibrated the model to local demographic data, TB notifications, and molecular epidemiologic studies. We estimated epidemiological drivers as well as future outcomes of current TB policies and compared this base-case scenario with scenarios describing additional targeted interventions focusing on migrants or vulnerable residents. RESULTS The model captured key demographic and epidemiological features of TB among migrant and resident populations in Songjiang District, Shanghai. Between 2020 and 2035, we estimate that over 60% of TB cases will occur among migrants and that approximately 43% of these cases will result from recent infection. While TB incidence will decline under current policies, we estimate that additional interventions-including active screening and preventive treatment for migrants-could reduce TB incidence by an additional 20% by 2035. CONCLUSIONS Migrant-focused TB interventions could produce meaningful health benefits for migrants, as well as for young residents who receive indirect protection as a result of reduced TB transmission in Shanghai. Further studies to measure cost-effectiveness are needed to evaluate the feasibility of these interventions in Shanghai and similar urban centers experiencing high migration volumes.
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25
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Shao Y, Song H, Li G, Li Y, Li Y, Zhu L, Lu W, Chen C. Relapse or Re-Infection, the Situation of Recurrent Tuberculosis in Eastern China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:638990. [PMID: 33816342 PMCID: PMC8010194 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.638990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Recurrent tuberculosis (TB) is defined by more than one TB episode per patient and is caused by re-infection with a new Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strain or relapse with the previous strain. Recurrence of TB is one important obstacle for End TB strategy in the world and elucidating the triggers of recurrence is important for the current TB control strategy in China. This study aimed to analyze the sources of recurrent TB by the molecular genotyping method. Method A population-based surveillance was undertaking on all culture-positive TB cases in Jiangsu province, China from 2013 to 2019. Phenotypic drug susceptibility test (DST) by proportion method and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) were adopted for drug resistance and genotype detection. Results A total of 1451 culture-positive TB patients were collected and 30 (2.06%, 30/1451) TB cases had recurrent TB episodes. Except 7 isolates were failed during subculture, 23 paired isolates were assessed. After genotyping by MIRU-VNTR, 12 (52.17%, 12/23) paired recurrence TB were demonstrated as relapse and 11 (47.83%,11/23) paired cases were identified as re-infection. The average interval time for recurrence was 24.04 (95%CI: 19.37-28.71) months, and there was no significant difference between relapse and re-infection. For the relapsed cases, two paired isolates exhibited drug resistance shifting, while four paired isolates revealed inconsistent drug resistance among the re-infection group including two multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) at the second episode. Conclusion Relapse and re-infection contributed equally to the current situation of recurrence TB in Jiangsu, China. Besides, more efficient treatment assessment, specific and vigorous interventions are urgently needed for MDR-TB patients, considering obvious performance among re-infection cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shao
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Honghuan Song
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoli Li
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Yishu Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Limei Zhu
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
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26
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Weerasuriya CK, Harris RC, McQuaid CF, Bozzani F, Ruan Y, Li R, Li T, Rade K, Rao R, Ginsberg AM, Gomez GB, White RG. The epidemiologic impact and cost-effectiveness of new tuberculosis vaccines on multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in India and China. BMC Med 2021; 19:60. [PMID: 33632218 PMCID: PMC7908776 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-01932-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recent advances through the development pipeline, how novel tuberculosis (TB) vaccines might affect rifampicin-resistant and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (RR/MDR-TB) is unknown. We investigated the epidemiologic impact, cost-effectiveness, and budget impact of hypothetical novel prophylactic prevention of disease TB vaccines on RR/MDR-TB in China and India. METHODS We constructed a deterministic, compartmental, age-, drug-resistance- and treatment history-stratified dynamic transmission model of tuberculosis. We introduced novel vaccines from 2027, with post- (PSI) or both pre- and post-infection (P&PI) efficacy, conferring 10 years of protection, with 50% efficacy. We measured vaccine cost-effectiveness over 2027-2050 as USD/DALY averted-against 1-times GDP/capita, and two healthcare opportunity cost-based (HCOC), thresholds. We carried out scenario analyses. RESULTS By 2050, the P&PI vaccine reduced RR/MDR-TB incidence rate by 71% (UI: 69-72) and 72% (UI: 70-74), and the PSI vaccine by 31% (UI: 30-32) and 44% (UI: 42-47) in China and India, respectively. In India, we found both USD 10 P&PI and PSI vaccines cost-effective at the 1-times GDP and upper HCOC thresholds and P&PI vaccines cost-effective at the lower HCOC threshold. In China, both vaccines were cost-effective at the 1-times GDP threshold. P&PI vaccine remained cost-effective at the lower HCOC threshold with 49% probability and PSI vaccines at the upper HCOC threshold with 21% probability. The P&PI vaccine was predicted to avert 0.9 million (UI: 0.8-1.1) and 1.1 million (UI: 0.9-1.4) second-line therapy regimens in China and India between 2027 and 2050, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Novel TB vaccination is likely to substantially reduce the future burden of RR/MDR-TB, while averting the need for second-line therapy. Vaccination may be cost-effective depending on vaccine characteristics and setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathika K Weerasuriya
- TB Modelling Group, TB Centre and Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Rebecca C Harris
- TB Modelling Group, TB Centre and Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Currently employed at Sanofi Pasteur, Singapore, Singapore
| | - C Finn McQuaid
- TB Modelling Group, TB Centre and Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Fiammetta Bozzani
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health & Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Yunzhou Ruan
- Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Renzhong Li
- Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | | | - Raghuram Rao
- National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme, New Delhi, India
| | - Ann M Ginsberg
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, USA.,Current Affiliation: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Washington DC, USA
| | - Gabriela B Gomez
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health & Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Currently employed at Sanofi Pasteur, Lyon, France
| | - Richard G White
- TB Modelling Group, TB Centre and Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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27
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Guo Y, Cao X, Yang J, Wu X, Liu Y, Wan B, Hu L, Wang H, Yu F. Rifampin-resistance-associated mutations in the rifampin-resistance-determining region of the rpoB gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates in Shanghai, PR China. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 33507146 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Resistance to rifampin (RIF) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is associated with mutations in the rpoB gene coding for the β-subunit of RNA polymerase. The contribution of various rpoB mutations to the development and level of RIF resistance remains elusive.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Various rpoB mutations may be associated with differential levels of RIF resistance.Aim. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between specific rpoB mutations and the MICs of RIF and rifabutin (RFB) against M. tuberculosis.Methodology. Of the 195 clinical isolates, 105 and 90 isolates were randomly selected from isolates resistant to RIF and sensitive to RIF, respectively. The MICs of 12 agents for M. tuberculosis isolates were determined using commercial Sensititre M. tuberculosis MIC plates and the broth microdilution method. Strains were screened for rpoB mutations by DNA extraction, rpoB gene amplification and DNA sequence analysis.Results. One hundred isolates (95.24 %) were found to have mutations in the RIF-resistance-determining region (RRDR) of the rpoB gene. Three rpoB mutations were identified in 90 RIF-susceptible isolates. Out of 105 isolates, 86 (81.90 %) were cross-resistant to both RIF and RFB. The most frequent mutation occurred at codons 450 and 445. We also found a novel nine-nucleotide (ATCATGCAT) deletion (between positions 1543 and 1551) in the rpoB gene in two strains (1.90 %) with resistance to RIF, but susceptibility to RFB. In addition, the mutation frequency at codon 450 was significantly higher in RIF-resistant/RFB-resistant (RIFR/RFBR) strains than in RIFR/RFBS strains (75.58 % versus 21.05 %, P<0.01), whereas the mutation frequency at codon 435 was significantly lower in RIFR/RFBR strains than in RIFR/RFBS strains (1.16 % versus 26.32 %, P<0.01).Conclusion. Our data support previous findings, which reported that various rpoB mutations are associated with differential levels of RIF resistance. The specific mutations in the rpoB gene in RIFR/RFBR isolates differed from those in the RIFR/RFBS isolates. A novel deletion mutation in the RRDR might be associated with resistance to RIF, but not to RFB. Further clinical studies are required to investigate the efficacy of RFB in the treatment of infections caused by M. tuberculosis strains harbouring these mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjuan Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200082, PR China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200082, PR China
| | - Xingwei Cao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key laboratory of Medicine, Clinical Laboratory of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, PR China
| | - Jinghui Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200082, PR China
| | - Xiaocui Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200082, PR China
| | - Yin Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200082, PR China
| | - Baoshan Wan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200082, PR China
| | - Longhua Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key laboratory of Medicine, Clinical Laboratory of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, PR China
| | - Hongxiu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200082, PR China
| | - Fangyou Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200082, PR China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200082, PR China
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28
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Kwak SH, Choi JS, Lee EH, Lee SH, Leem AY, Lee SH, Kim SY, Chung KS, Kim EY, Jung JY, Park MS, Kim YS, Chang J, Kang YA. Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes of Isoniazid Mono-Resistant Tuberculosis: A Retrospective Study. Yonsei Med J 2020; 61:1034-1041. [PMID: 33251777 PMCID: PMC7700875 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2020.61.12.1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Isoniazid (INH) mono-resistant tuberculosis (Hr-TB) is a highly prevalent type of drug-resistant TB, possibly associated with unfavorable treatment outcomes. However, definitive guidelines on an optimal treatment regimen and duration for Hr-TB are currently under discussion. We evaluated the characteristics and treatment outcomes of Hr-TB patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of Hr-TB patients treated at a South Korean tertiary referral hospital from January 2005 to December 2018. RESULTS We included 195 Hr-TB patients. 113 (57.9%) were male, and the median age was 56.6 [interquartile range, 40.2-68.6] years. Mutations in katG were the most frequent [54 (56.3%)], followed by those in the inhA [34 (35.4%)]. Favorable and unfavorable outcomes were noted in 164 (84.1%) and 31 (15.9%) patients, respectively. Smoking history [odds ratio (OR)=5.606, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.695-18.543, p=0.005], low albumin level (OR=0.246, 95% CI: 0.104-0.578, p=0.001), and positive acid-fast bacilli culture at 2 months (OR=7.853, 95% CI: 1.246-49.506, p=0.028) were associated with unfavorable outcomes. CONCLUSION A tailored strategy targeting high-risk patients is imperative for improved treatment outcomes. Further research on the rapid and accurate detection of resistance to INH and other companion drugs is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hyun Kwak
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Soo Choi
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Korea
| | - Eun Hye Lee
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Korea
| | - Su Hwan Lee
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ah Young Leem
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Lee
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Song Yee Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Soo Chung
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Ye Jung
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moo Suk Park
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Sam Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Chang
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ae Kang
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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29
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Ricks S, Denkinger CM, Schumacher SG, Hallett TB, Arinaminpathy N. The potential impact of urine-LAM diagnostics on tuberculosis incidence and mortality: A modelling analysis. PLoS Med 2020; 17:e1003466. [PMID: 33306694 PMCID: PMC7732057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan (LAM) tests could offer important new opportunities for the early detection of tuberculosis (TB). The currently licensed LAM test, Alere Determine TB LAM Ag ('LF-LAM'), performs best in the sickest people living with HIV (PLHIV). However, the technology continues to improve, with newer LAM tests, such as Fujifilm SILVAMP TB LAM ('SILVAMP-LAM') showing improved sensitivity, including amongst HIV-negative patients. It is important to anticipate the epidemiological impact that current and future LAM tests may have on TB incidence and mortality. METHODS AND FINDINGS Concentrating on South Africa, we examined the impact that widening LAM test eligibility would have on TB incidence and mortality. We developed a mathematical model of TB transmission to project the impact of LAM tests, distinguishing 'current' tests (with sensitivity consistent with LF-LAM), from hypothetical 'future' tests (having sensitivity consistent with SILVAMP-LAM). We modelled the impact of both tests, assuming full adoption of the 2019 WHO guidelines for the use of these tests amongst those receiving HIV care. We also simulated the hypothetical deployment of future LAM tests for all people presenting to care with TB symptoms, not restricted to PLHIV. Our model projects that 2,700,000 (95% credible interval [CrI] 2,000,000-3,600,000) and 420,000 (95% CrI 350,000-520,000) cumulative TB incident cases and deaths, respectively, would occur between 2020 and 2035 if the status quo is maintained. Relative to this comparator, current and future LAM tests would respectively avert 54 (95% CrI 33-86) and 90 (95% CrI 55-145) TB deaths amongst inpatients between 2020 and 2035, i.e., reductions of 5% (95% CrI 4%-6%) and 9% (95% CrI 7%-11%) in inpatient TB mortality. This impact in absolute deaths averted doubles if testing is expanded to include outpatients, yet remains <1% of country-level TB deaths. Similar patterns apply to incidence results. However, deploying a future LAM test for all people presenting to care with TB symptoms would avert 470,000 (95% CrI 220,000-870,000) incident TB cases (18% reduction, 95% CrI 9%-29%) and 120,000 (95% CrI 69,000-210,000) deaths (30% reduction, 95% CrI 18%-44%) between 2020 and 2035. Notably, this increase in impact arises largely from diagnosis of TB amongst those with HIV who are not yet in HIV care, and who would thus be ineligible for a LAM test under current guidelines. Qualitatively similar results apply under an alternative comparator assuming expanded use of GeneXpert MTB/RIF ('Xpert') for TB diagnosis. Sensitivity analysis demonstrates qualitatively similar results in a setting like Kenya, which also has a generalised HIV epidemic, but a lower burden of HIV/TB coinfection. Amongst limitations of this analysis, we do not address the cost or cost-effectiveness of future tests. Our model neglects drug resistance and focuses on the country-level epidemic, thus ignoring subnational variations in HIV and TB burden. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that LAM tests could have an important effect in averting TB deaths amongst PLHIV with advanced disease. However, achieving population-level impact on the TB epidemic, even in high-HIV-burden settings, will require future LAM tests to have sufficient performance to be deployed more broadly than in HIV care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Ricks
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Claudia M. Denkinger
- Center of Infectious Disease, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Timothy B. Hallett
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nimalan Arinaminpathy
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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30
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Anton C, Lemos CX, Machado FD, Bernardi RM, Freitas AA, Silva DR. Tuberculosis in the intensive care unit: alternative treatment regimens and association with mortality. Trop Med Int Health 2020; 26:111-114. [PMID: 33159399 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adequate anti-tuberculosis (TB) treatment is an important factor that can affect the patient's outcome. Higher mortality is found in patients who do not receive optimal treatment that includes isoniazid and rifampicin. The objective of this study is to evaluate the association of use of alternative TB treatment regimens (without rifampicin and isoniazid) and mortality among patients requiring intensive care. METHODS Retrospective cohort study, from January 2010 to December 2018. Patients aged > 18 years with a TB diagnosis, admitted to the ICU of a general, tertiary care, university-affiliated hospital (Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - HCPA) were included. Data on TB treatment used and outcomes of treatment were collected. RESULTS 462 patients met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis; 284 used the usual treatment regimen (rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol - all orally), and 178 used alternative treatment regimens (IV levofloxacin plus oral ethambutol plus IM streptomycin or IV amikacin, without rifampicin and isoniazid). The mortality was higher among users of alternative treatment regimens (63.5%) than among usual treatment regimen users (51.4%) (P = 0.011). In a multivariate analysis, age, albumin and death were independently associated with alternative treatment regimens use. CONCLUSIONS TB programmes in which IV rifampicin is not widely available should consider including it, especially for critically ill TB patients, for whom there may be improved survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Anton
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Pneumológicas da, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carolina Xavier Lemos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Pneumológicas da, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dominguez Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Pneumológicas da, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Manzoni Bernardi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Pneumológicas da, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alana Ambos Freitas
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Denise Rossato Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Pneumológicas da, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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31
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Alffenaar JWC, Tiberi S, Cirillo DM, Migliori GB. Intermittent regimens for tuberculosis treatment: Back to the Future? Eur Respir J 2020; 56:56/3/2002510. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02510-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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32
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Mathematical model and tool to explore shorter multi-drug therapy options for active pulmonary tuberculosis. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008107. [PMID: 32810158 PMCID: PMC7480878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard treatment for active tuberculosis (TB) requires drug treatment with at least four drugs over six months. Shorter-duration therapy would mean less need for strict adherence, and reduced risk of bacterial resistance. A system pharmacology model of TB infection, and drug therapy was developed and used to simulate the outcome of different drug therapy scenarios. The model incorporated human immune response, granuloma lesions, multi-drug antimicrobial chemotherapy, and bacterial resistance. A dynamic population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) simulation model including rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol was developed and parameters aligned with previous experimental data. Population therapy outcomes for simulations were found to be generally consistent with summary results from previous clinical trials, for a range of drug dose and duration scenarios. An online tool developed from this model is released as open source software. The TB simulation tool could support analysis of new therapy options, novel drug types, and combinations, incorporating factors such as patient adherence behavior. A comprehensive in-silico model of pulmonary tuberculosis successfully predicted previous clinical trials and could simulate future therapeutics.
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33
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Bracchi M, van Halsema C, Post F, Awosusi F, Barbour A, Bradley S, Coyne K, Dixon-Williams E, Freedman A, Jelliman P, Khoo S, Leen C, Lipman M, Lucas S, Miller R, Seden K, Pozniak A. British HIV Association guidelines for the management of tuberculosis in adults living with HIV 2019. HIV Med 2020; 20 Suppl 6:s2-s83. [PMID: 31152481 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Clare van Halsema
- North Manchester General Hospital, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
| | - Frank Post
- King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pauline Jelliman
- Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital Trust, NHIVNA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anton Pozniak
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
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34
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Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major public health concern and requires prompt treatment. Goals of treatment include curing the individual patient and protecting the community from ongoing tuberculosis transmission. To achieve durable cure, regimens must include multiple agents given concurrently and in a manner to ensure completion of therapy. This article focuses on preferred regimens of drug-susceptible tuberculosis under current guidelines by the American Thoracic Society, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Infectious Diseases Society of America and World Health Organization. In addition, topics including patient centered care, poor treatment outcomes, and adverse effects are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Shoshana Zha
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0111, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA
| | - Payam Nahid
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0841 MD, 1001 Potrero Avenue, 5J6, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
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35
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Arinaminpathy N, Gomez GB, Sachdeva KS, Rao R, Parmar M, Nair SA, Rade K, Kumta S, Hermann D, Hanson C, Chin DP, Dewan P. The potential deployment of a pan-tuberculosis drug regimen in India: A modelling analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230808. [PMID: 32218585 PMCID: PMC7100958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in future, highly-potent ‘pan-TB’ regimens against tuberculosis (TB), that may be equally effective in both drug-susceptible and rifampicin-resistant (RR) forms of TB. Taking the example of India, the country with the world’s largest burden of TB, we show that adoption of these regimens could be: (i) epidemiologically impactful, and (ii) cost-saving to the national TB programme, even if the regimen itself is more costly than current TB treatment. Mathematical modelling suggests that deployment of a pan-TB regimen in 2022 would reduce the annual incidence of TB in 2030 by 23.9% [95% Bayesian credible intervals [CrI] 17.6–30.8%] if used to treat all TB cases, and by 2.30% [95% CrI 1.57–3.48%] if used to treat only RR-TB. Notably, with a regimen costing less than USD 359 (95% CrI 287–441), treating all diagnosed TB cases with the pan-TB regimen yielded greater cost-savings than treating just those diagnosed with RR-TB. One limitation of our approach is that it does not capture the risk of resistance to the new regimen. We discuss ways in which this risk could be mitigated using modern adherence support mechanisms, as well as drug sensitivity testing at the point of TB diagnosis, to prevent new resistant forms from becoming established. A combination of such approaches would be important for maximising the useful lifetime of any future regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimalan Arinaminpathy
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Gabriela B. Gomez
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Raghuram Rao
- Central TB Division, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Malik Parmar
- India Country Office, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Kiran Rade
- India Country Office, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India
| | - Sameer Kumta
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, India Country Office, New Delhi, India
| | - David Hermann
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Christy Hanson
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Daniel P. Chin
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Puneet Dewan
- Global Good, Intellectual Ventures, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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36
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Andreevskaya S, Smirnova T, Larionova E, Andrievskaya I, Chernousova L, Ergeshov A. Isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis: prevalence, resistance spectrum and genetic determinants of resistance. BULLETIN OF RUSSIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2020.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The lack of simple, rapid diagnostic tests for isoniazid-resistant rifampicin-susceptible tuberculosis infection (Hr-TB) can result in low treatment efficacy and further amplification of drug resistance. Based on the clinical data, this study sought to estimate the prevalence of Hr-TB in the general population and characterize the phenotypic susceptibility and genetic determinants of isoniazid resistance in M. tuberculosis strains. Molecular-genetic and culture-based drug susceptibility tests were performed on M. tuberculosis isolates and M. tuberculosis DNA obtained from the patients with pulmonary TB undergoing treatment at the Central Tuberculosis Research Institute between 2011 and 2018. The tests revealed that Hr-TB accounted for 12% of all TB cases in the studied sample. Hr-TB strains were either resistant to isoniazid only (45%) or had multiple resistance to 2–6 anti-TB agents. Resistance to isoniazid was caused by mutations in the katG gene. Based on the literature analysis and our own observations, we emphasize the importance of developing simple molecular drug susceptibility tests capable of detecting simultaneous resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid and the necessity of their translation into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.N. Andreevskaya
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Central Tuberculosis Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - T.G. Smirnova
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Central Tuberculosis Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - E.E. Larionova
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Central Tuberculosis Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - I.Yu. Andrievskaya
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Central Tuberculosis Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - L.N. Chernousova
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Central Tuberculosis Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Ergeshov
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Central Tuberculosis Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
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37
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Jhun BW, Koh WJ. Treatment of Isoniazid-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2020; 83:20-30. [PMID: 31905429 PMCID: PMC6953491 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2019.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a threat to public health and is the leading cause of death globally. Isoniazid (INH) is an important first-line agent for the treatment of TB considering its early bactericidal activity. Resistance to INH is now the most common type of resistance. Resistance to INH reduces the probability of treatment success and increases the risk of acquiring resistance to other first-line drugs such as rifampicin (RIF), thereby increasing the risk of multidrug-resistant-TB. Studies in the 1970s and 1980s showed high success rates for INH-resistant TB cases receiving regimens comprised of first-line drugs. However, recent data have indicated that INH-resistant TB patients treated with only first-line drugs have poor outcomes. Fortunately, based on recent systematic meta-analyses, the World Health Organization published consolidated guidelines on drug-resistant TB in 2019. Their key recommendations are treatment with RIF-ethambutol (EMB)-pyrazinamide (PZA)-levofloxacin (LFX) for 6 months and no addition of injectable agents to the treatment regimen. The guidelines also emphasize the importance of excluding resistance to RIF before starting RIF-EMB-PZA-LFX regimen. Additionally, when the diagnosis of INH-resistant TB is confirmed long after starting the first-line TB treatment, the clinician must decide whether to start a 6-month course of RIF-EMB-PZA-LFX based on the patient's condition. However, these recommendations are based on observational studies, not randomized controlled trials, and are thus conditional and based on low certainty of the effect estimates. Therefore, further work is needed to optimize the treatment of INH-resistant TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Woo Jhun
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Jung Koh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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38
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Bhatt AN, Tharyan P, Michael JS, Christopher DJ, Varghese GM, Sathyendra S, Rajan SJ, George K, Prasad JH. Treatment outcomes with daily self-administered treatment and thrice-weekly directly-observed treatment in two cohorts of newly-diagnosed, sputum-positive adults with pulmonary tuberculosis. Indian J Tuberc 2020; 67:105-111. [PMID: 32192603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) envisages shifting from thrice-weekly to a daily anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT) regimen. The potential merits and demerits of both regimens continue to be debated. METHODS This retrospective study compared treatment outcomes in 191 HIV-negative, newly diagnosed, sputum-positive adults with pulmonary tuberculosis from Vellore district of Tamil Nadu who were treated at a private medical college during 2009 to 2012 with intermittent Directly Observed Treatment Short Course (intermittent DOTS cohort, n=132) or who opted for daily Self-Administered Treatment (daily SAT cohort, n=59). Treatment outcomes obtained from medical records were supplemented by interviews with consenting, traceable patients. RESULTS The rates for the RNTCP-recommended sputum smear examinations were suboptimal (42% for daily SAT and 72% for intermittent DOTS). However, treatment success with daily SAT and intermittent DOTS (76.2% vs. 70.4%); default (11.9% vs. 18.2%); death (6.8% vs. 5.3%); treatment failure (5.1% vs. 4.6%); and relapse (0% vs. 1.5%) did not significantly differ. CONCLUSIONS While evaluable treatment outcomes were not significantly different with daily SAT and intermittent DOTS, rates for timely smear examinations and for treatment success were lower, and for default higher, in both cohorts than comparable RNTCP data from Vellore district. Further strengthening of RNTCP facilities within private medical colleges and regular, real-time audits of performance and outcomes are needed if daily ATT regimen under the RNTCP is to succeed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun N Bhatt
- Post Graduate Resident, Community Health Department, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prathap Tharyan
- Professor & Director, B. V. Moses Centre for Evidence-Informed Health Care & Health Policy, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Joy S Michael
- Professor, Department of Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - D J Christopher
- Professor, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - George M Varghese
- Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Sowmya Sathyendra
- Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Sudha Jasmine Rajan
- Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Kuryan George
- Professor, Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Jasmin Helan Prasad
- Professor, Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
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Projecting the impact of variable MDR-TB transmission efficiency on long-term epidemic trends in South Africa and Vietnam. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18099. [PMID: 31792289 PMCID: PMC6889300 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54561-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is less transmissible than drug-susceptible (DS-)TB on a population level is uncertain. Even in the absence of a genetic fitness cost, the transmission potential of individuals with MDR-TB may vary by infectiousness, frequency of contact, or duration of disease. We used a compartmental model to project the progression of MDR-TB epidemics in South Africa and Vietnam under alternative assumptions about the relative transmission efficiency of MDR-TB. Specifically, we considered three scenarios: consistently lower transmission efficiency for MDR-TB than for DS-TB; equal transmission efficiency; and an initial deficit in the transmission efficiency of MDR-TB that closes over time. We calibrated these scenarios with data from drug resistance surveys and projected epidemic trends to 2040. The incidence of MDR-TB was projected to expand in most scenarios, but the degree of expansion depended greatly on the future transmission efficiency of MDR-TB. For example, by 2040, we projected absolute MDR-TB incidence to account for 5% (IQR: 4–9%) of incident TB in South Africa and 14% (IQR: 9–26%) in Vietnam assuming consistently lower MDR-TB transmission efficiency, versus 15% (IQR: 8–27%)and 41% (IQR: 23–62%), respectively, assuming shrinking transmission efficiency deficits. Given future uncertainty, specific responses to halt MDR-TB transmission should be prioritized.
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40
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Diel R, Schluger NW. Is adding fluoroquinolones to regimens for treating isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis necessary? Eur Respir J 2019; 54:54/4/1901494. [PMID: 31601721 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01494-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Diel
- Institute for Epidemiology, University Medical Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany .,Lungenclinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Großhansdorf, Germany
| | - Neil W Schluger
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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41
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Stagg HR, Bothamley GH, Davidson JA, Kunst H, Lalor MK, Lipman MC, Loutet MG, Lozewicz S, Mohiyuddin T, Abbara A, Alexander E, Booth H, Creer DD, Harris RJ, Kon OM, Loebinger MR, McHugh TD, Milburn HJ, Palchaudhuri P, Phillips PPJ, Schmok E, Taylor L, Abubakar I. Fluoroquinolones and isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis: implications for the 2018 WHO guidance. Eur Respir J 2019; 54:13993003.00982-2019. [PMID: 31371444 PMCID: PMC6785706 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00982-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Introduction 2018 World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for the treatment of isoniazid (H)-resistant (Hr) tuberculosis recommend a four-drug regimen: rifampicin (R), ethambutol (E), pyrazinamide (Z) and levofloxacin (Lfx), with or without H ([H]RZE-Lfx). This is used once Hr is known, such that patients complete 6 months of Lfx (≥6[H]RZE-6Lfx). This cohort study assessed the impact of fluoroquinolones (Fq) on treatment effectiveness, accounting for Hr mutations and degree of phenotypic resistance. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of 626 Hr tuberculosis patients notified in London, 2009–2013. Regimens were described and logistic regression undertaken of the association between regimen and negative regimen-specific outcomes (broadly, death due to tuberculosis, treatment failure or disease recurrence). Results Of 594 individuals with regimen information, 330 (55.6%) were treated with (H)RfZE (Rf=rifamycins) and 211 (35.5%) with (H)RfZE-Fq. The median overall treatment period was 11.9 months and median Z duration 2.1 months. In a univariable logistic regression model comparing (H)RfZE with and without Fqs, there was no difference in the odds of a negative regimen-specific outcome (baseline (H)RfZE, cluster-specific odds ratio 1.05 (95% CI 0.60–1.82), p=0.87; cluster NHS trust). Results varied minimally in a multivariable model. This odds ratio dropped (0.57, 95% CI 0.14–2.28) when Hr genotype was included, but this analysis lacked power (p=0.42). Conclusions In a high-income setting, we found a 12-month (H)RfZE regimen with a short Z duration to be similarly effective for Hr tuberculosis with or without a Fq. This regimen may result in fewer adverse events than the WHO recommendations. WHO has assessed regimen recommendations for isoniazid-resistant TB to be of very low certainty. The addition of fluoroquinolones to a 12-month (isoniazid, rifamycin, ethambutol, short-duration pyrazinamide) regimen may be unnecessary in certain settings.http://bit.ly/2XoTgNL
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R Stagg
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK .,Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Graham H Bothamley
- Respiratory Medicine, Homerton University Hospital, London, UK.,These authors contributed equally to this manuscript and are presented alphabetically
| | - Jennifer A Davidson
- Tuberculosis Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK.,These authors contributed equally to this manuscript and are presented alphabetically
| | - Heinke Kunst
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,These authors contributed equally to this manuscript and are presented alphabetically
| | - Maeve K Lalor
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.,Tuberculosis Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK.,These authors contributed equally to this manuscript and are presented alphabetically
| | - Marc C Lipman
- Respiratory Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.,UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London.,These authors contributed equally to this manuscript and are presented alphabetically
| | - Miranda G Loutet
- Tuberculosis Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK.,These authors contributed equally to this manuscript and are presented alphabetically
| | - Stefan Lozewicz
- Respiratory Medicine, North Middlesex University Hospital, London, UK.,These authors contributed equally to this manuscript and are presented alphabetically
| | - Tehreem Mohiyuddin
- Tuberculosis Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK.,These authors contributed equally to this manuscript and are presented alphabetically
| | - Aula Abbara
- Infectious Diseases, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.,These authors contributed equally to this manuscript and are presented alphabetically
| | - Eliza Alexander
- National Mycobacterial Reference Service South, Public Health England, London, UK.,These authors contributed equally to this manuscript and are presented alphabetically
| | - Helen Booth
- Tuberculosis Service, University College London Hospitals/Whittington Health, London, UK.,These authors contributed equally to this manuscript and are presented alphabetically
| | - Dean D Creer
- Respiratory Medicine, Barnet General Hospital, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,These authors contributed equally to this manuscript and are presented alphabetically
| | - Ross J Harris
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, Public Health England, London, UK.,These authors contributed equally to this manuscript and are presented alphabetically
| | - Onn Min Kon
- TB Service, Imperial College Healthcare, London, UK.,These authors contributed equally to this manuscript and are presented alphabetically
| | - Michael R Loebinger
- Respiratory Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK.,These authors contributed equally to this manuscript and are presented alphabetically
| | - Timothy D McHugh
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London, UK.,These authors contributed equally to this manuscript and are presented alphabetically
| | - Heather J Milburn
- Respiratory Medicine, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.,These authors contributed equally to this manuscript and are presented alphabetically
| | - Paramita Palchaudhuri
- Respiratory Services, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, London, UK.,These authors contributed equally to this manuscript and are presented alphabetically
| | - Patrick P J Phillips
- Dept of Medicine and Dept of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,These authors contributed equally to this manuscript and are presented alphabetically
| | - Erik Schmok
- Respiratory Medicine, Homerton University Hospital, London, UK.,These authors contributed equally to this manuscript and are presented alphabetically
| | - Lucy Taylor
- National Mycobacterial Reference Service South, Public Health England, London, UK.,These authors contributed equally to this manuscript and are presented alphabetically
| | - Ibrahim Abubakar
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
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Kendall EA, Malhotra S, Cook-Scalise S, Denkinger CM, Dowdy DW. Estimating the impact of a novel drug regimen for treatment of tuberculosis: a modeling analysis of projected patient outcomes and epidemiological considerations. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:794. [PMID: 31500572 PMCID: PMC6734288 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4429-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regimens that could treat both rifampin-resistant (RR) and rifampin-susceptible tuberculosis (TB) while shortening the treatment duration have reached late-stage clinical trials. Decisions about whether and how to implement such regimens will require an understanding of their likely clinical impact and how this impact depends on local epidemiology and implementation strategy. METHODS A Markov state-transition model of 100,000 representative South African adults with TB was used to simulate implementation of the regimen BPaMZ (bedaquiline, pretomanid, moxifloxacin, and pyrazinamide), either for RR-TB only or universally for all patients. Patient outcomes, including cure rates, time with active TB, and time on treatment, were compared to outcomes under current care. Sensitivity analyses varied the drug-resistance epidemiology, rifampin susceptibility testing practices, and regimen efficacy. RESULTS Using BPaMZ exclusively for RR-TB increased the proportion of all RR-TB that was cured by initial treatment from 60 ± 1% to 67 ± 1%. Expanding use of BPaMZ to all patients increased cure of RR-TB to 89 ± 1% and cure of all TB from 87.3 ± 0.1% to 89.5 ± 0.1%, while shortening treatment by 1.9 months/person. In sensitivity analyses, reducing the coverage of rifampin susceptibility testing resulted in lower projected proportions of patients cured under all regimen scenarios (current care, RR-only BPaMZ, and universal BPaMZ), compared to the proportions projected using South Africa's high coverage; however, this reduced coverage resulted in greater expected incremental benefits of universal BPaMZ implementation, both when compared to RR-only BPaMZ implementation and when compared to to current care under the same low rifampin susceptibility testing coverage. In settings with higher RR-TB prevalence, the benefits of BPaMZ were magnified both for RR-specific and universal BPaMZ implementation. CONCLUSIONS Novel regimens such as BPaMZ could improve RR-TB outcomes and shorten treatment for all patients, particularly with universal use. Decision-makers weighing early options for implementing such regimens at scale will want to consider the expected impact on patient outcomes and on the burden of treatment in their local context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Kendall
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, CRB2 Room 106, 1550 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Shelly Malhotra
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, New York, NY, USA
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Claudia M Denkinger
- Division of Tropical Medicine, Center of Infectious Disease, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Tuberculosis Programme, FIND, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David W Dowdy
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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43
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Arinaminpathy N, Batra D, Maheshwari N, Swaroop K, Sharma L, Sachdeva KS, Khaparde S, Rao R, Gupta D, Vadera B, Nair SA, Rade K, Kumta S, Dewan P. Tuberculosis treatment in the private healthcare sector in India: an analysis of recent trends and volumes using drug sales data. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:539. [PMID: 31217003 PMCID: PMC6584981 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a pressing need for systematic approaches for monitoring how much TB treatment is ongoing in the private sector in India: both to cast light on the true scale of the problem, and to help monitor the progress of interventions currently being planned to address this problem. METHODS We used commercially available data on the sales of rifampicin-containing drugs in the private sector, adjusted for data coverage and indication of use. We examined temporal, statewise trends in volumes (patient-months) of TB treatment from 2013 to 2016. We additionally analysed the proportion of drugs that were sold in combination packaging (designed to simplify TB treatment), or as loose pills. RESULTS Drug sales suggest a steady trend of TB treatment dispensed by the private sector, from 18.4 million patient-months (95% CI 17.3-20.5) in 2013 to 16.8 patient-months (95% CI 15.5-19.0) in 2016. Overall, seven of 29 states in India accounted for more than 70% of national-level TB treatment volumes, including Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Bihar. The overwhelming majority of TB treatment was dispensed not as loose pills, but in combination packaging with other TB drugs, accounting for over 96% of private sector TB treatment in 2017. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest consistent levels of TB treatment in the private sector over the past 4 years, while highlighting specific states that should be prioritized for intervention. Drug sales data can be helpful for monitoring a system as large, disorganised and opaque as India's private sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimalan Arinaminpathy
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kiran Rade
- WHO India country office, New Delhi, India
| | - Sameer Kumta
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, New Delhi, India
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44
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Kendall EA, Sahu S, Pai M, Fox GJ, Varaine F, Cox H, Cegielski JP, Mabote L, Vassall A, Dowdy DW. What will it take to eliminate drug-resistant tuberculosis? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2019; 23:535-546. [PMID: 31097060 PMCID: PMC6600801 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.18.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is challenging to diagnose, treat, and prevent, but this situation is slowly changing. If the world is to drastically reduce the incidence of DR-TB, we must stop creating new DR-TB as an essential first step. The DR-TB epidemic that is ongoing should also be directly addressed. First-line drug resistance must be rapidly detected using universal molecular testing for resistance to at least rifampin and, preferably, other key drugs at initial TB diagnosis. DR-TB treatment outcomes must also improve dramatically. Effective use of currently available, new, and repurposed drugs, combined with patient-centered treatment that aids adherence and reduces catastrophic costs, are essential. Innovations within sight, such as short, highly effective, broadly indicated regimens, paired with point-of-care drug susceptibility testing, could accelerate progress in treatment outcomes. Preventing or containing resistance to second-line and novel drugs is also critical and will require high-quality systems for diagnosis, regimen selection, and treatment monitoring. Finally, earlier detection and/or prevention of DR-TB is necessary, with particular attention to airborne infection control, case finding, and preventive therapy for contacts of patients with DR-TB. Implementing these strategies can overcome the barrier that DR-TB represents for global TB elimination efforts, and could ultimately make global elimination of DR-TB (fewer than one annual case per million population worldwide) attainable. There is a strong cost-effectiveness case to support pursuing DR-TB elimination; however, achieving this goal will require substantial global investment plus political and societal commitment at national and local levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Kendall
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - S Sahu
- Stop TB Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Pai
- McGill International TB Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - G J Fox
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - F Varaine
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Paris, France
| | - H Cox
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; **Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - L Mabote
- AIDS and Rights Alliance for Southern Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A Vassall
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - D W Dowdy
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Isoniazid Monoresistance and Rate of Culture Conversion among Patients in the State of Georgia with Confirmed Tuberculosis, 2009-2014. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2019; 15:331-340. [PMID: 29131662 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201702-147oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Isoniazid-monoresistant tuberculosis (INH-monoresistant TB) is the most common drug-resistant TB type in the United States; however, its impact on TB treatment outcomes is not clear. OBJECTIVES This study aims to understand 1) factors associated with INH-monoresistant TB and 2) the association between INH monoresistance and response to TB treatment. METHODS We studied all patients with TB (age, ≥15 yr) reported to the Georgia State Electronic Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (SENDSS) from 2009 to 2014. INH-monoresistant TB was defined as a Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate resistant to isoniazid only. Time to sputum culture conversion was defined as the time (measured in days) from TB treatment initiation to the date of the first consistently negative culture result reported to the SENDSS. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the odds and hazard rate of sputum culture conversion, all-cause mortality, and poor TB outcome among patients with INH-monoresistant TB. RESULTS Among 1,141 culture-confirmed patients with available drug susceptibility testing results, 998 (87.5%) were susceptible to TB first-line drugs, and 143 (12.5%) were patients with INH-monoresistant TB. In multivariable analysis, male sex (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-2.67) and homelessness (aOR, 5.55; 95% CI, 3.38-9.17) were associated with higher odds of INH-monoresistant TB. In the same multivariable model, older age (≥65 yr old) (aOR, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.07-0.55) and miliary disease (aOR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.01-0.96) were associated with lower odds of INH-monoresistant TB. Among 1,116 patients with pulmonary TB, the median time to sputum culture conversion was 30 days (interquartile range, 13-58). The rate of culture conversion was similar among patients with and without INH monoresistance (adjusted cause-specific hazard ratio, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.95-1.40). INH-monoresistant TB was not significantly associated with poor TB treatment outcomes (aOR, 1.61; 95% CI, 0.67-3.70) or mortality during TB treatment (aOR, 1.72; 95% CI, 0.58-4.94). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that compared with drug-susceptible TB, patients in Georgia with INH-monoresistant TB have a similar response to TB treatment including culture conversion rate, final TB treatment outcome, and all-cause mortality.
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N’Diaye DS, Nsengiyumva NP, Uppal A, Oxlade O, Alvarez GG, Schwartzman K. The potential impact and cost-effectiveness of tobacco reduction strategies for tuberculosis prevention in Canadian Inuit communities. BMC Med 2019; 17:26. [PMID: 30712513 PMCID: PMC6360759 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-019-1261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health problem in Canadian Inuit communities. In 2016, Canadian Inuit had an incidence rate 35 times the Canadian average. Tobacco use is an important risk factor for TB, and over 60% of Inuit adults smoke. We aimed to estimate changes in TB-related outcomes and costs from reducing tobacco use in Inuit communities. METHODS Using a transmission model to estimate the initial prevalence of latent TB infection (LTBI), followed by decision analysis modelling, we conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis that compared the current standard of care for management of TB and LTBI without additional tobacco reduction intervention (Status Quo) with (1) increased tobacco taxation, (2) pharmacotherapy and counselling for smoking cessation, (3) pharmacotherapy, counselling plus mass media campaign, and (4) the combination of all these. Projected outcomes included the following: TB cases, TB-related deaths, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and health system costs, all over 20 years. RESULTS The combined strategy was projected to reduce active TB cases by 6.1% (95% uncertainty range 4.9-7.0%) and TB deaths by 10.4% (9.5-11.4%) over 20 years, relative to the status quo. Increased taxation was the only cost-saving strategy. CONCLUSIONS Currently available strategies to reduce commercial tobacco use will likely have a modest impact on TB-related outcomes in the medium term, but some may be cost saving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieynaba S. N’Diaye
- Montreal Chest Institute, Montreal, Quebec Canada
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 boulevard Décarie, Room D05.2511, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1 Canada
- McGill International Tuberculosis Centre, Montreal, Quebec Canada
| | - Ntwali Placide Nsengiyumva
- Montreal Chest Institute, Montreal, Quebec Canada
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 boulevard Décarie, Room D05.2511, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1 Canada
- McGill International Tuberculosis Centre, Montreal, Quebec Canada
| | - Aashna Uppal
- Montreal Chest Institute, Montreal, Quebec Canada
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 boulevard Décarie, Room D05.2511, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1 Canada
- McGill International Tuberculosis Centre, Montreal, Quebec Canada
| | - Olivia Oxlade
- Montreal Chest Institute, Montreal, Quebec Canada
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 boulevard Décarie, Room D05.2511, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1 Canada
- McGill International Tuberculosis Centre, Montreal, Quebec Canada
| | - Gonzalo G. Alvarez
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
| | - Kevin Schwartzman
- Montreal Chest Institute, Montreal, Quebec Canada
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 boulevard Décarie, Room D05.2511, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1 Canada
- McGill International Tuberculosis Centre, Montreal, Quebec Canada
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Romanowski K, Balshaw RF, Benedetti A, Campbell JR, Menzies D, Ahmad Khan F, Johnston JC. Predicting tuberculosis relapse in patients treated with the standard 6-month regimen: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Thorax 2018; 74:291-297. [PMID: 30420407 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-211120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relapse continues to place significant burden on patients and tuberculosis (TB) programmes worldwide. We aimed to determine clinical and microbiological factors associated with relapse in patients treated with the WHO standard 6-month regimen and then evaluate the accuracy of each factor at predicting an outcome of relapse. METHODS A systematic review was performed to identify randomised controlled trials reporting treatment outcomes on patients receiving the standard regimen. Authors were contacted and invited to share patient-level data (IPD). A one-step IPD meta-analysis, using random intercept logistic regression models and receiver operating characteristic curves, was performed to evaluate the predictive performance of variables of interest. RESULTS Individual patient data were obtained from 3 of the 12 identified studies. Of the 1189 patients with confirmed pulmonary TB who completed therapy, 67 (5.6%) relapsed. In multipredictor analysis, the presence of baseline cavitary disease with positive smear at 2 months was associated with an increased odds of relapse (OR 2.3(95% CI 1.3 to 4.2)) and a relapse risk of 10%. When area under the curve for each multipredictor model was compared, discrimination between low-risk and higher-risk patients was modest and similar to that of the reference model which accounted for age, sex and HIV status. CONCLUSION Despite its poor predictive value, our results indicate that the combined presence of cavitary disease and 2-month positive smear status may be the best currently available marker for identifying individuals at an increased risk of relapse, particularly in resource-limited setting. Further investigation is required to assess whether this combined factor can be used to indicate different treatment requirements in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Romanowski
- TB Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert F Balshaw
- Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Andrea Benedetti
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,McGill International TB Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathon R Campbell
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,McGill International TB Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dick Menzies
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,McGill International TB Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Faiz Ahmad Khan
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,McGill International TB Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - James C Johnston
- TB Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,McGill International TB Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Naidoo K, Dookie N. Insights into Recurrent Tuberculosis: Relapse Versus Reinfection and Related Risk Factors. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.73601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Chatterjee S, Poonawala H, Jain Y. Drug-resistant tuberculosis: is India ready for the challenge? BMJ Glob Health 2018; 3:e000971. [PMID: 30116597 PMCID: PMC6089296 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Chatterjee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Husain Poonawala
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yogesh Jain
- Jan Swasthya Sahyog, Ganiyari, Chhattisgarh, India
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Bestrashniy JRBM, Nguyen VN, Nguyen TL, Pham TL, Nguyen TA, Pham DC, Nghiem LPH, Le TNA, Nguyen BH, Nguyen KC, Nguyen HD, Buu TN, Le TN, Nguyen VH, Dinh NS, Britton WJ, Marks GB, Fox GJ. Recurrence of tuberculosis among patients following treatment completion in eight provinces of Vietnam: A nested case-control study. Int J Infect Dis 2018; 74:31-37. [PMID: 29944930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients completing treatment for tuberculosis (TB) in high-prevalence settings face a risk of developing recurrent disease. This has important consequences for public health, given its association with drug resistance and a poor prognosis. Previous research has implicated individual factors such as smoking, alcohol use, HIV, poor treatment adherence, and drug resistant disease as risk factors for recurrence. However, little is known about how these factors co-act to produce recurrent disease. Furthermore, perhaps factors related to the index disease means higher burden/low resource settings may be more prone to recurrent disease that could be preventable. METHODS We conducted a case-control study nested within a cohort of consecutively enrolled adults who were being treated for smear positive pulmonary TB in 70 randomly selected district clinics in Vietnam. Cases were patients with recurrent TB, identified by follow-up from the parent cohort study. Controls were selected from the cohort by random sampling. Information on demographic, clinical and disease-related characteristics was obtained by interview. Treatment information was extracted from clinic registries. Logistic regression, with stepwise selection, was used to develop a fully adjusted model for the odds of recurrence of TB. RESULTS We recruited 10,964 patients between October 2010 and July 2013. Median follow-up was 988 days. At the end of follow-up, 505 patients (4.7%) with recurrence were identified as cases and 630 other patients were randomly selected as controls. Predictors of recurrence included multidrug-resistant (MDR)-TB (adjusted odds ratio 79.6; 95% CI: 25.1-252.0), self-reported prior TB therapy (aOR=2.5; 95% CI: 1.7-3.5), and incomplete adherence (aOR=1.9; 95% CI 1.1-3.1). CONCLUSIONS Index disease treatment history is a leading determinant of relapse among patients with TB in Vietnam. Further research is required to identify interventions that will reduce the risk of recurrent disease and enhance its early detection within high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thi Loi Nguyen
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, NSW, 2037, Australia
| | - Thi Lieu Pham
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, NSW, 2037, Australia
| | - Thu Anh Nguyen
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, NSW, 2037, Australia
| | - Duc Cuong Pham
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, NSW, 2037, Australia
| | | | | | - Binh Hoa Nguyen
- National Lung Hospital, Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Vietnam; Centre for Operational Research, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France
| | - Kim Cuong Nguyen
- National Lung Hospital, Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Vietnam; Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Tran Ngoc Buu
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, NSW, 2037, Australia
| | - Thi Nhung Le
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, NSW, 2037, Australia
| | - Viet Hung Nguyen
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, NSW, 2037, Australia
| | | | - Warwick John Britton
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Guy Barrington Marks
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, NSW, 2037, Australia; South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Greg James Fox
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, NSW, 2037, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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