1
|
Singh PP, Reeves GA, Contrepois K, Papsdorf K, Miklas JW, Ellenberger M, Hu CK, Snyder MP, Brunet A. Evolution of diapause in the African turquoise killifish by remodeling the ancient gene regulatory landscape. Cell 2024:S0092-8674(24)00474-4. [PMID: 38810644 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Suspended animation states allow organisms to survive extreme environments. The African turquoise killifish has evolved diapause as a form of suspended development to survive a complete drought. However, the mechanisms underlying the evolution of extreme survival states are unknown. To understand diapause evolution, we performed integrative multi-omics (gene expression, chromatin accessibility, and lipidomics) in the embryos of multiple killifish species. We find that diapause evolved by a recent remodeling of regulatory elements at very ancient gene duplicates (paralogs) present in all vertebrates. CRISPR-Cas9-based perturbations identify the transcription factors REST/NRSF and FOXOs as critical for the diapause gene expression program, including genes involved in lipid metabolism. Indeed, diapause shows a distinct lipid profile, with an increase in triglycerides with very-long-chain fatty acids. Our work suggests a mechanism for the evolution of complex adaptations and offers strategies to promote long-term survival by activating suspended animation programs in other species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - G Adam Reeves
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kévin Contrepois
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Jason W Miklas
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Chi-Kuo Hu
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anne Brunet
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lewis CTA, Melhedegaard EG, Ognjanovic MM, Olsen MS, Laitila J, Seaborne RAE, Gronset M, Zhang C, Iwamoto H, Hessel AL, Kuehn MN, Merino C, Amigo N, Frobert O, Giroud S, Staples JF, Goropashnaya AV, Fedorov VB, Barnes B, Toien O, Drew K, Sprenger RJ, Ochala J. Remodeling of skeletal muscle myosin metabolic states in hibernating mammals. eLife 2024; 13:RP94616. [PMID: 38752835 PMCID: PMC11098559 DOI: 10.7554/elife.94616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Hibernation is a period of metabolic suppression utilized by many small and large mammal species to survive during winter periods. As the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood, our study aimed to determine whether skeletal muscle myosin and its metabolic efficiency undergo alterations during hibernation to optimize energy utilization. We isolated muscle fibers from small hibernators, Ictidomys tridecemlineatus and Eliomys quercinus and larger hibernators, Ursus arctos and Ursus americanus. We then conducted loaded Mant-ATP chase experiments alongside X-ray diffraction to measure resting myosin dynamics and its ATP demand. In parallel, we performed multiple proteomics analyses. Our results showed a preservation of myosin structure in U. arctos and U. americanus during hibernation, whilst in I. tridecemlineatus and E. quercinus, changes in myosin metabolic states during torpor unexpectedly led to higher levels in energy expenditure of type II, fast-twitch muscle fibers at ambient lab temperatures (20 °C). Upon repeating loaded Mant-ATP chase experiments at 8 °C (near the body temperature of torpid animals), we found that myosin ATP consumption in type II muscle fibers was reduced by 77-107% during torpor compared to active periods. Additionally, we observed Myh2 hyper-phosphorylation during torpor in I. tridecemilineatus, which was predicted to stabilize the myosin molecule. This may act as a potential molecular mechanism mitigating myosin-associated increases in skeletal muscle energy expenditure during periods of torpor in response to cold exposure. Altogether, we demonstrate that resting myosin is altered in hibernating mammals, contributing to significant changes to the ATP consumption of skeletal muscle. Additionally, we observe that it is further altered in response to cold exposure and highlight myosin as a potentially contributor to skeletal muscle non-shivering thermogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marija M Ognjanovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Mathilde S Olsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jenni Laitila
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Robert AE Seaborne
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Magnus Gronset
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Changxin Zhang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Hiroyuki Iwamoto
- Spring-8, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research InstituteHyogoJapan
| | - Anthony L Hessel
- Institute of Physiology II, University of MuensterMuensterGermany
- Accelerated Muscle Biotechnologies ConsultantsBostonUnited States
| | - Michel N Kuehn
- Institute of Physiology II, University of MuensterMuensterGermany
- Accelerated Muscle Biotechnologies ConsultantsBostonUnited States
| | | | | | - Ole Frobert
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- Faculty of Health, Department of Cardiology, Örebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
| | - Sylvain Giroud
- Energetics Lab, Department of Biology, Northern Michigan UniversityMarquetteUnited States
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaViennaAustria
| | - James F Staples
- Department of Biology, University of Western OntarioLondonCanada
| | - Anna V Goropashnaya
- Center for Transformative Research in Metabolism, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksUnited States
| | - Vadim B Fedorov
- Center for Transformative Research in Metabolism, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksUnited States
| | - Brian Barnes
- Center for Transformative Research in Metabolism, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksUnited States
| | - Oivind Toien
- Center for Transformative Research in Metabolism, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksUnited States
| | - Kelly Drew
- Center for Transformative Research in Metabolism, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksUnited States
| | - Ryan J Sprenger
- Department of Zoology, University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Julien Ochala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lewis CTA, Melhedegaard EG, Ognjanovic MM, Olsen MS, Laitila J, Seaborne RAE, Gronset MN, Zhang C, Iwamoto H, Hessel AL, Kuehn MN, Merino C, Amigo N, Frobert O, Giroud S, Staples JF, Goropashnaya AV, Fedorov VB, Barnes BM, Toien O, Drew KL, Sprenger RJ, Ochala J. Remodelling of Skeletal Muscle Myosin Metabolic States in Hibernating Mammals. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.14.566992. [PMID: 38014200 PMCID: PMC10680686 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.14.566992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Hibernation is a period of metabolic suppression utilized by many small and large mammal species to survive during winter periods. As the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood, our study aimed to determine whether skeletal muscle myosin and its metabolic efficiency undergo alterations during hibernation to optimize energy utilization. We isolated muscle fibers from small hibernators, Ictidomys tridecemlineatus and Eliomys quercinus and larger hibernators, Ursus arctos and Ursus americanus. We then conducted loaded Mant-ATP chase experiments alongside X-ray diffraction to measure resting myosin dynamics and its ATP demand. In parallel, we performed multiple proteomics analyses. Our results showed a preservation of myosin structure in U. arctos and U. americanus during hibernation, whilst in I. tridecemlineatus and E. quercinus, changes in myosin metabolic states during torpor unexpectedly led to higher levels in energy expenditure of type II, fast-twitch muscle fibers at ambient lab temperatures (20°C). Upon repeating loaded Mant-ATP chase experiments at 8°C (near the body temperature of torpid animals), we found that myosin ATP consumption in type II muscle fibers was reduced by 77-107% during torpor compared to active periods. Additionally, we observed Myh2 hyper-phosphorylation during torpor in I. tridecemilineatus, which was predicted to stabilize the myosin molecule. This may act as a potential molecular mechanism mitigating myosin-associated increases in skeletal muscle energy expenditure during periods of torpor in response to cold exposure. Altogether, we demonstrate that resting myosin is altered in hibernating mammals, contributing to significant changes to the ATP consumption of skeletal muscle. Additionally, we observe that it is further altered in response to cold exposure and highlight myosin as a potentially contributor to skeletal muscle non-shivering thermogenesis.
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang A, Xie W, Zhang H, Weng Q, Xu M. Investigation of seasonal changes in lipid synthesis and metabolism-related genes in the oviduct of Chinese brown frog (<em>Rana dybowskii</em>). Eur J Histochem 2023; 67:3890. [PMID: 38116875 PMCID: PMC10773197 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2023.3890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A peculiar physiological characteristic of the Chinese brown frog (Rana dybowskii) is that its oviduct dilates during pre-brumation rather than during the breeding season. This research aimed to examine the expression of genes connected with lipid synthesis and metabolism in the oviduct of R. dybowskii during both the breeding season and pre-brumation. We observed significant changes in the weight and size of the oviduct between the breeding season and pre-brumation. Furthermore, compared to the breeding season, pre-brumation exhibited significantly lower triglyceride content and a marked increase in free fatty acid content. Immunohistochemical results revealed the spatial distribution of triglyceride synthase (Dgat1), triglyceride hydrolase (Lpl and Hsl), fatty acid synthase (Fasn), and fatty acid oxidases (Cpt1a, Acadl, and Hadh) in oviductal glandular cells and epithelial cells during both the breeding season and pre-brumation. While the mRNA levels of triglycerides and free fatty acid synthesis genes (dgat1 and fasn) did not show a significant difference between the breeding season and pre-brumation, the mRNA levels of genes involved in triglycerides and free fatty acid metabolism (lpl, cpt1a, acadl, acox and hadh) were considerably higher during pre-brumation. Furthermore, the R. dybowskii oviduct's transcriptomic and metabolomic data confirmed differential expression of genes and metabolites enriched in lipid metabolism signaling pathways during both the breeding season and pre-brumation. Overall, these results suggest that alterations in lipid synthesis and metabolism during pre-brumation may potentially influence the expanding size of the oviduct, contributing to the successful overwintering of R. dybowskii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yankun Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.
| | - Yuning Liu
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.
| | - Yawei Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.
| | - Ao Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.
| | - Wenqian Xie
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.
| | - Haolin Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.
| | - Qiang Weng
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.
| | - Meiyu Xu
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Aymen J, Delnatte P, Beaufrère H, Chalil D, Steckel KE, Gourlie S, Stark KD, McAdie M. Comparison of blood leptin and vitamin E and blood and adipose fatty acid compositions in wild and captive populations of critically endangered Vancouver Island marmots (Marmota vancouverensis). Zoo Biol 2022; 42:308-321. [PMID: 36176181 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Vancouver Island marmots (Marmota vancouverensis) (VIMs) are a critically endangered species of fat-storing hibernators, endemic to Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. In addition to in-situ conservation efforts, a captive breeding program has been ongoing since 1997. The captive diet is mostly pellet-based and rich in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In captivity, overall length of hibernation is shortened, and marmots have higher adipose tissue reserves compared to their wild-born counterparts, which may be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of mortality in captive marmots. To investigate differences in lipid metabolism between wild and captive populations of VIMs, blood vitamin E, fatty acid (FA) profiles and leptin, and white adipose tissue (WAT) FA profiles were compared during the active season (May to September 2019). Gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and multiplex kits were used to obtain FA profiles, α-tocopherol, and leptin values, respectively. In both plasma and WAT, the concentration of the sum of all FA in the total lipids was significantly increased in captive VIMs. The n-6/n-3 ratio, saturated FAs, and n-6 PUFAS were higher in captive marmots, whereas n-3 PUFAs and the HUFA score were higher in wild marmots. Serum concentrations of α-tocopherol were greater by an average of 45% in captive marmots, whereas leptin concentrations did not differ. Results from this study may be applied to improve the diet and implement weight management to possibly enhance the quality of hibernation and decrease the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases of captive VIMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Aymen
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto Zoo, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Hugues Beaufrère
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dan Chalil
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Klaudia E Steckel
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Malcolm McAdie
- Marmot Recovery Foundation, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cooper S, Wilmarth PA, Cunliffe JM, Klimek J, Pang J, Tassi Yunga S, Minnier J, Reddy A, David L, Aslan JE. Platelet proteome dynamics in hibernating 13-lined ground squirrels. Physiol Genomics 2021; 53:473-485. [PMID: 34677084 PMCID: PMC8616595 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00078.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hibernating mammals undergo a dramatic drop in temperature and blood flow during torpor, yet avoid stasis blood clotting through mechanisms that remain unspecified. The effects of hibernation on hemostasis are especially complex, as cold temperatures generally activate platelets, resulting in platelet clearance and cold storage lesions in the context of blood transfusion. With a hibernating body temperature of 4°C-8°C, 13-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) provide a model to study hemostasis as well as platelet cold storage lesion resistance during hibernation. Here, we quantified and systematically compared proteomes of platelets collected from ground squirrels at summer (active), fall (entrance), and winter (topor) to elucidate how molecular-level changes in platelets may support hemostatic adaptations in torpor. Platelets were isolated from a total of 11 squirrels in June, October, and January. Platelet lysates from each animal were digested with trypsin prior to 11-plex tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling, followed by LC-MS/MS analysis for relative protein quantification. We measured >700 proteins with significant variations in abundance in platelets over the course of entrance, torpor, and activity-including systems of proteins regulating translation, secretion, metabolism, complement, and coagulation cascades. We also noted species-specific differences in levels of hemostatic, secretory, and inflammatory regulators in ground squirrel platelets relative to human platelets. Altogether, we provide the first ever proteomic characterization of platelets from hibernating animals, where systematic changes in metabolic, hemostatic, and other proteins may account for physiological adaptations in torpor and also inform translational effort to improve cold storage of human platelets for transfusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Cooper
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin
| | - Phillip A Wilmarth
- Proteomics Shared Resource, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jennifer M Cunliffe
- Proteomics Shared Resource, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - John Klimek
- Proteomics Shared Resource, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jiaqing Pang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Samuel Tassi Yunga
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jessica Minnier
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Ashok Reddy
- Proteomics Shared Resource, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Larry David
- Proteomics Shared Resource, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Joseph E Aslan
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Giroud S, Chery I, Arrivé M, Prost M, Zumsteg J, Heintz D, Evans AL, Gauquelin-Koch G, Arnemo JM, Swenson JE, Lefai E, Bertile F, Simon C, Blanc S. Hibernating brown bears are protected against atherogenic dyslipidemia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18723. [PMID: 34548543 PMCID: PMC8455566 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate mechanisms by which hibernators avoid atherogenic hyperlipidemia during hibernation, we assessed lipoprotein and cholesterol metabolisms of free-ranging Scandinavian brown bears (Ursus arctos). In winter- and summer-captured bears, we measured lipoprotein sizes and sub-classes, triglyceride-related plasma-enzyme activities, and muscle lipid composition along with plasma-levels of antioxidant capacities and inflammatory markers. Although hibernating bears increased nearly all lipid levels, a 36%-higher cholesteryl-ester transfer-protein activity allowed to stabilize lipid composition of high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Levels of inflammatory metabolites, i.e., 7-ketocholesterol and 11ß-prostaglandin F2α, declined in winter and correlated inversely with cardioprotective HDL2b-proportions and HDL-sizes that increased during hibernation. Lower muscle-cholesterol concentrations and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity in winter suggest that hibernating bears tightly controlled peripheral-cholesterol synthesis and/or release. Finally, greater plasma-antioxidant capacities prevented excessive lipid-specific oxidative damages in plasma and muscles of hibernating bears. Hence, the brown bear manages large lipid fluxes during hibernation, without developing adverse atherogenic effects that occur in humans and non-hibernators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Giroud
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1, 1160, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Isabelle Chery
- University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081, Strasbourg, France.,CNRS, UMR7178, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), 23 rue du Loess, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mathilde Arrivé
- University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081, Strasbourg, France.,CNRS, UMR7178, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), 23 rue du Loess, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Julie Zumsteg
- Plant Imaging & Mass Spectrometry (PIMS), Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dimitri Heintz
- Plant Imaging & Mass Spectrometry (PIMS), Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alina L Evans
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, 2480, Koppang, Norway
| | | | - Jon M Arnemo
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, 2480, Koppang, Norway.,Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jon E Swenson
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Etienne Lefai
- University of Auvergne, INRAE, UNH UMR1019, 63122, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Fabrice Bertile
- University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081, Strasbourg, France.,CNRS, UMR7178, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), 23 rue du Loess, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Chantal Simon
- CARMEN, INSERM U1060/University of Lyon / INRA U1235, Oullins, France
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081, Strasbourg, France.,CNRS, UMR7178, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), 23 rue du Loess, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mendoza A, Takemoto Y, Cruzado KT, Masoud SS, Nagata A, Tantipanjaporn A, Okuda S, Kawagoe F, Sakamoto R, Odagi M, Mototani S, Togashi M, Kawatani M, Aono H, Osada H, Nakagawa H, Higashi T, Kittaka A, Nagasawa K, Uesugi M. Controlled lipid β-oxidation and carnitine biosynthesis by a vitamin D metabolite. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 29:660-669.e12. [PMID: 34506728 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lactone-vitamin D3 is a major metabolite of vitamin D3, a lipophilic vitamin biosynthesized in numerous life forms by sunlight exposure. Although lactone-vitamin D3 was discovered 40 years ago, its biological role remains largely unknown. Chemical biological analysis of its photoaffinity probe identified the hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase trifunctional multienzyme complex subunit alpha (HADHA), a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids, as its selective binding protein. Intriguingly, the interaction of lactone-vitamin D3 with HADHA does not affect the HADHA enzymatic activity but instead limits biosynthesis of carnitine, an endogenous metabolite required for the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria for β-oxidation. Lactone-vitamin D3 dissociates the protein-protein interaction of HADHA with trimethyllysine dioxygenase (TMLD), thereby impairing the TMLD enzyme activity essential in carnitine biosynthesis. These findings suggest a heretofore undescribed role of lactone-vitamin D3 in lipid β-oxidation and carnitine biosynthesis, and possibly in sunlight-dependent shifts of lipid metabolism in animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Mendoza
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yasushi Takemoto
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kevin Tan Cruzado
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shadi Sedghi Masoud
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Akiko Nagata
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Okuda
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Kawagoe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Ryota Sakamoto
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Minami Odagi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Sayuri Mototani
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Moeka Togashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Makoto Kawatani
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Harumi Aono
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hayato Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Higashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kittaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nagasawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Motonari Uesugi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Convergent evolution of a genomic rearrangement may explain cancer resistance in hystrico- and sciuromorpha rodents. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2021; 7:20. [PMID: 34471123 PMCID: PMC8410860 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-021-00072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The rodents of hystricomorpha and sciuromorpha suborders exhibit remarkably lower incidence of cancer. The underlying genetic basis remains obscure. We report a convergent evolutionary split of human 3p21.31, a locus hosting a large number of tumour-suppressor genes (TSGs) and frequently deleted in several tumour types, in hystrico- and sciuromorphs. Analysis of 34 vertebrate genomes revealed that the synteny of 3p21.31 cluster is functionally and evolutionarily constrained in most placental mammals, but exhibit large genomic interruptions independently in hystricomorphs and sciuromorphs, owing to relaxation of underlying constraints. Hystrico- and sciuromorphs, therefore, escape from pro-tumorigenic co-deletion of several TSGs in cis. The split 3p21.31 sub-clusters gained proximity to proto-oncogene clusters from elsewhere, which might further nullify pro-tumorigenic impact of copy number variations due to co-deletion or co-amplification of genes with opposing effects. The split of 3p21.31 locus coincided with the accelerated rate of its gene expression and the body mass evolution of ancestral hystrico- and sciuromorphs. The genes near breakpoints were associated with the traits specific to hystrico- and sciuromorphs, implying adaptive significance. We conclude that the convergently evolved chromosomal interruptions of evolutionarily constrained 3p21.31 cluster might have impacted evolution of cancer resistance, body mass variation and ecological adaptations in hystrico- and sciuromorphs.
Collapse
|
10
|
Niiranen L, Mäkelä KA, Dona A, Krumsiek J, Karhu T, Mäkinen MJ, Thalmann O, Saarela S, Herzig KH. Seasonal Regulation of Metabolism: The Effect of Wintertime Fasting and Autumnal Fattening on Key Central Regulators of Metabolism and the Metabolic Profile of the Raccoon Dog ( Nyctereutes Procyonoides). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094965. [PMID: 34067001 PMCID: PMC8125260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations into the mechanisms regulating obesity are frantic and novel translational approaches are needed. The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is a canid species representing a promising model to study metabolic regulation in a species undergoing cycles of seasonal obesity and fasting. To understand the molecular mechanisms of metabolic regulation in seasonal adaptation, we analyzed key central nervous system and peripheral signals regulating food intake and metabolism from raccoon dogs after autumnal fattening and winter fasting. Expressions of neuropeptide Y (NPY), orexin-2 receptor (OX2R), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and leptin receptor (ObRb) were analyzed as examples of orexigenic and anorexigenic signals using qRT-PCR from raccoon dog hypothalamus samples. Plasma metabolic profiles were measured with 1H NMR-spectroscopy and LC-MS. Circulating hormones and cytokines were determined with canine specific antibody assays. Surprisingly, NPY and POMC were not affected by the winter fasting nor autumn fattening and the metabolic profiles showed a remarkable equilibrium, indicating conserved homeostasis. However, OX2R and ObRb expression changes suggested seasonal regulation. Circulating cytokine levels were not increased, demonstrating that the autumn fattening did not induce subacute inflammation. Thus, the raccoon dog developed seasonal regulatory mechanisms to accommodate the autumnal fattening and prolonged fasting making the species unique in coping with the extreme environmental challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Niiranen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland; (L.N.); (K.A.M.); (T.K.); (O.T.)
| | - Kari A. Mäkelä
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland; (L.N.); (K.A.M.); (T.K.); (O.T.)
| | - Anthony Dona
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia;
| | - Jan Krumsiek
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Toni Karhu
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland; (L.N.); (K.A.M.); (T.K.); (O.T.)
| | - Markus J. Mäkinen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland;
- Medical Research Center Oulu, P.O Box 8000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Olaf Thalmann
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland; (L.N.); (K.A.M.); (T.K.); (O.T.)
- Institute of Pediatrics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznań, Poland
| | - Seppo Saarela
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland;
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland; (L.N.); (K.A.M.); (T.K.); (O.T.)
- Institute of Pediatrics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-29-448-5280
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
REFERENCE INTERVALS FOR PLASMA CAPILLARY ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS IN HERMANN'S TORTOISES ( TESTUDO HERMANNI) DEPENDING ON SEASON AND SEX. J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 50:611-618. [PMID: 33517630 DOI: 10.1638/2018-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophoresis is a useful diagnostic tool for the detection of shifts in plasma protein fractions, which can be associated with a variety of diseases. This method is not often used in reptile medicine because there are only a few studies available and no reference intervals have been published for most species. The goal of this study was to establish reference intervals for plasma capillary zone electrophoresis in Hermann's tortoises (Testudo hermanni) under consideration of variations by season and sex. 251 samples from healthy adult Hermann's tortoises were collected from May 2016 to October 2017. Total protein was measured by the biuret method and albumin was measured twice by bromocresol green dye-binding method (BCG) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) in order to compare the detection methods. The globulin fractions were analyzed by CZE. Seasonal variations were significant for total protein (P = 0.0055), albumin (P = 0.0322) and α-globulins (P = 0.0007). The variations between male and female Hermann's tortoises were highly significant for albumin (P < 0.0001), α-globulins (P < 0.0001) and β-globulins (P < 0.0001). The differences between the measurements of albumin by CZE and BCG also differed depending on the sex and season. This study demonstrates that it is important to include the variations by sex and season when establishing reference intervals and interpreting results. Furthermore, it confirms the importance of using electrophoresis for the correct determination of albumin in tortoises.
Collapse
|
12
|
PLASMA CAPILLARY ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS AND PLASMA CHEMISTRY ANALYTES IN TORTOISES ( TESTUDO HERMANNI, TESTUDO GRAECA) AND TURTLES ( TRACHEMYS SCRIPTA ELEGANS, GRAPTEMYS SPP.) IN FALL. J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 51:915-925. [PMID: 33480572 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical health checks including blood testing before brumation in fall are an important tool in reptile medicine and help to reduce the risk of complications during brumation. Electrophoresis may be useful for the evaluation of liver cell function and the detection of antigenic stimulation. The goal of this study was to compare species-specific reference intervals for plasma chemistry analytes and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) for a variety of pet chelonian species in fall. Lithium heparinized samples were collected from 68 clinically healthy spur-thighed tortoises (Testudo graeca), 79 red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans), and 30 map turtles (Graptemys spp.) from September to November 2016 and 2017. During the same period, 128 equivalent samples were collected from Hermann's tortoises (Testudo hermanni) and the obtained data was used for comparison. Chemistry analytes were measured from plasma using an autoanalyzer and electrophoresis was carried out by CZE. Significant variations (P < 0.0001) between the species were found for several analytes including total protein, percent albumin, and albumin: globulin ratio, α-, β-, and γ-globulin, alkaline phosphatase, glutamate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, bile acids, creatine kinase, urea, uric acid, inorganic phosphorus, total calcium, and potassium. The variations in albumin (g/l) measured by CZE were also significant (P = 0.0064). No significant variations were detected for sodium levels. The results demonstrate the importance of species-specific reference intervals and provide reference intervals for the plasma chemistry and capillary zone electrophoresis in three chelonian species.
Collapse
|
13
|
Kurtz CC, Otis JP, Regan MD, Carey HV. How the gut and liver hibernate. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 253:110875. [PMID: 33348019 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
For hibernating mammals, the transition from summer active to winter hibernation seasons come with significant remodeling at cellular, organ and whole organism levels. This review summarizes and synthesizes what is known about hibernation-related remodeling in the gastrointestinal tract of the thirteen-lined ground squirrel, including intestinal and hepatic physiology and the gut microbiota. Hibernation alters intestinal epithelial, immune and cell survival pathways in ways that point to a protective phenotype in the face of prolonged fasting and major fluctuations in nutrient and oxygen delivery during torpor-arousal cycles. The prolonged fasting associated with hibernation alters lipid metabolism and systemic cholesterol dynamics, with both the gut and liver participating in these changes. Fasting also affects the gut microbiota, altering the abundance, composition and diversity of gut microbes and impacting the metabolites they produce in ways that may influence hibernation-related traits in the host. Finally, interventional studies have demonstrated that the hibernation phenotype confers resistance to experimental ischemia-reperfusion injury in both gut and liver, suggesting potential therapeutic roadmaps. We propose that the plasticity inherent to hibernation biology may contribute to this stress tolerance, and in the spirit of August Krogh, makes hibernators particularly valuable for study to identify solutions to certain problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney C Kurtz
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI, United States of America
| | - Jessica P Otis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Matthew D Regan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Hannah V Carey
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Scheelings TF, Moore RJ, Van TTH, Klaassen M, Reina RD. No correlation between microbiota composition and blood parameters in nesting flatback turtles (Natator depressus). Sci Rep 2020; 10:8333. [PMID: 32433567 PMCID: PMC7239873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiota is considered critical for normal vertebrate homeostasis and it may exert its effects at a local level within the gastrointestinal tract, or systemically through the production of bacterial metabolites. To date, investigations into the role that the microbiota plays in reptile physiology are rare. To address this knowledge gap, we explored the relationship between differences in microbial communities to see if they accounted for differences in haematology and biochemistry values, in different populations of nesting flatback turtles (Natator depressus). We found that microbiota composition was not correlated to any of the blood analytes we measured in flatbacks. This study is the first of its kind in reptiles and highlights the need for further investigations to determine mechanisms by which the microbiota influences the physiology and health of reptiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Franciscus Scheelings
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Robert J Moore
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Plenty Rd, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Thi Thu Hao Van
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Plenty Rd, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Marcel Klaassen
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Richard D Reina
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Metabolic and genomic adaptations to winter fattening in a primate species, the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 42:221-230. [PMID: 28925409 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM To understand the mechanisms underlying the development of metabolic changes leading to obesity remains a major world health issue. Among such mechanisms, seasonality is quite underestimated although it corresponds to the manifestation of extreme metabolic flexibility in response to a changing environment. Nevertheless, the changes induced by such flexibility are far to be understood, especially at the level of insulin signaling, genomic stability or inflammation. METHODS Here, we investigated the metabolic regulations displayed by a seasonal primate species, the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) that exhibits pronounced changes in body mass during the 6-month winter season: a fattening period followed by a spontaneous fat loss, without ever reaching pathological stages. RESULTS Such body weight modulations result from a combination of behavioral (food intake) and physiological (endocrine changes, switch between carb and lipid oxidation) adjustments that spontaneously operate during winter. Conversely to classical models of obesity, insulin sensitivity is paradoxically preserved during the obesogenic phase. Fat loss is associated with increased metabolic activity, especially in brown adipose tissue, and induced increased oxidative stress associated with telomere length dynamic. Furthermore, liver gene expression analysis revealed regulations in metabolic homeostasis (beta-oxidation, insulin signaling, cholesterol and lipid metabolism) but not for genes involved in inflammatory process (for example, Ifng, Tnf, Nfkb1). CONCLUSION Altogether, these results show that mouse lemurs undergo deep physiological and genomic seasonal changes, without ever reaching a pathological stage. Further investigation is needed to decipher the underlying mechanisms, which may well be highly relevant for human therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
16
|
A dramatic blood plasticity in hibernating and 14-day hindlimb unloading Daurian ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus). J Comp Physiol B 2017; 187:869-879. [PMID: 28501920 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-017-1092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We compared the effects of hibernation inactivity and 14-day hindlimb unloading in non-hibernating period on biochemical, rheological, and hematological parameters of blood in Daurian ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus). Twenty-four squirrels were randomly divided into four groups: control (CON), hibernation (HIB), post-hibernation (POST), and 14-day hindlimb unloading (HU). The results showed that serum enzymes (L-lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase) activities decreased in HIB, POST, and HU squirrels compared with CON. Total protein (including albumin and globulin) maintained in HIB but decreased in HU compared with CON. Total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol increased in HIB but maintained in HU and POST compared with CON. Meanwhile, serum creatinine decreased and urea increased in HU compared with CON. All blood ions concentrations were unchanged in HIB, POST, and HU squirrels compared with CON except calcium which increased in HIB compared with CON, and phosphorus which increased in HIB and POST compared with CON. Most of detected serum biochemical analytes in POST recovered to the CON level. Blood viscosity, which was unchanged in all shear rates in HU, increased in HIB and recovered in POST in lower shear rates compared with CON. Erythrocyte and corpuscular volume decreased in HIB and HU but maintained in POST compared with CON. All the routine hematological parameters recovered in POST as compared with CON except platelet, which decreased in HIB and POST but maintained in HU compared with CON. In conclusion, our results suggested a remarkable ability to maintain blood homeostasis in hibernating squirrels.
Collapse
|
17
|
Nault R, Fader KA, Lydic TA, Zacharewski TR. Lipidomic Evaluation of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Mediated Hepatic Steatosis in Male and Female Mice Elicited by 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1060-1075. [PMID: 28238261 PMCID: PMC5896278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induces hepatic steatosis mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. To further characterize TCDD-elicited hepatic lipid accumulation, mice were gavaged with TCDD every 4 days for 28 days. Liver samples were examined using untargeted lipidomics with structural confirmation of lipid species by targeted high-resolution MS/MS, and data were integrated with complementary RNA-Seq analyses. Approximately 936 unique spectral features were detected, of which 379 were confirmed as unique lipid species. Both male and female samples exhibited similar qualitative changes (lipid species) but differed in quantitative changes. A shift to higher mass lipid species was observed, indicative of increased free fatty acid (FFA) packaging. For example, of the 13 lipid classes examined, triglycerides increased from 46 to 48% of total lipids to 68-83% in TCDD treated animals. Hepatic cholesterol esters increased 11.3-fold in male mice with moieties consisting largely of dietary fatty acids (FAs) (i.e., linolenate, palmitate, and oleate). Phosphatidylserines, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidic acids, and cardiolipins decreased 4.1-, 5.0-, 5.4- and 7.4-fold, respectively, while ceramides increased 6.6-fold. Accordingly, the integration of lipidomic data with differential gene expression associated with lipid metabolism suggests that in addition to the repression of de novo fatty acid synthesis and β-oxidation, TCDD also increased hepatic uptake and packaging of lipids, while inhibiting VLDL secretion, consistent with hepatic fat accumulation and the progression to steatohepatitis with fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rance Nault
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Kelly A. Fader
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Todd A. Lydic
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Timothy R. Zacharewski
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Otis JP, Pike AC, Torrealba JR, Carey HV. Hibernation reduces cellular damage caused by warm hepatic ischemia-reperfusion in ground squirrels. J Comp Physiol B 2017; 187:639-648. [PMID: 28144740 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-017-1056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During the hibernation season, livers from 13-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) are resistant to damage induced by ex vivo, cold ischemia-warm reperfusion (IR) compared with livers from summer squirrels or rats. Here, we tested the hypothesis that hibernation also reduces damage to ground squirrel livers in an in vivo, warm IR model, which more closely resembles complications associated with traumatic injury or surgical interventions. We also examined whether protection is mediated by two metabolites, inosine and biliverdin, that are elevated in ground squirrel liver during interbout arousals. Active squirrels in spring and hibernators during natural arousals to euthermia (body temperature 37 °C) were subject to liver IR or sham treatments. A subset of hibernating squirrels was pre-treated with compounds that inhibit inosine synthesis/signaling or biliverdin production. This model of liver IR successfully induced hepatocellular damage as indicated by increased plasma liver enzymes (ALT, AST) and hepatocyte apoptosis index compared to sham in both seasons, with greater elevations in spring squirrels. In addition, liver congestion increased after IR to a similar degree in spring and hibernating groups. Microvesicular steatosis was not affected by IR within the same season but was greater in sham squirrels in both seasons. Plasma IL-6 increased ~twofold in hibernators pre-treated with a biliverdin synthesis inhibitor (SnPP) prior to IR, but was not altered by IR in untreated squirrels. The results show that hibernation provides protection to ground squirrel livers subject to warm IR. Further research is needed to clarify mechanisms responsible for endogenous protection of liver tissue under ischemic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P Otis
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Amanda C Pike
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jose R Torrealba
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Hannah V Carey
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Otis JP, Shen MC, Quinlivan V, Anderson JL, Farber SA. Intestinal epithelial cell caveolin 1 regulates fatty acid and lipoprotein cholesterol plasma levels. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:283-295. [PMID: 28130355 PMCID: PMC5374320 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.027300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolae and their structural protein caveolin 1 (CAV1) have roles in cellular lipid processing and systemic lipid metabolism. Global deletion of CAV1 in mice results in insulin resistance and increases in atherogenic plasma lipids and cholesterol, but protects from diet-induced obesity and atherosclerosis. Despite the fundamental role of the intestinal epithelia in the regulation of dietary lipid processing and metabolism, the contributions of CAV1 to lipid metabolism in this tissue have never been directly investigated. In this study the cellular dynamics of intestinal Cav1 were visualized in zebrafish and the metabolic contributions of CAV1 were determined with mice lacking CAV1 in intestinal epithelial cells (CAV1IEC-KO). Live imaging of Cav1–GFP and fluorescently labeled caveolae cargos shows localization to the basolateral and lateral enterocyte plasma membrane (PM), suggesting Cav1 mediates transport between enterocytes and the submucosa. CAV1IEC-KO mice are protected from the elevation in circulating fasted low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol associated with a high-fat diet (HFD), but have increased postprandial LDL cholesterol, total free fatty acids (FFAs), palmitoleic acid, and palmitic acid. The increase in circulating FAs in HFD CAV1IEC-KO mice is mirrored by decreased hepatic FAs, suggesting a non-cell-autonomous role for intestinal epithelial cell CAV1 in promoting hepatic FA storage. In conclusion, CAV1 regulates circulating LDL cholesterol and several FA species via the basolateral PM of enterocytes. These results point to intestinal epithelial cell CAV1 as a potential therapeutic target to lower circulating FFAs and LDL cholesterol, as high levels are associated with development of type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Summary: Caveolin 1, which forms caveolae, localizes to the basolateral membrane of zebrafish intestinal epithelial cells and regulates circulating murine fatty acid and lipoprotein cholesterol levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P Otis
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Embryology, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Meng-Chieh Shen
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Embryology, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Vanessa Quinlivan
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Embryology, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.,Johns Hopkins University, Department of Biology, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Jennifer L Anderson
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Embryology, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Steven A Farber
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Embryology, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA .,Johns Hopkins University, Department of Biology, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Leptin levels, seasonality and thermal acclimation in the Microbiotherid marsupial Dromiciops gliroides: Does photoperiod play a role? Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 203:233-240. [PMID: 27705753 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mammals of the Neotropics are characterized by a marked annual cycle of activity, which is accompanied by several physiological changes at the levels of the whole organism, organs and tissues. The physiological characterization of these cycles is important, as it gives insight on the mechanisms by which animals adjust adaptively to seasonality. Here we studied the seasonal changes in blood biochemical parameters in the relict South American marsupial Dromiciops gliroides ("monito del monte" or "little mountain monkey"), under semi-natural conditions. We manipulated thermal conditions in order to characterize the effects of temperature and season on a battery of biochemical parameters, body mass and adiposity. Our results indicate that monitos experience an annual cycle in body mass and adiposity (measured as leptin levels), reaching a maximum in winter and a minimum in summer. Blood biochemistry confirms that the nutritional condition of animals is reduced in summer instead of winter (as generally reported). This was coincident with a reduction of several biochemical parameters in summer, such as betahydroxybutyrate, cholesterol, total protein concentration and globulins. Monitos seem to initiate winter preparation during autumn and reach maximum body reserves in winter. Hibernation lasts until spring, at which time they use fat reserves and become reproductively active. Sexual maturation during summer would be the strongest energetic bottleneck, which explains the reductions in body mass and other parameters in this season. Overall, this study suggests that monitos anticipate the cold season by a complex interaction of photoperiodic and thermal cues.
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Extended bouts of fasting are ingrained in the ecology of many organisms, characterizing aspects of reproduction, development, hibernation, estivation, migration, and infrequent feeding habits. The challenge of long fasting episodes is the need to maintain physiological homeostasis while relying solely on endogenous resources. To meet that challenge, animals utilize an integrated repertoire of behavioral, physiological, and biochemical responses that reduce metabolic rates, maintain tissue structure and function, and thus enhance survival. We have synthesized in this review the integrative physiological, morphological, and biochemical responses, and their stages, that characterize natural fasting bouts. Underlying the capacity to survive extended fasts are behaviors and mechanisms that reduce metabolic expenditure and shift the dependency to lipid utilization. Hormonal regulation and immune capacity are altered by fasting; hormones that trigger digestion, elevate metabolism, and support immune performance become depressed, whereas hormones that enhance the utilization of endogenous substrates are elevated. The negative energy budget that accompanies fasting leads to the loss of body mass as fat stores are depleted and tissues undergo atrophy (i.e., loss of mass). Absolute rates of body mass loss scale allometrically among vertebrates. Tissues and organs vary in the degree of atrophy and downregulation of function, depending on the degree to which they are used during the fast. Fasting affects the population dynamics and activities of the gut microbiota, an interplay that impacts the host's fasting biology. Fasting-induced gene expression programs underlie the broad spectrum of integrated physiological mechanisms responsible for an animal's ability to survive long episodes of natural fasting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Secor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Hannah V Carey
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sommer F, Ståhlman M, Ilkayeva O, Arnemo JM, Kindberg J, Josefsson J, Newgard CB, Fröbert O, Bäckhed F. The Gut Microbiota Modulates Energy Metabolism in the Hibernating Brown Bear Ursus arctos. Cell Rep 2016; 14:1655-1661. [PMID: 26854221 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hibernation is an adaptation that helps many animals to conserve energy during food shortage in winter. Brown bears double their fat depots during summer and use these stored lipids during hibernation. Although bears seasonally become obese, they remain metabolically healthy. We analyzed the microbiota of free-ranging brown bears during their active phase and hibernation. Compared to the active phase, hibernation microbiota had reduced diversity, reduced levels of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, and increased levels of Bacteroidetes. Several metabolites involved in lipid metabolism, including triglycerides, cholesterol, and bile acids, were also affected by hibernation. Transplantation of the bear microbiota from summer and winter to germ-free mice transferred some of the seasonal metabolic features and demonstrated that the summer microbiota promoted adiposity without impairing glucose tolerance, suggesting that seasonal variation in the microbiota may contribute to host energy metabolism in the hibernating brown bear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Sommer
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Kiel, Schittenhelmstraße 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Marcus Ståhlman
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olga Ilkayeva
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Departments of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Jon M Arnemo
- Faculty of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Hedmark University College, 2418 Elverum, Norway; Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonas Kindberg
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johan Josefsson
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, Örebro University, 70185 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Departments of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Ole Fröbert
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, Örebro University, 70185 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Andreani G, Carpenè E, Cannavacciuolo A, Di Girolamo N, Ferlizza E, Isani G. Reference values for hematology and plasma biochemistry variables, and protein electrophoresis of healthy Hermann's tortoises (Testudo hermannissp.). Vet Clin Pathol 2014; 43:573-83. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Andreani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences; Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna; Ozzano Emilia Bologna Italy
| | - Emilio Carpenè
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences; Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna; Ozzano Emilia Bologna Italy
| | - Annunziata Cannavacciuolo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences; Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna; Ozzano Emilia Bologna Italy
| | - Nicola Di Girolamo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences; Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna; Ozzano Emilia Bologna Italy
| | - Enea Ferlizza
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences; Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna; Ozzano Emilia Bologna Italy
| | - Gloria Isani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences; Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna; Ozzano Emilia Bologna Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Franco M, Contreras C, Nespolo RF. Profound changes in blood parameters during torpor in a South American marsupial. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 166:338-42. [PMID: 23850720 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal torpor or hibernation is a phenomenon characterized by a physiological transition to dormancy (torpor) during challenging periods in terms of energy availability or metabolic load. Extensive physiological reprogramming and changes in gene-expression, immune function, oxygen transport and intermediate metabolism, occur during eutherian hibernation. Here we studied the seasonality of blood parameters, and during daily torpor, in a South American marsupial (Dromiciops gliroides). Seasonal trends in blood parameters showed an increase in hematological parameters during winter, and increases in total proteins, albumin and globulin during autumn. In contrast, torpor induced a drastic drop during most blood parameters. PCV dropped significantly 60%, as well as RBC (58%), hemoglobin concentration (58%), WBC (79%), including neutrophils (51%), eosinophils (84%) and lymphocytes (82%). Biochemical parameters also showed reductions: triglycerides (81%), proteins (32%), albumin (24%), globulins (38%), albumin (24%), creatinine (48%) and glucose (42%). Our results confirm some patterns observed in hibernating eutherians, such as leukopenia, probably caused by sequestration of white blood cells in organs. However, red blood cells and hemoglobin concentration also were reduced, which is to the best of our knowledge has not been reported for marsupials. The observed reduction in biochemical parameters suggests that marsupials, as in eutherians, change from carbohydrate-based to lipid-based metabolism during hibernation. However, the absence of increases in beta-hydroxybutyrate is puzzling. Finally, we found an increase (although non-significant after statistical correction for multiple comparisons) of creatine kinase which together with an increase in neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio could be indicative of muscle lysis and inflammation. These results indicate profound changes in standard physiological processes during torpor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Franco
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Campus isla teja, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Whiteman JP, Frank N, Greller KA, Harlow HJ, Ben-David M. Characterization of blood lipoproteins and validation of cholesterol and triacylglycerol assays for free-ranging polar bears (Ursus maritimus). J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 25:423-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638713486114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood triacylglycerol (TG) and lipoproteins are important variables for evaluating nutritional status of wildlife, but measurements are often expensive and difficult. Performance of a small, portable blood analyzer intended for human medical diagnostics was evaluated in measuring these variables in plasma and serum from free-ranging polar bears ( Ursus maritimus), which are experiencing nutritional stress related to sea ice loss. The analyzer accurately tracked changes in concentration of total cholesterol (Ctotal), cholesterol associated with high-density lipoprotein (CHDL), and TG during a validation protocol of diluting samples and spiking them with exogenous cholesterol and glycerol. Values of Ctotal and TG agreed well with values obtained by other methods (ultracentrifugation followed by colorimetric assays); agreement was variable for values of cholesterol associated with specific lipoproteins. Similar to a study of captive polar bears, ultracentrifugation methods revealed greater TG in very low-density lipoproteins than in low-density lipoprotein, which is unusual and merits additional study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John P. Whiteman
- Department of Zoology and Physiology (Whiteman, Greller, Harlow, Ben-David), University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
- Program in Ecology (Whiteman, Ben-David), University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Frank)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA (Frank)
| | - Nicholas Frank
- Department of Zoology and Physiology (Whiteman, Greller, Harlow, Ben-David), University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
- Program in Ecology (Whiteman, Ben-David), University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Frank)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA (Frank)
| | - Katie A. Greller
- Department of Zoology and Physiology (Whiteman, Greller, Harlow, Ben-David), University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
- Program in Ecology (Whiteman, Ben-David), University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Frank)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA (Frank)
| | - Henry J. Harlow
- Department of Zoology and Physiology (Whiteman, Greller, Harlow, Ben-David), University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
- Program in Ecology (Whiteman, Ben-David), University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Frank)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA (Frank)
| | - Merav Ben-David
- Department of Zoology and Physiology (Whiteman, Greller, Harlow, Ben-David), University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
- Program in Ecology (Whiteman, Ben-David), University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Frank)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA (Frank)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Johnson RJ, Stenvinkel P, Martin SL, Jani A, Sánchez-Lozada LG, Hill JO, Lanaspa MA. Redefining metabolic syndrome as a fat storage condition based on studies of comparative physiology. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:659-64. [PMID: 23401356 PMCID: PMC3660463 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The metabolic syndrome refers to a constellation of signs including abdominal obesity, elevated serum triglycerides, low HDL-cholesterol, elevated blood pressure, and insulin resistance. Today approximately one third of the adult population has the metabolic syndrome. While there is little doubt that the signs constituting the metabolic syndrome frequently cluster, much controversy exists over the definition, pathogenesis, or clinical utility. DESIGN AND METHODS Here we present evidence from the field of comparative physiology that the metabolic syndrome is similar to the biological process that animals engage to store fat in preparation for periods of food shortage. RESULTS We propose that the metabolic syndrome be changed to fat storage condition to more clearly align with its etiology. Obesity in humans is likely the consequences of both genetic predisposition (driven in part by thrifty genes) and environment. Recent studies suggest that the loss of the uricase gene may be one factor that predisposes humans to obesity today. CONCLUSION Understanding the process animals engage to switch from a lean insulin-sensitive to an obese insulin-resistant state may provide novel insights into the cause of obesity and diabetes in humans, and unique opportunities for reversing their pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|