1
|
Su ZY, Siak PY, Lwin YY, Cheah SC. Epidemiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: current insights and future outlook. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024; 43:919-939. [PMID: 38430391 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-024-10176-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is characterised by its remarkable geographical and ethnic distribution. The interplay between genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections is indicated in the development of NPC. Exposure to tobacco smoking, dietary factors, and inhalants has been associated with the risk of NPC. Genetic association studies have revealed NPC-associated susceptibility loci, including genes involved in immune responses, xenobiotic metabolism, genome maintenance, and cell cycle regulation. EBV exposure timing and strain variation might play a role in its carcinogenicity, although further investigations are required. Other factors including medical history and oral hygiene have been implicated in NPC. Prevention strategies, including primary prevention and secondary prevention through early detection, are vital in reducing mortality and morbidity of NPC. The current review discusses the global and regional distribution of NPC incidences, the risk factors associated with NPC, and the public health implications of these insights. Future investigations should consider international, large-scale prospective studies to elucidate the mechanisms underlying NPC pathogenesis and develop individualized interventions for NPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yi Su
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Bandar Springhill, 71010 Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Pui Yan Siak
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Bandar Springhill, 71010 Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Yu Yu Lwin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Medicine, Mandalay, Myanmar
| | - Shiau-Chuen Cheah
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Bandar Springhill, 71010 Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Santarelli R, Evangelista L, Pompili C, Lo Presti S, Rossi A, Arena A, Gaeta A, Gonnella R, Gilardini Montani MS, Cirone M. EBV infection of primary colonic epithelial cells causes inflammation, DDR and autophagy dysregulation, effects that may predispose to IBD and carcinogenesis. Virus Res 2023; 338:199236. [PMID: 37797746 PMCID: PMC10582763 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
EBV is a gammaherpesvirus strongly associated to human cancer. The virus has been shown to play a role also in inflammatory diseases, including IBD, in the context of which colon cancer more frequently arise. In this study, we show for the first time that EBV infects primary colonic epithelial cells (HCoEpC), promotes pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and activates molecular pathways bridging inflammation and cancer, such as ERK1/2. These effects, occurring in the course of the lytic phase of the viral life cycle, led to DDR and autophagy dysregulation. Such cellular responses, playing a key role in the maintenance of proteostasis and genome integrity, are essential to prevent carcinogenesis. Interestingly, we found that the use of the demethylating agent 5-AZA could counteract most of the effects induced by EBV infection in HCoEpC, suggesting that DNA hyper-methylation may strongly contribute to viral-driven inflammation and colon cancer predisposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Santarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Evangelista
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Pompili
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Lo Presti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Rossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Arena
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Aurelia Gaeta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Gonnella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li M, Chen WJ, Yang J, Charvat H, Xie SH, Li T, Ling W, Lu YQ, Liu Q, Hong MH, Cao SM. Association between solid fuel use and seropositivity against Epstein-Barr virus in a high-risk area for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 304:119184. [PMID: 35341821 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is one of the risk factors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), and understanding the modifiable risk factors of EBV activation is crucial in the prevention of NPC. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between solid fuel use and EBV seropositivity in a high-risk area of NPC. Our study was based on the baseline findings from an ongoing population-based prospective cohort in Sihui county in Southern China. We explored the association between current use of solid fuel in cooking and EBV seropositivity, and NPC-related EBV activation, using logistic regression models. Stratification analyses were further conducted to assess potential effect modifiers. We also examined the impact of frequency and duration of solid fuel use, and switch in fuel types, on EBV seropositivity among ever users. Of the 12,579 participants included in our analysis, 4088 (32.5%) were EBV seropositive and 421 (3.3%) were high risk for NPC-related EBV activation. Solid fuel use was associated with a higher risk of EBV seropositivity and NPC-related EBV activation, with odds ratios (ORs) of 1.33 (95%CI: 1.01, 1.76) and 1.81 (95%CI: 1.03, 3.18), respectively. Higher risk of EBV seropositivity was observed for those who did not use ventilation apparatus and those who consumed salted food. Among ever users, OR was highest for participants with more than 40 years of solid fuel exposure (1.17, 95%CI: 1.00-1.37) and who have been constantly using solid fuel (1.30, 95%CI: 0.96-1.75). We did not find a statistically significant impact of cooking frequency on EBV seropositivity. The identification of solid fuel as a risk factor for EBV activation is of great value for understanding the etiology of NPC. Our findings also have important public health implications given the fact that a third of the global population still lack access to clean cooking, especially in low resource settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- Department of Cancer Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Jie Chen
- Department of Cancer Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Yang
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hadrien Charvat
- Division of International Collaborative Research, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shang-Hang Xie
- Department of Cancer Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Cancer Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Ling
- Sihui Cancer Institute, Sihui, China
| | | | - Qing Liu
- Department of Cancer Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Huang Hong
- Department of Clinical Trial Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Su-Mei Cao
- Department of Cancer Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Baicalein Inhibits Metastatic Phenotypes in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells via a Focal Adhesion Protein Integrin β8. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 15:ph15010005. [PMID: 35056061 PMCID: PMC8780671 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Baicalein, a prominent flavonoid from the indigenous herbal plant Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, possesses broad-spectrum anticancer activities. However, the biological effects of baicalein on nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and its underlying mechanisms remain unclarified. Thus, in this study, we examined the effects of baicalein on NPC cell lines and investigated the corresponding molecular mechanism through transcriptome profiling. In the study, four NPC cell lines were treated with various concentrations of baicalein at different time points. Cellular toxicity and proliferative inhibition of baicalein were examined by MTT assay. Metastatic phenotypes of NPC cells were investigated by wound healing, transwell, and adhesion assays. Additionally, microarray experiments were performed to determine the cellular pathways affected by baicalein. The expression and localization of the integrin β8 were validated by western immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. Our results revealed that baicalein exhibited its cytotoxicity and antiproliferative activity on all tested NPC cell lines. It also significantly inhibited metastatic phenotypes at sub-lethal concentrations. Transcriptomic analysis showed that baicalein significantly affected the focal adhesion pathway in NPC, where integrin β8 was greatly diminished. Thus, the present study results suggested that baicalein inhibits the metastatic phenotypes of NPC cells by modulating integrin β8, one of the major molecules in a focal adhesion pathway.
Collapse
|
5
|
Aguayo F, Boccardo E, Corvalán A, Calaf GM, Blanco R. Interplay between Epstein-Barr virus infection and environmental xenobiotic exposure in cancer. Infect Agent Cancer 2021; 16:50. [PMID: 34193233 PMCID: PMC8243497 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-021-00391-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a herpesvirus associated with lymphoid and epithelial malignancies. Both B cells and epithelial cells are susceptible and permissive to EBV infection. However, considering that 90% of the human population is persistently EBV-infected, with a minority of them developing cancer, additional factors are necessary for tumor development. Xenobiotics such as tobacco smoke (TS) components, pollutants, pesticides, and food chemicals have been suggested as cofactors involved in EBV-associated cancers. In this review, the suggested mechanisms by which xenobiotics cooperate with EBV for carcinogenesis are discussed. Additionally, a model is proposed in which xenobiotics, which promote oxidative stress (OS) and DNA damage, regulate EBV replication, promoting either the maintenance of viral genomes or lytic activation, ultimately leading to cancer. Interactions between EBV and xenobiotics represent an opportunity to identify mechanisms by which this virus is involved in carcinogenesis and may, in turn, suggest both prevention and control strategies for EBV-associated cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrique Boccardo
- Laboratory of Oncovirology, Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Corvalán
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gloria M Calaf
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, 1000000, Arica, Chile.,Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Rancés Blanco
- Laboratorio de Oncovirología, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee CP, Chen MR. Conquering the Nuclear Envelope Barriers by EBV Lytic Replication. Viruses 2021; 13:702. [PMID: 33919628 PMCID: PMC8073350 DOI: 10.3390/v13040702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) of eukaryotic cells has a highly structural architecture, comprising double lipid-bilayer membranes, nuclear pore complexes, and an underlying nuclear lamina network. The NE structure is held in place through the membrane-bound LINC (linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) complex, spanning the inner and outer nuclear membranes. The NE functions as a barrier between the nucleus and cytoplasm and as a transverse scaffold for various cellular processes. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human pathogen that infects most of the world's population and is associated with several well-known malignancies. Within the nucleus, the replicated viral DNA is packaged into capsids, which subsequently egress from the nucleus into the cytoplasm for tegumentation and final envelopment. There is increasing evidence that viral lytic gene expression or replication contributes to the pathogenesis of EBV. Various EBV lytic proteins regulate and modulate the nuclear envelope structure in different ways, especially the viral BGLF4 kinase and the nuclear egress complex BFRF1/BFRF2. From the aspects of nuclear membrane structure, viral components, and fundamental nucleocytoplasmic transport controls, this review summarizes our findings and recently updated information on NE structure modification and NE-related cellular processes mediated by EBV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Pei Lee
- School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112303, Taiwan;
| | - Mei-Ru Chen
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100233, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Simoni Y, Becht E, Li S, Loh CY, Yeong JPS, Lim TKH, Takano A, Tan DSW, Newell EW. Partial absence of PD-1 expression by tumor-infiltrating EBV-specific CD8 + T cells in EBV-driven lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1175. [PMID: 32995000 PMCID: PMC7503213 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Lymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma (LELC) is an uncommon lung cancer, typically observed in young, non‐smoking Asian populations. LELC is associated with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection of lung tumor cells of epithelial origin, suggesting a carcinogenic role of EBV as observed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Here, we studied the antigen specificity and phenotype of EBV‐specific CD8+ T cells in blood and tumor of one LELC patient positive for EBV infection in lung tumor cells. Methods Using multiplex MHC class I tetramers, mass cytometry and mRNA sequencing, we studied EBV‐specific CD8+ T cells at the transcriptomic and phenotypic levels in blood and tumor tissues of the LELC patient. Results Lymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma lung tumor cells were positive for EBV infection. In both blood and tumor tissues, we detected two populations of EBV‐specific CD8+ T cells targeting the EBV lytic cycle proteins: BRLF1 and BMLF1. Transcriptomic analyses of these two populations in the tumor, which can be considered as tumor‐specific, revealed their distinct exhausted profile and polyclonal TCR repertoire. High‐dimensional phenotypical analysis revealed the distinct phenotype of these cells between blood and tumor tissues. In tumor tissue, EBV‐specific CD8+ TILs were phenotypically heterogeneous, but consistently expressed CD39. Unexpectedly, although the LELC tumor cells expressed abundant PD‐L1, these tumor‐specific CD8+ tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) mostly did not express PD‐1. Conclusion Epstein–Barr virus‐specific CD8+ TILs in EBV‐driven tumor are heterogeneous and partially lack PD‐1 expression, suggesting that anti‐PD1/PD‐L1 immunotherapy may not be an appropriate strategy for disinhibiting EBV‐specific cells in the treatment of LELC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Simoni
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle WA USA.,Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore (ASTAR) Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) Singapore.,ImmunoScape Pte Ltd Singapore
| | - Etienne Becht
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle WA USA.,Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore (ASTAR) Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) Singapore
| | - Shamin Li
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle WA USA.,Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore (ASTAR) Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) Singapore
| | - Chiew Yee Loh
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore (ASTAR) Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) Singapore
| | - Joe Poh Sheng Yeong
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore (ASTAR) Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) Singapore.,Department of Anatomical Pathology Singapore General Hospital Singapore General Hospital Singapore
| | - Tony Kiat Hon Lim
- Department of Anatomical Pathology Singapore General Hospital Singapore General Hospital Singapore
| | - Angela Takano
- Department of Anatomical Pathology Singapore General Hospital Singapore General Hospital Singapore
| | - Daniel Shao Weng Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology National Cancer Centre Singapore (NCCS) Singapore.,Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS) Singapore
| | - Evan W Newell
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle WA USA.,Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore (ASTAR) Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) Singapore.,Senior Corresponding Author
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Himi K, Takeichi O, Imai K, Hatori K, Tamura T, Ogiso B. Epstein-Barr virus reactivation by persistent apical periodontal pathogens. Int Endod J 2019; 53:492-505. [PMID: 31730263 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess whether Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation is triggered by persistent apical periodontitis-related microbes using in vitro and ex vivo methodologies. METHODOLOGY Surgically removed human periapical granulomas (n = 50) and healthy gingival tissues (n = 10) were analysed to determine the presence of EBV and seven persistent apical periodontitis-related microbes. In addition, real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the mRNA expression of BZLF-1, an immediate-early gene of EBV. Expression of latent membrane protein (LMP)-1 and ZEBRA, an early lytic protein of EBV encoded by BZLF-1, was also examined using triple-colour immunofluorescence staining. n-Butyric acid produced by the microbes was quantified, and luciferase assays were performed in association with bacterial lysates. In addition, Daudi cells were cultured with bacterial lysates, and the expression levels of BZLF-1 mRNA and ZEBRA protein were determined. RESULTS EBV DNA and BZLF-1 mRNA were detected in 47 out of 50 periapical granulomas, but not in healthy gingival tissues. The EBV DNA copy number and the number of Fusobacterium nucleatum were significantly positively correlated with BZLF-1 expression in periapical granulomas. The number of Prevotella intermedia was slightly correlated with BZLF-1 expression; however, the other microbes were not. CD79a-positive B cells in periapical granulomas, but not those in healthy gingival tissues, expressed both LMP-1 and ZEBRA. n-Butyric acid production was the highest in F. nucleatum and the lowest in P. intermedia. Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans and the other tested microbes did not produce n-butyric acid. An F. nucleatum lysate exhibited significantly increased BZLF-1-luciferase activity in the same manner of commercial butyric acid, whereas P. intermedia did not. F. nucleatum also induced the expression of BZLF-1 mRNA and ZEBRA protein by Daudi cells, indicating that EBV reactivation was induced. CONCLUSION Among the persistent apical periodontitis-related bacteria that were tested, F. nucleatum most strongly reactivated latent EBV, whereas E. faecalis and C. albicans as well as the other microbes did not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Himi
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - O Takeichi
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Centre, School of Dentistry, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Imai
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Immunology and Pathobiology, Dental Research Centre, School of Dentistry, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Hatori
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Centre, School of Dentistry, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Tamura
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - B Ogiso
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Centre, School of Dentistry, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu CC, Chen MS, Cheng YJ, Ko YC, Lin SF, Chiu IM, Chen JY. Emodin Inhibits EBV Reactivation and Represses NPC Tumorigenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111795. [PMID: 31731581 PMCID: PMC6896023 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a unique malignancy derived from the epithelium of the nasopharynx. Despite great advances in the development of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, relapse and metastasis in NPC patients remain major causes of mortality. Evidence accumulated over recent years indicates that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic replication plays an important role in the pathogenesis of NPC and inhibition of EBV reactivation is now being considered as a goal for the therapy of EBV-associated cancers. With this in mind, a panel of dietary compounds was screened and emodin was found to have potential anti-EBV activity. Through Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometric analysis, we show that emodin inhibits the expression of EBV lytic proteins and blocks virion production in EBV- positive epithelial cell lines. In investigating the underlying mechanism, reporter assays indicated that emodin represses Zta promoter (Zp) and Rta promoter (Rp) activities, triggered by various inducers. Mapping of the Zp construct reveals that the SP1 binding region is important for emodin-triggered repression and emodin is shown to be able to inhibit SP1 expression, suggesting that it likely inhibits EBV reactivation by suppression of SP1 expression. Moreover, we also show that emodin inhibits the tumorigenic properties induced by repeated EBV reactivation, including micronucleus formation, cell proliferation, migration, and matrigel invasiveness. Emodin administration also represses the tumor growth in mice which is induced by EBV activation. Taken together, our results provide a potential chemopreventive agent in restricting EBV reactivation and NPC recurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Chun Wu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town 350, Taiwan
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town 350, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-C.W.); (J.-Y.C.); Tel.: +886-37-206166 (ext. 31718) (C.-C.W.); +886-37-206166 (ext. 35123) (J.-Y.C.)
| | - Mei-Shu Chen
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town 350, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jhen Cheng
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town 350, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chieh Ko
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town 350, Taiwan
| | - Su-Fang Lin
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town 350, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Ming Chiu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town 350, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Yang Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town 350, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-C.W.); (J.-Y.C.); Tel.: +886-37-206166 (ext. 31718) (C.-C.W.); +886-37-206166 (ext. 35123) (J.-Y.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hu T, Lin CY, Xie SH, Chen GH, Lu YQ, Ling W, Huang QH, Liu Q, Cao SM. Smoking can increase nasopharyngeal carcinoma risk by repeatedly reactivating Epstein-Barr Virus: An analysis of a prospective study in southern China. Cancer Med 2019; 8:2561-2571. [PMID: 30843658 PMCID: PMC6536979 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The association between smoking and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is still uncertain. The aim of this study was to validate smoking effect on NPC and explore if smoking can induce NPC by persistently reactivating EBV in long‐term based on a prospective cohort design. Methods A NPC screening cohort with 10 181 eligible residents in Sihui city, southern China was conducted from 2008 to 2015. The smoking habit was investigated through the trained interviewers and EBV antibodies (VCA‐IgA, EBNA1‐IgA) as screening markers were tested periodically. New NPC cases were identified through local cancer registry. Cox's regression model was used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) of smoking on NPC incidence. In the non‐NPC participants, the associations between smoking and EBV seropositivity in different periods were assessed by logistic regression and generalized estimating equations (GEE). Results With a median of 7.54 years, 71 NPCs were diagnosed ≥1 year after recruitment. Compared with never smokers, the aHRs of developing NPC among ever smokers were 3.00 (95%CI: 1.46‐6.16). Stratified by sex, the HRs of ever smoking were 2.59 (95%CI: 1.07‐6.23) for male and 3.75 (95%CI: 1.25‐11.20) for female, respectively. Among the non‐NPC individuals, ever smoking was not only associated with EBV seropositivity at baseline, but also in the 3‐5 years of follow up, with adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of 1.68 (95%CI: 1.29‐2.18) for VCA‐IgA and 1.92 (95%CI: 1.42‐2.59) for EBNA1‐IgA. Among the smokers who were tested EBV antibodies at least twice, the similar results were obtained using GEE. Conclusion Smoking could significantly increase the long‐term risk of NPC in southern China, partly by persistently reactivating EBV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Hu
- Department of Cancer Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chu-Yang Lin
- Department of Cancer Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang-Hang Xie
- Department of Cancer Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Geng-Hang Chen
- Department of Cancer Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Qiang Lu
- Sihui Cancer Institute, Sihui, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Ling
- Sihui Cancer Institute, Sihui, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Hong Huang
- Sihui Cancer Institute, Sihui, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Cancer Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Su-Mei Cao
- Department of Cancer Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Frisan T, Nagy N, Chioureas D, Terol M, Grasso F, Masucci MG. A bacterial genotoxin causes virus reactivation and genomic instability in Epstein-Barr virus infected epithelial cells pointing to a role of co-infection in viral oncogenesis. Int J Cancer 2018; 144:98-109. [PMID: 29978480 PMCID: PMC6587852 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We have addressed the role of bacterial co‐infection in viral oncogenesis using as model Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), a human herpesvirus that causes lymphoid malignancies and epithelial cancers. Infection of EBV carrying epithelial cells with the common oral pathogenic Gram‐negative bacterium Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) triggered reactivation of the productive virus cycle. Using isogenic Aa strains that differ in the production of the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) and purified catalytically active or inactive toxin, we found that the CDT acts via induction of DNA double strand breaks and activation of the Ataxia Telangectasia Mutated (ATM) kinase. Exposure of EBV‐negative epithelial cells to the virus in the presence of sub‐lethal doses of CDT was accompanied by the accumulation of latently infected cells exhibiting multiple signs of genomic instability. These findings illustrate a scenario where co‐infection with certain bacterial species may favor the establishment of a microenvironment conducive to the EBV‐induced malignant transformation of epithelial cells. What's new? Little is known about the influence of coinfections, especially of bacteria, on viral oncogenesis. Here, the authors examined the effect of the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a common oral pathogen, on epithelial cells infected with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). Exposure of EBV+ cells to CDT induced viral reactivation, while exposure of EBV‐ cells to low amounts of CDT led to the accumulation of latently infected cells upon infection, pointing to a multi‐layered role of bacterial co‐infection in viral oncogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Frisan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Noemi Nagy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dimitrios Chioureas
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Terol
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Grasso
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria G Masucci
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li H, Hu J, Luo X, Bode AM, Dong Z, Cao Y. Therapies based on targeting Epstein-Barr virus lytic replication for EBV-associated malignancies. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:2101-2108. [PMID: 29751367 PMCID: PMC6029825 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) lytic infection has been shown to significantly contribute to carcinogenesis. Thus, therapies aimed at targeting the EBV lytic cycle have been developed as novel strategies for treatment of EBV‐associated malignancies. In this review, focusing on the viral lytic proteins, we describe recent advances regarding the involvement of the EBV lytic cycle in carcinogenesis. Moreover, we further discuss 2 distinct EBV lytic cycle‐targeted therapeutic strategies against EBV‐induced malignancies. One of the strategies involves inhibition of the EBV lytic cycle by natural compounds known to have anti‐EBV properties; another is to intentionally induce EBV lytic replication in combination with nucleotide analogues. Recent advances in EBV lytic‐based strategies are beginning to show promise in the treatment and/or prevention of EBV‐related tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongde Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
| | - Jianmin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangjian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Ya Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, China.,Research Center for Technologies of Nucleic Acid-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wu CC, Fang CY, Huang SY, Chiu SH, Lee CH, Chen JY. Perspective: Contribution of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Reactivation to the Carcinogenicity of Nasopharyngeal Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10040120. [PMID: 29673164 PMCID: PMC5923375 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10040120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a squamous cell carcinoma derived from the epithelium of the post-nasal cavity, with a unique geographic and ethnic distribution. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is an etiological agent of NPC, but how it contributes to carcinogenesis is not completely clear. Although it is thought that EBV latency participates in the development of NPC, increasing evidence reveals that the lytic cycle also plays an important role in the carcinogenic process. In this review, we summarize our recent studies on how EBV reactivation causes genomic instability and accelerates tumorigenesis in epithelial cells. The roles of three lytic genes, namely, BRLF1, BGLF5 and BALF3, in this process are also introduced. Moreover, blocking EBV reactivation using natural compounds may help delay the progression of NPC tumorigenesis. These studies provide a new insight into NPC carcinogenesis and raise the possibility that inhibition of EBV reactivation may be a novel approach to prevent the relapse of NPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Chun Wu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Yeu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-Yen Huang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Hsin Chiu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Huei Lee
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
| | - Jen-Yang Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang X, Zeng X, Liu L, Lan X, Huang J, Zeng H, Li R, Luo K, Wu W, Zhou M, Li S. Correlation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with rare earth elements and the Epstein-Barr virus. Oncol Lett 2018. [PMID: 29541176 PMCID: PMC5835927 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The concentration and distribution of rare earth elements (REE) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) were measured to investigate connections with tumor size, lymph node metastasis, clinical stages, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. There were 30 patients with NPC who met the criteria for inclusion in the present study. The EBV copy number, as well as the concentration and distribution of REE, was analyzed. EBV was detected using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, with the concentrations of REE in NPC tissues measured using inductively coupled plasma-tandem mass spectrometry. The mean values were used when comparing concentrations of REE in NPC tissues as the standard deviation of this parameter was the lowest. Light REE had the highest concentrations, followed by medium, and then heavy REE. The concentrations of REE decreased with increasing tumor size and with the presence of lymph node metastasis. The concentrations of REE gradually increased between stage II and IVa, but markedly decreased thereafter. The elements that exhibited the greatest decreases were terbium, holmium and ytterbium. Furthermore, the concentrations of REE in NPC were not associated with sex (r=0.301, P=0.106) or age (r=−0.011, P=0.955), and were negatively associated with EBV (r=−0.744, P<0.001). By contrast, the EBV copy number increased alongside advancements in clinical stage. Changes in the concentrations of REE in NPC were more prominent for medium and heavy elements. Additionally, alterations in the concentrations of heavy REE may affect the occurrence and development of NPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmin Zhang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Xiangfu Zeng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Lianbin Liu
- Ganzhou Institute of Cancer Research, Tumor Hospital of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolin Lan
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Huang
- Ganzhou Institute of Cancer Research, Tumor Hospital of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Hongxue Zeng
- Ganzhou Institute of Cancer Research, Tumor Hospital of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Rong Li
- Ganzhou Institute of Cancer Research, Tumor Hospital of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Keqing Luo
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tumor Hospital of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Maohua Zhou
- Ganzhou Institute of Cancer Research, Tumor Hospital of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Shaojin Li
- Ganzhou Institute of Cancer Research, Tumor Hospital of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tahara M, Muro K, Hasegawa Y, Chung HC, Lin C, Keam B, Takahashi K, Cheng JD, Bang Y. Pembrolizumab in Asia-Pacific patients with advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Analyses from KEYNOTE-012. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:771-776. [PMID: 29284202 PMCID: PMC5834807 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
KEYNOTE-012 was a phase Ib, multicohort study designed to investigate efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab in advanced solid tumors. Results from the subset of patients with recurrent/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) from the Asia-Pacific region are reported. Patients with recurrent/metastatic HNSCC, measurable disease (RECIST version 1.1), and ECOG performance status (PS) 0-1 were eligible for enrollment in the HNSCC expansion cohort. Patients received pembrolizumab 200 mg every 3 weeks. Response was assessed every 8 weeks. Co-primary end-points were safety and overall response rate (RECIST version 1.1, central review). Secondary end-points included overall survival and response duration. Patients enrolled at any of the five centers throughout the Asia-Pacific region were included in these analyses. Twenty-six patients with HNSCC from the Asia-Pacific region received pembrolizumab. The median age was 62 years, 65% of patients had ECOG PS 1, and 62% had received two or more prior therapies for recurrent/metastatic disease. Sixteen (62%) patients experienced a treatment-related adverse event of any grade, including two (8%) patients who experienced one or more events of grade 3 severity. No treatment-related deaths occurred. The overall response rate was 19% (95% confidence interval, 7%-39%). After a median follow-up of 12 months (range, 2-21 months), a median response duration was not reached (range, 6 to 17+ months); four of five responses lasted ≥6 months. Median overall survival was 11.6 months (95% confidence interval, 4.7-17.7 months). Pembrolizumab was well tolerated and had durable antitumor activity in patients with HNSCC from the Asia-Pacific region. (Trial registration no. NCT01848834.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kei Muro
- Aichi Cancer Center HospitalNagoyaJapan
| | | | | | | | - Bhumsuk Keam
- Seoul National University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | | | | | - Yung‐Jue Bang
- Seoul National University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Antimutagenic activity of vitamin B1 against damages induced by chemical and physical mutagens in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:202-206. [PMID: 28927723 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thiamine (vitamin B1) is an essential nutrient acting mainly as an enzymatic cofactor on diverse cell processes. It has been reported that vitamin B1 has a significant role in the signaling pathways related to the response to adverse environmental conditions (chemical and physical). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the antimutagenic potential of vitamin B1 in front of DNA-alkylating agents in the presence/absence of ogt and ada repairing genes in Salmonella typhimurium strains and against damage induced by ultraviolet light type C in Escherichia coli strains mutated at the uvrABC system and recBCD enzymes. For S. typhimurium, an antimutagenesis test (Ames test) was performed using strains deficient in one or both genes (YG7100 ada-/ogt+, YG7104 ada+/ogt-, YG7108 ada-/ogt-). For E. coli, mutated strains (K-12 derived strains Hfr H180 uvrB+/recA+, W3110 uvrB+/recA- and ATCC®8739 uvrB-/recA+) were exposed to UV-C light at different time intervals, with and without vitamin B1. Our results showed that thiamine is an antimutagen against methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine or ethyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine only when the ogt gene is present. While for E. coli, the presence of vitamin B1 increased the survival rate, implying an antimutagenesis independent of uvrABC repairing system and recBCD enzymes.
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang W, Wang MY, Wei XL, Lin Y, Su FX, Xie XM, Tang LY, Ren ZF. Associations of Epstein-Barr Virus DNA in PBMCs and the Subtypes with Breast Cancer Risk. J Cancer 2017; 8:2944-2949. [PMID: 28928885 PMCID: PMC5604445 DOI: 10.7150/jca.20330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been found to be implicated in the development of breast cancer. The purpose of the present study was to identify the associations of EBV DNA and the subtypes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with the risk of breast cancer. Material and Methods: A case-control study with 671 breast cancer cases and 859 age-matched controls was conducted in Guangzhou, China. Face-to-face interviews were performed and blood samples were collected immediately after admission to the hospital for patients or after the interview for controls. EBV DNA in PBMCs and the subtypes were detected using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and restricted fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). IgA antibodies against EBV VCA-p18 and EBNA-1 were examined using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was applied to evaluate the associations of the DNA positivity and subtypes of EBV with the risk of breast cancer. Results: Among the 1530 subjects, 164 cases (24.4 %) and 206 controls (24.0 %) were positive for EBV DNA in PBMCs and no significant difference occurred between cases and controls. The presence of EBV DNA was related to the positivity of EBV IgA antibodies. Of the DNA positive samples, 71 cases and 109 controls for F/f subtype and 58 cases and 112 controls for C/D subtype were successfully obtained. The D subtype was associated with an increased breast cancer risk compared with the C subtype [OR (95% CI): 2.86 (1.25~6.53)]. We did not find an association of the F/f polymorphism with breast cancer risk. Conclusions: The present study suggested that the presence of EBV DNA in PBMCs may not be an appropriate biomarker for breast cancer risk. The subtype D of EBV was likely to be related to breast tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Min-Yi Wang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xue-Ling Wei
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Ying Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Feng-Xi Su
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Xie
- The Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lu-Ying Tang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Ze-Fang Ren
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dong Q, Zhou L, Liu F, Ao F, Gong X, Jiang C, Yuan Z, Li J. Long non-coding RNAs in the development, diagnosis and prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2017; 10:8098-8105. [PMID: 31966662 PMCID: PMC6965397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides, are lack of protein coding potential. Emerging studies have shown that lncRNAs play critical roles in carcinogenesis and progression, including human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In this article, we first provide an overview on the molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs in NPC, and then discuss the influence of lncRNAs on the diagnosis and treatment of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Dong
- Medical School of Nanchang UniversityP. R. China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer HospitalNanchang, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Medical School of Nanchang UniversityP. R. China
- Department of Ocular Oncology, The Eye Hospital of Nanchang UniversityP. R. China
| | - Fangteng Liu
- Medical School of Nanchang UniversityP. R. China
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityP. R. China
| | - Fan Ao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer HospitalNanchang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaochang Gong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer HospitalNanchang, P. R. China
| | - Chunling Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer HospitalNanchang, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Yuan
- Medical School of Nanchang UniversityP. R. China
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityP. R. China
| | - Jingao Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer HospitalNanchang, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yin Q, Sides M, Parsons CH, Flemington EK, Lasky JA. Arsenic trioxide inhibits EBV reactivation and promotes cell death in EBV-positive lymphoma cells. Virol J 2017. [PMID: 28637474 PMCID: PMC5480106 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is associated with hematopoietic malignancies, such as Burkitt’s lymphoma, post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The current approach for EBV-associated lymphoma involves chemotherapy to eradicate cancer cells, however, normal cells may be injured and organ dysfunction may occur with currently employed regimens. This research is focused on employing arsenic trioxide (ATO) as EBV-specific cancer therapy takes advantage of the fact the EBV resides within the malignant cells. Methods and results Our research reveals that low ATO inhibits EBV gene expression and genome replication. EBV spontaneous reactivation starts as early as 6 h after re-suspending EBV-positive Mutu cells in RPMI media in the absence of ATO, however this does not occur in Mutu cells cultured with ATO. ATO’s inhibition of EBV spontaneous reactivation is dose dependent. The expression of the EBV immediate early gene Zta and early gene BMRF1 is blocked with low concentrations of ATO (0.5 nM – 2 nM) in EBV latency type I cells and EBV-infected PBMC cells. The combination of ATO and ganciclovir further diminishes EBV gene expression. ATO-mediated reduction of EBV gene expression can be rescued by co-treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132, indicating that ATO promotes ubiquitin conjugation and proteasomal degradation of EBV genes. Co-immunoprecipitation assays with antibodies against Zta pulls down more ubiquitin in ATO treated cell lysates. Furthermore, MG132 reverses the inhibitory effect of ATO on anti-IgM-, PMA- and TGF-β-mediated EBV reactivation. Thus, mechanistically ATO’s inhibition of EBV gene expression occurs via the ubiquitin pathway. Moreover, ATO treatment results in increased cell death in EBV-positive cells compared to EBV-negative cells, as demonstrated by both MTT and trypan blue assays. ATO-induced cell death in EBV-positive cells is dose dependent. ATO and ganciclovir in combination further enhances cell death specifically in EBV-positive cells. Conclusion ATO-mediated inhibition of EBV lytic gene expression results in cell death selectively in EBV-positive lymphocytes, suggesting that ATO may potentially serve as a drug to treat EBV-related lymphomas in the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinyan Yin
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Disease, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Mark Sides
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Disease, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 300 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA
| | - Christopher H Parsons
- Department of Internal Medicine, Louisiana University School of Medicine, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Erik K Flemington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Joseph A Lasky
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Disease, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fang CY, Wu CC, Fang CL, Chen WY, Chen CL. Long-term growth comparison studies of FBS and FBS alternatives in six head and neck cell lines. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178960. [PMID: 28591207 PMCID: PMC5462426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is depended upon by investigators as an indispensable supplement in cell and tissue culture systems. Due to increased demand and limited availability, the price of FBS has increased by greater than 300% in the past few years. In addition, there are ethical and scientific controversies about the collection and use of FBS in culture systems. In response to the shortage of FBS, many FBS alternative serum products have been developed. Although many have claimed comparable performance to FBS, their support of long-term cell growth and effects on cell phenotype have not been revealed. In this study, we examined the performances of six bovine calf serum-based FBS alternatives in six head and neck cell lines and compared them with FBS. The results indicate that some of these sera had growth promoting capabilities comparable or superior to that of FBS. Additionally, these alternative sera supported long-term (30 passages) growth of tested cells and exhibited plating efficiencies comparable to that of FBS. Cells cultured in alternative sera also exhibited comparable anchorage-independent growth and similar drug inhibition responses in FBS. Still, caution should be taken in choosing suitable sera given that changes in cell morphology and variations in chemotactic responses were noted for cells maintained in certain sera. These FBS alternatives are more readily available, cost less, and are associated with less ethical concerns, thus making them attractive alternatives to FBS in cell culture systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yeu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chun Wu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lang Fang
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Chen
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Long Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
EBV reactivation as a target of luteolin to repress NPC tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:18999-9017. [PMID: 26967558 PMCID: PMC4951347 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignancy derived from the epithelial cells of the nasopharynx. Although a combination of radiotherapy with chemotherapy is effective for therapy, relapse and metastasis after remission remain major causes of mortality. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is believed to be one of causes of NPC development. We demonstrated previously that EBV reactivation is important for the carcinogenesis of NPC. We sought, therefore, to determine whether EBV reactivation can be a target for retardation of relapse of NPC. After screening, we found luteolin is able to inhibit EBV reactivation. It inhibited EBV lytic protein expression and repressed the promoter activities of two major immediate-early genes, Zta and Rta. Furthermore, luteolin was shown to reduce genomic instability induced by recurrent EBV reactivation in NPC cells. EBV reactivation-induced NPC cell proliferation and migration, as well as matrigel invasiveness, were also repressed by luteolin treatment. Tumorigenicity in mice, induced by EBV reactivation, was decreased profoundly following luteolin administration. Together, these results suggest that inhibition of EBV reactivation is a novel approach to prevent the relapse of NPC.
Collapse
|
22
|
Wu CC, Fang CY, Cheng YJ, Hsu HY, Chou SP, Huang SY, Tsai CH, Chen JY. Inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus reactivation by the flavonoid apigenin. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:2. [PMID: 28056971 PMCID: PMC5217310 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lytic reactivation of EBV has been reported to play an important role in human diseases, including NPC carcinogenesis. Inhibition of EBV reactivation is considered to be of great benefit in the treatment of virus-associated diseases. For this purpose, we screened for inhibitory compounds and found that apigenin, a flavonoid, seemed to have the ability to inhibit EBV reactivation. Methods We performed western blotting, immunofluorescence and luciferase analyses to determine whether apigenin has anti-EBV activity. Results Apigenin inhibited expression of the EBV lytic proteins, Zta, Rta, EAD and DNase in epithelial and B cells. It also reduced the number of EBV-reactivating cells detectable by immunofluorescence analysis. In addition, apigenin has been found to reduce dramatically the production of EBV virions. Luciferase reporter analysis was performed to determine the mechanism by which apigenin inhibits EBV reactivation: apigenin suppressed the activity of the immediate-early (IE) gene Zta and Rta promoters, suggesting it can block initiation of the EBV lytic cycle. Conclusion Taken together, apigenin inhibits EBV reactivation by suppressing the promoter activities of two viral IE genes, suggesting apigenin is a potential dietary compound for prevention of EBV reactivation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12929-016-0313-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Chun Wu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No.35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Miaoli, Miaoli County, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Yeu Fang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No.35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Miaoli, Miaoli County, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jhen Cheng
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No.35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Miaoli, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yu Hsu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No.35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Miaoli, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Ping Chou
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No.35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Miaoli, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yen Huang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No.35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Miaoli, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hwa Tsai
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine National Health Research Institutes, National Taiwan University, No.35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Yang Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No.35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Miaoli, Miaoli County, Taiwan. .,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine National Health Research Institutes, National Taiwan University, No.35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pang MJ, Yang Z, Zhang XL, Liu ZF, Fan J, Zhang HY. Physcion, a naturally occurring anthraquinone derivative, induces apoptosis and autophagy in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:1623-1640. [PMID: 27694907 PMCID: PMC5260837 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Physcion is a major bioactive ingredient in the traditional Chinese medicine Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, which has an anthraquinone chemical structure and exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities including laxative, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-proliferative effects. In this study we investigated the effect of physcion on human nasopharyngeal carcinoma in vitro and in vivo, as well as the mechanisms underlying the anti-tumor action. METHODS The nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line CNE2 was treated with physcion, and cell viability was detected using MTT and colony formation assays. Flow cytometry was used to assess the cell cycle arrest, mitochondrial membrane potential loss, apoptosis, autophagy and intracellular ROS generation. Apoptotic cell death was also confirmed by a TUNEL assay. The expression of target or marker molecules was determined using Western blotting. The activity of caspase-3, 8, and 9 was detected with an ELISA kit. A xenograft murine model was used to evaluate the in vivo anti-tumor action of physcion, the mice were administered physcion (10, 20 mg·kg-1·d-1, ip) for 30 d. RESULTS Treatment with physcion (5, 10, and 20 μmol/L) dose-dependently suppressed the cell viability and colony formation in CNE2 cells. Physcion (10 and 20 μmol/L) dose-dependently blocked cell cycle progression at G1 phase and induced both caspase-dependent apoptosis and autophagy in CNE2 cells. Furthermore, physcion treatment induced excessive ROS generation in CNE2 cells, and subsequently disrupted the miR-27a/ZBTB10 axis, resulting in repression of the transcription factor Sp1 that was involved in physcion-induced apoptosis and autophagy. Moreover, physcion-induced autophagy acted as a pro-apoptotic factor, and possibly contributed to physcion-induced apoptosis. In the xenograft murine model, administration of physcion dose-dependently suppressed the tumor growth without affecting the body weight. Furthermore, the anti-tumor effects of physcion were correlated with downregulation of Sp1 and suppression of miR-27a in the tumor tissues. CONCLUSION Physcion induces apoptosis and autophagy in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma by targeting Sp1, which was mediated by ROS/miR-27a/ZBTB10 signaling. The results suggest that physcion is a promising candidate for the treatment of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-jie Pang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266011, China
| | - Zhun Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266011, China
| | - Xing-lin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266011, China
| | - Zhao-fang Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266011, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266011, China
| | - Hong-ying Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266011, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chen C, Lu Z, Yang J, Hao W, Qin Y, Wang H, Xie C, Xie R. MiR-17-5p promotes cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by targeting p21. Cancer Med 2016; 5:3489-3499. [PMID: 27774777 PMCID: PMC5224848 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) may act as either tumor suppressors or oncogenes in various types of cancers. Previous studies have indicated that miR‐17‐5p is involved in the initiation and development of human tumors. However, its mechanism and function in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remain largely unclear. In this study, we evaluated the expression profiles of miR‐17‐5p and p21 in NPC cell lines and tissues by quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR). For the analysis, we have established a stable overexpression or depletion of miR‐17‐5p NPC cell lines for analyzing the effects of cell proliferation by MTT, colony formation, and cell cycle assay. A nude mice xenograft model was used to verify the tumor growth in vivo. MiR‐17‐5p was overexpressed, whereas the expression of p21 was downregulated in NPC cell lines and tissues. The miR‐17‐5p expression level was inversely correlated with the p21 mRNA level in NPC samples. Furthermore, analysis of 2−ΔΔCt value in 81 NPC patients suggested that the elevated expression level of miR‐17‐5p or the downregulated expression level of p21 was significantly correlated with tumor size (T classification) and tumor stage, and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis revealed a correlation between miR‐17‐5p or p21 expression level and overall survival times in 81 NPC patients. MiR‐17‐5p promoted cell growth in vivo and in vitro by directly targeting p21. Our results indicate that miR‐17‐5p can promote the occurrence of NPC and it may serve as a potential novel diagnostic maker or therapeutic target for NPC in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Zenghong Lu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical College, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Weichao Hao
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yujuan Qin
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Huiyan Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Congying Xie
- Department of Radiation and Chemotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Raoying Xie
- Department of Radiation and Chemotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang W, Zhang ZZ, Tang LY, Lin Y, Su FX, Xie XM, Su XF, Ren ZF. Genetic variants in EBV reactivation-related genes and the risk and survival of breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:8337-47. [PMID: 26729199 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4562-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101) and activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) have been suggested to involve in the reactivation of EBV which has implications in the development and progression of breast cancer. Therefore, the polymorphisms of TSG101 and ATF2 may associate with breast cancer risk and prognosis. A case-control study with 1551 breast cancer cases and 1605 age-matched controls were conducted in Guangzhou, China. We have also successfully followed up 1168 cases until December 31, 2014. The variant allele of TSG101 rs2292179 was associated with a non-significant reduced risk of breast cancer, particularly among women with BMI < 24 (kg/m(2)) (P for interaction <0.05). For ATF2 rs3845744, the variant allele was also associated with a significantly reduced breast cancer risk [odds ratio (OR) (95 % confidence interval (CI)) 0.86 (0.74∼1.00)], and the association occurred among only postmenopausal women [OR (95 % CI) 0.69 (0.54∼0.88)] (P for interaction <0.05). Breast cancer risk was further reduced with the increasing numbers of the variant G alleles of the two polymorphisms (P for trend <0.05). We did not find an overall association of the two loci with breast cancer prognosis, while the hazard ratios of the two loci (AG/GG vs. AA) were significantly higher among postmenopausal women than premenopausal women (P = 0.046, 0.016 for TSG101 rs2292179 and ATF2 rs3845744, respectively). In summary, the variant alleles of TSG101 rs2292179 and ATF2 rs3845744 were associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer, particularly for subjects with BMI <24 (kg/m(2)) and postmenopausal women, respectively. The two SNPs and menopausal status may have a significant interaction on breast cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- The School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zheng-Zheng Zhang
- The School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Aviation Hygiene Management Division, China Southern Airlines Company Limited, 9/F, Kangda Building, 278 Airport Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu-Ying Tang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Ying Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Feng-Xi Su
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Xie
- The Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xue-Fen Su
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ze-Fang Ren
- The School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Rd, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Identification of Novel Small Organic Compounds with Diverse Structures for the Induction of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Lytic Cycle in EBV-Positive Epithelial Malignancies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145994. [PMID: 26717578 PMCID: PMC4696655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phorbol esters, which are protein kinase C (PKC) activators, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, which cause enhanced acetylation of cellular proteins, are the main classes of chemical inducers of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic cycle in latently EBV-infected cells acting through the PKC pathway. Chemical inducers which induce EBV lytic cycle through alternative cellular pathways may aid in defining the mechanisms leading to lytic cycle reactivation and improve cells' responsiveness towards lytic induction. We performed a phenotypic screening on a chemical library of 50,240 novel small organic compounds to identify novel class(es) of strong inducer(s) of EBV lytic cycle in gastric carcinoma (GC) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells. Five hit compounds were selected after three successive rounds of increasingly stringent screening. All five compounds are structurally diverse from each other and distinct from phorbol esters or HDAC inhibitors. They neither cause hyperacetylation of histone proteins nor significant PKC activation at their working concentrations, suggesting that their biological mode of action are distinct from that of the known chemical inducers. Two of the five compounds with rapid lytic-inducing action were further studied for their mechanisms of induction of EBV lytic cycle. Unlike HDAC inhibitors, lytic induction by both compounds was not inhibited by rottlerin, a specific inhibitor of PKCδ. Interestingly, both compounds could cooperate with HDAC inhibitors to enhance EBV lytic cycle induction in EBV-positive epithelial cancer cells, paving way for the development of strategies to increase cells' responsiveness towards lytic reactivation. One of the two compounds bears structural resemblance to iron chelators and the other strongly activates the MAPK pathways. These structurally diverse novel organic compounds may represent potential new classes of chemicals that can be used to investigate any alternative mechanism(s) leading to EBV lytic cycle reactivation from latency.
Collapse
|
27
|
Liu YF, Tsai PY, Lin FY, Lin KH, Chang TJ, Lin HW, Chulakasian S, Hsu WL. Roles of nucleic acid substrates and cofactors in the vhs protein activity of pseudorabies virus. Vet Res 2015; 46:141. [PMID: 26704628 PMCID: PMC4699370 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PrV) belongs to the α-herpesvirinae of which human simplex virus (HSV) is the prototype virus. One of the hallmarks of HSV infection is shutoff of protein synthesis that is mediated by various viral proteins including vhs (virion host shutoff), which is encoded by the UL41 gene. However, the function of PrV vhs is poorly understood. Due to the low sequence similarity (39.3%) between the HSV and PrV UL41 proteins, vhs might not share the same biochemistry characteristics. The purpose of this study was to characterize the nuclease activity of the PrV vhs protein with respect to substrate specificity, its requirements in terms of cofactors, and the protein regions, as
well as key amino acids, which contribute to vhs activity. Our results indicated that, similar to HSV vhs, PrV vhs is able to degrade ssRNA and mRNA. However, PrV vhs also targeted rRNA for degradation, which is novel compared to the HSV-1 vhs. Activity assays indicated that Mg2+ alone enhances RNA degradation mediated by PrV vhs, while K+ and ATP are not sufficient to induce activity. Finally, we demonstrated that each of the four highly conserved functional boxes of PrV vhs contributes to RNA degradation and that, in particular, residues 152, 169, 171, 172, 173 343, 345, 352 and 356, which are conserved among α-herpesviruses, are key amino acids needed for PrV vhs ribonuclease activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fen Liu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kou Kuang Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Yun Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kou Kuang Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
| | - Fong-Yuan Lin
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kou Kuang Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan. .,Department of Beauty Science, MeiHo University, Neipu, Pingtung County, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan-Hsun Lin
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kou Kuang Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
| | - Tien-Jye Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Wen Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Songkhla Chulakasian
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Li Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kou Kuang Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jha HC, Mehta D, Lu J, El-Naccache D, Shukla SK, Kovacsics C, Kolson D, Robertson ES. Gammaherpesvirus Infection of Human Neuronal Cells. mBio 2015; 6:e01844-15. [PMID: 26628726 PMCID: PMC4669387 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01844-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Gammaherpesviruses human herpesvirus 4 (HHV4) and HHV8 are two prominent members of the herpesvirus family associated with a number of human cancers. HHV4, also known as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a ubiquitous gammaherpesvirus prevalent in 90 to 95% of the human population, is clinically associated with various neurological diseases such as primary central nervous system lymphoma, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, cerebellar ataxia, and encephalitis. However, the possibility that EBV and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) can directly infect neurons has been largely overlooked. This study has, for the first time, characterized EBV infection in neural cell backgrounds by using the Sh-Sy5y neuroblastoma cell line, teratocarcinoma Ntera2 neurons, and primary human fetal neurons. Furthermore, we also demonstrated KSHV infection of neural Sh-Sy5y cells. These neuronal cells were infected with green fluorescent protein-expressing recombinant EBV or KSHV. Microscopy, genetic analysis, immunofluorescence, and Western blot analyses for specific viral antigens supported and validated the infection of these cells by EBV and KSHV and showed that the infection was efficient and productive. Progeny virus produced from infected neuronal cells efficiently infected fresh neuronal cells, as well as peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Furthermore, acyclovir was effective at inhibiting the production of virus from neuronal cells similar to lymphoblastoid cell lines; this suggests active lytic replication in infected neurons in vitro. These studies represent a potentially new in vitro model of EBV- and KSHV-associated neuronal disease development and pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE To date, no in vitro study has demonstrated gammaherpesvirus infection of neuronal cells. Moreover, worldwide clinical findings have linked EBV to neuronal pathologies, including multiple sclerosis, primary central nervous system lymphoma, and Alzheimer's disease. In this study, for the first time, we have successfully demonstrated the in vitro infection of Sh-Sy5y and Ntera2 cells, as well as human primary neurons. We have also determined that the infection is predominately lytic. Additionally, we also report infection of neuronal cells by KSHV in vitro similar to that by EBV. These findings may open new avenues of consideration related to neuronal pathologies and infection with these viruses. Furthermore, their contribution to chronic infection linked to neuronal disease will provide new clues to potential new therapies.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Acyclovir/metabolism
- Antiviral Agents/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- Genes, Reporter
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/analysis
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/growth & development
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/physiology
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/growth & development
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/physiology
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Neurons/virology
- Staining and Labeling
- Virus Replication/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hem Chandra Jha
- Department of Microbiology and the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Devan Mehta
- Department of Microbiology and the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Microbiology and the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Darine El-Naccache
- Department of Microbiology and the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sanket K Shukla
- Department of Microbiology and the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Colleen Kovacsics
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dennis Kolson
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erle S Robertson
- Department of Microbiology and the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yakovleva LS, Senyuta NB, Goncharova EV, Scherback LN, Smirnova RV, Pavlish OA, Gurtsevitch VE. Epstein–Barr Virus LMP1 oncogene variants in cell lines of different origin. Mol Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893315050210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
30
|
Fang CY, Wu CC, Hsu HY, Chuang HY, Huang SY, Tsai CH, Chang Y, Tsao GSW, Chen CL, Chen JY. EGCG inhibits proliferation, invasiveness and tumor growth by up-regulation of adhesion molecules, suppression of gelatinases activity, and induction of apoptosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:2530-58. [PMID: 25625511 PMCID: PMC4346850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16022530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major green tea polyphenol, has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of a variety of tumor cells. Epidemiological studies have shown that drinking green tea can reduce the incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), yet the underlying mechanism is not well understood. In this study, the inhibitory effect of EGCG was tested on a set of Epstein Barr virus-negative and -positive NPC cell lines. Treatment with EGCG inhibited the proliferation of NPC cells but did not affect the growth of a non-malignant nasopharyngeal cell line, NP460hTert. Moreover, EGCG treated cells had reduced migration and invasive properties. The expression of the cell adhesion molecules E-cadherin and β-catenin was found to be up-regulated by EGCG treatment, while the down-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 were found to be mediated by suppression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and AP-1 and Sp1 transactivation. Spheroid formation by NPC cells in suspension was significantly inhibited by EGCG. Oral administration of EGCG was capable of suppressing tumor growth in xenografted mice bearing NPC tumors. Treatment with EGCG was found to elevate the expression of p53 and p21, and eventually led to apoptosis of NPC cells via caspase 3 activation. The nuclear translocation of NF-κB and β-catenin was also suppressed by EGCG treatment. These results indicate that EGCG can inhibit the proliferation and invasiveness, and induce apoptosis, of NPC cells, making it a promising agent for chemoprevention or adjuvant therapy of NPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yeu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Chun Wu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Yu Hsu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Ying Chuang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-Yen Huang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Hwa Tsai
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Yao Chang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - George Sai-Wah Tsao
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chi-Long Chen
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan.
| | - Jen-Yang Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hutajulu SH, Kurnianda J, Tan IB, Middeldorp JM. Therapeutic implications of Epstein-Barr virus infection for the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2014; 10:721-36. [PMID: 25228810 PMCID: PMC4161530 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s47434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is highly endemic in certain regions including the People’s Republic of China and Southeast Asia. Its etiology is unique and multifactorial, involving genetic background, epigenetic, and environment factors, including Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection. The presence of EBV in all tumor cells, aberrant pattern of antibodies against EBV antigens in patient sera, and elevated viral DNA in patient circulation as well as nasopharyngeal site underline the role of EBV during NPC development. In NPC tumors, EBV expresses latency type II, where three EBV-encoded proteins, Epstein–Barr nuclear antigen 1, latent membrane protein 1 and 2 (LMP1, 2), are expressed along with BamH1-A rightward reading frame 1, Epstein–Barr virus-encoded small nuclear RNAs, and BamH1-A rightward transcripts. Among all encoded proteins, LMP1 plays a central role in the propagation of NPC. Standard treatment of NPC consists of radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy for early stage, concurrent chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced tumors, and palliative systemic chemotherapy in metastatic disease. However, this standard care has limitations, allowing recurrences and disease progression in a certain proportion of cases. Although the pathophysiological link and molecular process of EBV-induced oncogenesis are not fully understood, therapeutic approaches targeting the virus may increase the cure rate and add clinical benefit. The promising results of early phase clinical trials on EBV-specific immunotherapy, epigenetic therapy, and treatment with viral lytic induction offer new options for treating NPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Hilda Hutajulu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Johan Kurnianda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - I Bing Tan
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Jaap M Middeldorp
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Huang SY, Fang CY, Wu CC, Tsai CH, Lin SF, Chen JY. Reactive oxygen species mediate Epstein-Barr virus reactivation by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84919. [PMID: 24376853 PMCID: PMC3869928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
N-nitroso compounds (NOCs) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation have been suggested to play a role in the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Although chemicals have been shown to be a risk factor contributing to the carcinogenesis of NPC, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. We demonstrated recently that N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) enhances the genomic instability and tumorigenicity of NPC cells via induction of EBV reactivation. However, the mechanisms that trigger EBV reactivation from latency remain unclear. Here, we address the role of ROS in induction of EBV reactivation under MNNG treatment. EBV reactivation was induced in over 70% of EBV-positive NA cells and the promoter of Rta (Rp) was activated after MNNG treatment. Inhibitor experiments revealed ATM, p38 MAPK and JNK were activated by ROS and involved in MNNG-induced EBV reactivation. Significantly, ROS scavengers N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), catalase and reduced glutathione inhibited EBV reactivation under MNNG and H₂O₂ treatment, suggesting ROS mediate EBV reactivation. The p53 was essential for EBV reactivation and the Rp activation by MNNG. Moreover, the p53 was phosphorylated, translocated into nucleus, and bound to Rp following ROS stimulation. The results suggest ROS play an important role in initiation of EBV reactivation by MNNG through a p53-dependent mechanism. Our findings demonstrate novel signaling mechanisms used by NOCs to induce EBV reactivation and provide a novel insight into NOCs link the EBV reactivation in the contribution to the development of NPC. Notably, this study indicates that antioxidants might be effective for inhibiting N-nitroso compound-induced EBV reactivation and therefore could be promising preventive and therapeutic agents for EBV reactivation-associated malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yen Huang
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine of National Tsing Hua University and National Health Research Institutes, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yeu Fang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chun Wu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hwa Tsai
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Su-Fang Lin
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Yang Chen
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine of National Tsing Hua University and National Health Research Institutes, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|