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Mensah EA, Gyasi SO, Nsubuga F, Alali WQ. A proposed One Health approach to control yellow fever outbreaks in Uganda. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2024; 6:9. [PMID: 38783349 PMCID: PMC11119388 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-024-00103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Yellow Fever (YF) is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease. Uganda is located within the Africa YF belt. Between 2019 and 2022, the Ugandan Health Authorities reported at least one outbreak of YF annually with an estimated 892 suspected cases, on average per year. The persistent recurrence of this disease raises significant concerns about the efficacy of current response strategies and prevention approaches. YF has been recognized as a One Health issue due to its interrelatedness with the animal and environmental domains. Monkeys have been recognized as the virus primary reservoir. The YF virus is transmitted through bites of infected Aedes or Haemagogus species mosquitoes between monkeys and humans. Human activities, monkey health, and environmental health issues (e.g., climate change and land use) impact YF incidence in Uganda. Additionally, disease control programs for other tropical diseases, such as mosquitoes control programs for malaria, impact YF incidence.This review adopts the One Health approach to highlight the limitations in the existing segmented YF control and prevention strategies in Uganda, including the limited health sector surveillance, the geographically localized outbreak response efforts, the lack of a comprehensive vaccination program, the limited collaboration and communication among relevant national and international agencies, and the inadequate vector control practices. Through a One Health approach, we propose establishing a YF elimination taskforce. This taskforce would oversee coordination of YF elimination initiatives, including implementing a comprehensive surveillance system, conducting mass YF vaccination campaigns, integrating mosquito management strategies, and enhancing risk communication. It is anticipated that adopting the One Health approach will reduce the risk of YF incidence and outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Angmorteh Mensah
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Samuel Ofori Gyasi
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization Country Office, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred Nsubuga
- Division of Immunization and Vaccines, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Walid Q Alali
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.
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Kuno G. Mechanisms of Yellow Fever Transmission: Gleaning the Overlooked Records of Importance and Identifying Problems, Puzzles, Serious Issues, Surprises and Research Questions. Viruses 2024; 16:84. [PMID: 38257784 PMCID: PMC10820296 DOI: 10.3390/v16010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In viral disease research, few diseases can compete with yellow fever for the volume of literature, historical significance, richness of the topics and the amount of strong interest among both scientists and laypersons. While the major foci of viral disease research shifted to other more pressing new diseases in recent decades, many critically important basic tasks still remain unfinished for yellow fever. Some of the examples include the mechanisms of transmission, the process leading to outbreak occurrence, environmental factors, dispersal, and viral persistence in nature. In this review, these subjects are analyzed in depth, based on information not only in old but in modern literatures, to fill in blanks and to update the current understanding on these topics. As a result, many valuable facts, ideas, and other types of information that complement the present knowledge were discovered. Very serious questions about the validity of the arbovirus concept and some research practices were also identified. The characteristics of YFV and its pattern of transmission that make this virus unique among viruses transmitted by Ae. aegypti were also explored. Another emphasis was identification of research questions. The discovery of a few historical surprises was an unexpected benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goro Kuno
- Formerly at the Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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Schneider MC, Min KD, Romijn PC, De Morais NB, Montebello L, Manrique Rocha S, Sciancalepore S, Hamrick PN, Uieda W, Câmara VDM, Luiz RR, Belotto A. Fifty Years of the National Rabies Control Program in Brazil under the One Health Perspective. Pathogens 2023; 12:1342. [PMID: 38003806 PMCID: PMC10674250 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1973, the National Rabies Program was created in Brazil through an agreement between the Ministry of Health and Agriculture. Since its beginning, it developed integrated action through access to free post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for people at risk, dog vaccination campaigns, a joint surveillance system, and awareness. This study aims to describe human rabies in Brazil under the One Health perspective in recent decades, including achievements in the control of dog-mediated cases and challenges in human cases transmitted by wild animals. This paper also explores possible drivers of human rabies in the Northeast Region with half of the cases. The first part of this study was descriptive, presenting data and examples by periods. Statistical analysis was performed in the last period (2010-2022) to explore possible drivers. Dog-mediated human cases decreased from 147 to 0, and dog cases decreased from 4500 to 7. A major challenge is now human cases transmitted by wild animals (bats, non-human primates, and wild canids). Most current human cases occur in municipalities with a tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest biome and a Gini index higher than 0.5. In the multivariable analysis, an association with temperature was estimated (OR = 1.739; CI95% = 1.181-2.744), and primary healthcare coverage (OR = 0.947; CI95% = 0.915-0.987) was identified as a protector. It is possible to significantly reduce the number of dog-mediated human rabies cases through the efforts presented. However, Brazil has wildlife variants of the rabies virus circulating. The association of human cases with higher temperatures in the Northeast is a concern with climate change. To reduce human cases transmitted by wild animals, it is important to continue distributing free PEP, especially in remote at-risk areas in the Amazon Region, and to increase awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Schneider
- Department of Global Health, School of Health, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
- Institute of Collective Health Studies, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 24220-900, Brazil; (V.d.M.C.); (R.R.L.)
- PAHO/WHO (Ret.), Washington, DC 20037, USA;
| | - Kyung-Duk Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea;
| | | | | | - Lucia Montebello
- Secretaria de Vigilancia em Saúde e Ambiente, Ministry of Health, Brasilia 70723-040, Brazil; (L.M.); (S.M.R.)
| | - Silene Manrique Rocha
- Secretaria de Vigilancia em Saúde e Ambiente, Ministry of Health, Brasilia 70723-040, Brazil; (L.M.); (S.M.R.)
| | | | | | - Wilson Uieda
- Department of Zoology and Botany, São Paulo State University (Ret.), Sao Paulo 05508-090, Brazil;
| | - Volney de Magalhães Câmara
- Institute of Collective Health Studies, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 24220-900, Brazil; (V.d.M.C.); (R.R.L.)
| | - Ronir Raggio Luiz
- Institute of Collective Health Studies, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 24220-900, Brazil; (V.d.M.C.); (R.R.L.)
| | - Albino Belotto
- PAHO/WHO, Washington, DC 20037, USA; (S.S.); (A.B.)
- FUNASA (Fundacao SESP)/Ministry of Health (Ret.), Brasilia 70070-040, Brazil
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Servadio JL, Convertino M, Fiecas M, Muñoz‐Zanzi C. Weekly Forecasting of Yellow Fever Occurrence and Incidence via Eco-Meteorological Dynamics. GEOHEALTH 2023; 7:e2023GH000870. [PMID: 37885914 PMCID: PMC10599710 DOI: 10.1029/2023gh000870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Yellow Fever (YF), a mosquito-borne disease, requires ongoing surveillance and prevention due to its persistence and ability to cause major epidemics, including one that began in Brazil in 2016. Forecasting based on factors influencing YF risk can improve efficiency in prevention. This study aimed to produce weekly forecasts of YF occurrence and incidence in Brazil using weekly meteorological and ecohydrological conditions. Occurrence was forecast as the probability of observing any cases, and incidence was forecast to represent morbidity if YF occurs. We fit gamma hurdle models, selecting predictors from several meteorological and ecohydrological factors, based on forecast accuracy defined by receiver operator characteristic curves and mean absolute error. We fit separate models for data before and after the start of the 2016 outbreak, forecasting occurrence and incidence for all municipalities of Brazil weekly. Different predictor sets were found to produce most accurate forecasts in each time period, and forecast accuracy was high for both time periods. Temperature, precipitation, and previous YF burden were most influential predictors among models. Minimum, maximum, mean, and range of weekly temperature, precipitation, and humidity contributed to forecasts, with optimal lag times of 2, 6, and 7 weeks depending on time period. Results from this study show the use of environmental predictors in providing regular forecasts of YF burden and producing nationwide forecasts. Weekly forecasts, which can be produced using the forecast model developed in this study, are beneficial for informing immediate preparedness measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L. Servadio
- Department of BiologyCenter for Infectious Disease DynamicsPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
- Division of Environmental Health SciencesSchool of Public HealthUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | | | - Mark Fiecas
- Division of BiostatisticsSchool of Public HealthUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - Claudia Muñoz‐Zanzi
- Division of Environmental Health SciencesSchool of Public HealthUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
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Pons MJ, Mayanga-Herrera A, Ulloa GM, Ymaña B, Medina S, Alava F, Álvarez-Antonio C, Meza-Sánchez G, Calampa C, Casanova W, Carey C, Rodríguez-Ferrucci H, Morrison AC, Quispe AM. Dengue and COVID-19 Co-Circulation in the Peruvian Amazon: A Population-Based Study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:1249-1255. [PMID: 37094790 PMCID: PMC10540116 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic affected the main Amazon cities dramatically, with Iquitos City reporting the highest seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies during the first COVID-19 wave worldwide. This phenomenon raised many questions about the possibility of a co-circulation of dengue and COVID-19 and its consequences. We carried out a population-based cohort study in Iquitos, Peru. We obtained a venous blood sample from a subset of 326 adults from the Iquitos COVID-19 cohort (August 13-18, 2020) to estimate the seroprevalence of anti-dengue virus (DENV) and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. We tested each serum sample for anti-DENV IgG (serotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4) and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies anti-spike IgG and IgM by ELISA. We estimated an anti-SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence of 78.0% (95% CI, 73.0-82.0) and an anti-DENV seroprevalence of 88.0% (95% CI, 84.0-91.6), signifying a high seroprevalence of both diseases during the first wave of COVID-19 transmission in the city. The San Juan District had a lower anti-DENV antibody seroprevalence than the Belen District (prevalence ratio, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.82-0.98). However, we did not observe these differences in anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence. Iquitos City presented one of the highest seroprevalence rates of anti-DENV and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies worldwide, but with no correlation between their antibody levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Pons
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas Re-emergentes, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Ana Mayanga-Herrera
- Grupo Cultivo Celular e Immunología, Universidad Cientìfica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Gabriela M. Ulloa
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas Re-emergentes, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Barbara Ymaña
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas Re-emergentes, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Sabrina Medina
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas Re-emergentes, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Freddy Alava
- Dirección Regional de Salud de Loreto, Loreto, Peru
| | | | - Graciela Meza-Sánchez
- Dirección Regional de Salud de Loreto, Loreto, Peru
- Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Loreto, Peru
| | - Carlos Calampa
- Dirección Regional de Salud de Loreto, Loreto, Peru
- Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Loreto, Peru
| | - Wilma Casanova
- Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Loreto, Peru
| | - Cristiam Carey
- Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Loreto, Peru
| | | | - Amy C. Morrison
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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Fantinato FFST, Wachira VK, Porto VBG, Peixoto HM, Duarte EC. Factors associated with yellow fever vaccine failure: A systematic literature review. Vaccine 2023; 41:2155-2169. [PMID: 36841725 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Considering that vaccination with yellow fever vaccine (YFV) is the most important method to prevent and control yellow fever (YF), this study synthesized evidence on factors associated with YFV failure. METHODS A systematic review (SR) was performed in the PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, Embase, and LILACS databases up to November 2019. Observational and experimental analytical epidemiological studies that analyzed the failure of YFV were included. This review followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and meta-Analyses. RESULTS A total of 1,466 articles were identified after searching the databases of which 46 were included in the qualitative analysis after applying the elegibility criteria. Our findings indicated that YFV confers protective immunity in different age groups; when produced by different producers; when administered simultaneously with a range of other vaccines; when used as fractional doses and when used with prophylactic and immunosuppressive therapies. It failed to produce a protective response in some pregnant women, children under two years of age, children with Kwashiorkor and when long periods of time have passed after vaccination. For individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the results were divergent. CONCLUSIONS The results of this SR revealed the factors associated with the failure of the YFV, and the results can support recommendations on vaccination policies, support the safety of health professionals who work directly with immunization in the implementation of the vaccination schedule, in addition to guiding future research and enhance the credibility of YFV in the prevention of a serious disease such as YF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Henry Maia Peixoto
- University of Brasília, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Health Techology Assessment, Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil
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Cunha MDP, Duarte-Neto AN, Pour SZ, Pereira BBDS, Ho YL, Perondi B, Sztajnbok J, Alves VAF, da Silva LFF, Dolhnikoff M, Saldiva PHN, Zanotto PMDA. Phylogeographic patterns of the yellow fever virus around the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil, 2016–2019. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010705. [PMID: 36149846 PMCID: PMC9506654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
From 2016 to 2019, the largest outbreak caused by the Yellow Fever virus (YFV) in the 21st century in the Americas occurred in southeastern Brazil. A sylvatic cycle of transmission was reported near densely populated areas, such as the large metropolitan area of the city of São Paulo. Here, we describe the origin, spread, and movement of the YFV throughout the state of São Paulo. Whole-genome sequences were obtained from tissues of two patients who died due to severe yellow fever, during 2018–2019. Molecular analysis indicated that all analyzed tissues were positive for YFV RNA, with the liver being the organ with the highest amount of viral RNA. Sequence analysis indicates that genomes belonged to the South American genotype I and were grouped in the epidemic clade II, which includes sequences from the states of Goiás, Minas Gerais, and São Paulo of previous years. The analysis of viral dispersion indicates that the outbreak originated in Goiás at the end of 2014 and reached the state of São Paulo through the state of Minas Gerais after 2016. When the virus reached near the urban area, it spread towards both the east and south regions of the state, not establishing an urban transmission cycle in the metropolitan region of São Paulo. The virus that moved towards the east met with YFV coming from the south of the state of Rio de Janeiro, and the YFV that was carried to the south reached the Brazilian states located in the south region of the country. The Yellow Fever virus (YFV) has caused serious public health issues in Africa and the Americas. YFV infections can vary from asymptomatic to severe clinical conditions, which may culminate in death. In Brazil, the main viral origin of YFV outbreaks is the states located in the Amazon Basin. In the present study, we detected YFV RNA in several tissues, including the heart, lung, brain, kidney, spleen, pancreas, liver, and testicle in two human cases. The YFV characterized in the present study belong to the South American genotype I, clade II, and they are associated with viral spread throughout the state of São Paulo after intense viral circulation in the metropolitan region in 2018. Future investigations are necessary for a better understanding of the complex ecological factors involved in viral dispersion from the Amazon Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielton dos Passos Cunha
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution and Bioinformatics, Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Shahab Zaki Pour
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution and Bioinformatics, Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Brito de Souza Pereira
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution and Bioinformatics, Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yeh-Li Ho
- Intensive Care Unit, Division of Clinical Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Clinical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Perondi
- Yellow Fever Crisis Committee, Clinical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiz Fernando Ferraz da Silva
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Service of Verification of Deaths of the Capital–University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marisa Dolhnikoff
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paolo Marinho de Andrade Zanotto
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution and Bioinformatics, Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lin CH, Wen TH. How Spatial Epidemiology Helps Understand Infectious Human Disease Transmission. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7080164. [PMID: 36006256 PMCID: PMC9413673 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7080164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Both directly and indirectly transmitted infectious diseases in humans are spatial-related. Spatial dimensions include: distances between susceptible humans and the environments shared by people, contaminated materials, and infectious animal species. Therefore, spatial concepts in managing and understanding emerging infectious diseases are crucial. Recently, due to the improvements in computing performance and statistical approaches, there are new possibilities regarding the visualization and analysis of disease spatial data. This review provides commonly used spatial or spatial-temporal approaches in managing infectious diseases. It covers four sections, namely: visualization, overall clustering, hot spot detection, and risk factor identification. The first three sections provide methods and epidemiological applications for both point data (i.e., individual data) and aggregate data (i.e., summaries of individual points). The last section focuses on the spatial regression methods adjusted for neighbour effects or spatial heterogeneity and their implementation. Understanding spatial-temporal variations in the spread of infectious diseases have three positive impacts on the management of diseases. These are: surveillance system improvements, the generation of hypotheses and approvals, and the establishment of prevention and control strategies. Notably, ethics and data quality have to be considered before applying spatial-temporal methods. Developing differential global positioning system methods and optimizing Bayesian estimations are future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsien Lin
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City 10610, Taiwan
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan;
- Correspondence:
| | - Tzai-Hung Wen
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan;
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Salomón OD, Arias ARDE. The second coming of urban yellow fever in the Americas: looking the past to see the future. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20201252. [PMID: 35730861 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220201252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever (YF) epizootics in South America during the 21st century have an unprecedented recorded magnitude and geographical dispersion. The YF spread progressively involved areas considered previously free of risk reaching the edge of cities with large unvaccinated populations, and urban outbreaks were frequently forecasted. We critically reviewed the initial stages and enhancing contexts of YF urban epidemics since the 17th century in the Americas, and the modeling attempts of YF epidemic risk by of Aedes-Human transmission, to find common factors that increase the probability of these events in the current scenarios. The YF urban outbreaks of the past showed as necessary conditions the multiple introduction by viremic carriers clustered in time and space, coincident with population peaks of Aedes. These conditions are not met in the current outbreaks in the Americas by sylvatic YF cycles, besides the protective impact of vector control campaigns, vaccination coverage, improved surveillance, and case management. Therefore, urban Aedes-Human YF outbreaks in the Americas are still possible but with low probability or very focal transmission, while the conditions reported in the past were avoided, and the surveillance and control measures sustained, including the vaccination of the population at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar D Salomón
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), ANLIS (Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud) Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán, Av. Almafuerte, s/n, PC 3370, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2290, PC1425FQB, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonieta Rojas DE Arias
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica (CEDIC), Manduvira, 635 e/15 de Agosto y O` Leary, PC1255, Asunción, Paraguay
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Aliaga-Samanez A, Real R, Segura M, Marfil-Daza C, Olivero J. Yellow fever surveillance suggests zoonotic and anthroponotic emergent potential. Commun Biol 2022; 5:530. [PMID: 35654842 PMCID: PMC9163115 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes among human and non-human primates. In the last decades, infections are occurring in areas that had been free from yellow fever for decades, probably as a consequence of the rapid spread of mosquito vectors, and of the virus evolutionary dynamic in which non-human primates are involved. This research is a pathogeographic assessment of where enzootic cycles, based on primate assemblages, could be amplifying the risk of yellow fever infections, in the context of spatial changes shown by the disease since the late 20th century. In South America, the most relevant spread of disease cases affects parts of the Amazon basin and a wide area of southern Brazil, where forest fragmentation could be activating enzootic cycles next to urban areas. In Africa, yellow fever transmission is apparently spreading from the west of the continent, and primates could be contributing to this in savannas around rainforests. Our results are useful for identifying new areas that should be prioritised for vaccination, and suggest the need of deep yellow fever surveillance in primates of South America and Africa. Models based on primates and disease vectors indicate a risk of zoonotic and anthroponotic yellow fever expansion in South America and Africa.
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Genetic Diversity Does Not Contribute to Attenuation of HeLa Passaged Wild-Type Yellow Fever Virus Strain French Viscerotropic Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030527. [PMID: 35336933 PMCID: PMC8949127 DOI: 10.3390/v14030527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The disease yellow fever was prevented by two live attenuated vaccines, strains 17D and French neurotropic vaccine (FNV), derived by serial passage of wild-type (WT) strains Asibi and French Viscerotropic virus (FVV), respectively. Both 17D and FNV displayed decreased genetic diversity and resistance to the antiviral Ribavirin compared to their WT parental strains, which are thought to contribute to their attenuated phenotypes. Subsequent studies found that only a few passages of WT strain FVV in HeLa cells resulted in an attenuated virus. In the current study, the genome sequence of FVV following five passages in HeLa cells (FVV HeLa p5) was determined through Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) with the aim to investigate the molecular basis of viral attenuation. It was found that WT FVV and FVV HeLa p5 virus differed by five amino acid substitutions: E-D155A, E-K331R, E-I412V, NS2A-T105A, and NS4B-V98I. Surprisingly, the genetic diversity and Ribavirin resistance of the FVV HeLa p5 virus were not statistically different to WT parent FVV. These findings suggest that while FVV HeLa p5 is attenuated, this is not dependent on a high-fidelity replication complex, characterized by reduced genetic diversity or increased Ribavirin stability, as seen with FNV and 17D vaccines.
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Servadio JL, Muñoz-Zanzi C, Convertino M. Environmental determinants predicting population vulnerability to high yellow fever incidence. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220086. [PMID: 35316947 PMCID: PMC8889195 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Yellow fever (YF) is an endemic mosquito-borne disease in Brazil, though many locations have not observed cases in recent decades. Some locations with low disease burden may resemble locations with higher disease burden through environmental and ecohydrological characteristics, which are known to impact YF burden, motivating increased or continued prevention measures such as vaccination, mosquito control or surveillance. This study aimed to use environmental characteristics to estimate vulnerability to observing high YF burden among all Brazilian municipalities. Vulnerability was defined in three categories based on yearly incidence between 2000 and 2017: minimal, low and high vulnerability. A cumulative logit model was fit to these categories using environmental and ecohydrological predictors, selecting those that provided the most accurate model fit. Per cent of days with precipitation, mean temperature, biome, population density, elevation, vegetation and nearby disease occurrence were included in best-fitting models. Model results were applied to estimate vulnerability nationwide. Municipalities with highest probability of observing high vulnerability was found in the North and Central-West (2000-2016) as well as the Southeast (2017) regions. Results of this study serve to identify specific locations to prioritize new or ongoing surveillance and prevention of YF based on underlying ecohydrological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L. Servadio
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Claudia Muñoz-Zanzi
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Matteo Convertino
- Future Ecosystems Lab, Tsinghua SIGS, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
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Abreu FVSD, de Andreazzi CS, Neves MSAS, Meneguete PS, Ribeiro MS, Dias CMG, de Albuquerque Motta M, Barcellos C, Romão AR, Magalhães MDAFM, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. Ecological and environmental factors affecting transmission of sylvatic yellow fever in the 2017-2019 outbreak in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:23. [PMID: 35012637 PMCID: PMC8750868 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yellow fever virus (YFV) is an arbovirus that, despite the existence of a safe and effective vaccine, continues to cause outbreaks of varying dimensions in the Americas and Africa. Between 2017 and 2019, Brazil registered un unprecedented sylvatic YFV outbreak whose severity was the result of its spread into zones of the Atlantic Forest with no signals of viral circulation for nearly 80 years. METHODS To investigate the influence of climatic, environmental, and ecological factors governing the dispersion and force of infection of YFV in a naïve area such as the landscape mosaic of Rio de Janeiro (RJ), we combined the analyses of a large set of data including entomological sampling performed before and during the 2017-2019 outbreak, with the geolocation of human and nonhuman primates (NHP) and mosquito infections. RESULTS A greater abundance of Haemagogus mosquitoes combined with lower richness and diversity of mosquito fauna increased the probability of finding a YFV-infected mosquito. Furthermore, the analysis of functional traits showed that certain functional groups, composed mainly of Aedini mosquitoes which includes Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes, are also more representative in areas where infected mosquitoes were found. Human and NHP infections were more common in two types of landscapes: large and continuous forest, capable of harboring many YFV hosts, and patches of small forest fragments, where environmental imbalance can lead to a greater density of the primary vectors and high human exposure. In both, we show that most human infections (~ 62%) occurred within an 11-km radius of the finding of an infected NHP, which is in line with the flight range of the primary vectors. CONCLUSIONS Together, our data suggest that entomological data and landscape composition analyses may help to predict areas permissive to yellow fever outbreaks, allowing protective measures to be taken to avoid human cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Vieira Santos de Abreu
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
- Laboratório de Comportamento de Insetos, Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais, Salinas, MG Brazil
| | - Cecilia Siliansky de Andreazzi
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
- Present Address: Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Patrícia Soares Meneguete
- Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Subsecretaria de Vigilância e Atenção Primária À Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Mário Sérgio Ribeiro
- Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Subsecretaria de Vigilância e Atenção Primária À Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Cristina Maria Giordano Dias
- Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Subsecretaria de Vigilância e Atenção Primária À Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Monique de Albuquerque Motta
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Christovam Barcellos
- Laboratório de Informação em Saúde, Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Anselmo Rocha Romão
- Laboratório de Informação em Saúde, Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
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14
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Li SL, Acosta AL, Hill SC, Brady OJ, de Almeida MAB, Cardoso JDC, Hamlet A, Mucci LF, Telles de Deus J, Iani FCM, Alexander NS, Wint GRW, Pybus OG, Kraemer MUG, Faria NR, Messina JP. Mapping environmental suitability of Haemagogus and Sabethes spp. mosquitoes to understand sylvatic transmission risk of yellow fever virus in Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010019. [PMID: 34995277 PMCID: PMC8797211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yellow fever (YF) is an arboviral disease which is endemic to Brazil due to a sylvatic transmission cycle maintained by infected mosquito vectors, non-human primate (NHP) hosts, and humans. Despite the existence of an effective vaccine, recent sporadic YF epidemics have underscored concerns about sylvatic vector surveillance, as very little is known about their spatial distribution. Here, we model and map the environmental suitability of YF's main vectors in Brazil, Haemagogus spp. and Sabethes spp., and use human population and NHP data to identify locations prone to transmission and spillover risk. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We compiled a comprehensive set of occurrence records on Hg. janthinomys, Hg. leucocelaenus, and Sabethes spp. from 1991-2019 using primary and secondary data sources. Linking these data with selected environmental and land-cover variables, we adopted a stacked regression ensemble modelling approach (elastic-net regularized GLM, extreme gradient boosted regression trees, and random forest) to predict the environmental suitability of these species across Brazil at a 1 km x 1 km resolution. We show that while suitability for each species varies spatially, high suitability for all species was predicted in the Southeastern region where recent outbreaks have occurred. By integrating data on NHP host reservoirs and human populations, our risk maps further highlight municipalities within the region that are prone to transmission and spillover. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our maps of sylvatic vector suitability can help elucidate potential locations of sylvatic reservoirs and be used as a tool to help mitigate risk of future YF outbreaks and assist in vector surveillance. Furthermore, at-risk regions identified from our work could help disease control and elucidate gaps in vaccination coverage and NHP host surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina L. Li
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SLL); (JPM)
| | - André L. Acosta
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Laboratório de Ecologia de Paisagens e Conservação—LEPAC, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sarah C. Hill
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver J. Brady
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco A. B. de Almeida
- State Centre of Health Surveillance, Rio Grande do Sul State Health Secretariat, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jader da C. Cardoso
- State Centre of Health Surveillance, Rio Grande do Sul State Health Secretariat, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Arran Hamlet
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luis F. Mucci
- Superintendence for Endemic Diseases Control, São Paulo State Health Secretariat, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Telles de Deus
- Superintendence for Endemic Diseases Control, São Paulo State Health Secretariat, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Neil S. Alexander
- Environmental Research Group Oxford, c/o Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - G. R. William Wint
- Environmental Research Group Oxford, c/o Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver G. Pybus
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nuno R. Faria
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Departamento de Molestias Infecciosas e Parasitarias & Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jane P. Messina
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford School of Global and Area Studies, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SLL); (JPM)
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15
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Ortiz DI, Piche-Ovares M, Romero-Vega LM, Wagman J, Troyo A. The Impact of Deforestation, Urbanization, and Changing Land Use Patterns on the Ecology of Mosquito and Tick-Borne Diseases in Central America. INSECTS 2021; 13:20. [PMID: 35055864 PMCID: PMC8781098 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Central America is a unique geographical region that connects North and South America, enclosed by the Caribbean Sea to the East, and the Pacific Ocean to the West. This region, encompassing Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Panama, and Nicaragua, is highly vulnerable to the emergence or resurgence of mosquito-borne and tick-borne diseases due to a combination of key ecological and socioeconomic determinants acting together, often in a synergistic fashion. Of particular interest are the effects of land use changes, such as deforestation-driven urbanization and forest degradation, on the incidence and prevalence of these diseases, which are not well understood. In recent years, parts of Central America have experienced social and economic improvements; however, the region still faces major challenges in developing effective strategies and significant investments in public health infrastructure to prevent and control these diseases. In this article, we review the current knowledge and potential impacts of deforestation, urbanization, and other land use changes on mosquito-borne and tick-borne disease transmission in Central America and how these anthropogenic drivers could affect the risk for disease emergence and resurgence in the region. These issues are addressed in the context of other interconnected environmental and social challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana I. Ortiz
- Biology Program, Westminster College, New Wilmington, PA 16172, USA
| | - Marta Piche-Ovares
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica;
- Departamento de Virología, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 40104, Costa Rica
| | - Luis M. Romero-Vega
- Departamento de Patología, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 40104, Costa Rica;
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Vectores (LIVe), Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica;
| | - Joseph Wagman
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Program, Center for Malaria Control and Elimination, PATH, Washington, DC 20001, USA;
| | - Adriana Troyo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Vectores (LIVe), Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica;
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica
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16
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Tajudeen YA, Oladunjoye IO, Mustapha MO, Mustapha ST, Ajide-Bamigboye NT. Tackling the global health threat of arboviruses: An appraisal of the three holistic approaches to health. Health Promot Perspect 2021; 11:371-381. [PMID: 35079581 PMCID: PMC8767080 DOI: 10.34172/hpp.2021.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The rapid circulation of arboviruses in the human population has been linked with changes in climatic, environmental, and socio-economic conditions. These changes are known to alter the transmission cycles of arboviruses involving the anthropophilic vectors and thus facilitate an extensive geographical distribution of medically important arboviral diseases, thereby posing a significant health threat. Using our current understanding and assessment of relevant literature, this review aimed to understand the underlying factors promoting the spread of arboviruses and how the three most renowned interdisciplinary and holistic approaches to health such as One Health, Eco-Health, and Planetary Health can be a panacea for control of arboviruses. Methods: A comprehensive structured search of relevant databases such as Medline, PubMed, WHO, Scopus, Science Direct, DOAJ, AJOL, and Google Scholar was conducted to identify recent articles on arboviruses and holistic approaches to health using the keywords including "arboviral diseases", "arbovirus vectors", "arboviral infections", "epidemiology of arboviruses", "holistic approaches", "One Health", "Eco-Health", and "Planetary Health". Results: Changes in climatic factors like temperature, humidity, and precipitation support the growth, breeding, and fecundity of arthropod vectors transmitting the arboviral diseases. Increased human migration and urbanization due to socio-economic factors play an important role in population increase leading to the rapid geographical distribution of arthropod vectors and transmission of arboviral diseases. Medical factors like misdiagnosis and misclassification also contribute to the spread of arboviruses. Conclusion: This review highlights two important findings: First, climatic, environmental, socio-economic, and medical factors influence the constant distributions of arthropod vectors. Second, either of the three holistic approaches or a combination of any two can be adopted on arboviral disease control. Our findings underline the need for holistic approaches as the best strategy to mitigating and controlling the emerging and reemerging arboviruses.
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17
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Perkins TA, Huber JH, Tran QM, Oidtman RJ, Walters MK, Siraj AS, Moore SM. Burden is in the eye of the beholder: Sensitivity of yellow fever disease burden estimates to modeling assumptions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg5033. [PMID: 34644110 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg5033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Estimates of disease burden are important for setting public health priorities. These estimates involve numerous modeling assumptions, whose uncertainties are not always well described. We developed a framework for estimating the burden of yellow fever in Africa and evaluated its sensitivity to modeling assumptions that are often overlooked. We found that alternative interpretations of serological data resulted in a nearly 20-fold difference in burden estimates (range of central estimates, 8.4 × 104 to 1.5 × 106 deaths in 2021–2030). Uncertainty about the vaccination status of serological study participants was the primary driver of this uncertainty. Even so, statistical uncertainty was even greater than uncertainty due to modeling assumptions, accounting for a total of 87% of variance in burden estimates. Combined with estimates that most infections go unreported (range of 95% credible intervals, 99.65 to 99.99%), our results suggest that yellow fever’s burden will remain highly uncertain without major improvements in surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Alex Perkins
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - John H Huber
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Quan M Tran
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Rachel J Oidtman
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Magdalene K Walters
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Amir S Siraj
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Sean M Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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18
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Berthet M, Mesbahi G, Duvot G, Zuberbühler K, Cäsar C, Bicca-Marques JC. Dramatic decline in a titi monkey population after the 2016-2018 sylvatic yellow fever outbreak in Brazil. Am J Primatol 2021; 83:e23335. [PMID: 34609763 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Platyrrhini are highly vulnerable to the yellow fever (YF) virus. From 2016 to 2018, the Atlantic Forest of southeast Brazil faced its worst sylvatic YF outbreak in about a century, thought to have killed thousands of primates. It is essential to assess the impact of this epidemic on threatened primate assemblages to design effective conservation strategies. In this study, we assessed the impact of the 2016-2018 YF outbreak on a geographically isolated population of Near Threatened black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons) in two Atlantic Forest patches of the Santuário do Caraça, MG, Brazil. Extensive preoutbreak monitoring, conducted between 2008 and 2016, revealed that the home range and group sizes of the population remained stable. In 2016, the population size was estimated at 53-57 individuals in 11-12 groups. We conducted monitoring and playback surveys in 2019 and found that the population had decreased by 68% in one forest patch and completely vanished in the other, resulting in a combined decline of 80%. We discuss this severe loss of a previously stable population and conclude that it was highly likely caused by the YF outbreak. The remaining population is at risk of disappearing completely because of its small size and geographic isolation. A systematic population surveys of C. nigrifrons, along other sensible Platyrrhini species, is needed to re-evaluate their current conservation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Berthet
- Département d'études cognitives, Institut Jean Nicod, ENS, EHESS, CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Geoffrey Mesbahi
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, LAE, Nancy, France.,Parc Naturel Régional des Vosges du Nord, La Petite Pierre, France
| | - Guilhem Duvot
- Département d'études cognitives, Institut Jean Nicod, ENS, EHESS, CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Klaus Zuberbühler
- School of Psychology & Neurosciences, University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK.,Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Júlio Cèsar Bicca-Marques
- Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Laboratório de Primatologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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19
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20
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Alvarez-Munoz S, Upegui-Porras N, Gomez AP, Ramirez-Nieto G. Key Factors That Enable the Pandemic Potential of RNA Viruses and Inter-Species Transmission: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2021; 13:537. [PMID: 33804942 PMCID: PMC8063802 DOI: 10.3390/v13040537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses play a primary role as etiological agents of pandemics worldwide. Although there has been progress in identifying the molecular features of both viruses and hosts, the extent of the impact these and other factors have that contribute to interspecies transmission and their relationship with the emergence of diseases are poorly understood. The objective of this review was to analyze the factors related to the characteristics inherent to RNA viruses accountable for pandemics in the last 20 years which facilitate infection, promote interspecies jump, and assist in the generation of zoonotic infections with pandemic potential. The search resulted in 48 research articles that met the inclusion criteria. Changes adopted by RNA viruses are influenced by environmental and host-related factors, which define their ability to adapt. Population density, host distribution, migration patterns, and the loss of natural habitats, among others, have been associated as factors in the virus-host interaction. This review also included a critical analysis of the Latin American context, considering its diverse and unique social, cultural, and biodiversity characteristics. The scarcity of scientific information is striking, thus, a call to local institutions and governments to invest more resources and efforts to the study of these factors in the region is key.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gloria Ramirez-Nieto
- Microbiology and Epidemiology Research Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (S.A.-M.); (N.U.-P.); (A.P.G.)
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21
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Uchenna Emeribe A, Nasir Abdullahi I, O R Ajagbe O, Egede Ugwu C, Oloche Onoja S, Dahiru Abubakar S, Modesta Umeozuru C, Sunday Animasaun O, Omoruyi Omosigho P, Mukhtar Danmusa U, Alhaji Baba Mallam M, Saidu Aminu M, Yahaya H, Oyewusi S. Incidence, drivers and global health implications of the 2019/2020 yellow fever sporadic outbreaks in Sub-Saharan Africa. Pathog Dis 2021; 79:6178868. [PMID: 33739369 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftab017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2019 and 2020 sporadic outbreaks of yellow fever (YF) in Sub-Saharan African countries had raised a lot of global health concerns. This article aims to narratively review the vector biology, YF vaccination program, environmental factors and climatic changes, and to understand how they could facilitate the reemergence of YF. This study comprehensively reviewed articles that focused on the interplay and complexity of YF virus (YFV) vector diversity/competence, YF vaccine immunodynamics and climatic change impacts on YFV transmission as they influence the 2019/2020 sporadic outbreaks in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Based on available reports, vectorial migration, climatic changes and YF immunization level could be reasons for the re-mergence of YF at the community and national levels. Essentially, the drivers of YFV infection due to spillover are moderately constant. However, changes in land use and landscape have been shown to influence sylvan-to-urban spillover. Furthermore, increased precipitation and warmer temperatures due to climate change are likely to broaden the range of mosquitoes' habitat. The 2019/2020 YF outbreaks in SSA is basically a result of inadequate vaccination campaigns, YF surveillance and vector control. Consequently, and most importantly, adequate immunization coverage must be implemented and properly achieved under the responsibility of the public health stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Uchenna Emeribe
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Idris Nasir Abdullahi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, PMB 05 along Samaru road, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Odunayo O R Ajagbe
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Charles Egede Ugwu
- Solina Center for International Research and development, 8 Libreville Crescent, Ahmadu Bello Way Wuse II, Abuja 23409, Nigeria
| | - Solomon Oloche Onoja
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, African Field Epidemiology Programme, Plot 801, Ebitu Ukiwe Street, Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Sharafudeen Dahiru Abubakar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, PMB 05 along Samaru road, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Pius Omoruyi Omosigho
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kaduna State University, Tafawa Balewa Way, PMB 2339, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Umar Mukhtar Danmusa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Nigeria, PMB, 420001 Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Mala Alhaji Baba Mallam
- Department of Nursing Science, Maryam Abacha American University of Niger, ADS Avenue, Roi Muhammed VI Du Maroc Maradi, Republique Du Niger
| | - Maijiddah Saidu Aminu
- Department of Nursing Science, Maryam Abacha American University of Niger, ADS Avenue, Roi Muhammed VI Du Maroc Maradi, Republique Du Niger
| | - Hadiza Yahaya
- Department of Nursing Science, Maryam Abacha American University of Niger, ADS Avenue, Roi Muhammed VI Du Maroc Maradi, Republique Du Niger
| | - Silifat Oyewusi
- Department of Nursing Science, Maryam Abacha American University of Niger, ADS Avenue, Roi Muhammed VI Du Maroc Maradi, Republique Du Niger
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22
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Oviposition behavior of wild yellow fever vector mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in an Atlantic Forest fragment, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6081. [PMID: 33727688 PMCID: PMC7966363 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85752-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there are many studies on the control of mosquito vectors of the yellow fever virus (YFV) in tropical forests, there are still few ecological studies regarding abiotic factors effect on these mosquitoes. Here we characterize these effects on oviposition behavior, abundance, and diversity of mosquito vectors of YFV. The study was conducted in Córrego da Luz Municipal Park, in Casimiro de Abreu, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, from July 2018 to December 2019. Ovitraps were placed at ground level and 3 m high. The data were tested for normality using the Shapiro–Wilk test, followed by an independent sample analysis, the Mann–Whitney test. The Shannon Diversity Index was used to evaluate the abundance of mosquitos' eggs collected at both ground level and 3 m high. We highlight the presence of Haemagogus janthinomys and Hg. leucocelaenus, primary YFV vectors in forest areas. The abundance of Hg. leucocelaenus (63%), Hg. janthinomys (75%), and Aedes terrens (58%) was higher at the height of 3 m, while Ae. albopictus (52%) was higher at ground level. Aedes albopictus was positively correlated with temperature. Culicidae monitoring is essential for assessing the YFV transmission cycle in Atlantic forest fragments.
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23
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Overview of snakebite in Brazil: Possible drivers and a tool for risk mapping. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009044. [PMID: 33513145 PMCID: PMC7875335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming affects close to 2.7 million people globally every year. In Brazil, snakebites are reported to the Ministry of Health surveillance system and cases receive antivenom free of charge. There is an urgent need to identify higher risk areas for antivenom distribution, and to develop prevention activities. The objective of this study is to provide an overview of the epidemiological situation of snakebite envenoming in Brazil and explore possible drivers; as well as to create a flowchart tool to support decision-makers identify higher risk areas. An ecological-type study was carried out using data by municipality (2013–2017). Study parts: 1) Create a geocoded database and perform a descriptive and cluster analysis; 2) Statistical analysis to measure the association of snakebite and possible environmental and socioeconomic drivers; 3) Develop a flowchart to support decision-makers and the application of this tool in one state (Rio Grande do Sul) as an example. An average of 27,120 snakebite cases per year were reported at the country level. Clusters of municipalities with high numbers of snakebites are mostly found in the Amazon Legal Region. The negative binomial regression model showed association with the snakebite case count: the type of major habitat, tropical or non-tropical; temperature; percentage of urbanization; precipitation; elevation; GDP per capita; a weaker relation with forest loss; and with venomous snake richness. The state where the instrument was applied reported 4,227 snakebites in the period. Most municipalities were considered as medium risk and 56/496 as high risk according to the tool created. Snakebite cases are distributed across the entire country with the highest concentration in the Legal Amazon Region. This creates a complex situation both for better understanding of the association of environmental and socioeconomic factors with snakebites and for the distribution and maintenance of antivenom to remote areas. Research into types of antivenom with a longer shelf life without the need for refrigeration is needed. It is estimated that snakebite envenoming affects around 2.7 million people every year worldwide. In Brazil, snakebite is part of the Ministry of Health surveillance system and cases receive antivenom free of charge. With a vast territory and limited production of antivenom, there is need to identify higher risk areas for its distribution and to develop preventative actions. The objective of this study is to provide an overview of the epidemiological situation of snakebite envenoming in Brazil and explore possible environmental and socioeconomic factors related to snakebites. On the basis of this information, a flowchart tool to support decision-makers identify higher risk areas was created and applied in one state as an example. An average of 27,120 snakebite cases per year were reported in Brazil, with the highest number of cases and rates in the Legal Amazon Region. The multivariable statistics analysis showed association of snakebite with environmental factors (type of major habitat, tropical or non-tropical; temperature; precipitation; elevation) and socioeconomic (lower percentage of urbanization; lower GDP per capita); also, a weaker relation with forest loss, and with venomous snake richness. The tool created to support decision-makers was applied in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, with 4,227 reported snakebites during the period. According to this tool, the majority of municipalities in this state were considered as medium risk and 56/496 as high risk. Snakebite cases are distributed across the entire country; however, the highest concentration is in the Legal Amazon Region. This creates a complex situation both for better understanding of the association of environmental and socioeconomic factors with snakebites and for the distribution and maintenance of antivenom to remote areas.
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Hamlet A, Gaythorpe KAM, Garske T, Ferguson NM. Seasonal and inter-annual drivers of yellow fever transmission in South America. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008974. [PMID: 33428623 PMCID: PMC7822559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 20 years yellow fever (YF) has seen dramatic changes to its incidence and geographic extent, with the largest outbreaks in South America since 1940 occurring in the previously unaffected South-East Atlantic coast of Brazil in 2016-2019. While habitat fragmentation and land-cover have previously been implicated in zoonotic disease, their role in YF has not yet been examined. We examined the extent to which vegetation, land-cover, climate and host population predicted the numbers of months a location reported YF per year and by each month over the time-period. Two sets of models were assessed, one looking at interannual differences over the study period (2003-2016), and a seasonal model looking at intra-annual differences by month, averaging over the years of the study period. Each was fit using hierarchical negative-binomial regression in an exhaustive model fitting process. Within each set, the best performing models, as measured by the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), were combined to create ensemble models to describe interannual and seasonal variation in YF. The models reproduced the spatiotemporal heterogeneities in YF transmission with coefficient of determination (R2) values of 0.43 (95% CI 0.41-0.45) for the interannual model and 0.66 (95% CI 0.64-0.67) for the seasonal model. For the interannual model, EVI, land-cover and vegetation heterogeneity were the primary contributors to the variance explained by the model, and for the seasonal model, EVI, day temperature and rainfall amplitude. Our models explain much of the spatiotemporal variation in YF in South America, both seasonally and across the period 2003-2016. Vegetation type (EVI), heterogeneity in vegetation (perhaps a proxy for habitat fragmentation) and land cover explain much of the trends in YF transmission seen. These findings may help understand the recent expansions of the YF endemic zone, as well as to the highly seasonal nature of YF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arran Hamlet
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katy A. M. Gaythorpe
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tini Garske
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil M. Ferguson
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Tavares da Silva Fernandes A, Moreira SB, Gaspar LP, Simões M, Cajaraville ACDRA, Pereira RC, Gomes MPDB, Linhares JHR, Santos VDO, Santos RT, Amorim JF, Barros TADC, Melgaço JG, da Silva AMV, Fernandes CB, Tubarão LN, da Silva J, Caride EC, Borges MB, Guimarães RC, Marchevsky RS, de Lima SMB, Ano Bom APD, Neves PCDC, Pissinatti A, Freire MDS. Safety and immunogenicity of 17DD attenuated yellow fever vaccine in howler monkeys (Alouatta spp.). J Med Primatol 2020; 50:36-45. [PMID: 33219623 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alouatta spp. are highly susceptible to yellow fever (YF) infection and develop an often fatal disease. The threat posed by an outbreak started in 2016 leads us to investigate vaccination as a potential tool in preventing YF in non-human primates (NHP). METHODS Susceptible howler monkeys were immunized with three different concentrations of the human Brazilian commercial YF17DD vaccine. Post-vaccination viremia/RNAemia, immunogenicity, and safety were characterized. RESULTS The vaccine did not produce YF clinical manifestations in any of the NHPs. After immunization, all animals seroconverted demonstrating the ability of the YF vaccine to induce humoral response in Alouatta species. CONCLUSIONS The present work has demonstrated the safe and immunogenic profile of the existing YF 17DD vaccine in howler monkeys. This knowledge may support further studies with other susceptible monkey species and provide a possible solution for controlling epizootics and preventing the devastation of endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Bahadian Moreira
- Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro - CPRJ, Instituto Estadual do Ambiente, Guapimirim, Brazil
| | - Luciane Pinto Gaspar
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos/Bio-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marisol Simões
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos/Bio-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Carvalho Pereira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos/Bio-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vanessa de Oliveira Santos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos/Bio-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata Tourinho Santos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos/Bio-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Fernandes Amorim
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos/Bio-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Gil Melgaço
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos/Bio-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Camilla Bayma Fernandes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos/Bio-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Neves Tubarão
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos/Bio-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jane da Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos/Bio-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elena Cristina Caride
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos/Bio-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Beatriz Borges
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos/Bio-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosane Cuber Guimarães
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos/Bio-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato Sérgio Marchevsky
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos/Bio-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sheila Maria Barbosa de Lima
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos/Bio-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Dinis Ano Bom
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos/Bio-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Alcides Pissinatti
- Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro - CPRJ, Instituto Estadual do Ambiente, Guapimirim, Brazil.,Centro Universitário Serra dos Orgãos, Unifeso, Teresópolis, Brazil
| | - Marcos da Silva Freire
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos/Bio-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ferreira MS. Yellow Fever. Ann Hepatol 2020; 18:788-789. [PMID: 31735348 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Simão Ferreira
- Full Professor of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Couto-Lima D, Andreazzi CS, Leite PJ, Bersot MIL, Alencar J, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. Seasonal population dynamics of the primary yellow fever vector Haemagogus leucocelaenus (Dyar & Shannon) (Diptera: Culicidae) is mainly influenced by temperature in the Atlantic Forest, southeast Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2020; 115:e200218. [PMID: 32696917 PMCID: PMC7370926 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Southeast Brazil has recently experienced a Yellow Fever virus (YFV) outbreak where the mosquito Haemagogus leucocelaenus was a primary vector. Climatic factors influence the abundance of mosquito vectors and arbovirus transmission. OBJECTIVES We aimed at describing the population dynamics of Hg. leucocelaenus in a county touched by the recent YFV outbreak. METHODS Fortnightly egg collections with ovitraps were performed from November 2012 to February 2017 in a forest in Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The effects of mean temperature and rainfall on the Hg. leucocelaenus population dynamics were explored. FINDINGS Hg. leucocelaenus eggs were continuously collected throughout the study, with a peak in the warmer months (December-March). The climatic variables had a time-lagged effect and four weeks before sampling was the best predictor for the positivity of ovitraps and total number of eggs collected. The probability of finding > 50% positive ovitraps increased when the mean temperature was above 24ºC. The number of Hg. leucocelaenus eggs expressively increase when the mean temperature and accumulated precipitation surpassed 27ºC and 100 mm, respectively, although the effect of rainfall was less pronounced. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Monitoring population dynamics of Hg. leucocelaenus and climatic factors in YFV risk areas, especially mean temperature, may assist in developing climate-based surveillance procedures to timely strengthening prophylaxis and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinair Couto-Lima
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Cecilia S Andreazzi
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Maria Ignez Lima Bersot
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Jeronimo Alencar
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Diptera, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Su D, Chen Y, He K, Zhang T, Tan M, Zhang Y, Zhang X. Influence of socio-ecological factors on COVID-19 risk: a cross-sectional study based on 178 countries/regions worldwide. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.04.23.20077545. [PMID: 32511588 PMCID: PMC7276015 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.23.20077545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background The initial outbreak of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 in China in 2019 has been severely tested in other countries worldwide. We aimed to describe the spatial distribution of the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide and assess the effects of various socio-ecological factors on COVID-19 risk. Methods We collected COVID-19 pandemic infection data and social-ecological data of 178 countries/regions worldwide from three database. We used spatial econometrics method to assess the global and local correlation of COVID-19 risk indicators for COVID-19. To estimate the adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR), we modelled negative binomial regression analysis with spatial information and socio-ecological factors. Findings The study indicated that 37, 29 and 39 countries/regions were strongly opposite from the IR, CMR and DCI index "spatial autocorrelation hypothesis", respectively. The IRs were significantly positively associated with GDP per capita, the use of at least basic sanitation services and social insurance program coverage, and were significantly negatively associated with the proportion of the population spending more than 25% of household consumption or income on out-of-pocket health care expenses and the poverty headcount ratio at the national poverty lines. The CMR was significantly positively associated with urban populations, GDP per capita and current health expenditure, and was significantly negatively associated with the number of hospital beds, number of nurses and midwives, and poverty headcount ratio at the national poverty lines. The DCI was significantly positively associated with urban populations, population density and researchers in R&D, and was significantly negatively associated with the number of hospital beds, number of nurses and midwives and poverty headcount ratio at the national poverty lines. We also found that climatic factors were not significantly associated with COVID-19 risk. Conclusion Countries/regions should pay more attention to controlling population flow, improving diagnosis and treatment capacity, and improving public welfare policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Su
- Department of Health Management, School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Research Center for Rural Health Services, Hubei Province Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingchun Chen
- Department of Health Management, School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Research Center for Rural Health Services, Hubei Province Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Kevin He
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Tan
- Department of Health Management, School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Research Center for Rural Health Services, Hubei Province Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunfan Zhang
- Department of Health Management, School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Research Center for Rural Health Services, Hubei Province Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- Department of Systems, Populations, and Leadership, University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, United States
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Mares-Guia MAMDM, Horta MA, Romano A, Rodrigues CDS, Mendonça MCL, Dos Santos CC, Torres MC, Araujo ESM, Fabri A, de Souza ER, Ribeiro ROR, Lucena FP, Junior LCA, da Cunha RV, Nogueira RMR, Sequeira PC, de Filippis AMB. Yellow fever epizootics in non-human primates, Southeast and Northeast Brazil (2017 and 2018). Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:90. [PMID: 32075684 PMCID: PMC7031979 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3966-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Yellow fever (YF) is a severe, infectious, but non-communicable arboviral hemorrhagic disease. In the last decades, yellow fever virus (YFV) infections have been prevalent in endemic areas in Brazil, affecting human and non-human primate (NHP) populations. Monitoring of NHP infection started in 1999, and reports of epizootic diseases are considered important indicators of viral transmission, particularly in relation to the sylvatic cycle. This study presents the monitoring of YFV by real-time RT-PCR and the epidemiological findings related to the deaths of NHPs in the south-eastern states and in the north-eastern state of Bahia, during the outbreak of YF in Brazil during 2017 and 2018. Methods A total of 4198 samples from 2099 NHPs from south-eastern and north-eastern Brazilian states were analyzed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rtRT-PCR). Results A total of 4198 samples from 2099 NHPs from south-eastern and north-eastern Brazilian states were collected between 2017 and 2018. The samples were subjected to molecular diagnostics for YFV detection using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rtRT-PCR) techniques. Epizootics were coincident with human YF cases. Furthermore, our results showed that the YF frequency was higher among marmosets (Callithrix sp.) than in previous reports. Viremia in species of the genus Alouatta and Callithrix differed greatly. Discussion Our results indicate a need for further investigation of the role of Callithrix spp. in the transmission cycles of YFV in Brazil. In particular, YFV transmission was observed in a region where viral circulation has not been recorded for decades and thus vaccination has not been previously recommended. Conclusions This highlights the need to straighten epizootic surveillance and evaluate the extent of vaccination programmes in Brazil in previously considered “YFV-free” areas of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco A Horta
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Romano
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde/Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Cíntia D S Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos C L Mendonça
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina C Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria C Torres
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliane S M Araujo
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Allison Fabri
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Everton R de Souza
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberta O R Ribeiro
- Laboratório Municipal de Saúde Pública (LASP), Instituto Municipal de Medicina Veterinária Jorge Vaitsman, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabiana P Lucena
- Laboratório Municipal de Saúde Pública (LASP), Instituto Municipal de Medicina Veterinária Jorge Vaitsman, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz C A Junior
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rivaldo V da Cunha
- Coordenação de Vigilância em Saúde e Laboratórios de Referência da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rita M R Nogueira
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia C Sequeira
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana M Bispo de Filippis
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Abreu AM, Sátiro G, Litre G, Santos LD, Oliveira JED, Soares D, Ávila K. A interface entre saúde, mudanças climáticas e uso do solo no Brasil: uma análise da evolução da produção científica internacional entre 1990 e 2019. SAUDE E SOCIEDADE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-12902020180866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a evolução da produção científica internacional sobre a interface entre saúde, mudanças climáticas e uso do solo nas últimas décadas, enfatizando a compreensão da saúde em seu sentido amplo, com destaque às dimensões ambientais, sociais e climáticas, a partir das publicações indexadas na base de dados Scopus. Para alcançar esse objetivo, aplicamos duas metodologias: (1) revisão sistemática da literatura internacional, do tipo descritivo-analítica, incorporando métodos qualitativos e quantitativos; e (2) análise de redes, partindo da categorização da dinâmica de palavras-chave com o uso do software VOSviewer. Aplicando filtros de busca na base de dados, resultaram 283 artigos, dos quais 162 representam a interface entre saúde e mudanças climáticas; 86, entre saúde e uso do solo; 13, entre uso do solo e mudanças climáticas; e, por fim, 22 representaram a intersecção dos três temas. Verifica-se aumento crescente no número de publicações na última década, com destaque aos anos de 2008, 2014 e 2018. Prevalece o uso de metodologias multivariadas, como modelagem de nicho ecológico, modelagem de nicho de entropia máxima, avaliação de ciclo de vida, análise de áreas sentinelas, análise de múltiplos resíduos, sensoriamento remoto e análise de regressão linear, dentre outras, que evidenciam a existência de múltiplos drivers e vulnerabilidades socioambientais ao tratar da relação entre mudanças climáticas, saúde e uso do solo. O maior desafio ao agregar variáveis climáticas, socioambientais e epidemiológicas é a disponibilidade de dados primários e secundários em escala municipal com abrangência nacional e série temporal mínima de 20 anos.
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McArthur MA, Zhang SL, Li L, Tesh RB, Barrett ADT. Molecular Characterization of Hamster-Adapted Yellow Fever Virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 20:222-227. [PMID: 31794691 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported two hamster models for viscerotropic yellow fever virus (YFV) infection: one using a YFV strain (Jiménez), isolated from a fatal human case in Panama in 1974, and the other using the prototype YFV strain (Asibi). Asibi hamster passage 7 (P7) was associated with accumulation of seven amino acid substitutions, including five in the envelope protein. In this study we report the genome sequences of the hamster Jiménez P0 and P10 viruses in which we identified only two amino acid substitutions during passage, one each in the nonstructural proteins NS3 and NS5, indicating a role for the nonstructural proteins in increased YFV viscerotropism in the Jiménez hamster model. Thus, there are multiple molecular mechanisms involved in viscerotropism of YFV in the hamster model. Neither Asibi P7 nor Jiménez P10 viruses were viscerotropic in mice or guinea pigs. Thus, the hamster viscerotropic phenotype did not translate to other laboratory rodent species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica A McArthur
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shuliu L Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Robert B Tesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Alan D T Barrett
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Disease Resurgence, Production Capability Issues and Safety Concerns in the Context of an Aging Population: Is There a Need for a New Yellow Fever Vaccine? Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040179. [PMID: 31717289 PMCID: PMC6963298 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever is a potentially fatal, mosquito-borne viral disease that appears to be experiencing a resurgence in endemic areas in Africa and South America and spreading to non-endemic areas despite an effective vaccine. This trend has increased the level of concern about the disease and the potential for importation to areas in Asia with ecological conditions that can sustain yellow fever virus transmission. In this article, we provide a broad overview of yellow fever burden of disease, natural history, treatment, vaccine, prevention and control initiatives, and vaccine and therapeutic agent development efforts.
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Yellow Fever: Integrating Current Knowledge with Technological Innovations to Identify Strategies for Controlling a Re-Emerging Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100960. [PMID: 31627415 PMCID: PMC6832525 DOI: 10.3390/v11100960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) represents a re-emerging zoonotic pathogen, transmitted by mosquito vectors to humans from primate reservoirs. Sporadic outbreaks of YFV occur in endemic tropical regions, causing a viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) associated with high mortality rates. Despite a highly effective vaccine, no antiviral treatments currently exist. Therefore, YFV represents a neglected tropical disease and is chronically understudied, with many aspects of YFV biology incompletely defined including host range, host–virus interactions and correlates of host immunity and pathogenicity. In this article, we review the current state of YFV research, focusing on the viral lifecycle, host responses to infection, species tropism and the success and associated limitations of the YFV-17D vaccine. In addition, we highlight the current lack of available treatments and use publicly available sequence and structural data to assess global patterns of YFV sequence diversity and identify potential drug targets. Finally, we discuss how technological advances, including real-time epidemiological monitoring of outbreaks using next-generation sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9 modification of vector species, could be utilized in future battles against this re-emerging pathogen which continues to cause devastating disease.
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Dietz JM, Hankerson SJ, Alexandre BR, Henry MD, Martins AF, Ferraz LP, Ruiz-Miranda CR. Yellow fever in Brazil threatens successful recovery of endangered golden lion tamarins. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12926. [PMID: 31506447 PMCID: PMC6736970 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49199-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The golden lion tamarin is an endangered primate endemic to Brazil's Atlantic Forest. Centuries of deforestation reduced numbers to a few hundred individuals in isolated forest fragments 80 km from Rio de Janeiro city. Intensive conservation action including reintroduction of zoo-born tamarins into forest fragments 1984-2000, increased numbers to about 3,700 in 2014. Beginning in November 2016, southeastern Brazil experienced the most severe yellow fever epidemic/epizootic in the country in 80 years. In May 2018, we documented the first death of a golden lion tamarin due to yellow fever. We re-evaluated population sizes and compared them to results of a census completed in 2014. Tamarin numbers declined 32%, with ca. 2,516 individuals remaining in situ. Tamarin losses were significantly greater in forest fragments that were larger, had less forest edge and had better forest connectivity, factors that may favor the mosquito vectors of yellow fever. The future of golden lion tamarins depends on the extent of additional mortality, whether some tamarins survive the disease and acquire immunity, and the potential development of a vaccine to protect the species against yellow fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Dietz
- Save the Golden Lion Tamarin, Silver Spring, Maryland, 22842, USA.
- Associação Mico-Leão-Dourado, Casimiro de Abreu, CP 109968, CEP 28860-970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Sarah J Hankerson
- Department of Psychology, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55403, USA
| | - Brenda Rocha Alexandre
- Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus Praia Vermelha, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 24210-240, Brazil
| | - Malinda D Henry
- Associação Mico-Leão-Dourado, Casimiro de Abreu, CP 109968, CEP 28860-970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM/UFRJ), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida São José do Barreto 764, São José do Barreto, Macaé, CEP 27965-045, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andréia F Martins
- Associação Mico-Leão-Dourado, Casimiro de Abreu, CP 109968, CEP 28860-970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luís Paulo Ferraz
- Associação Mico-Leão-Dourado, Casimiro de Abreu, CP 109968, CEP 28860-970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Ruiz-Miranda
- Associação Mico-Leão-Dourado, Casimiro de Abreu, CP 109968, CEP 28860-970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, CEP 28013-602, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Childs ML, Nova N, Colvin J, Mordecai EA. Mosquito and primate ecology predict human risk of yellow fever virus spillover in Brazil. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180335. [PMID: 31401964 PMCID: PMC6711306 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Many (re)emerging infectious diseases in humans arise from pathogen spillover from wildlife or livestock, and accurately predicting pathogen spillover is an important public health goal. In the Americas, yellow fever in humans primarily occurs following spillover from non-human primates via mosquitoes. Predicting yellow fever spillover can improve public health responses through vector control and mass vaccination. Here, we develop and test a mechanistic model of pathogen spillover to predict human risk for yellow fever in Brazil. This environmental risk model, based on the ecology of mosquito vectors and non-human primate hosts, distinguished municipality-months with yellow fever spillover from 2001 to 2016 with high accuracy (AUC = 0.72). Incorporating hypothesized cyclical dynamics of infected primates improved accuracy (AUC = 0.79). Using boosted regression trees to identify gaps in the mechanistic model, we found that important predictors include current and one-month lagged environmental risk, vaccine coverage, population density, temperature and precipitation. More broadly, we show that for a widespread human viral pathogen, the ecological interactions between environment, vectors, reservoir hosts and humans can predict spillover with surprising accuracy, suggesting the potential to improve preventive action to reduce yellow fever spillover and avert onward epidemics in humans. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L Childs
- Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nicole Nova
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Justine Colvin
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Erin A Mordecai
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Delatorre E, de Abreu FVS, Ribeiro IP, Gómez MM, dos Santos AAC, Ferreira-de-Brito A, Neves MSAS, Bonelly I, de Miranda RM, Furtado ND, Raphael LMS, da Silva LDFF, de Castro MG, Ramos DG, Romano APM, Kallás EG, Vicente ACP, Bello G, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Bonaldo MC. Distinct YFV Lineages Co-circulated in the Central-Western and Southeastern Brazilian Regions From 2015 to 2018. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1079. [PMID: 31178835 PMCID: PMC6543907 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The current outbreak of yellow fever virus (YFV) that is afflicting Brazil since the end of 2016 probably originated from a re-introduction of YFV from endemic areas into the non-endemic Southeastern Brazil. However, the lack of genomic sequences from endemic regions hinders the tracking of YFV's dissemination routes. We assessed the origin and spread of the ongoing YFV Brazilian outbreak analyzing a new set of YFV strains infecting humans, non-human primates (NHPs) and mosquitoes sampled across five Brazilian states from endemic and non-endemic regions between 2015 and 2018. We found two YFV sub-clade 1E lineages circulating in NHP from Goiás state (GO), resulting from independent viral introductions into the Araguaia tributary river basin: while one strain from 2017 clustered intermingled with Venezuelan YFV strains from 2000, the other YFV strains sampled in 2015 and 2017 clustered with sequences of the current YFV outbreak in the Brazilian Southeastern region (named YFV2015-2018 lineage), displaying the same molecular signature associated to the current YFV outbreak. After its introduction in GO at around mid-2014, the YFV2015-2018 lineage followed two paths of dissemination outside GO, originating two major YFV sub-lineages: (1) the YFVMG/ES/RJ sub-lineage spread sequentially from the eastern area of Minas Gerais state to Espírito Santo and then to Rio de Janeiro states, following the Southeast Atlantic basin; (2) the YFVMG/SP sub-lineage spread from the southwestern area of Minas Gerais to the metropolitan region of São Paulo state, following the Paraná basin. These results indicate the ongoing YFV outbreak in Southeastern Brazil originated from a dissemination event from GO almost 2 years before its recognition at the end of 2016. From GO this lineage was introduced in Minas Gerais state at least two times, originating two sub-lineages that followed different routes toward densely populated areas. The spread of YFV outside endemic regions for at least 4 years stresses the imperative importance of the continuous monitoring of YFV to aid decision-making for effective control policies aiming the increase of vaccination coverage to avoid the YFV transmission in densely populated urban centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson Delatorre
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Microorganismos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Filipe Vieira Santos de Abreu
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais, Salinas, Brazil
| | - Ieda Pereira Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariela Martínez Gómez
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- División Biología Molecular y Genética, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Anielly Ferreira-de-Brito
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Iule Bonelly
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafaella Moraes de Miranda
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nathália Dias Furtado
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lidiane Menezes Souza Raphael
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Márcia Gonçalves de Castro
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel Garkauskas Ramos
- Coordenação Geral de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis, Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Pecego Martins Romano
- Coordenação Geral de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis, Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Esper Georges Kallás
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Paulo Vicente
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Microorganismos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Bello
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Myrna Cristina Bonaldo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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de Paiva CA, Oliveira APDS, Muniz SS, Calijuri ML, Dos Santos VJ, Alves SDC. Determination of the spatial susceptibility to Yellow Fever using a multicriteria analysis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2019; 114:e180509. [PMID: 31066755 PMCID: PMC6506150 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760180509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outbreak of sylvatic Yellow Fever (SYF) in humans during 2016-2017 in Brazil is one of the greatest in the history of the disease. The occurrence of the disease in areas with low vaccination coverage favoured the dissemination of the disease; therefore, it is necessary to identify the areas vulnerability to the YF virus (YFV) to assist in the adoption of preventive measures. OBJECTIVE To correlate the physical-environmental elements associated with the occurrence of SYF in humans via a multicriteria analysis. METHODS For the multicriteria analysis, preponderant elements related to SYF occurrences, including soil usage and coverage, temperature, precipitation, altitude, mosquito transmitters, and non-human primate occurrence areas, were considered. The results were validated by assessing the correlation between the incidence of SYF and the vulnerable areas identified in the multicriteria analysis. RESULTS Two regions with different vulnerability to the occurrence of the disease were identified in the multicriteria analysis, with emphasis on the southern areas of the state of São Paulo northeast areas of Minas Gerais, and the entire states of Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo. The map of SYF vulnerability obtained in the multicriteria analysis coincides with the areas in which cases of the disease have been recorded. The regions that presented the greatest suitability were in fact the municipalities with the highest incidence. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The multicriteria analysis revealed that the elements that were used are suited for and consistent in the prediction of the areas that are vulnerable to SYF. The results obtained indicate the proximity of the areas that are most vulnerable to the disease to densely populated areas where an Aedes aegypti infestation was observed, which confers a high risk of re-urbanisation of YF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Adriane de Paiva
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Samuel Soares Muniz
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenheira Civil, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - Maria Lúcia Calijuri
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - Vitor Juste Dos Santos
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenheira Civil, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
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Abreu FVSD, Delatorre E, Dos Santos AAC, Ferreira-de-Brito A, de Castro MG, Ribeiro IP, Furtado ND, Vargas WP, Ribeiro MS, Meneguete P, Bonaldo MC, Bello G, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. Combination of surveillance tools reveals that Yellow Fever virus can remain in the same Atlantic Forest area at least for three transmission seasons. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2019; 114:e190076. [PMID: 31038550 PMCID: PMC6489371 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760190076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Brazil, the Yellow Fever virus (YFV) is endemic in the Amazon, from where
it eventually expands into epidemic waves. Coastal south-eastern (SE)
Brazil, which has been a YFV-free region for eight decades, has reported a
severe sylvatic outbreak since 2016. The virus spread from the north toward
the south of the Rio de Janeiro (RJ) state, causing 307 human cases with 105
deaths during the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 transmission seasons. It is
unclear, however, whether the YFV would persist in the coastal Atlantic
Forest of RJ during subsequent transmission seasons. OBJECTIVES To conduct a real-time surveillance and assess the potential persistence of
YFV in the coastal Atlantic Forest of RJ during the 2018-2019 transmission
season. METHODS We combined epizootic surveillance with fast diagnostic and molecular,
phylogenetic, and evolutionary analyses. FINDINGS Using this integrative strategy, we detected the first evidence of YFV
re-emergence in the third transmission season (2018-2019) in a dying howler
monkey from the central region of the RJ state. The YFV detected in 2019 has
the molecular signature associated with the current SE YFV outbreak and
exhibited a close phylogenetic relationship with the YFV lineage that
circulated in the same Atlantic Forest fragment during the past seasons.
This lineage circulated along the coastal side of the Serra do Mar mountain
chain, and its evolution seems to be mainly driven by genetic drift. The
potential bridge vector Aedes albopictus was found probing
on the recently dead howler monkey in the forest edge, very close to urban
areas. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data revealed that YFV transmission persisted at the same
Atlantic Forest area for at least three consecutive transmission seasons
without the need of new introductions. Our real-time surveillance strategy
permitted health authorities to take preventive actions within 48 h after
the detection of the sick non-human primate. The local virus persistence and
the proximity of the epizootic forest to urban areas reinforces the concern
with regards to the risk of re-urbanisation and seasonal re-emergence of
YFV, stressing the need for continuous effective surveillance and high
vaccination coverage in the SE region, particularly in RJ, an important
tourist location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Vieira Santos de Abreu
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais, Salinas, MG, Brasil
| | - Edson Delatorre
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Microorganismos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Anielly Ferreira-de-Brito
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Márcia Gonçalves de Castro
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ieda Pereira Ribeiro
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Nathália Dias Furtado
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Waldemir Paixão Vargas
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Departamento de Endemias Samuel Pessoa, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Mário Sérgio Ribeiro
- Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Superintendência de Vigilância Epidemiológica e Ambiental, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Patrícia Meneguete
- Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Superintendência de Vigilância Epidemiológica e Ambiental, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Myrna Cristina Bonaldo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Gonzalo Bello
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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de Almeida MAB, Dos Santos E, Cardoso JDC, da Silva LG, Rabelo RM, Bicca-Marques JC. Predicting Yellow Fever Through Species Distribution Modeling of Virus, Vector, and Monkeys. ECOHEALTH 2019; 16:95-108. [PMID: 30560394 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-018-1388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mapping yellow fever (YF) risk is often based on place of infection of human cases, whereas the circulation between nonhuman primates (NHP) and vectors is neglected. In 2008/2009, YF devastated NHP at the southern limit of the disease in the Americas. In view of the recent expansion of YF in Brazil, we modeled the environmental suitability for YF with data from 2008/2009 epizootic, the distribution of NHP (Alouatta spp.), and the mosquito (Haemagogus leucocelaenus) using the maximum entropy algorithm (Maxent) to define risk areas for YF and their main environmental predictors. We evaluated points of occurrence of YF based on dates of confirmed deaths of NHP in three periods, from October 2008 to: December 2008, March 2009, and June 2009. Variables with greatest influence on suitability for YF were seasonality in water vapor pressure (36%), distribution of NHP (32%), maximum wind speed (11%), annual mean rainfall (7%), and maximum temperature in the warmest month (5%). Models of early periods of the epizootic identified suitability for YF in localities that recorded NHP deaths only months later, demonstrating usefulness of the approach for predicting the disease spread. Our data supported influence of rainfall, air humidity, and ambient temperature on the distribution of epizootics. Wind was highlighted as a predicting variable, probably due to its influence on the dispersal of vectors infected with YF in fragmented landscapes. Further studies on the role of wind are necessary to improve our understanding of the occurrence of YF and other arboviruses and their dispersal in the landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A B de Almeida
- Divisão de Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde, Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria da Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 5400/Sala 95, Bairro Jardim Botânico, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 90610-030, Brazil.
- Escola de Ciências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Edmilson Dos Santos
- Divisão de Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde, Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria da Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 5400/Sala 95, Bairro Jardim Botânico, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 90610-030, Brazil
| | - Jáder da C Cardoso
- Divisão de Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde, Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria da Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 5400/Sala 95, Bairro Jardim Botânico, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 90610-030, Brazil
| | - Lucas G da Silva
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Rafael M Rabelo
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Júlio César Bicca-Marques
- Escola de Ciências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Mulchandani R, Massebo F, Bocho F, Jeffries CL, Walker T, Messenger LA. A community-level investigation following a yellow fever virus outbreak in South Omo Zone, South-West Ethiopia. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6466. [PMID: 30809451 PMCID: PMC6387579 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the availability of a highly effective vaccine, yellow fever virus (YFV) remains an important public health problem across Africa and South America due to its high case-fatality rate. This study investigated the historical epidemiology and contemporary entomological and social determinants of a YFV outbreak in South Omo Zone (SOZ), Ethiopia. Methods A YFV outbreak occurred in SOZ, Ethiopia in 2012–2014. Historical epidemiological data were retrieved from the SOZ Health Department and analyzed. Entomological sampling was undertaken in 2017, including mosquito species identification and molecular screening for arboviruses to understand mosquito habitat distribution, and finally current knowledge, attitudes and preventative practices within the affected communities were assessed. Results From October 2012 to March 2014, 165 suspected cases and 62 deaths were reported, principally in rural areas of South Ari region (83.6%). The majority of patients were 15–44 years old (75.8%) and most case deaths were males (76%). Between June and August 2017, 688 containers were sampled across 180 households to identify key breeding sites for Aedes mosquitoes. Ensete ventricosum (“false banana”) and clay pots outside the home were the most productive natural and artificial breeding sites, respectively. Entomological risk indices classified most sites as “high risk” for future outbreaks under current World Health Organization criteria. Adult mosquitoes in houses were identified as members of the Aedes simpsoni complex but no YFV or other arboviruses were detected by PCR. The majority of community members had heard of YFV, however few activities were undertaken to actively reduce mosquito breeding sites. Discussion Study results highlight the potential role vector control could play in mitigating local disease transmission and emphasize the urgent need to strengthen disease surveillance systems and in-country laboratory capacity to facilitate more rapid responses to future YFV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranya Mulchandani
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, UK
| | - Fekadu Massebo
- Department of Biology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Fekadu Bocho
- Department of Biology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Claire L Jeffries
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Walker
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, UK
| | - Louisa A Messenger
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, UK
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Espinal MA, Andrus JK, Jauregui B, Waterman SH, Morens DM, Santos JI, Horstick O, Francis LA, Olson D. Emerging and Reemerging Aedes-Transmitted Arbovirus Infections in the Region of the Americas: Implications for Health Policy. Am J Public Health 2019; 109:387-392. [PMID: 30676796 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2018.304849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The increasing geographical spread and disease incidence of arboviral infections are among the greatest public health concerns in the Americas. The region has observed an increasing trend in dengue incidence in the last decades, evolving from low to hyperendemicity. Yellow fever incidence has also intensified in this period, expanding from sylvatic-restricted activity to urban outbreaks. Chikungunya started spreading pandemically in 2005 at an unprecedented pace, reaching the Americas in 2013. The following year, Zika also emerged in the region with an explosive outbreak, carrying devastating congenital abnormalities and neurologic disorders and becoming one of the greatest global health crises in years. The inadequate arbovirus surveillance in the region and the lack of serologic tests to differentiate among viruses poses substantial challenges. The evidence for vector control interventions remains weak. Clinical management remains the mainstay of arboviral disease control. Currently, only yellow fever and dengue vaccines are licensed in the Americas, with several candidate vaccines in clinical trials. The Global Arbovirus Group of Experts provides in this article an overview of progress, challenges, and recommendations on arboviral prevention and control for countries of the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A Espinal
- Marcos A. Espinal is with Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Washington, DC. Jon K. Andrus is with the Department of Global Health, George Washington University Milken Institute of Public Health, Washington, DC, and the Division of Vaccines and Immunization, Center for Global Health, University of Colorado, Boulder. Barbara Jauregui is with the Department of Global Health, Milken Institute of Public Health, George Washington University. Stephen Hull Waterman is with the Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico. David Michael Morens is with the Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Jose Ignacio Santos is with the Experimental Medicine Research Unit, Medical School, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico. Olaf Horstick is with the Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany. Lorraine Ayana Francis is with Communicable Diseases & Emergency Response, Caribbean Public Health Agency, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad. Daniel Olson is with the Pediatric Infectious Disease Department, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Epidemiology Department, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora
| | - Jon K Andrus
- Marcos A. Espinal is with Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Washington, DC. Jon K. Andrus is with the Department of Global Health, George Washington University Milken Institute of Public Health, Washington, DC, and the Division of Vaccines and Immunization, Center for Global Health, University of Colorado, Boulder. Barbara Jauregui is with the Department of Global Health, Milken Institute of Public Health, George Washington University. Stephen Hull Waterman is with the Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico. David Michael Morens is with the Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Jose Ignacio Santos is with the Experimental Medicine Research Unit, Medical School, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico. Olaf Horstick is with the Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany. Lorraine Ayana Francis is with Communicable Diseases & Emergency Response, Caribbean Public Health Agency, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad. Daniel Olson is with the Pediatric Infectious Disease Department, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Epidemiology Department, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora
| | - Barbara Jauregui
- Marcos A. Espinal is with Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Washington, DC. Jon K. Andrus is with the Department of Global Health, George Washington University Milken Institute of Public Health, Washington, DC, and the Division of Vaccines and Immunization, Center for Global Health, University of Colorado, Boulder. Barbara Jauregui is with the Department of Global Health, Milken Institute of Public Health, George Washington University. Stephen Hull Waterman is with the Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico. David Michael Morens is with the Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Jose Ignacio Santos is with the Experimental Medicine Research Unit, Medical School, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico. Olaf Horstick is with the Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany. Lorraine Ayana Francis is with Communicable Diseases & Emergency Response, Caribbean Public Health Agency, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad. Daniel Olson is with the Pediatric Infectious Disease Department, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Epidemiology Department, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora
| | - Stephen Hull Waterman
- Marcos A. Espinal is with Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Washington, DC. Jon K. Andrus is with the Department of Global Health, George Washington University Milken Institute of Public Health, Washington, DC, and the Division of Vaccines and Immunization, Center for Global Health, University of Colorado, Boulder. Barbara Jauregui is with the Department of Global Health, Milken Institute of Public Health, George Washington University. Stephen Hull Waterman is with the Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico. David Michael Morens is with the Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Jose Ignacio Santos is with the Experimental Medicine Research Unit, Medical School, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico. Olaf Horstick is with the Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany. Lorraine Ayana Francis is with Communicable Diseases & Emergency Response, Caribbean Public Health Agency, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad. Daniel Olson is with the Pediatric Infectious Disease Department, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Epidemiology Department, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora
| | - David Michael Morens
- Marcos A. Espinal is with Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Washington, DC. Jon K. Andrus is with the Department of Global Health, George Washington University Milken Institute of Public Health, Washington, DC, and the Division of Vaccines and Immunization, Center for Global Health, University of Colorado, Boulder. Barbara Jauregui is with the Department of Global Health, Milken Institute of Public Health, George Washington University. Stephen Hull Waterman is with the Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico. David Michael Morens is with the Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Jose Ignacio Santos is with the Experimental Medicine Research Unit, Medical School, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico. Olaf Horstick is with the Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany. Lorraine Ayana Francis is with Communicable Diseases & Emergency Response, Caribbean Public Health Agency, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad. Daniel Olson is with the Pediatric Infectious Disease Department, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Epidemiology Department, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora
| | - Jose Ignacio Santos
- Marcos A. Espinal is with Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Washington, DC. Jon K. Andrus is with the Department of Global Health, George Washington University Milken Institute of Public Health, Washington, DC, and the Division of Vaccines and Immunization, Center for Global Health, University of Colorado, Boulder. Barbara Jauregui is with the Department of Global Health, Milken Institute of Public Health, George Washington University. Stephen Hull Waterman is with the Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico. David Michael Morens is with the Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Jose Ignacio Santos is with the Experimental Medicine Research Unit, Medical School, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico. Olaf Horstick is with the Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany. Lorraine Ayana Francis is with Communicable Diseases & Emergency Response, Caribbean Public Health Agency, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad. Daniel Olson is with the Pediatric Infectious Disease Department, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Epidemiology Department, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora
| | - Olaf Horstick
- Marcos A. Espinal is with Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Washington, DC. Jon K. Andrus is with the Department of Global Health, George Washington University Milken Institute of Public Health, Washington, DC, and the Division of Vaccines and Immunization, Center for Global Health, University of Colorado, Boulder. Barbara Jauregui is with the Department of Global Health, Milken Institute of Public Health, George Washington University. Stephen Hull Waterman is with the Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico. David Michael Morens is with the Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Jose Ignacio Santos is with the Experimental Medicine Research Unit, Medical School, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico. Olaf Horstick is with the Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany. Lorraine Ayana Francis is with Communicable Diseases & Emergency Response, Caribbean Public Health Agency, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad. Daniel Olson is with the Pediatric Infectious Disease Department, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Epidemiology Department, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora
| | - Lorraine Ayana Francis
- Marcos A. Espinal is with Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Washington, DC. Jon K. Andrus is with the Department of Global Health, George Washington University Milken Institute of Public Health, Washington, DC, and the Division of Vaccines and Immunization, Center for Global Health, University of Colorado, Boulder. Barbara Jauregui is with the Department of Global Health, Milken Institute of Public Health, George Washington University. Stephen Hull Waterman is with the Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico. David Michael Morens is with the Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Jose Ignacio Santos is with the Experimental Medicine Research Unit, Medical School, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico. Olaf Horstick is with the Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany. Lorraine Ayana Francis is with Communicable Diseases & Emergency Response, Caribbean Public Health Agency, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad. Daniel Olson is with the Pediatric Infectious Disease Department, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Epidemiology Department, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora
| | - Daniel Olson
- Marcos A. Espinal is with Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Washington, DC. Jon K. Andrus is with the Department of Global Health, George Washington University Milken Institute of Public Health, Washington, DC, and the Division of Vaccines and Immunization, Center for Global Health, University of Colorado, Boulder. Barbara Jauregui is with the Department of Global Health, Milken Institute of Public Health, George Washington University. Stephen Hull Waterman is with the Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico. David Michael Morens is with the Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Jose Ignacio Santos is with the Experimental Medicine Research Unit, Medical School, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico. Olaf Horstick is with the Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany. Lorraine Ayana Francis is with Communicable Diseases & Emergency Response, Caribbean Public Health Agency, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad. Daniel Olson is with the Pediatric Infectious Disease Department, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Epidemiology Department, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora
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Tetro JA. From hidden outbreaks to epidemic emergencies: the threat associated with neglecting emerging pathogens. Microbes Infect 2019; 21:4-9. [PMID: 29959095 PMCID: PMC7110498 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Not all infectious disease outbreaks undergo full epidemiological investigations. In certain situations, the resultant lack of knowledge has led to the development of epidemics and public health emergencies. This review will examine six emerging pathogens including their history, present status, and potential to expand to epidemics. Recommendations to improve our understanding of these hidden outbreaks and others also will be provided in the context of health systems policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Tetro
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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43
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Status of the northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) in the time of yellow fever. Primates 2018; 60:21-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-018-0701-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Aerts R, Honnay O, Van Nieuwenhuyse A. Biodiversity and human health: mechanisms and evidence of the positive health effects of diversity in nature and green spaces. Br Med Bull 2018; 127:5-22. [PMID: 30007287 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Natural environments and green spaces provide ecosystem services that enhance human health and well-being. They improve mental health, mitigate allergies and reduce all-cause, respiratory, cardiovascular and cancer mortality. The presence, accessibility, proximity and greenness of green spaces determine the magnitude of their positive health effects, but the role of biodiversity (including species and ecosystem diversity) within green spaces remains underexplored. This review describes mechanisms and evidence of effects of biodiversity in nature and green spaces on human health. SOURCES OF DATA We identified studies listed in PubMed and Web of Science using combinations of keywords including 'biodiversity', 'diversity', 'species richness', 'human health', 'mental health' and 'well-being' with no restrictions on the year of publication. Papers were considered for detailed evaluation if they were written in English and reported data on levels of biodiversity and health outcomes. AREAS OF AGREEMENT There is evidence for positive associations between species diversity and well-being (psychological and physical) and between ecosystem diversity and immune system regulation. AREAS OF CONCERN There is a very limited number of studies that relate measured biodiversity to human health. There is more evidence for self-reported psychological well-being than for well-defined clinical outcomes. High species diversity has been associated with both reduced and increased vector-borne disease risk. GROWING POINTS Biodiversity supports ecosystem services mitigating heat, noise and air pollution, which all mediate the positive health effects of green spaces, but direct and long-term health outcomes of species diversity have been insufficiently studied so far. AREAS TIMELY FOR RESEARCH Additional research and newly developed methods are needed to quantify short- and long-term health effects of exposure to perceived and objectively measured species diversity, including health effects of nature-based solutions and exposure to microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raf Aerts
- Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Unit Health Impact Assessment, Sciensano (Belgian Institute of Health), Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Biology, Division Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olivier Honnay
- Department of Biology, Division Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Van Nieuwenhuyse
- Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Unit Health Impact Assessment, Sciensano (Belgian Institute of Health), Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Division Environment and Health, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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Kaul RB, Evans MV, Murdock CC, Drake JM. Spatio-temporal spillover risk of yellow fever in Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:488. [PMID: 30157908 PMCID: PMC6116573 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yellow fever virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that persists in an enzoonotic cycle in non-human primates (NHPs) in Brazil, causing disease in humans through spillover events. Yellow fever (YF) re-emerged in the early 2000s, spreading from the Amazon River basin towards the previously considered low-risk, southeastern region of the country. Previous methods mapping YF spillover risk do not incorporate the temporal dynamics and ecological context of the disease, and are therefore unable to predict seasonality in spatial risk across Brazil. We present the results of a bagged logistic regression predicting the propensity for YF spillover per municipality (administrative sub-district) in Brazil from environmental and demographic covariates aggregated by month. Ecological context was incorporated by creating National and Regional models of spillover dynamics, where the Regional model consisted of two separate models determined by the regions' NHP reservoir species richness (high vs low). RESULTS Of the 5560 municipalities, 82 reported YF cases from 2001 to 2013. Model accuracy was high for the National and low reservoir richness (LRR) models (AUC = 0.80), while the high reservoir richness (HRR) model accuracy was lower (AUC = 0.63). The National model predicted consistently high spillover risk in the Amazon, while the Regional model predicted strong seasonality in spillover risk. Within the Regional model, seasonality of spillover risk in the HRR region was asynchronous to the LRR region. However, the observed seasonality of spillover risk in the LRR Regional model mirrored the national model predictions. CONCLUSIONS The predicted risk of YF spillover varies with space and time. Seasonal trends differ between regions indicating, at times, spillover risk can be higher in the urban coastal regions than the Amazon River basin which is counterintuitive based on current YF risk maps. Understanding the spatio-temporal patterns of YF spillover risk could better inform allocation of public health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- RajReni B Kaul
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA. .,Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Michelle V Evans
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Courtney C Murdock
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Center for Tropical and Global Emerging Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,River Basin Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - John M Drake
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Callender DM. Management and control of yellow fever virus: Brazilian outbreak January-April, 2018. Glob Public Health 2018; 14:445-455. [PMID: 30122143 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2018.1512144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) has a long history of causing human disease. Today, YFV is persevered in jungle environments with occasional sporadic human outbreaks in South America and periodic intermediate human transmissions with occasional urban outbreaks in sub-Saharan Africa. The ever-present risk of outbreak is primarily controlled for via vaccination coverage to vulnerable human populations. Global vaccine supplies have been strained in the setting of recent outbreaks in Africa and Brazil. The increasingly global community of today has placed an ever-growing tension on the management and control of YFV. A historic outbreak of YFV in Brazil is tracked from January to April 2018 using the International Society for Infectious Diseases' (ISID) Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases (ProMed). A narrative summary is generated from the review of 29 ProMed reports pertaining to the key words yellow fever and Brazil. Significant topics addressed include urban proximity, vaccination dose sparing with 1/5th standard dose, international travellers, epizootic trends, vaccine hesitancy, and mass immunisation campaigns. These topics are reviewed in detail for the current outbreak in comparison to previous outbreaks. Through close attention to these topics the degree and extent of the current outbreak was attenuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Michael Callender
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.,Department of State, United States Embassy, Brasilia, Brazil
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Yellow fever in the diagnostics laboratory. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:129. [PMID: 30002363 PMCID: PMC6043483 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Yellow fever (YF) remains a public health issue in endemic areas despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine. In 2015–2016, urban outbreaks of YF were declared in Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo, and a sylvatic outbreak has been ongoing in Brazil since December 2016. Of great concern is the risk of urban transmission cycles taking hold in Brazil and the possible spread to countries with susceptible populations and competent vectors. Vaccination remains the cornerstone of an outbreak response, but a low vaccine stockpile has forced a sparing-dose strategy, which has thus far been implemented in affected African countries and now in Brazil. Accurate laboratory confirmation of cases is critical for efficient outbreak control. A dearth of validated commercial assays for YF, however, and the shortcomings of serological methods make it challenging to implement YF diagnostics outside of reference laboratories. We examine the advantages and drawbacks of existing assays to identify the barriers to timely and efficient laboratory diagnosis. We stress the need to develop new diagnostic tools to meet current challenges in the fight against YF.
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Klitting R, Gould EA, Paupy C, de Lamballerie X. What Does the Future Hold for Yellow Fever Virus? (I). Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E291. [PMID: 29890711 PMCID: PMC6027470 DOI: 10.3390/genes9060291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent resurgence of yellow fever virus (YFV) activity in the tropical regions of Africa and South America has sparked renewed interest in this infamous arboviral disease. Yellow fever virus had been a human plague for centuries prior to the identification of its urban transmission vector, the Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus) mosquito species, and the development of an efficient live-attenuated vaccine, the YF-17D strain. The combination of vector-control measures and vaccination campaigns drastically reduced YFV incidence in humans on many occasions, but the virus never ceased to circulate in the forest, through its sylvatic invertebrate vector(s) and vertebrate host(s). Outbreaks recently reported in Central Africa (2015⁻2016) and Brazil (since late 2016), reached considerable proportions in terms of spatial distribution and total numbers of cases, with multiple exports, including to China. In turn, questions about the likeliness of occurrence of large urban YFV outbreaks in the Americas or of a successful import of YFV to Asia are currently resurfacing. This two-part review describes the current state of knowledge and gaps regarding the molecular biology and transmission dynamics of YFV, along with an overview of the tools that can be used to manage the disease at individual, local and global levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Klitting
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Université, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.
| | - Ernest A Gould
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Université, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.
| | - Christophe Paupy
- UMR Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC: IRD, CNRS, Université Montpellier), 34394 Montpellier, France.
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Université, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.
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Schneider MC, Machado G. Environmental and socioeconomic drivers in infectious disease. Lancet Planet Health 2018; 2:e198-e199. [PMID: 29709281 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(18)30069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Schneider
- Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), PAHO Health Emergency Department, Infectious Hazard Management Unit, Washington DC 20037, USA.
| | - Gustavo Machado
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Oliveira GMMD, Ferreira RM. Yellow Fever and Cardiovascular Disease: An Intersection of Epidemics. Arq Bras Cardiol 2018; 110:207-210. [PMID: 29694557 PMCID: PMC5898767 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20180041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Muniz Ferreira
- Instituto do Coração Édson Saad, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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