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Fernández Á, Casamitjana J, Holguín-Horcajo A, Coolens K, Mularoni L, Pasquali L, Bailey-Lundberg JM, Rooman I, Wang YJ, Rovira M. A single-cell atlas of the murine pancreatic ductal tree identifies novel cell populations with potential implications in pancreas regeneration and exocrine pathogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.26.582044. [PMID: 38463969 PMCID: PMC10925197 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.26.582044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Background and aims Pancreatic ducts form an intricate network of tubules that secrete bicarbonate and drive acinar secretions into the duodenum. This network is formed by centroacinar cells, terminal, intercalated, intracalated ducts, and the main pancreatic duct. Ductal heterogeneity at the single-cell level has been poorly characterized; therefore, our understanding of the role of ductal cells in pancreas regeneration and exocrine pathogenesis has been hampered by the limited knowledge and unexplained diversity within the ductal network. Methods We used scRNA-seq to comprehensively characterize mouse ductal heterogeneity at single-cell resolution of the entire ductal epithelium from centroacinar cells to the main duct. Moreover, we used organoid cultures, injury models and pancreatic tumor samples to interrogate the role of novel ductal populations in pancreas regeneration and exocrine pathogenesis. Results We have identified the coexistence of 15 ductal populations within the healthy pancreas and characterized their organoid formation capacity and endocrine differentiation potential. Cluster isolation and subsequent culturing let us identify ductal cell populations with high organoid formation capacity and endocrine and exocrine differentiation potential in vitro , including Wnt-responsive-population, ciliated-population and FLRT3 + cells. Moreover, we have characterized the location of these novel ductal populations in healthy pancreas, chronic pancreatitis, and tumor samples, highlighting a putative role of WNT-responsive, IFN-responsive and EMT-populations in pancreatic exocrine pathogenesis as their expression increases in chronic pancreatitis and PanIN lesions. Conclusions In light of our discovery of previously unidentified ductal populations, we unmask the potential roles of specific ductal populations in pancreas regeneration and exocrine pathogenesis.
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De Simoni O, Dal Santo L, Scarpa M, Munari G, Spolverato YC, Scapinello A, Lonardi S, Soldà C, Bergamo F, Fantin A, Bardini R, Pilati P, Fassan M, Gruppo M. Role of Immune Microenvironment in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Could It Be Considered a Predictor of Prognosis? Curr Oncol 2023; 30:5515-5528. [PMID: 37366900 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30060417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). The aim of this study is to determine the potential significant TME immune markers of long-term survival. METHODS We retrospectively included patients with a diagnosis of resectable PDAC having undergone upfront surgery. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining using tissue microarray for PD-L1, CD3, CD4, CD8, FOXP3, CD20, iNOS and CD163 was performed in order to characterize the TME. The primary endpoint was long-term survival, defined as the Overall Survival > 24 months from surgery. RESULTS A total of 38 consecutive patients were included, and 14 (36%) of them were long-term survivors. Long-term survivors showed a higher density of CD8+ lymphocytes intra- and peri-acinar (p = 0.08), and a higher CD8/FOXP3 intra- and peri-tumoral ratio (p = 0.05). A low density of intra- and peri-tumoral FOXP3 infiltration is a good predictor of long-term survival (p = 0.04). A significant association of the low density of intra- and peri-tumoral tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) iNOS+ with long-term survival was detected (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Despite the retrospective nature and small sample size, our study showed that the high infiltration of CD8+ lymphocytes and low infiltration of FOXP3+ and TAMs iNOS+ are predictors of good prognosis. A preoperative assessment of these potential immune markers could be useful and determinant in the staging process and in PDAC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavia De Simoni
- Surgical Oncology of Digestive Tract Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV-IRCCS), 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Dal Santo
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Scarpa
- Chirurgia Generale 3, Azienda Ospedale Università Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Giada Munari
- Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV-IRCCS), 35128 Padua, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Scapinello
- Anatomy and Pathological Histology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV-IRCCS), 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Sara Lonardi
- Unit of Medical Oncology 3, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV-IRCCS), 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Caterina Soldà
- Unit of Medical Oncology 1, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV-IRCCS), 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Bergamo
- Unit of Medical Oncology 1, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV-IRCCS), 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Alberto Fantin
- Gastroenterology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV-IRCCS), 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Romeo Bardini
- General Surgery Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Pilati
- Surgical Oncology of Digestive Tract Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV-IRCCS), 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV-IRCCS), 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Mario Gruppo
- Surgical Oncology of Digestive Tract Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV-IRCCS), 35128 Padua, Italy
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Valashedi MR, Roushandeh AM, Tomita K, Kuwahara Y, Pourmohammadi-Bejarpasi Z, Kozani PS, Sato T, Roudkenar MH. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Lcn2 in human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 ameliorates erastin-mediated ferroptosis and increases cisplatin vulnerability. Life Sci 2022; 304:120704. [PMID: 35714703 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) is an antioxidant-related protein upregulated in various cellular stress conditions, especially cancer. In this study, we abrogated Lcn2 expression in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology and evaluated its effect on cellular proliferation, migration, and ferroptotic cell death. MAIN METHODS Validated human Lcn2 CRISPR/Cas9 knockout (KO) and homology-directed repair (HDR) plasmids were co-transfected into MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Lcn2 gene knockout was confirmed at the transcriptional and protein levels using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cell proliferation was measured using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and colony formation assays. Cytotoxicity assay was performed in the presence or absence of erastin, cisplatin (CDDP), and ferrostatin-1 using the CCK-8 method. Ferroptosis level was measured using the malondialdehyde assay lipid peroxidation kit. The migration capacity of the cells was also evaluated using the scratch assay. KEY FINDINGS Targeting Lcn2 using CRISPR/Cas9 reduced cellular proliferation and migration capability, and elevated the vulnerability of MDA-MB-231 cells to cisplatin. Furthermore, Lcn2 expression loss effectively promoted erastin-mediated ferroptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells. SIGNIFICANCE Inhibition of Lcn2 is a potentially useful strategy for sensitizing MDA-MB-231 tumor cells to ferroptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Rabiee Valashedi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Amaneh Mohammadi Roushandeh
- Burn and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Velayat Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Kazuo Tomita
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kuwahara
- Division of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Zahra Pourmohammadi-Bejarpasi
- Burn and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Velayat Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Pouya Safarzadeh Kozani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Tomoaki Sato
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Mehryar Habibi Roudkenar
- Burn and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Velayat Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Heshmat Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
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Abedi M, Rahgozar S. Puzzling Out Iron Complications in Cancer Drug Resistance. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 178:103772. [PMID: 35914667 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron metabolism are frequently disrupted in cancer. Patients with cancer are prone to anemia and receive transfusions frequently; the condition which results in iron overload, contributing to serious therapeutic complications. Iron is introduced as a carcinogen that may increase tumor growth. However, investigations regarding its impact on response to chemotherapy, particularly the induction of drug resistance are still limited. Here, iron contribution to cell signaling and various molecular mechanisms underlying iron-mediated drug resistance are described. A dual role of this vital element in cancer treatment is also addressed. On one hand, the need to administer iron chelators to surmount iron overload and improve the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapy is discussed. On the other hand, the necessary application of iron as a therapeutic option by iron-oxide nanoparticles or ferroptosis inducers is explained. Authors hope that this paper can help unravel the clinical complications related to iron in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Abedi
- Department of Cell and Molecular biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Soheila Rahgozar
- Department of Cell and Molecular biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
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5
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BACH1 Expression Is Promoted by Tank Binding Kinase 1 (TBK1) in Pancreatic Cancer Cells to Increase Iron and Reduce the Expression of E-Cadherin. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081460. [PMID: 36009179 PMCID: PMC9405201 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BTB and CNC homology 1 (BACH1) represses the expression of genes involved in the metabolism of iron, heme and reactive oxygen species and promotes metastasis of various cancers including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, it is not clear how BACH1 is regulated in PDAC cells. Knockdown of Tank binding kinase 1 (TBK1) led to reductions of BACH1 mRNA and protein amounts in AsPC−1 human PDAC cells. Gene expression analysis of PDAC cells with knockdown of TBK1 or BACH1 suggested the involvement of TBK1 and BACH1 in the regulation of iron homeostasis. Ferritin mRNA and proteins were both increased upon BACH1 knockdown in AsPC−1 cells. Flow cytometry analysis showed that AsPC−1 cells with BACH1 knockout or knockdown contained lower labile iron than control cells, suggesting that BACH1 increased labile iron by repressing the expression of ferritin genes. We further found that the expression of E-cadherin was upregulated upon the chelation of intracellular iron content. These results suggest that the TBK1-BACH1 pathway promotes cancer cell metastasis by increasing labile iron within cells.
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Zhang H, Wu P, Guo C, Zhang C, Zhao Y, Tan D, An J, Shi C. Lipocalin 2 may be a key factor regulating the chemosensitivity of pancreatic cancer to gemcitabine. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 31:101291. [PMID: 35669987 PMCID: PMC9166468 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the high heterogeneity of pancreatic cancer, patient-derived xenografts (PDX) can compensate for the defects of cell line-derived xenografts (CDX) and also better preserve the heterogeneity and tumor microenvironment of primary tumors. Further, gemcitabine, which is used for the treatment of various cancers, is prone to tumor drug resistance, and this limits its sustained efficacy. Therefore, in this study, our objective was to screen appropriate individual therapeutic drugs for pancreatic cancer. To this end, we established pancreatic cancer PDX models from different patients and screened gemcitabine sensitivity regulatory molecules via high-throughput transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. Based on the results obtained, gemcitabine was identified as the most suitable chemotherapeutic drug in a variety of PDX models. Additionally, our results indicated that Lipocalin 2 (LCN 2) may play an important role in the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer to gemcitabine treatment. Thus, the study provides a new potential intervention target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer in clinical practice. PDX model plays an important role in the screening of chemotherapeutic agents for pancreatic cancer. Gemcitabine is the most suitable chemotherapeutic drug in a variety of PDX models of pancreatic cancer. Lcn2 may be involved in the sensitivity of gemcitabine in the treatment of pancreatic cancer and the change of Lipocalin 2 levels determines the gemcitabine therapeutic output.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Division of Cancer Biology, Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Pengpeng Wu
- Division of Cancer Biology, Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Chenbo Guo
- Division of Cancer Biology, Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Caiqin Zhang
- Division of Cancer Biology, Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Division of Cancer Biology, Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Dengxu Tan
- Division of Cancer Biology, Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jiaze An
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreaticosplenic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Changhong Shi
- Division of Cancer Biology, Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
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7
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Schröder SK, Pinoé-Schmidt M, Weiskirchen R. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) Deficiency Leads to Cellular Changes in Highly Metastatic Human Prostate Cancer Cell Line PC-3. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020260. [PMID: 35053376 PMCID: PMC8773519 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The transporter protein lipocalin-2 (LCN2) also termed neutrophil-gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) has pleiotropic effects in tumorigenesis in various cancers. Since the precise role of LCN2 in prostate cancer (PCa) is poorly understood, we aimed to elucidate its functions in PCa in vitro. For this purpose, LCN2 was transiently suppressed or permanently depleted in human PC-3 cells using siRNA or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout. Effects of LCN2 suppression on expression of different tumorigenic markers were investigated by Western blot analysis and RT-qPCR. LCN2 knockout cells were analyzed for cellular changes and their ability to cope endoplasmic stress compared to parenteral PC-3 cells. Reduced LCN2 was accompanied by decreased expression of IL-1β and Cx43. In PC-3 cells, LCN2 deficiency leads to reduced proliferation, diminished expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, lower adhesion, and disrupted F-actin distribution. In addition, IL-1β expression strongly correlated with LCN2 levels. LCN2 knockout cells showed enhanced and sustained activation of unfolded protein response proteins when treated with tunicamycin or cultured under glucose deprivation. Interestingly, an inverse correlation between phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 α subunit (p-eIF2α) and LCN2 expression was observed suggesting that LCN2 triggers protein synthesis under stress conditions. The finding that LCN2 depletion leads to significant phenotypic and cellular changes in PC-3 cells adds LCN2 as a valuable target for the treatment of PCa.
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8
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Obesity and Pancreatic Cancer: Insight into Mechanisms. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205067. [PMID: 34680216 PMCID: PMC8534007 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Obesity is recognized as a chronic progressive disease and risk factor for many human diseases. The high and increasing number of obese people may underlie the expected increase in pancreatic cancer cases in the United States. There are several pathways discussed that link obesity with pancreatic cancer. Adipose tissue and adipose tissue-released factors may thereby play an important role. This review discusses selected mechanisms that may accelerate pancreatic cancer development in obesity. Abstract The prevalence of obesity in adults and children has dramatically increased over the past decades. Obesity has been declared a chronic progressive disease and is a risk factor for a number of metabolic, inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases. There is clear epidemiologic and preclinical evidence that obesity is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer. Among various potential mechanisms linking obesity with pancreatic cancer, the adipose tissue and obesity-associated adipose tissue inflammation play a central role. The current review discusses selected topics and mechanisms that attracted recent interest and that may underlie the promoting effects of obesity in pancreatic cancer. These topics include the impact of obesity on KRAS activity, the role of visceral adipose tissue, intrapancreatic fat, adipose tissue inflammation, and adipokines on pancreatic cancer development. Current research on lipocalin-2, fibroblast growth factor 21, and Wnt5a is discussed. Furthermore, the significance of obesity-associated insulin resistance with hyperinsulinemia and obesity-induced gut dysbiosis with metabolic endotoxemia is reviewed. Given the central role that is occupied by the adipose tissue in obesity-promoted pancreatic cancer development, preventive and interceptive strategies should be aimed at attenuating obesity-associated adipose tissue inflammation and/or at targeting specific molecules that mechanistically link adipose tissue with pancreatic cancer in obese patients.
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9
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Villodre ES, Hu X, Larson R, Finetti P, Gomez K, Balema W, Stecklein SR, Santiago‐Sanchez G, Krishnamurthy S, Song J, Su X, Ueno NT, Tripathy D, Van Laere S, Bertucci F, Vivas‐Mejía P, Woodward WA, Debeb BG. Lipocalin 2 promotes inflammatory breast cancer tumorigenesis and skin invasion. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:2752-2765. [PMID: 34342930 PMCID: PMC8486564 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is an aggressive form of primary breast cancer characterized by rapid onset and high risk of metastasis and poor clinical outcomes. The biological basis for the aggressiveness of IBC is still not well understood and no IBC-specific targeted therapies exist. In this study, we report that lipocalin 2 (LCN2), a small secreted glycoprotein belonging to the lipocalin superfamily, is expressed at significantly higher levels in IBC vs non-IBC tumors, independently of molecular subtype. LCN2 levels were also significantly higher in IBC cell lines and in their culture media than in non-IBC cell lines. High expression was associated with poor-prognosis features and shorter overall survival in IBC patients. Depletion of LCN2 in IBC cell lines reduced colony formation, migration, and cancer stem cell populations in vitro and inhibited tumor growth, skin invasion, and brain metastasis in mouse models of IBC. Analysis of our proteomics data showed reduced expression of proteins involved in cell cycle and DNA repair in LCN2-silenced IBC cells. Our findings support that LCN2 promotes IBC tumor aggressiveness and offer a new potential therapeutic target for IBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilly S. Villodre
- Department of Breast Medical OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
- MD Anderson Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Clinic and Research ProgramThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Xiaoding Hu
- Department of Breast Medical OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
- MD Anderson Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Clinic and Research ProgramThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Richard Larson
- MD Anderson Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Clinic and Research ProgramThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
- Department of Radiation OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Pascal Finetti
- Laboratory of Predictive OncologyAix‐Marseille UniversityInsermCNRSInstitut Paoli‐CalmettesCRCMMarseilleFrance
| | - Kristen Gomez
- Department of Biological SciencesThe University of Texas at BrownsvilleTXUSA
| | - Wintana Balema
- MD Anderson Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Clinic and Research ProgramThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
- Department of Radiation OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Shane R. Stecklein
- MD Anderson Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Clinic and Research ProgramThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
- Department of Radiation OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Ginette Santiago‐Sanchez
- Department Biochemistry and Cancer CenterUniversity of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences CampusSan Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Savitri Krishnamurthy
- MD Anderson Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Clinic and Research ProgramThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
- Department of PathologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Juhee Song
- Department of BiostatisticsThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Xiaoping Su
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational BiologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Naoto T. Ueno
- Department of Breast Medical OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
- MD Anderson Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Clinic and Research ProgramThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Debu Tripathy
- Department of Breast Medical OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
- MD Anderson Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Clinic and Research ProgramThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Steven Van Laere
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE)Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON)University of AntwerpBelgium
| | - François Bertucci
- Laboratory of Predictive OncologyAix‐Marseille UniversityInsermCNRSInstitut Paoli‐CalmettesCRCMMarseilleFrance
| | - Pablo Vivas‐Mejía
- Department Biochemistry and Cancer CenterUniversity of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences CampusSan Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Wendy A. Woodward
- MD Anderson Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Clinic and Research ProgramThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
- Department of Radiation OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Bisrat G. Debeb
- Department of Breast Medical OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
- MD Anderson Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Clinic and Research ProgramThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
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Epigenetic induction of lipocalin 2 expression drives acquired resistance to 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancer through integrin β3/SRC pathway. Oncogene 2021; 40:6369-6380. [PMID: 34588619 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is often reduced by the development of drug resistance. We observed significant upregulation of lipocalin 2 (LCN2) expression in a newly established 5-FU-resistant colorectal cancer (CRC) cell line. In this study, we demonstrated that 5-FU-treated CRC cells developed resistance through LCN2 upregulation caused by LCN2 promoter demethylation and that feedback between LCN2 and NF-κB further amplified LCN2 expression. High LCN2 expression was associated with poor prognosis in CRC patients. LCN2 attenuated the cytotoxicity of 5-FU by activating the SRC/AKT/ERK-mediated antiapoptotic program. Mechanistically, the LCN2-integrin β3 interaction enhanced integrin β3 stability, thus recruiting SRC to the cytomembrane for autoactivation, leading to downstream AKT/ERK cascade activation. Targeting LCN2 or SRC compromised the growth of CRC cells with LCN2-induced 5-FU resistance. Our findings demonstrate a novel mechanism of acquired resistance to 5-FU, suggesting that LCN2 can be used as a biomarker and/or therapeutic target for advanced CRC.
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11
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Umar MI, Hassan W, Murtaza G, Buabeid M, Arafa E, Irfan HM, Asmawi MZ, Huang X. The Adipokine Component in the Molecular Regulation of Cancer Cell Survival, Proliferation and Metastasis. Pathol Oncol Res 2021; 27:1609828. [PMID: 34588926 PMCID: PMC8473628 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2021.1609828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A hormonal imbalance may disrupt the rigorously monitored cellular microenvironment by hampering the natural homeostatic mechanisms. The most common example of such hormonal glitch could be seen in obesity where the uprise in adipokine levels is in virtue of the expanding bulk of adipose tissue. Such aberrant endocrine signaling disrupts the regulation of cellular fate, rendering the cells to live in a tumor supportive microenvironment. Previously, it was believed that the adipokines support cancer proliferation and metastasis with no direct involvement in neoplastic transformations and tumorigenesis. However, the recent studies have reported discrete mechanisms that establish the direct involvement of adipokine signaling in tumorigenesis. Moreover, the individual adipokine profile of the patients has never been considered in the prognosis and staging of the disease. Hence, the present manuscript has focused on the reported extensive mechanisms that culminate the basis of poor prognosis and diminished survival rate in obese cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Waseem Hassan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Murtaza
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Manal Buabeid
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research Centre, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Elshaimaa Arafa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research Centre, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Mohd Zaini Asmawi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Xianju Huang
- College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
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12
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Lim D, Jeong JH, Song J. Lipocalin 2 regulates iron homeostasis, neuroinflammation, and insulin resistance in the brains of patients with dementia: Evidence from the current literature. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:883-894. [PMID: 33945675 PMCID: PMC8265939 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia accompanied by memory loss is considered one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases worldwide, and its prevalence is gradually increasing. Known risk factors for dementia include genetic background, certain lifestyle and dietary patterns, smoking, iron overload, insulin resistance, and impaired glucose metabolism in the brain. Here, we review recent evidence on the regulatory role of lipocalin 2 (LCN2) in dementia from various perspectives. LCN2 is a neutrophil gelatinase-associated protein that influences diverse cellular processes, including the immune system, iron homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory responses. Although its functions within the peripheral system are most widely recognized, recent findings have revealed links between LCN2 and central nervous system diseases, as well as novel roles for LCN2 in neurons and glia. Furthermore, LCN2 may modulate diverse pathological mechanisms involved in dementia. Taken together, LCN2 is a promising therapeutic target with which to address the neuropathology of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daejin Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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13
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Selvanesan BC, Meena K, Beck A, Meheus L, Lara O, Rooman I, Gravekamp C. Nicotinamide combined with gemcitabine is an immunomodulatory therapy that restrains pancreatic cancer in mice. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:e001250. [PMID: 33154149 PMCID: PMC7646363 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatments for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma are poorly effective, at least partly due to the tumor's immune-suppressive stromal compartment. New evidence of positive effects on immune responses in the tumor microenvironment (TME), compelled us to test the combination of gemcitabine (GEM), a standard chemotherapeutic for pancreatic cancer, with nicotinamide (NAM), the amide form of niacin (vitamin B3), in mice with pancreatic cancer. METHODS Various mouse tumor models of pancreatic cancer, that is, orthotopic Panc-02 and KPC (KrasG12D, p53R172H, Pdx1-Cre) grafts, were treated alternately with NAM and GEM for 2 weeks, and the effects on efficacy, survival, stromal architecture and tumor-infiltrating immune cells was examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), flow cytometry, Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT), T cell depletions in vivo, Nanostring analysis and RNAscope. RESULTS A significant reduction in tumor weight and number of metastases was found, as well as a significant improved survival of the NAM+GEM group compared with all control groups. IHC and flow cytometry showed a significant decrease in tumor-associated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumors of NAM+GEM-treated mice. This correlated with a significant increase in the number of CD4 and CD8 T cells of NAM+GEM-treated tumors, and CD4 and CD8 T cell responses to tumor-associated antigen survivin, most likely through epitope spreading. In vivo depletions of T cells demonstrated the involvement of CD4 T cells in the eradication of the tumor by NAM+GEM treatment. In addition, remodeling of the tumor stroma was observed with decreased collagen I and lower expression of hyaluronic acid binding protein, reorganization of the immune cells into lymph node like structures and CD31 positive vessels. Expression profiling for a panel of immuno-oncology genes revealed significant changes in genes involved in migration and activation of T cells, attraction of dendritic cells and epitope spreading. CONCLUSION This study highlights the potential of NAM+GEM as immunotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kiran Meena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Amanda Beck
- Michael F. Price Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Lydie Meheus
- AntiCancer Fund, Boechoutlaan, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
| | - Olaya Lara
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilse Rooman
- AntiCancer Fund, Boechoutlaan, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claudia Gravekamp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Lipocalin-2 Expression in Pancreas Adenocarcinoma Tumor Microenvironment Via Endoscopic Ultrasound Fine Needle Biopsy Is Feasible and May Reveal a Therapeutic Target. Pancreas 2020; 49:e98-e99. [PMID: 33122534 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
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15
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Huber M, Brehm CU, Gress TM, Buchholz M, Alashkar Alhamwe B, Pogge von Strandmann E, Slater EP, Bartsch JW, Bauer C, Lauth M. The Immune Microenvironment in Pancreatic Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7307. [PMID: 33022971 PMCID: PMC7583843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The biology of solid tumors is strongly determined by the interactions of cancer cells with their surrounding microenvironment. In this regard, pancreatic cancer (pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, PDAC) represents a paradigmatic example for the multitude of possible tumor-stroma interactions. PDAC has proven particularly refractory to novel immunotherapies, which is a fact that is mediated by a unique assemblage of various immune cells creating a strongly immunosuppressive environment in which this cancer type thrives. In this review, we outline currently available knowledge on the cross-talk between tumor cells and the cellular immune microenvironment, highlighting the physiological and pathological cellular interactions, as well as the resulting therapeutic approaches derived thereof. Hopefully a better understanding of the complex tumor-stroma interactions will one day lead to a significant advancement in patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Huber
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Corinna U. Brehm
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Giessen-Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Thomas M. Gress
- Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Infectiology, Center for Tumor- and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (T.M.G.); (M.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Malte Buchholz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Infectiology, Center for Tumor- and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (T.M.G.); (M.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Bilal Alashkar Alhamwe
- Institute for Tumor Immunology, Clinic for Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (E.P.v.S.); (B.A.A.)
| | - Elke Pogge von Strandmann
- Institute for Tumor Immunology, Clinic for Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (E.P.v.S.); (B.A.A.)
| | - Emily P. Slater
- Department of Visceral-, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Jörg W. Bartsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Christian Bauer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Infectiology, Center for Tumor- and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (T.M.G.); (M.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Matthias Lauth
- Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Infectiology, Center for Tumor- and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (T.M.G.); (M.B.); (C.B.)
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16
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Hao P, Li H, Wu A, Zhang J, Wang C, Xian X, Ren Q, Hao N, Wang Y, Yue F, Cui H. Lipocalin2 promotes cell proliferation and migration in ovarian cancer through activation of the ERK/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway. Life Sci 2020; 262:118492. [PMID: 32980390 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Lipocalin2 (Lcn2) has been shown to be a vital regulator of tumorigenesis in a variety of different cancers. However, its expression patterns and possible roles in ovarian cancer remain obscure. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of Lcn2 in ovarian cancer cells and to determine any potential association between Lcn2 and ovarian tumor development and cancer progression. Our results indicated that Lcn2 was upregulated in tumor tissue from ovarian cancer patients as well as in three ovarian cancer cell lines compared to normal tissues and cells. Overexpression of Lcn2 promoted both cell proliferation and migration in ovarian cancer cells. Conversely, knockdown of Lcn2 in cell lines suppressed both migration and proliferation. Moreover, upregulation of Lcn2 contributed to tumor growth in nude mice in vivo. Mechanistically, Lcn2 was found to lead to tumor progression in ovarian cancer cells through activation of the ERK/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway. In summary, Lcn2 promotes cell proliferation and migration in ovarian cancer through activation of the ERK/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway, suggesting that Lcn2 might be a novel therapeutic target for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Hao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, China; Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, China; International Cooperation Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, China
| | - Haili Li
- Department of Gynecology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Aiyuan Wu
- The 3rd Affiliated Teaching Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Affiliated Cancer Hospital), Suzhou Dong Street No.789, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Jiamin Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, China
| | - Chang Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, China; Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, China
| | - Xian Xian
- Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, China; International Cooperation Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, China
| | - Qian Ren
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, China; Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, China; International Cooperation Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, China
| | - Nana Hao
- Department of Neurology, HanDan Central Hospital, HanDan, Hebei, China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Department of General Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Fengming Yue
- Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, China; International Cooperation Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, China; The Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School of Shinshu University, Japan
| | - Huixian Cui
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, China; Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, China; International Cooperation Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, China.
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17
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Biological Functions and Therapeutic Potential of Lipocalin 2 in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124365. [PMID: 32575507 PMCID: PMC7352275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a secreted glycoprotein linked to several physiological roles, including transporting hydrophobic ligands across cell membranes, modulating immune responses, maintaining iron homeostasis, and promoting epithelial cell differentiation. Although LNC2 is expressed at low levels in most human tissues, it is abundant in aggressive subtypes of cancer, including breast, pancreas, thyroid, ovarian, colon, and bile duct cancers. High levels of LCN2 have been associated with increased cell proliferation, angiogenesis, cell invasion, and metastasis. Moreover, LCN2 modulates the degradation, allosteric events, and enzymatic activity of matrix metalloprotease-9, a metalloprotease that promotes tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Hence, LCN2 has emerged as a potential therapeutic target against many cancer types. This review summarizes the most relevant findings regarding the expression, biological roles, and regulation of LCN2, as well as the proteins LCN2 interacts with in cancer. We also discuss the approaches to targeting LCN2 for cancer treatment that are currently under investigation, including the use of interference RNAs, antibodies, and gene editing.
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18
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Guo Y, Zhai J, Zhang J, Zhou H. NGAL protects in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by inducing apoptosis and blocking epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:3711-3718. [PMID: 32391093 PMCID: PMC7204640 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) has been considered to be a key molecule in different cancer types and its carcinogenesis may be related to the NGAL/MMP-9 complex. However, its expression pattern and role in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has rarely been reported. In the current study, 158 tumor tissues from NPC patients were collected and immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the NGAL protein expression, to investigate the correlation between its expression and clinical and pathological parameters using Chi square analysis. Furthermore, by over-expressing NGAL in NPC cell lines, biological alteration of NPC cells with respect to cell proliferation, migration and invasion was analyzed. Results suggested that high expression of NGAL predicts better prognosis and longer survival. Overexpression of NGAL significantly reduced the proliferation and migration of NPC cells, and induced the apoptosis by activating caspase 3, 8 and 9, and blocking epithelial-mesenchymal transition by inhibiting mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2/3 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Zhai
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Huifang Zhou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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Jonescheit H, Oberg HH, Gonnermann D, Hermes M, Sulaj V, Peters C, Kabelitz D, Wesch D. Influence of Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase and Its Metabolite Kynurenine on γδ T Cell Cytotoxicity against Ductal Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Cells. Cells 2020; 9:E1140. [PMID: 32384638 PMCID: PMC7290398 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a malignant gastrointestinal disease. The enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxgenase (IDO) is often overexpressed in PDAC and its downstream metabolite kynurenine has been reported to inhibit T cell activation and proliferation. Since γδ T cells are of high interest for T cell-based immunotherapy against PDAC, we studied the impact of IDO and kynurenine on γδ T cell cytotoxicity against PDAC cells. METHODS IDO expression was determined in PDAC cells by flow cytometry and Western blot analysis. PDAC cells were cocultured with γδ T cells in medium or were stimulated with phosphorylated antigens or bispecific antibody in the presence or absence of IDO inhibitors. Additionally, γδ T cells were treated with recombinant kynurenine. Read-out assays included degranulation, cytotoxicity and cytokine measurement as well as cell cycle analysis. RESULTS Since IDO overexpression was variable in PDAC, IDO inhibitors improved γδ T cell cytotoxicity only against some but not all PDAC cells. γδ T cell degranulation and cytotoxicity were significantly decreased after their treatment with recombinant kynurenine. CONCLUSIONS Bispecific antibody drastically enhanced γδ T cell cytotoxicity against all PDAC cells, which can be further enhanced by IDO inhibitors against several PDAC cells, suggesting a striking heterogeneity in PDAC escape mechanisms towards γδ T cell-mediated anti-tumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany; (H.J.); (H.-H.O.); (D.G.); (M.H.); (V.S.); (C.P.); (D.K.)
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20
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Gumpper K, Dangel AW, Pita-Grisanti V, Krishna SG, Lara LF, Mace T, Papachristou GI, Conwell DL, Hart PA, Cruz-Monserrate Z. Lipocalin-2 expression and function in pancreatic diseases. Pancreatology 2020; 20:419-424. [PMID: 31932215 PMCID: PMC7160010 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a secreted molecule, expressed in various cell types, that is involved in the progression of numerous diseases and disorders. The biological functions and expression levels of LCN2 in diseases including pancreatic cancer, pancreatitis (acute and chronic), and diabetes mellitus, suggest the potential role of LCN2 as a biomarker and/or therapeutic target. However, findings on the role of LCN2 in pancreatic diseases have been contradictory. In pancreatic cancer and pancreatitis, LCN2 has been identified as a potential biomarker; increased expression levels in various biological specimens correlate with the presence of the disease and may be able to differentiate cancer and chronic pancreatitis from healthy subjects. LCN2 is also known to be an adipokine; it is upregulated in obesity and is a common co-factor in the development of pancreatic diseases. Emerging research suggests LCN2 is elevated in type 2 diabetes mellitus, but the exact role of LCN2 in this disease is not clear. In this review, we summarize research on LCN2 as it relates to pancreatic diseases, highlighting the discrepancies in the literature. By explaining and clarifying the role of LCN2 in these disorders, we aim to promote research in developing novel diagnostic and treatment strategies to reduce the burden of pancreatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyn Gumpper
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH,The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Andrew William Dangel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH,The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Valentina Pita-Grisanti
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH,The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Somashekar G. Krishna
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH,The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Luis F. Lara
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Thomas Mace
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH,The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Georgios I. Papachristou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Darwin L. Conwell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Phil A. Hart
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH,The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
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21
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Gleeson FC, Levy MJ, Jackson RA, Murphy SJ, Halling KC, Kipp BR, Graham RP, Zhang L. Endoscopic ultrasound may be used to deliver gene expression signatures using digital mRNA detection methods to immunophenotype pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma to facilitate personalized immunotherapy. Pancreatology 2020; 20:229-238. [PMID: 31831392 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Biomarkers are increasingly required to molecularly characterize pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) subgroup populations, to determine who may benefit from immune based targeted therapy. We evaluated the feasibility of gene expression signature detection and the respective landscape of specific tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), cancer/testis (CT) antigens, and immune checkpoints for possible future personalized immunotherapy eligibility. METHODS Dedicated digital mRNA oncologic immune profiling of 770 genes using a Nanostring nCounter® PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel was performed using archived endoscopic ultrasound fine needle biopsy (EUS FNB) PDAC specimens as a case series in a tertiary care setting. RESULTS The spectrum of mRNA gene expression within the tumor specimens revealed that 44.8%, 10.0% and 50.7% of evaluated genes had a ≥ 2-fold increase, a ≤ 2-fold reduction or between <2 and >2 change of mRNA expression, when compared to normal controls. The corresponding landscape of TILs, CT antigens, and immune checkpoints highlighted several possibilities that could potentially be amenable to targeted personalized immunotherapy. This includes members of the Tumor Associated Macrophage family (CD68, CXCL5, and MARCO), members of the CT antigen family (PRAME, TTK and PBK) and the "second generation" checkpoints TIM3 and BTLA. CONCLUSIONS Our study represents the ability to successfully perform digital mRNA expression profile analyses to immunophenotype PDAC EUS FNB specimens by evaluating the expression of >730 genes within the tumor immune microenvironment. This may facilitate the search for novel therapeutic targets, offering the opportunity to go beyond immune monotherapy, but perhaps to use combined immunomodulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferga C Gleeson
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Michael J Levy
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rory A Jackson
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Laboratory Genetics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen J Murphy
- Center of Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kevin C Halling
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Laboratory Genetics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Benjamin R Kipp
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Laboratory Genetics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Lizhi Zhang
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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22
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Implication and role of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in cancer: lipocalin-2 as a potential novel emerging comprehensive therapeutic target for a variety of cancer types. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:2327-2346. [PMID: 31970626 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of mortalities worldwide. Over the past few decades, exploration of molecular mechanisms behind cancer initiation and progression has been of great interest in the viewpoint of both basic and clinical scientists. It is generally believed that identification of key molecules implicated in cancer pathology not only improves our understanding of the disease, but also could result in introduction of novel therapeutic strategies. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)/lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a member of lipocalin superfamily with a variety of functions. Although the main function of LCN2 is still unknown, many studies confirmed its significant role in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of various types of cancer. Furthermore, aberrant expression of LCN2 is also concerned with the chemo- and radio-resistant phenotypes of tumors. Here, we will review the contribution of known functions of LCN2 to the pathophysiology of cancer. We also highlight how the deregulated expression of LCN2 is associated with a variety of fatal types of cancer for which there are no effective therapeutic modalities. The unique and multiple functions of LCN2 and its widespread expression in different types of cancer prompted us to suggest LCN2 could be considered either as a valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarker or as a potential novel therapeutic target.
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23
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Kurozumi S, Alsaeed S, Orah N, Miligy IM, Joseph C, Aljohani A, Toss MS, Fujii T, Shirabe K, Green AR, Aleskandarany MA, Rakha EA. Clinicopathological significance of lipocalin 2 nuclear expression in invasive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 179:557-564. [PMID: 31707510 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05488-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a key role in breast cancer progression and metastasis. Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is involved in the regulation of EMT. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinicopathological significance of LCN2 expression in breast cancer. METHODS The expression of LCN2 protein was immunohistochemically assessed in two well-characterised annotated cohorts of breast cancer (discovery cohort, n = 612; validation cohort, n = 1363). The relationship of LCN2 expression and subcellular location with the clinicopathological factors and outcomes of patients was analysed. RESULTS Absent or reduced nuclear LCN2 expression was associated with features of aggressive behaviour, including high histological grade, high Nottingham Prognostic Index, high Ki67 labelling index, hormone receptor negativity and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positivity. The high cytoplasmic expression of LCN2 was correlated with lymph node positivity. The nuclear downregulation of LCN2 was correlated with the overexpression of EMT associated proteins (N-cadherin and Twist-related protein 2) and basal biomarkers (cytokeratin 5/6 and epidermal growth factor receptor). Unlike the cytoplasmic expression of LCN2, the loss of nuclear expression was a significant predictor of poor outcome. The combinatorial expression tumours with high cytoplasmic and low nuclear expression were associated with the worst prognosis. CONCLUSIONS Tumour cell expression of LCN2 plays a role in breast cancer progression with loss of its nuclear expression which is associated with aggressive features and poor outcome. Further functional analysis is warranted to confirm the relationship between the subcellular localisation LCN2 and behaviour of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasagu Kurozumi
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Sami Alsaeed
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nnamdi Orah
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Islam M Miligy
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Chitra Joseph
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Abrar Aljohani
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Michael S Toss
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Takaaki Fujii
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ken Shirabe
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Andrew R Green
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mohammed A Aleskandarany
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
- Department of Histopathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK.
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24
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Rahimi S, Roushandeh AM, Ebrahimi A, Samadani AA, Kuwahara Y, Roudkenar MH. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Lcn2 effectively enhanced CDDP-induced apoptosis and reduced cell migration capacity of PC3 cells. Life Sci 2019; 231:116586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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25
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Oberg HH, Peters C, Kabelitz D, Wesch D. Real-time cell analysis (RTCA) to measure killer cell activity against adherent tumor cells in vitro. Methods Enzymol 2019; 631:429-441. [PMID: 31948561 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The enhancement of immune responses against tumor cells is a main focus of cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapeutic approaches comprise a broad range of clinical applications including adjuvant therapies, check point inhibitors, cellular therapies, oncolytic viruses or targeted biologics such as bispecific antibodies. The usage of bispecific antibodies is one promising approach to enhance cytotoxicity and to selectively target effector cells to tumor-associated antigens. Here, we discuss the real-time cell analysis system as a suitable in vitro method to determine the interaction of tumor cell with effector cells alone or within a heterogeneous mixture of immune cells in peripheral blood or within tumor-infiltrating cells. The determination of cytotoxic effector cell activity using the real-time cell analyzer is highly useful to monitor the dynamic cellular interplay over extended periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Heinrich Oberg
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Peters
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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26
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Miki M, Oono T, Fujimori N, Takaoka T, Kawabe K, Miyasaka Y, Ohtsuka T, Saito D, Nakamura M, Ohkawa Y, Oda Y, Suyama M, Ito T, Ogawa Y. CLEC3A, MMP7, and LCN2 as novel markers for predicting recurrence in resected G1 and G2 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Cancer Med 2019; 8:3748-3760. [PMID: 31129920 PMCID: PMC6639196 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the postoperative recurrence rate for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) is reported to be 13.5%-30%, the paucity of valuable biomarkers to predict recurrence poses a problem for the early detection of relapse. Hence, this study aimed to identify new biomarkers to predict the recurrence of PNETs. We performed RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) on RNA isolated from frozen primary tumors sampled from all localized G1/G2 PNETs resected curatively from 1998 to 2015 in our institution. We calculated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in tumor with and without recurrence (≥3 years) for the propensity-matched cohort. Gene ontology analysis for the identified DEGs was also performed. Furthermore, we evaluated the expression levels of candidate genes as recurrence predictors via immunostaining. Comparison of transcriptional levels in tumors with and without recurrence identified 166 DEGs. Up- and downregulated genes with high significance in these tumors were mainly related to extracellular organization and cell adhesion, respectively. We observed the top three upregulated genes, C-type lectin domain family 3 member A (CLEC3A), matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP7), and lipocalin2 (LCN2) immunohistochemically and compared their levels in recurrent and nonrecurrent tumors. Significantly higher recurrence rate was shown in patients with positive expression of CLEC3A (P = 0.028), MMP7 (P = 0.003), and LCN2 (P = 0.040) than that with negative expression. We identified CLEC3A, MMP7, and LCN2 known to be associated with the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt pathway, as potential novel markers to predict the postoperative recurrence of PNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Miki
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takamasa Oono
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nao Fujimori
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takehiro Takaoka
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ken Kawabe
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyasaka
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takao Ohtsuka
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Saito
- Division of Bioinformatics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masafumi Nakamura
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohkawa
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mikita Suyama
- Division of Bioinformatics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuhide Ito
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Neuroendocrine Tumor Centre, Fukuoka Sanno Hospital, Internal University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Ranjbar Taklimie F, Gasterich N, Scheld M, Weiskirchen R, Beyer C, Clarner T, Zendedel A. Hypoxia Induces Astrocyte-Derived Lipocalin-2 in Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061271. [PMID: 30871254 PMCID: PMC6471434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke causes rapid hypoxic damage to the core neural tissue which is followed by graded chronological tissue degeneration in the peri-infarct zone. The latter process is mainly triggered by neuroinflammation, activation of inflammasomes, proinflammatory cytokines, and pyroptosis. Besides microglia, astrocytes play an important role in the fine-tuning of the inflammatory network in the brain. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is involved in the control of innate immune responses, regulation of excess iron, and reactive oxygen production. In this study, we analyzed LCN2 expression in hypoxic rat brain tissue after ischemic stroke and in astrocyte cell cultures receiving standardized hypoxic treatment. Whereas no LCN2-positive cells were seen in sham animals, the number of LCN2-positive cells (mainly astrocytes) was significantly increased after stroke. In vitro studies with hypoxic cultured astroglia revealed that LCN2 expression is significantly increased after only 2 h, then further increased, followed by a stepwise decline. The expression pattern of several proinflammatory cytokines mainly followed that profile in wild type (WT) but not in cultured LCN2-deficient astrocytes. Our data revealed that astrocytes are an important source of LCN2 in the peri-infarct region under hypoxic conditions. However, we must also stress that brain-intrinsic LCN2 after the initial hypoxia period might come from other sources such as invaded immune cells and peripheral organs via blood circulation. In any case, secreted LCN2 might have an influence on peripheral organ functions and the innate immune system during brain hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie Gasterich
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Miriam Scheld
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Tim Clarner
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Adib Zendedel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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28
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NGAL is Downregulated in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Leads to Increased Survival, Proliferation, Migration and Chemoresistance. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10070228. [PMID: 29996471 PMCID: PMC6071146 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10070228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is a major public health burden worldwide. The lack of biomarkers for early diagnosis has increased the difficulty in managing this disease. Recent studies have reported that neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), a secreted glycoprotein, is upregulated in various tumors. In our study, we found that NGAL was significantly downregulated in primary malignant and metastatic tissues of oral cancer in comparison to normal tissues. The downregulation of NGAL was strongly correlated with both degree of differentiation and stage (I–IV); it can also serve as a prognostic biomarker for oral cancer. Additionally, tobacco carcinogens were found to be involved in the downregulation of NGAL. Mechanistic studies revealed that knockdown of NGAL increased oral cancer cell proliferation, survival, and migration; it also induced resistance against cisplatin. Silencing of NGAL activated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)signaling and reduced autophagy by the liver kinase B1 (LKB1)-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-p53-Redd1 signaling axis. Moreover, cyclin-D1, Bcl-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were upregulated, and caspase-9 was downregulated, suggesting that silencing of NGAL increases oral cancer cell proliferation, survival, and migration. Thus, from our study, it is evident that downregulation of NGAL activates the mTOR pathway and helps in the progression of oral cancer.
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29
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Zhou L, Zhao B, Zhang L, Wang S, Dong D, Lv H, Shang P. Alterations in Cellular Iron Metabolism Provide More Therapeutic Opportunities for Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1545. [PMID: 29789480 PMCID: PMC5983609 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for the growth and proliferation of cells. Cellular iron uptake, storage, utilization and export are tightly regulated to maintain iron homeostasis. However, cellular iron metabolism pathways are disturbed in most cancer cells. To maintain rapid growth and proliferation, cancer cells acquire large amounts of iron by altering expression of iron metabolism- related proteins. In this paper, normal cellular iron metabolism and the alterations of iron metabolic pathways in cancer cells were summarized. Therapeutic strategies based on targeting the altered iron metabolism were also discussed and disrupting redox homeostasis by intracellular high levels of iron provides new insight for cancer therapy. Altered iron metabolism constitutes a promising therapeutic target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangfu Zhou
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Bin Zhao
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Lixiu Zhang
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Shenghang Wang
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Dandan Dong
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Huanhuan Lv
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Research & Development Institute in Shenzhen, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen 518057, China.
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Peng Shang
- Research & Development Institute in Shenzhen, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen 518057, China.
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
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30
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More than a simple biomarker: the role of NGAL in cardiovascular and renal diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:909-923. [PMID: 29739822 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a small circulating protein that is highly modulated in a wide variety of pathological situations, making it a useful biomarker of various disease states. It is one of the best markers of acute kidney injury, as it is rapidly released after tubular damage. However, a growing body of evidence highlights an important role for NGAL beyond that of a biomarker of renal dysfunction. Indeed, numerous studies have demonstrated a role for NGAL in both cardiovascular and renal diseases. In the present review, we summarize current knowledge concerning the involvement of NGAL in cardiovascular and renal diseases and discuss the various mechanisms underlying its pathological implications.
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31
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Recapitulation of pharmacogenomic data reveals that invalidation of SULF2 enhance sorafenib susceptibility in liver cancer. Oncogene 2018; 37:4443-4454. [PMID: 29720727 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0291-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Gene mutations play critical roles during cancer development and progression, and therefore represent targets for precision medicine. Here we recapitulated the pharmacogenomic data to delineate novel candidates for actionable mutations and therapeutic target drugs. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrated that the loss-of-function of SULF2 by mutation (N491K) or inhibition enhanced sorafenib sensitivity in liver cancer cells and in vivo mouse models. This effect was mediated by deregulation of EGFR signaling and downstream expression of LCN2. We also report that the liver cancer patients non-responding to sorafenib treatment exhibit higher expression of SULF2 and LCN2. In conclusion, we suggest that SULF2 plays a key role in sorafenib susceptibility and resistance in liver cancer via deregulation of LCN2. Diagnostic or therapeutic targeting of SULF2 (e.g., OKN-007) and/or LCN2 can be a novel precision strategy for sorafenib treatment in cancer patients.
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32
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Oberg HH, Kellner C, Gonnermann D, Sebens S, Bauerschlag D, Gramatzki M, Kabelitz D, Peipp M, Wesch D. Tribody [(HER2) 2xCD16] Is More Effective Than Trastuzumab in Enhancing γδ T Cell and Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity Against HER2-Expressing Cancer Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:814. [PMID: 29725336 PMCID: PMC5916959 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An enhanced expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2, ErbB2) often occurs in an advanced stage of breast, ovarian, gastric or esophageal cancer, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Commonly, HER2 expression is associated with poor clinical outcome or chemoresistance in ovarian and breast cancer patients. Treatment with humanized anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies, such as trastuzumab or pertuzumab, has improved the outcome of patients with HER2-positive metastatic gastric or breast cancer, but not all patients benefit. In this study, the bispecific antibody [(HER2)2xCD16] in the tribody format was employed to re-direct CD16-expressing γδ T lymphocytes as well as natural killer (NK) cells to the tumor-associated cell surface antigen HER2 to enhance their cytotoxic anti-tumor activity. Tribody [(HER2)2xCD16] comprises two HER2-specific single chain fragment variable fused to a fragment antigen binding directed to the CD16 (FcγRIII) antigen expressed on γδ T cells and NK cells. Our results revealed the superiority of tribody [(HER2)2xCD16] compared to trastuzumab in triggering γδ T cell and NK cell-mediated lysis of HER2-expressing tumor cells, such as PDAC, breast cancer, and autologous primary ovarian tumors. The increased efficacy of [(HER2)2xCD16] can be explained by an enhanced degranulation of immune cells. Although CD16 expression was decreased on γδ T cells in several PDAC patients and the number of tumor-infiltrating NK cells and γδ T cells was impaired in ovarian cancer patients, [(HER2)2xCD16] selectively enhanced cytotoxicity of cells from these patients. Here, unique anti-tumor properties of tribody [(HER2)2xCD16] are identified which beyond addressing HER2 overexpressing solid tumors may allow to treat with similar immunoconstructs combined with the adoptive transfer of γδ T cells and NK cells refractory hematological malignancies. A major advantage of γδ T cells and NK cells in the transplant situation of refractory hematological malignancies is given by their HLA-independent killing and a reduced graft-versus-host disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Oberg
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Christian-Albrechts University (CAU) of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Kellner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Christian-Albrechts University (CAU) of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniel Gonnermann
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Christian-Albrechts University (CAU) of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanne Sebens
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Christian-Albrechts University (CAU) of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dirk Bauerschlag
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Christian-Albrechts University (CAU) of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Gramatzki
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Christian-Albrechts University (CAU) of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Christian-Albrechts University (CAU) of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Christian-Albrechts University (CAU) of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Christian-Albrechts University (CAU) of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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33
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Li W, Song X, Yu H, Zhang M, Li F, Cao C, Jiang Q. Dendritic cell-based cancer immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer. Arab J Gastroenterol 2018. [PMID: 29526540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a lethal disease and remains one of the most resistant cancers to traditional therapies. New therapeutic modalities are urgently needed, particularly immunotherapy, which has shown promise in numerous animal model studies. Dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy has been used in clinical trials for various cancers, including PC, because DCs are the most potent antigen-presenting cell (APC), which are capable of priming naive T cells and stimulating memory T cells to generate antigen-specific responses. In this paper, we review the preclinical and clinical efforts towards the application of DCs for PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Laboratory of Nuclear and Radiation Damage, The General Hospital of The PLA Rocket Force, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Xiujun Song
- Laboratory of Nuclear and Radiation Damage, The General Hospital of The PLA Rocket Force, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Huijie Yu
- Laboratory of Nuclear and Radiation Damage, The General Hospital of The PLA Rocket Force, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Manze Zhang
- Laboratory of Nuclear and Radiation Damage, The General Hospital of The PLA Rocket Force, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Fengsheng Li
- Laboratory of Nuclear and Radiation Damage, The General Hospital of The PLA Rocket Force, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Cheng Cao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Qisheng Jiang
- Laboratory of Nuclear and Radiation Damage, The General Hospital of The PLA Rocket Force, Beijing 100088, China.
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34
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Key roles of necroptotic factors in promoting tumor growth. Oncotarget 2017; 7:22219-33. [PMID: 26959742 PMCID: PMC5008357 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Necroptotic factors are generally assumed to play a positive role in tumor therapy by eliminating damaged tumor cells. Here we show that, contrary to expectation, necroptotic factors RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL promote tumor growth. We demonstrate that genetic knockout of necroptotic genes RIPK1, RIPK3, or MLKL in cancer cells significantly attenuated their abilities to grow in an anchorage-independent manner. In addition, they exhibited significantly enhanced radiosensitivity. The knockout cells also showed greatly reduced ability to form tumors in mice. Moreover, necrosulfonamide (NSA), a previously identified chemical inhibitor of necroptosis, could significantly delay tumor growth in a xenograft model. Mechanistically, we show that necroptoic factors play a significant role in maintaining the activity of NF-κB. Finally, we found that high levels of phosphorylated MLKL in human esophageal and colon cancers are associated with poor overall survival. Taken together, we conclude that pro-necroptic factors such as RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL may play a role in supporting tumor growth, and MLKL may be a promising target for cancer treatment.
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35
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Kim SL, Lee ST, Min IS, Park YR, Lee JH, Kim DG, Kim SW. Lipocalin 2 negatively regulates cell proliferation and epithelial to mesenchymal transition through changing metabolic gene expression in colorectal cancer. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:2176-2186. [PMID: 28859238 PMCID: PMC5666039 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (LCN2), a member of the lipocalin superfamily, plays an important role in oncogenesis and progression in various types of cancer. However, the expression pattern and functional role of LCN2 in colorectal cancer (CRC) is still poorly understood. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether LCN2 is associated with proliferation and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in CRC and to elucidate the underlying signaling pathways. LCN2 was preferentially expressed in CRC cells compared to normal tissues. However, LCN2 expression was significantly lower in metastatic or advanced-stage CRC than in non-metastatic or early stage CRC. Knockdown of LCN2 using small interfering RNA (siRNA) in CRC cells expressing a high level of LCN2 induced cell proliferation and a morphological switch from an epithelial to mesenchymal state. Furthermore, downregulation of LCN2 in CRC cells increased cell migration and invasion involved in the regulation of EMT markers. Knockdown of LCN2 also induced glucose consumption and lactate production, accompanied by an increase in energy metabolism-related genes. Taken together, our findings indicated that LCN2 negatively modulated proliferation, EMT and energy metabolism in CRC cells. Accordingly, LCN2 may be a candidate metastasis suppressor and potential therapeutic target in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Lim Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Soo Teik Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - In Suk Min
- Department of Internal Medicine Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Young Ran Park
- Department of Internal Medicine Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Ju Hyung Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Dae-Ghon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
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36
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De Marco C, Laudanna C, Rinaldo N, Oliveira DM, Ravo M, Weisz A, Ceccarelli M, Caira E, Rizzuto A, Zoppoli P, Malanga D, Viglietto G. Specific gene expression signatures induced by the multiple oncogenic alterations that occur within the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway in lung cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178865. [PMID: 28662101 PMCID: PMC5491004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperactivation of the phosphatydil-inositol-3' phosphate kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway is observed in most NSCLCs, promoting proliferation, migration, invasion and resistance to therapy. AKT can be activated through several mechanisms that include loss of the negative regulator PTEN, activating mutations of the catalytic subunit of PI3K (PIK3CA) and/or mutations of AKT1 itself. However, number and identity of downstream targets of activated PI3K/AKT pathway are poorly defined. To identify the genes that are targets of constitutive PI3K/AKT signalling in lung cancer cells, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis of human lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) expressing active mutant AKT1 (AKT1-E17K), active mutant PIK3CA (PIK3CA-E545K) or that are silenced for PTEN. We found that, altogether, aberrant PI3K/AKT signalling in lung epithelial cells regulated the expression of 1,960/20,436 genes (9%), though only 30 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (15 up-regulated, 12 down-regulated and 3 discordant) out of 20,436 that were common among BEAS-AKT1-E17K, BEAS-PIK3CA-E545K and BEAS-shPTEN cells (0.1%). Conversely, DEGs specific for mutant AKT1 were 133 (85 up-regulated; 48 down-regulated), DEGs specific for mutant PIK3CA were 502 (280 up-regulated; 222 down-regulated) and DEGs specific for PTEN loss were 1549 (799 up-regulated, 750 down-regulated). The results obtained from array analysis were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR on selected up- and down-regulated genes (n = 10). Treatment of BEAS-C cells and the corresponding derivatives with pharmacological inhibitors of AKT (MK2206) or PI3K (LY294002) further validated the significance of our findings. Moreover, mRNA expression of selected DEGs (SGK1, IGFBP3, PEG10, GDF15, PTGES, S100P, respectively) correlated with the activation status of the PI3K/AKT pathway assessed by S473 phosphorylation in NSCLC cell lines (n = 6). Finally, we made use of Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) to investigate the relevant BioFunctions enriched by the costitutive activation of AKT1-, PI3K- or PTEN-dependent signalling in lung epithelial cells. Expectedly, the analysis of the DEGs common to all three alterations highlighted a group of BioFunctions that included Cell Proliferation of tumor cell lines (14 DEGs), Invasion of cells (10 DEGs) and Migration of tumour cell lines (10 DEGs), with a common core of 5 genes (ATF3, CDKN1A, GDF15, HBEGF and LCN2) that likely represent downstream effectors of the pro-oncogenic activities of PI3K/AKT signalling. Conversely, IPA analysis of exclusive DEGs led to the identification of different downstream effectors that are modulated by mutant AKT1 (TGFBR2, CTSZ, EMP1), mutant PIK3CA (CCND2, CDK2, IGFBP2, TRIB1) and PTEN loss (ASNS, FHL2). These findings not only shed light on the molecular mechanisms that are activated by aberrant signalling through the PI3K/AKT pathway in lung epithelial cells, but also contribute to the identification of previously unrecognised molecules whose regulation takes part in the development of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela De Marco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italia
| | - Carmelo Laudanna
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italia
| | - Nicola Rinaldo
- Biogem scarl, Instituto di Rihe Genetiche "Gaetano Salvatore", Ariano Irpino, Italia
| | - Duarte Mendes Oliveira
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italia
| | - Maria Ravo
- Laboratorio di Medicina Molecolare e Genomica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Salerno, Baronissi, Italia
| | - Alessandro Weisz
- Laboratorio di Medicina Molecolare e Genomica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Salerno, Baronissi, Italia
| | - Michele Ceccarelli
- Dipartimento di Studi Biologici e Ambientali, Università del Sannio, Benevento, Italia
| | - Elvira Caira
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italia
| | - Antonia Rizzuto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italia
| | - Pietro Zoppoli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italia
| | - Donatella Malanga
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italia
| | - Giuseppe Viglietto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italia.,Biogem scarl, Instituto di Rihe Genetiche "Gaetano Salvatore", Ariano Irpino, Italia
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Gomez-Chou SB, Swidnicka-Siergiejko AK, Badi N, Chavez-Tomar M, Lesinski GB, Bekaii-Saab T, Farren MR, Mace TA, Schmidt C, Liu Y, Deng D, Hwang RF, Zhou L, Moore T, Chatterjee D, Wang H, Leng X, Arlinghaus RB, Logsdon CD, Cruz-Monserrate Z. Lipocalin-2 Promotes Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma by Regulating Inflammation in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancer Res 2017; 77:2647-2660. [PMID: 28249896 PMCID: PMC5441230 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) promotes malignant development in many cancer types. LCN2 is upregulated in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and in obese individuals, but whether it contributes to PDAC development is unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of Lcn2 depletion on diet-induced obesity, inflammation, and PDAC development. Mice with acinar cell-specific expression of KrasG12D were crossed with Lcn2-depleted animals and fed isocaloric diets with varying amounts of fat content. Pancreas were collected and analyzed for inflammation, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), and PDAC. We also used a syngeneic orthotopic PDAC mouse model to study tumor growth in the presence or absence of Lcn2 expression. In addition, to understand the mechanistic role of how LCN2 could be mediating PDAC, we studied LCN2 and its specific receptor solute carrier family 22 member 17 (SLC22A17) in human pancreatic cancer stellate cells (PSC), key mediators of the PDAC stroma. Depletion of Lcn2 diminished extracellular matrix deposition, immune cell infiltration, PanIN formation, and tumor growth. Notably, it also increased survival in both obesity-driven and syngeneic orthotopic PDAC mouse models. LCN2 modulated the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in PSC of the PDAC tumor microenvironment, whereas downregulation of LCN2-specific receptor SLC22A17 blocked these effects. Our results reveal how LCN2 acts in the tumor microenvironment links obesity, inflammation, and PDAC development. Cancer Res; 77(10); 2647-60. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobeyda B Gomez-Chou
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Agnieszka Katarzyna Swidnicka-Siergiejko
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Niharika Badi
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Myrriah Chavez-Tomar
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gregory B Lesinski
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tanios Bekaii-Saab
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Matthew R Farren
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Thomas A Mace
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Carl Schmidt
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Defeng Deng
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rosa F Hwang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Liran Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Todd Moore
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Deyali Chatterjee
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Huamin Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaohong Leng
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ralph B Arlinghaus
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Craig D Logsdon
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Feng M, Feng J, Chen W, Wang W, Wu X, Zhang J, Xu F, Lai M. Lipocalin2 suppresses metastasis of colorectal cancer by attenuating NF-κB-dependent activation of snail and epithelial mesenchymal transition. Mol Cancer 2016; 15:77. [PMID: 27912767 PMCID: PMC5135816 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0564-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lipocalin2 (LCN2) is a secretory protein that is aberrantly expressed in several types of cancer and has been involved in metastatic progression. However, neither mechanisms nor the role that LCN2 plays in the metastasis of colorectal cancer are clear. Methods LCN2 expression in colorectal cancer was detected by immunohistochemistry in 400 tissue specimens and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed. In vitro, real-time PCR, western blot, colony formation assay, immunofluorescence assay, wound healing assay, migration and invasion experiment were performed to investigate the effects of LCN2 in epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration and invasion, respectively. In vivo mouse xenograft and metastasis models were utilized to determine tumorigenicity and metastasis ability, and immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR, western blot were used to evaluate the related protein expression. Luciferase reporter assay was used to explore the role of LCN2 on NF-ĸB promoter. Results LCN2 was highly expressed in 66.5% of the specimens, and significantly correlated with positive E-cadherin in the membrane and negative nuclear β-catenin. Higher expression of LCN2 together with negative NF-κB expression was negatively related to nuclear accumulation of snail and predicted favorable prognosis. LCN2 blocked cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro and in vivo, and inhibited translocation of NF-κB into nucleus. NF-κB could reverse the effect of LCN2 on EMT and promote snail expression. Rescued snail expression had similar effect without influencing NF-κB activity. Conclusion LCN2 may be an important negative regulator in EMT, invasion and metastasis of CRC via acting as upstream of NF-κB/snail signaling pathway. Thereby combinative manipulation of LCN2 and NF-κB/snail pathway may represent a novel and promising therapeutic approach for the patients with CRC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-016-0564-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meibao Feng
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jieqiong Feng
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wuzhen Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wubin Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuesong Wu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangying Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China. .,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Maode Lai
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China. .,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Hart PA, Bellin MD, Andersen DK, Bradley D, Cruz-Monserrate Z, Forsmark CE, Goodarzi MO, Habtezion A, Korc M, Kudva YC, Pandol SJ, Yadav D, Chari ST. Type 3c (pancreatogenic) diabetes mellitus secondary to chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 1:226-237. [PMID: 28404095 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(16)30106-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases defined by persistent hyperglycaemia. Type 2 diabetes, the most prevalent form, is characterised initially by impaired insulin sensitivity and subsequently by an inadequate compensatory insulin response. Diabetes can also develop as a direct consequence of other diseases, including diseases of the exocrine pancreas. Historically, diabetes due to diseases of the exocrine pancreas was described as pancreatogenic or pancreatogenous diabetes mellitus, but recent literature refers to it as type 3c diabetes. It is important to note that type 3c diabetes is not a single entity; it occurs because of a variety of exocrine pancreatic diseases with varying mechanisms of hyperglycaemia. The most commonly identified causes of type 3c diabetes are chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, haemochromatosis, cystic fibrosis, and previous pancreatic surgery. In this Review, we discuss the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical relevance of type 3c diabetes secondary to chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and highlight several important knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil A Hart
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Melena D Bellin
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dana K Andersen
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Bradley
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christopher E Forsmark
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mark O Goodarzi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aida Habtezion
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Murray Korc
- Departments of Medicine, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Pancreatic Cancer Signature Center, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yogish C Kudva
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dhiraj Yadav
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Suresh T Chari
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Hamada S, Masamune A, Yoshida N, Takikawa T, Shimosegawa T. IL-6/STAT3 Plays a Regulatory Role in the Interaction Between Pancreatic Stellate Cells and Cancer Cells. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:1561-71. [PMID: 26738736 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-4001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) play a pivotal role in pancreatic fibrosis, a characteristic feature of pancreatic cancer. Although it is still controversial, previous studies have suggested that PSCs promote the progression of pancreatic cancer by regulating the cell functions of cancer cells. PSCs produce large amounts of IL-6, which promotes the accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells via a signal transducers and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)-dependent mechanism. But the role of IL-6/STAT3 pathway in the interaction between PSCs and pancreatic cancer cells remains largely unknown. AIMS To clarify the role of IL-6/STAT3 in the interaction between PSCs and cancer cells. METHODS Human pancreatic cancer cells (Panc-1 and SUIT-2 cells) were treated with conditioned medium of immortalized human PSCs (PSC-CM). The effects of PSC-CM and IL-6 neutralization on the mRNA expression profiles were examined using Agilent's microarray. Activation of STAT3 was assessed by Western blotting using an anti-phospho-specific antibody. Cellular migration was examined by a two-chamber assay. The expression of markers related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was assessed by real-time reverse transcription PCR. RESULTS PSC-CM induced the activation of STAT3 in pancreatic cancer cells. Neutralization of IL-6 suppressed the PSC-CM-induced upregulation of genes including complement factor B, lipocalin, and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20. Inhibition of IL-6/STAT3 pathway by anti-IL-6 antibody or a STAT3 inhibitor (NSC74859) inhibited the PSC-CM-induced migration and the expression of EMT-related markers (Snail and cadherin-2) in pancreatic cancer cells. CONCLUSION IL-6/STAT3 pathway regulates the PSC-induced EMT and alterations in gene expression in pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Hamada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Atsushi Masamune
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Naoki Yoshida
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takikawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Tooru Shimosegawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
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Miyamoto T, Kashima H, Yamada Y, Kobara H, Asaka R, Ando H, Higuchi S, Ida K, Mvunta DH, Shiozawa T. Lipocalin 2 Enhances Migration and Resistance against Cisplatin in Endometrial Carcinoma Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155220. [PMID: 27168162 PMCID: PMC4864227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is a secretory protein that is involved in various physiological processes including iron transport. We previously identified LCN2 as an up-regulated gene in endometrial carcinoma, and found that the overexpression of LCN2 and its receptor, SLC22A17, was associated with a poor prognosis. However, the functions and mechanism of action of LCN2 currently remain unclear. METHODS The LCN2-overexpressing endometrial carcinoma cell lines, HHUA and RL95-2, and LCN2-low-expressing one, HEC1B, were used. The effects of LCN2 on cell migration, cell viability, and apoptosis under various stresses, including ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and cisplatin treatment, were examined using the scratch wound healing assay, WST-1 assay, and Apostrand assay, respectively. RESULTS LCN2-silencing using shRNA method significantly reduced the migration ability of cells (p<0.05). Cytotoxic stresses significantly decreased the viability of LCN2-silenced cells more than that of control cells. In contrast, LCN2 overexpression was significantly increased cisplatin resistance. These effects were canceled by the addition of the iron chelator, deferoxamine. After UV irradiation, the expression of phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) was decreased in LCN2-silenced cells, and the PI3K inhibitor canceled the difference induced in UV sensitivity by LCN2. The cisplatin-induced expression of pAkt was not affected by LCN2; however, the expression of p53 and p21 was increased by LCN2-silencing. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that LCN2 was involved in the migration and survival of endometrial carcinoma cells under various stresses in an iron-dependent manner. The survival function of LCN2 may be exerted through the PI3K pathway and suppression of the p53-p21 pathway. These functions of LCN2 may increase the malignant potential of endometrial carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Miyamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390–8621, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hiroyasu Kashima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390–8621, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390–8621, Japan
| | - Hisanori Kobara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390–8621, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Asaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390–8621, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Ando
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390–8621, Japan
| | - Shotaro Higuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390–8621, Japan
| | - Koichi Ida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390–8621, Japan
| | - David Hamisi Mvunta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390–8621, Japan
| | - Tanri Shiozawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390–8621, Japan
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Mongre RK, Sodhi SS, Sharma N, Ghosh M, Kim JH, Kim N, Park YH, Shin YG, Kim SJ, Jiao ZJ, Huynh DL, Jeong DK. Epigenetic induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition by LCN2 mediates metastasis and tumorigenesis, which is abrogated by NF-κB inhibitor BRM270 in a xenograft model of lung adenocarcinoma. Int J Oncol 2015; 48:84-98. [PMID: 26573874 PMCID: PMC4734607 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor initiating cancer stem-like cells (TICSCs) have recently become the object of intensive study. Human-Lipocalin-2 (hLCN2) acts as a biomarker for cancers. The aim of the present study was to explore new insights regarding the potential role of LCN2 in inducing epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) by transfecting LCN2 into CD133+-A549-TICSCs and its cross-talk with the NF-κB signaling pathway in adenocarcinoma of the lung. Furthermore, EMT was confirmed by transcriptomic analysis, immunoblotting and immunocyto/histochemical analyses. Tumorigenesis and metastasis were confirmed by molecular therapeutics tracer 2DG infrared optical probe in BALB/cSIc-nude mice. It was observed that the CD133+-expressing-LCN2-A549 TICSCs population increased in adenocarcinoma of the lung compared to the normal lung tissue. The expressions of genes involved in stemness, adhesion, motility and drug efflux was higher in these cells than in their non-LCN2 expressing counterparts. The present study revealed that elevated expression of LCN2 significantly induced metastasis via EMT. Overexpression of LCN2 significantly increased stemness and tumor metastasis by modulating NF-κB cellular signaling. BRM270, a novel inhibitor of NF-κB plays a significant role in the EMT reversal. BRM270, a naturaceutical induces cell shrinkage, karyorrhexis and programmed cell death (PCD) which were observed by Hoechst 33342 staining while flow cytometry analysis showed significant (P<0.05) decrease in cell population from G0-G1 phases. Also, 2DG guided in vivo model revealed that BRRM270 significantly (P<0.0003) reduced tumor metastasis and increased percent survival in real-time with complete resection. An elaborate study on the novel concept with respect to linking of naturaceutics as selective and potential anticancer agent that eliminates the elevated LCN2 induced EMT and tumor dissemination through cooperation with the NF-κB signaling as the baseline data for the planning of new therapeutic strategies was conducted for the first time. Our results also illustrate a molecular mechanistic approach for 2DG-guided molecular imaging-based cancer therapy using BRM270 as a novel cancer therapeutic drug to enhance the effect of doxorubicin (Dox)-resistant LCN2 induced metastasis of solid tumors in nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Mongre
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Simrinder Singh Sodhi
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Neelesh Sharma
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, R.S. Pura, Jammu, India
| | - Mrinmoy Ghosh
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Kim
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Nameun Kim
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Sung Jin Kim
- CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhang Jiao Jiao
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Luong Huynh
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kee Jeong
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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Ippolito DL, AbdulHameed MDM, Tawa GJ, Baer CE, Permenter MG, McDyre BC, Dennis WE, Boyle MH, Hobbs CA, Streicker MA, Snowden BS, Lewis JA, Wallqvist A, Stallings JD. Gene Expression Patterns Associated With Histopathology in Toxic Liver Fibrosis. Toxicol Sci 2015; 149:67-88. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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44
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Diverse functional roles of lipocalin-2 in the central nervous system. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 49:135-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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45
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Zhang Y, Luo HY, Liu GL, Wang DS, Wang ZQ, Zeng ZL, Xu RH. Prognostic significance and therapeutic implications of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ overexpression in human pancreatic carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:175-84. [PMID: 25333644 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor which has been implicated in carcinogenesis and angiogenesis in a wide range of cancers, including pancreatic carcinoma (PC). We aimed to characterize the prognosis and potential therapeutic implications of PPARγ in PC. Real-time RT-PCR and western blotting were used to quantify PPARγ expression in immortalized pancreatic epithelial cells, PC cell lines and freshly isolated matched tumor and non-tumor tissues. PPARγ protein expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in archived tumor tissues from 101 PC patients. Furthermore, the effect of PPARγ on the cytotoxic action of gemcitabine (Gem) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in PC cell lines was investigated in vitro using RNA interference techniques. Both PPARγ protein and mRNA were expressed at markedly higher levels in all of the PC cell lines and freshly isolated PC tissues, compared to normal immortalized pancreatic epithelial cells and the matched adjacent non-tumor tissues. High levels of PPARγ expression correlated significantly with tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging (P<0.001) and poor overall survival (P<0.001), especially in patients with advanced disease who received postoperative chemotherapy. While silencing of PPARγ significantly inhibit the cytotoxic effects of both gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil in PC cells in vitro. This study suggests that high levels of PPARγ expression are associated with poor overall survival in PC. Additionally, PPARγ promotes chemoresistance in PC cells, indicating that PPARγ may represent a novel therapeutic target for PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Yan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Lin Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou 510120, P.R. China
| | - De-Shen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Lei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
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46
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Zhang C, Zhang F. Iron homeostasis and tumorigenesis: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Protein Cell 2014; 6:88-100. [PMID: 25476483 PMCID: PMC4312762 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess iron is tightly associated with tumorigenesis in multiple human cancer types through a variety of mechanisms including catalyzing the formation of mutagenic hydroxyl radicals, regulating DNA replication, repair and cell cycle progression, affecting signal transduction in cancer cells, and acting as an essential nutrient for proliferating tumor cells. Thus, multiple therapeutic strategies based on iron deprivation have been developed in cancer therapy. During the past few years, our understanding of genetic association and molecular mechanisms between iron and tumorigenesis has expanded enormously. In this review, we briefly summarize iron homeostasis in mammals, and discuss recent progresses in understanding the aberrant iron metabolism in numerous cancer types, with a focus on studies revealing altered signal transduction in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiguo Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA,
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47
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Kao TH, Peng YJ, Salter DM, Lee HS. Nerve growth factor increases MMP9 activity in annulus fibrosus cells by upregulating lipocalin 2 expression. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2014; 24:1959-68. [PMID: 25412834 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-014-3675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nerve growth factor (NGF) expression and activity is important in chronic lower back pain but may also act as a pro-catabolic factor in the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) expression in IVD was upregulated by NGF stimulation in our previous study. The current study was undertaken to identify potential mechanisms of the latter effect including potential interactions between Lcn2 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9). METHODS Rat annulus fibrosus (AF) cells were stimulated by NGF and subjected to microarray analysis, subsequent real-time PCR, western immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence. Cells were treated with NGF in the absence or presence of the NGF inhibitor Ro 08-2750. Zymography and functional MMP9 assays were used to determine MMP9 activity, whilst the dimethyl-methylene blue assay was used to quantify the release of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) reflecting catabolic effects following NGF treatment. Immunoprecipitation with immunoblotting was used to identify interactions between MMP9 and Lcn2. RESULTS Increased expression of Lcn2 gene and protein following NGF stimulation was confirmed by microarray analysis, real-time PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence. Zymography showed that NGF enhanced 125-kDa gelatinase activity, identified as a Lcn2/MMP9 complex by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. Functional assays showed increased MMP9 activity and GAG release in the presence of NGF. The effects of NGF were neutralized by the presence of Ro 08-2750. CONCLUSIONS NGF upregulates Lcn2 expression and increases MMP9 activity in AF cells; processes which are likely to potentiate degeneration of AF tissue in vivo. Anti-NGF treatment may have benefit for management of pain relief and slowing down progression of AF tissue degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Hsien Kao
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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48
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Lippi G, Meschi T, Nouvenne A, Mattiuzzi C, Borghi L. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in cancer. Adv Clin Chem 2014; 64:179-219. [PMID: 24938019 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800263-6.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), also known as lipocalin-2, is a 178-amino acid protein which exists in three molecular forms, including a 25-kDa monomer, a 45-kDa homodimer, and a 135-kDa heterodimer complexed with matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). Polymorphonuclear neutrophils and tubular cells of the kidney are the most representative cellular sources. As such, NGAL is now considered the biochemical gold standard for early diagnosis of acute kidney injury. Recent evidence suggests, however, that ectopic or enhanced expression of NGAL may occur in many other pathologic conditions including cancer. Several epidemiologic studies, as reviewed in this chapter, showed that a variety of malignant tumors consistently overexpressed NGAL with increased concentration in blood, urine, and other biologic fluids. In addition, NGAL was frequently associated with tumor size, stage, and invasiveness. These features thus make it a potential biomarker for malignancy. A number of experimental studies also demonstrated that the ability to bind MMP-9, to scavenge iron into cancer cells along with the effect on subcellular localization of transmembrane proteins such as cadherins and catenins, confers this protein the potential to enhance can cer aggressiveness and makes it an appealing target of future anticancer research.
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Oberg HH, Peipp M, Kellner C, Sebens S, Krause S, Petrick D, Adam-Klages S, Röcken C, Becker T, Vogel I, Weisner D, Freitag-Wolf S, Gramatzki M, Kabelitz D, Wesch D. Novel bispecific antibodies increase γδ T-cell cytotoxicity against pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Res 2014; 74:1349-60. [PMID: 24448235 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability of human γδ T cells from healthy donors to kill pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in vitro and in vivo in immunocompromised mice requires the addition of γδ T-cell-stimulating antigens. In this study, we demonstrate that γδ T cells isolated from patients with PDAC tumor infiltrates lyse pancreatic tumor cells after selective stimulation with phosphorylated antigens. We determined the absolute numbers of γδ T-cell subsets in patient whole blood and applied a real-time cell analyzer to measure their cytotoxic effector function over prolonged time periods. Because phosphorylated antigens did not optimally enhance γδ T-cell cytotoxicity, we designed bispecific antibodies that bind CD3 or Vγ9 on γδ T cells and Her2/neu (ERBB2) expressed by pancreatic tumor cells. Both antibodies enhanced γδ T-cell cytotoxicity with the Her2/Vγ9 antibody also selectively enhancing release of granzyme B and perforin. Supporting these observations, adoptive transfer of γδ T cells with the Her2/Vγ9 antibody reduced growth of pancreatic tumors grafted into SCID-Beige immunocompromised mice. Taken together, our results show how bispecific antibodies that selectively recruit γδ T cells to tumor antigens expressed by cancer cells illustrate the tractable use of endogenous γδ T cells for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Heinrich Oberg
- Authors' Affiliations: Institute of Immunology; Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy; Institute for Experimental Medicine; Institute of Pathology; Clinic of General and Thoracic Surgery; Institute for Medical Informatics and Statistic, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel; Municipal Hospital, Department of Surgery; and Clinic of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Kiel, Germany
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Leung L, Radulovich N, Zhu CQ, Wang D, To C, Ibrahimov E, Tsao MS. Loss of canonical Smad4 signaling promotes KRAS driven malignant transformation of human pancreatic duct epithelial cells and metastasis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84366. [PMID: 24386371 PMCID: PMC3873993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth most common cause of cancer death in North America. Activating KRAS mutations and Smad4 loss occur in approximately 90% and 55% of PDAC, respectively. While their roles in the early stages of PDAC development have been confirmed in genetically modified mouse models, their roles in the multistep malignant transformation of human pancreatic duct cells have not been directly demonstrated. Here, we report that Smad4 represents a barrier in KRAS-mediated malignant transformation of the near normal immortalized human pancreatic duct epithelial (HPDE) cell line model. Marked Smad4 downregulation by shRNA in KRASG12V expressing HPDE cells failed to cause tumorigenic transformation. However, KRAS-mediated malignant transformation occurred in a new HPDE-TGF-β resistant (TβR) cell line that completely lacks Smad4 protein expression and is resistant to the mito-inhibitory activity of TGF-β. This transformation resulted in tumor formation and development of metastatic phenotype when the cells were implanted orthotopically into the mouse pancreas. Smad4 restoration re-established TGF-β sensitivity, markedly increased tumor latency by promoting apoptosis, and decreased metastatic potential. These results directly establish the critical combination of the KRAS oncogene and complete Smad4 inactivation in the multi-stage malignant transformation and metastatic progression of normal human HPDE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Leung
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nikolina Radulovich
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chang-Qi Zhu
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dennis Wang
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine To
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emin Ibrahimov
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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