1
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Stapleton JT. Human Pegivirus Type 1: A Common Human Virus That Is Beneficial in Immune-Mediated Disease? Front Immunol 2022; 13:887760. [PMID: 35707535 PMCID: PMC9190258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.887760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two groups identified a novel human flavivirus in the mid-1990s. One group named the virus hepatitis G virus (HGV) and the other named it GB Virus type C (GBV-C). Sequence analyses found these two isolates to be the same virus, and subsequent studies found that the virus does not cause hepatitis despite sharing genome organization with hepatitis C virus. Although HGV/GBV-C infection is common and may cause persistent infection in humans, the virus does not appear to directly cause any other known disease state. Thus, the virus was renamed “human pegivirus 1” (HPgV-1) for “persistent G” virus. HPgV-1 is found primarily in lymphocytes and not hepatocytes, and several studies found HPgV-1 infection associated with prolonged survival in people living with HIV. Co-infection of human lymphocytes with HPgV-1 and HIV inhibits HIV replication. Although three viral proteins directly inhibit HIV replication in vitro, the major effects of HPgV-1 leading to reduced HIV-related mortality appear to result from a global reduction in immune activation. HPgV-1 specifically interferes with T cell receptor signaling (TCR) by reducing proximal activation of the lymphocyte specific Src kinase LCK. Although TCR signaling is reduced, T cell activation is not abolished and with sufficient stimulus, T cell functions are enabled. Consequently, HPgV-1 is not associated with immune suppression. The HPgV-1 immunomodulatory effects are associated with beneficial outcomes in other diseases including Ebola virus infection and possibly graft-versus-host-disease following stem cell transplantation. Better understanding of HPgV-1 immune escape and mechanisms of inflammation may identify novel therapies for immune-based diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack T. Stapleton
- Medicine Service, Iowa City Veterans Administration Healthcare, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jack T. Stapleton,
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2
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Samadi M, Salimi V, Haghshenas MR, Miri SM, Mohebbi SR, Ghaemi A. Clinical and molecular aspects of human pegiviruses in the interaction host and infectious agent. Virol J 2022; 19:41. [PMID: 35264187 PMCID: PMC8905790 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01769-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human pegivirus 1 (HPgV-1) is a Positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ ssRNA) virus, discovered in 1995 as a Flaviviridae member, and the closest human virus linked to HCV. In comparison to HCV, HPgV-1 seems to be lymphotropic and connected to the viral group that infects T and B lymphocytes. HPgV-1 infection is not persuasively correlated to any known human disease; nevertheless, multiple studies have reported a connection between chronic HPgV-1 infection and improved survival in HPgV-1/HIV co-infected patients with a delayed and favorable impact on HIV infection development. While the process has not been thoroughly clarified, different mechanisms for these observations have been proposed. HPgV-1 is categorized into seven genotypes and various subtypes. Infection with HPgV-1 is relatively common globally. It can be transferred parenterally, sexually, and through vertical ways, and thereby its co-infection with HIV and HCV is common. In most cases, the clearance of HPgV-1 from the body can be achieved by developing E2 antibodies after infection. Main body In this review, we thoroughly discuss the current knowledge and recent advances in understanding distinct epidemiological, molecular, and clinical aspects of HPgV-1. Conclusion Due to the unique characteristics of the HPgV-1, so advanced research on HPgV-1, particularly in light of HIV co-infection and other diseases, should be conducted to explore the essential mechanisms of HIV clearance and other viruses and thereby suggest novel strategies for viral therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Samadi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Molecular and Cell-Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Haghshenas
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular and Cell-Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Miri
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box: 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Mohebbi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ghaemi
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box: 1316943551, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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A Caulobacter crescentus Microbicide Protects from Vaginal Infection with HIV-1 JR-CSF in Humanized Bone Marrow-Liver-Thymus Mice. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00614-19. [PMID: 31243127 PMCID: PMC6714793 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00614-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disproportionally infects young women in sub-Saharan Africa. Current HIV-1 prevention options have had limited success among women, suggesting that alternative, female-controlled prevention options need to be developed. Microbicides that can be applied to the vaginal tract are a promising prevention option. In this study, we describe the testing of 15 potential candidates for inhibition of HIV-1 infection in a humanized mouse model of HIV-1 infection. Four of these candidates were able to provide significant protection from vaginal infection with HIV-1, with the most successful candidate protecting 75% of the mice from infection. This study describes the preclinical testing of a new strategy that could be a safe and effective option for HIV-1 prevention in women. Over 2 million people are infected with HIV-1 annually. Approximately half of these new infections occur in women residing in low-income countries, where their access to and control over HIV-1 preventative measures are often limited, indicating that female-controlled prevention options for HIV-1 are urgently needed. Microbicides that can be topically applied to the vaginal tract in advance of sexual activity represent a promising female-controlled prevention option for HIV-1. We have previously described the development of an HIV-1-specific microbicide using the surface or S-layer recombinant protein display capabilities of the nonpathogenic, freshwater bacterium Caulobacter crescentus. Recombinant C. crescentus bacteria were created that displayed proteins that interfere with the HIV-1 attachment and entry process and that were able to provide significant protection of TZM-bl cells from infection with HIV-1 pseudovirus. These studies have been expanded to investigate if these recombinant C. crescentus bacteria are able to maintain efficacy with replication-competent HIV-1 and both TZM-bl cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In addition, we utilized the humanized bone marrow-liver-thymus (BLT) mouse model to determine if vaginal application of recombinant C. crescentus at the time of HIV-1JR-CSF infection could provide protection from HIV-1 infection. Recombinant C. crescentus bacteria expressing Griffithsin, GB virus C E2 protein, elafin, α-1-antitrypsin, indolicidin, and the fusion inhibitor T-1249 were able to protect 40 to 75% of the BLT mice from vaginal infection with HIV-1JR-CSF, with C. crescentus bacteria expressing Griffithsin being the most effective. Taken together, these data suggest that a C. crescentus-based microbicide could be a safe and effective method for HIV-1 prevention. IMPORTANCE Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disproportionally infects young women in sub-Saharan Africa. Current HIV-1 prevention options have had limited success among women, suggesting that alternative, female-controlled prevention options need to be developed. Microbicides that can be applied to the vaginal tract are a promising prevention option. In this study, we describe the testing of 15 potential candidates for inhibition of HIV-1 infection in a humanized mouse model of HIV-1 infection. Four of these candidates were able to provide significant protection from vaginal infection with HIV-1, with the most successful candidate protecting 75% of the mice from infection. This study describes the preclinical testing of a new strategy that could be a safe and effective option for HIV-1 prevention in women.
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4
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Singh S, Blackard JT. Human pegivirus (HPgV) infection in sub-Saharan Africa-A call for a renewed research agenda. Rev Med Virol 2017; 27. [PMID: 29148108 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The human pegivirus (HPgV)-formerly GB virus C-has a beneficial impact on HIV disease progression that has been described in multiple studies. Given the high prevalence of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa and the continuing need to suppress HIV replication, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the existing data on HPgV infection in sub-Saharan Africa, with a particular focus on studies of prevalence and the circulating HPgV genotypes. This review also highlights the need for additional studies of HPgV conducted on the African continent and proposes a research agenda for evaluation of HPgV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivank Singh
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jason T Blackard
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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5
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de Miranda BKB, de Sá KSG, da Silva ANR, Feitosa RNM, Cayres-Vallinoto IMV, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR. GBV-C/HIV-1 coinfection is associated with low HIV-1 viral load and high CD4 + T lymphocyte count. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3431-3438. [PMID: 28780631 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3514-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
GB virus C (GBV-C) is a lymphotropic virus with a low level or non-existent replication in the liver. The interaction between HIV-1 and GBV-C apparently reduces the progression of HIV-1 infection to AIDS and improves the quality of life of HIV-1 infected individuals. A cross-sectional study was established to determine the possible effect of HIV-1/GBV-C coinfection on HIV-1 viral load and CD4+ T lymphocyte counts. Samples from 313 HIV-1 infected persons from the Virus Laboratory of the Federal University of Pará as well as demographic and clinical information were obtained from medical records. This study used a nested PCR method to determine GBV-C viremia. The prevalence of HIV-1/GBV-C coinfection was 17%. There were no significant differences in the distribution according to age, sex or ethnicity between the groups. The differences in HIV-1 viral load and CD4+ T lymphocyte count between the HIV-1 and HIV-1/GBV-C groups were highly significant, indicating that coinfection results in lower viral loads and higher CD4+ T lymphocyte counts compared to HIV-1 mono-infection. The results indicate a protective effect among coinfected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keyla Santos Guedes de Sá
- Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará), Belem, Para, Brazil
| | - Andrea Nazaré Rangel da Silva
- Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará), Belem, Para, Brazil
| | - Rosimar Neris Martins Feitosa
- Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará), Belem, Para, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Ishak
- Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará), Belem, Para, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará), Belem, Para, Brazil.
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6
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Wang C, Timmons CL, Shao Q, Kinlock BL, Turner TM, Iwamoto A, Zhang H, Liu H, Liu B. GB virus type C E2 protein inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag assembly by downregulating human ADP-ribosylation factor 1. Oncotarget 2016; 6:43293-309. [PMID: 26675377 PMCID: PMC4791233 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
GB virus type C (GBV-C) glycoprotein E2 protein disrupts HIV-1 assembly and release by inhibiting Gag plasma membrane targeting, however the mechanism by which the GBV-C E2 inhibits Gag trafficking remains unclear. In the present study, we identified ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) contributed to the inhibitory effect of GBV-C E2 on HIV-1 Gag membrane targeting. Expression of GBV-C E2 decreased ARF1 expression in a proteasomal degradation-dependent manner. The restoration of ARF1 expression rescued the HIV-1 Gag processing and membrane targeting defect imposed by GBV-C E2. In addition, GBV-C E2 expression also altered Golgi morphology and suppressed protein traffic through the secretory pathway, which are all consistent with a phenotype of disrupting the function of ARF1 protein. Thus, our results indicate that GBV-C E2 inhibits HIV-1 assembly and release by decreasing ARF1, and may provide insights regarding GBV-C E2's potential for a new therapeutic approach for treating HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenliang Wang
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology and The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Human Virology and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Christine L Timmons
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Qiujia Shao
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ballington L Kinlock
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tiffany M Turner
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Aikichi Iwamoto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology and The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Human Virology and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huanliang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology and The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Human Virology and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bindong Liu
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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7
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Detection of GB virus C genomic sequence in the cerebrospinal fluid of a HIV-infected patient in China: a case report and literature review. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 144:106-12. [PMID: 26081197 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268815001326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis G virus or GB virus C (GBV-C) is a human virus of the Flaviviridae family that is structurally and epidemiologically closest to hepatitis C virus, but replicates primarily in lymphocytes. Co-infection with GBV-C has been reported to confer beneficial outcomes in some HIV-positive patients. Up to now, however, studies on GBV-C infection in the central nervous system (CNS) of HIV-infected patient have rarely been reported. Herein, we report on a 32-year-old HIV-1-infected patient with cerebral toxoplasmosis and fungal encephalitis. GBV-C viral loads were detected in CSF by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the results showed that GBV-C viral load was 6·5 log copies/ml. We amplified and sequenced the E2 and 5'-untranslated regions from the purified viral RNA from CSF by RT-PCR. Both sequences belong to genotype 3 and there were some minor nucleotide divergence among the E2 sequences from the CSF of the patient. These data suggest that GBV-C may be able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and colonize the CNS of HIV-infected patients. However, the exact mechanisms and potential effect of the infected GBV-C in CNS on HIV-associated neuropathy needs to be further explored.
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8
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Sibley SD, Lauck M, Bailey AL, Hyeroba D, Tumukunde A, Weny G, Chapman CA, O’Connor DH, Goldberg TL, Friedrich TC. Discovery and characterization of distinct simian pegiviruses in three wild African Old World monkey species. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98569. [PMID: 24918769 PMCID: PMC4053331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the Flaviviridae, the recently designated genus Pegivirus has expanded greatly due to new discoveries in bats, horses, and rodents. Here we report the discovery and characterization of three simian pegiviruses (SPgV) that resemble human pegivirus (HPgV) and infect red colobus monkeys (Procolobus tephrosceles), red-tailed guenons (Cercopithecus ascanius) and an olive baboon (Papio anubis). We have designated these viruses SPgVkrc, SPgVkrtg and SPgVkbab, reflecting their host species' common names, which include reference to their location of origin in Kibale National Park, Uganda. SPgVkrc and SPgVkrtg were detected in 47% (28/60) of red colobus and 42% (5/12) red-tailed guenons, respectively, while SPgVkbab infection was observed in 1 of 23 olive baboons tested. Infections were not associated with any apparent disease, despite the generally high viral loads observed for each variant. These viruses were monophyletic and equally divergent from HPgV and pegiviruses previously identified in chimpanzees (SPgVcpz). Overall, the high degree of conservation of genetic features among the novel SPgVs, HPgV and SPgVcpz suggests conservation of function among these closely related viruses. Our study describes the first primate pegiviruses detected in Old World monkeys, expanding the known genetic diversity and host range of pegiviruses and providing insight into the natural history of this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D. Sibley
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michael Lauck
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Adam L. Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Colin A. Chapman
- Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Anthropology and McGill School of Environment, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David H. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Tony L. Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Friedrich
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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9
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Human pegivirus (GB virus C) NS3 protease activity inhibits induction of the type I interferon response and is not inhibited by HCV NS3 protease inhibitors. Virology 2014; 456-457:300-9. [PMID: 24889249 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We previously found that human pegivirus (HPgV; formerly GBV-C) NS3 protease activity inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) replication in a CD4+ T cell line. Given the protease׳s similarity to the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3 protease, we characterized HPgV protease activity and asked whether it affects the type I interferon response or is inhibited by HCV protease antagonists. We characterized the activity of proteases with mutations in the catalytic triad and demonstrated that the HCV protease inhibitors Telaprevir, Boceprevir, and Danoprevir do not affect HPgV protease activity. HPgV NS3 protease cleaved MAVS but not TRIF, and it inhibited interferon responses sufficiently to enhance growth of an interferon-sensitive virus. Therefore, HPgV׳s inhibition of the interferon response could help promote HPgV persistence, which is associated with clinical benefits in HIV-infected patients. Our results also imply that HCV protease inhibitors should not interfere with the beneficial effects of HPgV in HPgV/HCV/HIV infected patients.
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10
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Chivero ET, Bhattarai N, Rydze RT, Winters MA, Holodniy M, Stapleton JT. Human pegivirus RNA is found in multiple blood mononuclear cells in vivo and serum-derived viral RNA-containing particles are infectious in vitro. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1307-1319. [PMID: 24668525 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.063016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pegivirus (HPgV; previously called GB virus C/hepatitis G virus) has limited pathogenicity, despite causing persistent infection, and is associated with prolonged survival in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. Although HPgV RNA is found in and produced by T- and B-lymphocytes, the primary permissive cell type(s) are unknown. We quantified HPgV RNA in highly purified CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells, including naïve, central memory and effector memory populations, and in B-cells (CD19(+)), NK cells (CD56(+)) and monocytes (CD14(+)) using real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Single-genome sequencing was performed on viruses within individual cell types to estimate genetic diversity among cell populations. HPgV RNA was present in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-lymphocytes (nine of nine subjects), B-lymphocytes (seven of ten subjects), NK cells and monocytes (both four of five). HPgV RNA levels were higher in naïve (CD45RA(+)) CD4(+) cells than in central memory and effector memory cells (P<0.01). HPgV sequences were highly conserved among subjects (0.117±0.02 substitutions per site; range 0.58-0.14) and within subjects (0.006±0.003 substitutions per site; range 0.006-0.010). The non-synonymous/synonymous substitution ratio was 0.07, suggesting a low selective pressure. Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labelled HPgV RNA-containing particles precipitated by a commercial exosome isolation reagent delivered CSFE to uninfected monocytes, NK cells and T- and B-lymphocytes, and HPgV RNA was transferred to PBMCs with evidence of subsequent virus replication. Thus, HPgV RNA-containing serum particles including microvesicles may contribute to delivery of HPgV to PBMCs in vivo, explaining the apparent broad tropism of this persistent human RNA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest T Chivero
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Medicine Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Nirjal Bhattarai
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Medicine Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Robert T Rydze
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Mark A Winters
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,AIDS Research Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Mark Holodniy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,AIDS Research Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Medicine Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
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11
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Lee CK, Tang JWT, Chiu L, Loh TP, Olszyna D, Chew N, Archuleta S, Koay ESC. Epidemiology of GB virus type C among patients infected with HIV in Singapore. J Med Virol 2014; 86:737-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Kiat Lee
- Molecular Diagnosis Centre, Department of Laboratory Medicine; National University Hospital; Singapore
| | - Julian Wei-Tze Tang
- Alberta Provincial Laboratory for Public Health; University of Alberta Hospital; Edmonton Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
| | - Lily Chiu
- Molecular Diagnosis Centre, Department of Laboratory Medicine; National University Hospital; Singapore
| | - Tze Ping Loh
- Clinical Chemistry; Department of Laboratory Medicine; National University Hospital; Singapore
| | - Dariusz Olszyna
- Department of Medicine; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore
- Division of Infectious Diseases; University Medicine Cluster; National University Hospital; Singapore
| | - Nicholas Chew
- Department of Medicine; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore
- Division of Infectious Diseases; University Medicine Cluster; National University Hospital; Singapore
| | - Sophia Archuleta
- Department of Medicine; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore
- Division of Infectious Diseases; University Medicine Cluster; National University Hospital; Singapore
| | - Evelyn Siew-Chuan Koay
- Molecular Diagnosis Centre, Department of Laboratory Medicine; National University Hospital; Singapore
- Department of Pathology; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore
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12
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Ghai RR, Sibley SD, Lauck M, Dinis JM, Bailey AL, Chapman CA, Omeja P, Friedrich TC, O'Connor DH, Goldberg TL. Deep sequencing identifies two genotypes and high viral genetic diversity of human pegivirus (GB virus C) in rural Ugandan patients. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:2670-2678. [PMID: 24077364 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.055509-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pegivirus (HPgV), formerly 'GB virus C' or 'hepatitis G virus', is a member of the genus Flavivirus (Flaviviridae) that has garnered significant attention due to its inhibition of HIV, including slowing disease progression and prolonging survival in HIV-infected patients. Currently, there are six proposed HPgV genotypes that have roughly distinct geographical distributions. Genotypes 2 and 3 are the most comprehensively characterized, whereas those genotypes occurring on the African continent, where HPgV prevalence is highest, are less well studied. Using deep sequencing methods, we identified complete coding HPgV sequences in four of 28 patients (14.3%) in rural Uganda, east Africa. One of these sequences corresponds to genotype 1 and is the first complete genome of this genotype from east Africa. The remaining three sequences correspond to genotype 5, a genotype that was previously considered exclusively South African. All four positive samples were collected within a geographical area of less than 25 km(2), showing that multiple HPgV genotypes co-circulate in this area. Analysis of intra-host viral genetic diversity revealed that total single-nucleotide polymorphism frequency was approximately tenfold lower in HPgV than in hepatitis C virus. Finally, one patient was co-infected with HPgV and HIV, which, in combination with the high prevalence of HIV, suggests that this region would be a useful locale to study the interactions and co-evolution of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria R Ghai
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Samuel D Sibley
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael Lauck
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jorge M Dinis
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Adam L Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Colin A Chapman
- Department of Anthropology and McGill School of Environment, Montreal, QC, Canada, and Wildlife Conservation Society, NY, USA
| | - Patrick Omeja
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Thomas C Friedrich
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David H O'Connor
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI, USA
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, Fort Portal, Uganda
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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13
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Timmons CL, Shao Q, Wang C, Liu L, Liu H, Dong X, Liu B. GB virus type C E2 protein inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 assembly through interference with HIV-1 gag plasma membrane targeting. J Infect Dis 2013; 207:1171-80. [PMID: 23303812 PMCID: PMC3583272 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
GB virus type C (GBV-C) is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus classified in the Flaviviridae family. Persistent coinfection with GBV-C is associated with lower human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) load, higher CD4(+) T-cell count, and prolonged survival in HIV-1 coinfected patients. The GBV-C envelope glycoprotein E2 has been reported to interfere with HIV-1 entry. In this study, we showed that the expression of GBV-C E2 inhibited HIV-1 Gag assembly and release. Expression of glycosylated GBV-C E2 inhibited HIV-1 Gag precursor processing, resulting in lower production of CAp24 and MAp17, while the overall expression level of the Gag precursor Pr55 remained unchanged. Membrane floatation gradient and indirect immunofluorescence confocal microscopy analysis showed that glycosylated E2 disrupted HIV-1 Gag trafficking to the plasma membrane, resulting in Gag accumulation in subcellular compartments. This interference in HIV-1 Gag trafficking led to diminished HIV-1 particle production, which is a critical step for HIV-1 to infect new host cells. These findings shed light on a novel mechanism used by GBV-C E2 to inhibit HIV-1 replication and may provide insight into new approaches for suppressing HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L. Timmons
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Chenliang Wang
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples of Republic of China
| | - Ling Liu
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research
| | - Huanliang Liu
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples of Republic of China
| | - Xinhong Dong
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Bindong Liu
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
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