1
|
Miao X, Wu X, You W, He K, Chen C, Pathak JL, Zhang Q. Tailoring of apoptotic bodies for diagnostic and therapeutic applications:advances, challenges, and prospects. J Transl Med 2024; 22:810. [PMID: 39218900 PMCID: PMC11367938 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05451-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic bodies (ABs) are extracellular vesicles released during apoptosis and possess diverse biological activities. Initially, ABs were regarded as garbage bags with the main function of apoptotic cell clearance. Recent research has found that ABs carry and deliver various biological agents and are taken by surrounding and distant cells, affecting cell functions and behavior. ABs-mediated intercellular communications are involved in various physiological processes including anti-inflammation and tissue regeneration as well as the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration, and inflammatory diseases. ABs in biological fluids can be used as a window of altered cellular and tissue states which can be applied in the diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases. The structural and constituent versatility of ABs provides flexibility for tailoring ABs according to disease diagnostic and therapeutic needs. An in-depth understanding of ABs' constituents and biological functions is mandatory for the effective tailoring of ABs including modification of bio membrane and cargo constituents. ABs' tailoring approaches including physical, chemical, biological, and genetic have been proposed for bench-to-bed translation in disease diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. This review summarizes the updates on ABs tailoring approaches, discusses the existing challenges, and speculates the prospects for effective diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Miao
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Xiaojin Wu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Wenran You
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Kaini He
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Changzhong Chen
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Janak Lal Pathak
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China.
| | - Qing Zhang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China.
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Arvia R, Stincarelli MA, Manaresi E, Gallinella G, Zakrzewska K. Parvovirus B19 in Rheumatic Diseases. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1708. [PMID: 39203550 PMCID: PMC11357344 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12081708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a human pathogen belonging to the Parvoviridae family. It is widely diffused in the population and responsible for a wide range of diseases, diverse in pathogenetic mechanisms, clinical course, and severity. B19V infects and replicates in erythroid progenitor cells (EPCs) in the bone marrow leading to their apoptosis. Moreover, it can also infect, in an abortive manner, a wide set of different cell types, normally non-permissive, and modify their normal physiology. Differences in the characteristics of virus-cell interaction may translate into different pathogenetic mechanisms and clinical outcomes. Joint involvement is a typical manifestation of B19V infection in adults. Moreover, several reports suggest, that B19V could be involved in the pathogenesis of some autoimmune rheumatologic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), systemic sclerosis (SSc), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), or vasculitis. This review provides basic information on the B19 virus, highlights characteristics of viral infection in permissive and non-permissive systems, and focuses on recent findings concerning the pathogenic role of B19V in rheumatologic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Arvia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (M.A.S.); (K.Z.)
| | - Maria A. Stincarelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (M.A.S.); (K.Z.)
| | - Elisabetta Manaresi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (E.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Giorgio Gallinella
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (E.M.); (G.G.)
- S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital—Microbiology, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Krystyna Zakrzewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (M.A.S.); (K.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sabahi MM, Mosadegh M, Kazemi A, Amini R, Mahmoudvand S, Hedayat Yaghoubi M, Maleki MM, Sanaei Z, Azizi Jalilian F. Parvovirus B19 and Parvovirus 4 infections among healthy blood donors; A prevalence report from Iran. IDCases 2024; 37:e02055. [PMID: 39220424 PMCID: PMC11364128 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2024.e02055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Parvoviruses, characterized by their tropism for blood cells, can manifest as asymptomatic infections. With their ability to persist in blood, assessing the prevalence of Parvovirus B19 (B19V) and Parvovirus 4 (PARV4) among healthy blood donors is essential for evaluating the potential transmission risks through blood transfusions, emphasizing the need for comprehensive screening protocols. Methods Four hundred blood donors participated in the study, with their blood specimens subjected to Real-Time PCR analysis for B19V and PARV4 nucleic acids after obtaining informed consent. Additionally, Complete Blood Count (CBC) assessments and determination of anti-B19 V-IgM and anti-B19 V-IgG antibody titers were performed using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for all collected samples. Results The results reveal that 12 out of 400 individuals (3 %) exhibited positive results for B19V DNA, while 6 out of 400 individuals (1.5 %) tested positive for PARV4 DNA. Additionally, 8 out of 400 individuals (2 %) displayed positive results for anti-B19V IgM, and 306 out of 400 individuals (76.5 %) exhibited positive results for anti-B19 IgG. Notably, one donation from a donor presenting anti-IgM antibodies was subsequently confirmed as B19V DNA-positive through Real-Time PCR. In the analysis of CBC, a significant disparity in platelet levels was observed between B19V-positive donors, PARV4-positive donors, and B19V-negative donors. Conclusions The study suggests that individuals at high risk, lacking detectable B19V antibodies, should undergo systematic screening and exclusion. This precaution is intended to minimize potential contamination risks within the studied cohort, despite the undefined pathogenesis and clinical implications of PARV4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehdi Sabahi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Pauline Braathen Neurological Center, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, FL, USA
| | - Mehrdad Mosadegh
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Azin Kazemi
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Razieh Amini
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Shahab Mahmoudvand
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mojtaba Hedayat Yaghoubi
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Alborz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mohammad Masoud Maleki
- Molecular Diagnosis Department, Farzan Molecular and Pathobiology Laboratory, Hamadan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Zahra Sanaei
- Department of Community Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Science, Hamadan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Farid Azizi Jalilian
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Islamic Republic of Iran
- Molecular Diagnosis Department, Farzan Molecular and Pathobiology Laboratory, Hamadan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
LaVergne SM, Dutt TS, McFann K, Baxter BA, Webb TL, Berry K, Tipton M, Stromberg S, Sullivan BM, Dunn J, Henao-Tamayo M, Ryan EP. Persistent CD8 + T cell proliferation and activation in COVID-19 adult survivors with post-acute sequelae: a longitudinal, observational cohort study of persistent symptoms and T cell markers. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1303971. [PMID: 38327763 PMCID: PMC10848319 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1303971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 affects the quality of life of many COVID-19 survivors, yet the etiology of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 remains unknown. We aimed to determine if persistent inflammation and ongoing T-cell activation during convalescence were a contributing factor to the pathogenesis of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Methods We evaluated 67 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 by nasopharyngeal polymerase chain reaction for persistent symptoms during convalescence at separate time points occurring up to 180 days post-diagnosis. Fifty-two of these individuals were evaluated longitudinally. We obtained whole blood samples at each study visit, isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and stained for multiple T cell activation markers for flow cytometry analysis. The activation states of participants' CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells were next analyzed for each of the persistent symptoms. Results Overall, we found that participants with persistent symptoms had significantly higher levels of inflammation at multiple time points during convalescence when compared to those who fully recovered from COVID-19. Participants with persistent dyspnea, forgetfulness, confusion, and chest pain had significantly higher levels of proliferating effector T-cells (CD8+Ki67+), and those with chest pain, joint pain, difficulty concentrating, and forgetfulness had higher levels of regulatory T-cells (CD4+CD25+). Additionally, those with dyspnea had significantly higher levels of CD8+CD38+, CD8+ Granzyme B+, and CD8+IL10+ cells. A retrospective comparison of acute phase inflammatory markers in adults with and without post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 showed that CD8+Ki67+ cells were significantly higher at the time of acute illness (up to 14 days post-diagnosis) in those who developed persistent dyspnea. Discussion These findings suggest continued CD8+ T-cell activation following SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults experiencing post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 and that the increase in T regulatory cells for a subset of these patients represents the ongoing attempt by the host to reduce inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. LaVergne
- Department of Environmental Radiological and Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Taru S. Dutt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Kim McFann
- University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland, CO, United States
| | - Bridget A. Baxter
- Department of Environmental Radiological and Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Tracy L. Webb
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Kailey Berry
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Neurosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Maddy Tipton
- Department of Environmental Radiological and Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Sophia Stromberg
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Brian M. Sullivan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Julie Dunn
- University of Colorado Health, Medical Center of the Rockies, Loveland, CO, United States
| | - Marcela Henao-Tamayo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Elizabeth P. Ryan
- Department of Environmental Radiological and Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bryson TD, Harding P. Prostaglandin E 2 and myocarditis; friend or foe? Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 217:115813. [PMID: 37722627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
This review article summarizes the role of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and its receptors (EP1-EP4) as it relates to the inflammatory cardiomyopathy, myocarditis. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the onset of myocarditis in a subset of patients prompted a debate on the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), like ibuprofen, which act to inhibit the actions of prostaglandins. This review aims to further understanding of the role of PGE2 in the pathogenesis or protection of the myocardium in myocarditis. Inflammatory cardiomyopathies encompass a broad spectrum of disorders, all characterized by cardiac inflammation. Therefore, for the purpose of this review, the authors have placed particular emphasis on etiologies of myocarditis where effects of PGE2 have been documented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Bryson
- Hypertension & Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Pamela Harding
- Hypertension & Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Au CK, Lai TL, Yim CW. Association of Parvovirus B19 with Rheumatic Diseases. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL RHEUMATOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s2661341721300044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human parvovirus B19 infections are well reported to be associated with different autoimmune disorders. They can either mimic or trigger autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematous (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and vasculitis. A lack of awareness about this infection can result in delays in diagnosis and poor care. In this review, the basic biology and clinical aspects of the parvovirus, human immune response, and the pathogenesis in the rheumatic diseases are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Kit Au
- Department of Medicine, Wong Tai Sin Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Tin Lok Lai
- Department of Medicine, Tseung Kwan O Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Cheuk Wan Yim
- Department of Medicine, Tseung Kwan O Hospital, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schultheiss HP, Baumeier C, Aleshcheva G, Bock CT, Escher F. Viral Myocarditis-From Pathophysiology to Treatment. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10225240. [PMID: 34830522 PMCID: PMC8623269 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10225240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of acute and chronic myocarditis remains a challenge for clinicians. Characterization of this disease has been hampered by its diverse etiologies and heterogeneous clinical presentations. Most cases of myocarditis are caused by infectious agents. Despite successful research in the last few years, the pathophysiology of viral myocarditis and its sequelae leading to severe heart failure with a poor prognosis is not fully understood and represents a significant public health issue globally. Most likely, at a certain point, besides viral persistence, several etiological types merge into a common pathogenic autoimmune process leading to chronic inflammation and tissue remodeling, ultimately resulting in the clinical phenotype of dilated cardiomyopathy. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms is necessary to assess the prognosis of patients and is fundamental to appropriate specific and personalized therapeutic strategies. To reach this clinical prerequisite, there is the need for advanced diagnostic tools, including an endomyocardial biopsy and guidelines to optimize the management of this disease. The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has currently led to the worst pandemic in a century and has awakened a special sensitivity throughout the world to viral infections. This work aims to summarize the pathophysiology of viral myocarditis, advanced diagnostic methods and the current state of treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Baumeier
- Institute of Cardiac Diagnostics and Therapy, IKDT GmbH, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ganna Aleshcheva
- Institute of Cardiac Diagnostics and Therapy, IKDT GmbH, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - C-Thomas Bock
- Division of Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Felicitas Escher
- Institute of Cardiac Diagnostics and Therapy, IKDT GmbH, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin and Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Karvonen K, Nykky J, Marjomäki V, Gilbert L. Distinctive Evasion Mechanisms to Allow Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi in Different Human Cell Lines. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:711291. [PMID: 34712208 PMCID: PMC8546339 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.711291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme borreliosis is a multisystemic disease caused by the pleomorphic bacteria of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. The exact mechanisms for the infection to progress into a prolonged sequelae of the disease are currently unknown, although immune evasion and persistence of the bacteria in the host are thought to be major contributors. The current study investigated B. burgdorferi infection processes in two human cell lines, both non-immune and non-phagocytic, to further understand the mechanisms of infection of this bacterium. By utilizing light, confocal, helium ion, and transmission electron microscopy, borrelial infection of chondrosarcoma (SW1353) and dermal fibroblast (BJ) cells were examined from an early 30-min time point to a late 9-days post-infection. Host cell invasion, viability of both the host and B. burgdorferi, as well as, co-localization with lysosomes and the presence of different borrelial pleomorphic forms were analyzed. The results demonstrated differences of infection between the cell lines starting from early entry as B. burgdorferi invaded BJ cells in coiled forms with less pronounced host cell extensions, whereas in SW1353 cells, micropodial interactions with spirochetes were always seen. Moreover, infection of BJ cells increased in a dose dependent manner throughout the examined 9 days, while the percentage of infection, although dose dependent, decreased in SW1353 cells after reaching a peak at 48 h. Furthermore, blebs, round body and damaged B. burgdorferi forms, were mostly observed from the infected SW1353 cells, while spirochetes dominated in BJ cells. Both infected host cell lines grew and remained viable after 9 day post-infection. Although damaged forms were noticed in both cell lines, co-localization with lysosomes was low in both cell lines, especially in BJ cells. The invasion of non-phagocytic cells and the lack of cytopathic effects onto the host cells by B. burgdorferi indicated one mechanism of immune evasion for the bacteria. The differences in attachment, pleomorphic form expressions, and the lack of lysosomal involvement between the infected host cells likely explain the ability of a bacterium to adapt to different environments, as well as, a strategy for persistence inside a host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kati Karvonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jonna Nykky
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ferri C, Arcangeletti MC, Caselli E, Zakrzewska K, Maccari C, Calderaro A, D'Accolti M, Soffritti I, Arvia R, Sighinolfi G, Artoni E, Giuggioli D. Insights into the knowledge of complex diseases: Environmental infectious/toxic agents as potential etiopathogenetic factors of systemic sclerosis. J Autoimmun 2021; 124:102727. [PMID: 34601207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease secondary to three cardinal pathological features: immune-system alterations, diffuse microangiopathy, and fibrosis involving the skin and internal organs. The etiology of SSc remains quite obscure; it may encompass multiple host genetic and environmental -infectious/chemical-factors. The present review focused on the potential role of environmental agents in the etiopathogenesis of SSc based on epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory investigations previously published in the world literature. Among infectious agents, some viruses that may persist and reactivate in infected individuals, namely human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), and parvovirus B19 (B19V), and retroviruses have been proposed as potential causative agents of SSc. These viruses share a number of biological activities and consequent pathological alterations, such as endothelial dysfunction and/or fibroblast activation. Moreover, the acute worsening of pre-existing interstitial lung involvement observed in SSc patients with symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection might suggest a potential role of this virus in the overall disease outcome. A variety of chemical/occupational agents might be regarded as putative etiological factors of SSc. In this setting, the SSc complicating silica dust exposure represents one of the most promising models of study. Considering the complexity of SSc pathogenesis, none of suggested causative factors may explain the appearance of the whole SSc; it is likely that the disease is the result of a multifactorial and multistep pathogenetic process. A variable combination of potential etiological factors may modulate the appearance of different clinical phenotypes detectable in individual scleroderma patients. The in-deep investigations on the SSc etiopathogenesis may provide useful insights in the broad field of human diseases characterized by diffuse microangiopathy or altered fibrogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clodoveo Ferri
- Rheumatology Unit, Medical School, University of Modena and Reggio E, University-Hospital Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy; Rheumatology Unit, Casa di Cura Madonna dello Scoglio, Cotronei (KR), Italy.
| | | | - Elisabetta Caselli
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences and LTTA, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Krystyna Zakrzewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Clara Maccari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Adriana Calderaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Maria D'Accolti
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences and LTTA, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Irene Soffritti
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences and LTTA, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rosaria Arvia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sighinolfi
- Rheumatology Unit, Medical School, University of Modena and Reggio E, University-Hospital Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy.
| | - Erica Artoni
- Rheumatology Unit, Medical School, University of Modena and Reggio E, University-Hospital Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Dilia Giuggioli
- Rheumatology Unit, Medical School, University of Modena and Reggio E, University-Hospital Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chabert P, Kallel H. Simultaneous Presentation of Parvovirus B19 Infection and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in a Patient: Description and Review of the Literature. Eur J Case Rep Intern Med 2020; 7:001729. [PMID: 33312992 PMCID: PMC7727633 DOI: 10.12890/2020_001729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the case of a 25-year-old woman without medical history, presenting with acute respiratory failure needing mechanical ventilation. Aetiologic screening showed PVB19 primary infection and concomitant SLE flare-up. We discuss the causative interactions between PVB19 and SLE in the pathogenesis of the disease. Difficulty diagnosing inaugural SLE flare-up concomitant with PVB19 infection can lead to delayed diagnosis and treatment. Inversely, overtreating a SLE-mimicking PVB19 infection with immunosuppressive agents can be highly detrimental.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Chabert
- Intensive Care Unit, Cayenne General Hospital, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Hatem Kallel
- Intensive Care Unit, Cayenne General Hospital, Cayenne, French Guiana
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Schwartz D, Iyengar S. Recognition of Apoptotic Cells by Viruses and Cytolytic Lymphocytes: Target Selection in the Fog of War. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:188-196. [PMID: 32286181 PMCID: PMC7185367 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses and cytolytic lymphocytes operate in an environment filled with dying and dead cells, and cell fragments. For viruses, irreversible fusion with doomed cells is suicide. For cytotoxic T lymphocyte and natural killer cells, time and limited lytic resources spent on apoptotic targets is wasteful and may result in death of the host. We make the case that the target membrane cytoskeleton is the best source of information regarding the suitability of potential targets for engagement for both viruses and lytic effector cells, and we present experimental evidence for detection of apoptotic cells by HIV, without loss of infectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Schwartz
- Jurist Research Department, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey
| | - Sujatha Iyengar
- Jurist Research Department, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Establishment of a Parvovirus B19 NS1-Expressing Recombinant Adenoviral Vector for Killing Megakaryocytic Leukemia Cells. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090820. [PMID: 31487941 PMCID: PMC6783920 DOI: 10.3390/v11090820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral viral vectors have been widely used for gene-based therapeutics, but commonly used serotype 5 shows poor transduction efficiency into hematopoietic cells. In this study, we aimed to generate a recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (rAd5) vector that has a high efficiency in gene transfer to megakaryocytic leukemic cells with anticancer potential. We first modified the rAd5 backbone vector with a chimeric fiber gene of Ad5 and Ad11p (rAd5F11p) to increase the gene delivery efficiency. Then, the nonstructural protein NS1 of human parvovirus B19 (B19V), which induces cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and apoptosis, was cloned into the adenoviral shuttle vector. As the expression of parvoviral NS1 protein inhibited Ad replication and production, we engineered the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, which governs NS1 expression, with two tetracycline operator elements (TetO2). Transfection of the rAd5F11p proviral vectors in Tet repressor-expressing T-REx-293 cells produced rAd in a large quantity. We further evaluated this chimeric rAd5F11p vector in gene delivery in human leukemic cells, UT7/Epo-S1. Strikingly, the novel rAd5F11p-B19NS1-GFP vector, exhibited a transduction efficiency much higher than the original vector, rAd5-B19NS1-GFP, in UT7/Epo-S1 cells, in particular, when they were transduced at a relatively low multiplicity of infection (100 viral genome copies/cell). After the transduction of rAd5F11p-B19NS1-GFP, over 90% of the UT7/Epo-S1 cells were arrested at the G2/M phase, and approximately 40%–50% of the cells were undergoing apoptosis, suggesting the novel rAd5F11P-B19NS1-GFP vector holds a promise in therapeutic potentials of megakaryocytic leukemia.
Collapse
|
13
|
Manaresi E, Gallinella G. Advances in the Development of Antiviral Strategies against Parvovirus B19. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070659. [PMID: 31323869 PMCID: PMC6669595 DOI: 10.3390/v11070659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a human pathogenic virus, responsible for an ample range of clinical manifestations. Infections are usually mild, self-limiting, and controlled by the development of a specific immune response, but in many cases clinical situations can be more complex and require therapy. Presently available treatments are only supportive, symptomatic, or unspecific, such as administration of intravenous immunoglobulins, and often of limited efficacy. The development of antiviral strategies against B19V should be considered of highest relevance for increasing the available options for more specific and effective therapeutic treatments. This field of research has been explored in recent years, registering some achievements as well as interesting future perspectives. In addition to immunoglobulins, some compounds have been shown to possess inhibitory activity against B19V. Hydroxyurea is an antiproliferative drug used in the treatment of sickle-cell disease that also possesses inhibitory activity against B19V. The nucleotide analogues Cidofovir and its lipid conjugate Brincidofovir are broad-range antivirals mostly active against dsDNA viruses, which showed an antiviral activity also against B19V. Newly synthesized coumarin derivatives offer possibilities for the development of molecules with antiviral activity. Identification of some flavonoid molecules, with direct inhibitory activity against the viral non-structural (NS) protein, indicates a possible line of development for direct antiviral agents. Continuing research in the field, leading to better knowledge of the viral lifecycle and a precise understanding of virus–cell interactions, will offer novel opportunities for developing more efficient, targeted antiviral agents, which can be translated into available therapeutic options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Manaresi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, I-40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gallinella
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, I-40138 Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Porcine Parvovirus Infection Causes Pig Placenta Tissue Damage Involving Nonstructural Protein 1 (NS1)-Induced Intrinsic ROS/Mitochondria-Mediated Apoptosis. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040389. [PMID: 31027293 PMCID: PMC6520726 DOI: 10.3390/v11040389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is an important pathogen causing reproductive failure in pigs. PPV-induced cell apoptosis has been recently identified as being involved in PPV-induced placental tissue damages resulting in reproductive failure. However, the molecular mechanism was not fully elucidated. Here we demonstrate that PPV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) can induce host cell apoptosis and death, thereby indicating the NS1 may play a crucial role in PPV-induced placental tissue damages and reproductive failure. We have found that NS1-induced apoptosis was significantly inhibited by caspase 9 inhibitor, but not caspase 8 inhibitor, and transfection of NS1 gene into PK-15 cells significantly inhibited mitochondria-associated antiapoptotic molecules Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 expressions and enhanced proapoptotic molecules Bax, P21, and P53 expressions, suggesting that NS1-induced apoptosis is mainly through the mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptosis pathway. We also found that both PPV infection and NS1 vector transfection could cause host DNA damage resulting in cell cycle arrest at the G1 and G2 phases, trigger mitochondrial ROS accumulation resulting in mitochondria damage, and therefore, induce the host cell apoptosis. This study provides a molecular basis for elucidating PPV-induced cell apoptosis and reproductive failure.
Collapse
|
15
|
Puttaraksa K, Pirttinen H, Karvonen K, Nykky J, Naides SJ, Gilbert L. Parvovirus B19V Nonstructural Protein NS1 Induces Double-Stranded Deoxyribonucleic Acid Autoantibodies and End-Organ Damage in Nonautoimmune Mice. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:1418-1429. [PMID: 30346568 PMCID: PMC6468957 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral infection is implicated in development of autoimmunity. Parvovirus B19 (B19V) nonstructural protein, NS1, a helicase, covalently modifies self double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) and induces apoptosis. This study tested whether resulting apoptotic bodies (ApoBods) containing virally modified dsDNA could induce autoimmunity in an animal model. METHODS BALB/c mice were inoculated with (1) pristane-induced, (2) B19V NS1-induced, or (3) staurosporine-induced ApoBods. Serum was tested for dsDNA autoantibodies by Crithidia luciliae staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Brain, heart, liver, and kidney pathology was examined. Deposition of self-antigens in glomeruli was examined by staining with antibodies to dsDNA, histones H1 and H4, and TATA-binding protein. RESULTS The B19V NS1-induced ApoBod inoculation induced dsDNA autoantibodies in a dose-dependent fashion. Histopathological features of immune-mediated organ damage were evident in pristane-induced and NS1-induced ApoBod groups; severity scores were higher in these groups than in staurosporine-treated groups. Tissue damage was dependent on NS1-induced ApoBod dose. Nucleosomal antigens were deposited in target tissue from pristane-induced and NS1-induced ApoBod inoculated groups, but not in the staurosporine-induced ApoBod inoculated group. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated proof of principle in an animal model that virally modified dsDNA in apoptotic bodies could break tolerance to self dsDNA and induce dsDNA autoantibodies and end-organ damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanoktip Puttaraksa
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Heidi Pirttinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Kati Karvonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Jonna Nykky
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Stanley J Naides
- Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, Immunology R&D, San Juan Capistrano, California
| | - Leona Gilbert
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Garg K, Meriläinen L, Franz O, Pirttinen H, Quevedo-Diaz M, Croucher S, Gilbert L. Evaluating polymicrobial immune responses in patients suffering from tick-borne diseases. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15932. [PMID: 30374055 PMCID: PMC6206025 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34393-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is insufficient evidence to support screening of various tick-borne diseases (TBD) related microbes alongside Borrelia in patients suffering from TBD. To evaluate the involvement of multiple microbial immune responses in patients experiencing TBD we utilized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Four hundred and thirty-two human serum samples organized into seven categories followed Centers for Disease Control and Prevention two-tier Lyme disease (LD) diagnosis guidelines and Infectious Disease Society of America guidelines for post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome. All patient categories were tested for their immunoglobulin M (IgM) and G (IgG) responses against 20 microbes associated with TBD. Our findings recognize that microbial infections in patients suffering from TBDs do not follow the one microbe, one disease Germ Theory as 65% of the TBD patients produce immune responses to various microbes. We have established a causal association between TBD patients and TBD associated co-infections and essential opportunistic microbes following Bradford Hill's criteria. This study indicated an 85% probability that a randomly selected TBD patient will respond to Borrelia and other related TBD microbes rather than to Borrelia alone. A paradigm shift is required in current healthcare policies to diagnose TBD so that patients can get tested and treated even for opportunistic infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Garg
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, NanoScience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Te?ted Ltd, Mattilaniemi 6-8, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Leena Meriläinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, NanoScience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ole Franz
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, NanoScience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heidi Pirttinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, NanoScience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Marco Quevedo-Diaz
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Stephen Croucher
- School of Communication, Journalism, and Marketing, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Leona Gilbert
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, NanoScience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
- Te?ted Ltd, Mattilaniemi 6-8, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Gallinella
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Janovitz T, Wong S, Young NS, Oliveira T, Falck-Pedersen E. Parvovirus B19 integration into human CD36+ erythroid progenitor cells. Virology 2017; 511:40-48. [PMID: 28806616 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic autonomous human parvovirus B19 (B19V) productively infects erythroid progenitor cells (EPCs). Functional similarities between B19V nonstructural protein (NS1), a DNA binding endonuclease, and the Rep proteins of Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) led us to hypothesize that NS1 may facilitate targeted nicking of the human genome and B19 vDNA integration. We adapted an integration capture sequencing protocol (IC-Seq) to screen B19V infected human CD36+ EPCs for viral integrants, and discovered 40,000 unique B19V integration events distributed throughout the human genome. Computational analysis of integration patterns revealed strong correlations with gene intronic regions, H3K9me3 sites, and the identification of 41 base pair consensus sequence with an octanucleotide core motif. The octanucleotide core has homology to a single region of B19V, adjacent to the P6 promoter TATA box. We present the first direct evidence that B19V infection of erythroid progenitor cells disrupts the human genome and facilitates viral DNA integration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Janovitz
- Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Susan Wong
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Neal S Young
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thiago Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Erik Falck-Pedersen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Espinoza JL, Kotecha R, Nakao S. Microbe-Induced Inflammatory Signals Triggering Acquired Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes. Front Immunol 2017; 8:186. [PMID: 28286502 PMCID: PMC5323400 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired bone marrow failure syndromes encompass a unique set of disorders characterized by a reduction in the effective production of mature cells by the bone marrow (BM). In the majority of cases, these syndromes are the result of the immune-mediated destruction of hematopoietic stem cells or their progenitors at various stages of differentiation. Microbial infection has also been associated with hematopoietic stem cell injury and may lead to associated transient or persistent BM failure, and recent evidence has highlighted the potential impact of commensal microbes and their metabolites on hematopoiesis. We summarize the interactions between microorganisms and the host immune system and emphasize how they may impact the development of acquired BM failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Luis Espinoza
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University , Kanazawa, Ishikawa , Japan
| | - Ritesh Kotecha
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Shinji Nakao
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University , Kanazawa, Ishikawa , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Erekat NS. Cerebellar Purkinje cells die by apoptosis in the shaker mutant rat. Brain Res 2017; 1657:323-332. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
21
|
Abstract
Parvovirus B19 (B19V) and human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), members of the large Parvoviridae family, are human pathogens responsible for a variety of diseases. For B19V in particular, host features determine disease manifestations. These viruses are prevalent worldwide and are culturable in vitro, and serological and molecular assays are available but require careful interpretation of results. Additional human parvoviruses, including HBoV2 to -4, human parvovirus 4 (PARV4), and human bufavirus (BuV) are also reviewed. The full spectrum of parvovirus disease in humans has yet to be established. Candidate recombinant B19V vaccines have been developed but may not be commercially feasible. We review relevant features of the molecular and cellular biology of these viruses, and the human immune response that they elicit, which have allowed a deep understanding of pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Qiu
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | | | - Neal S Young
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has a complex clinical picture, and a number of defects in the immune system have been described in patients with the disease. Most organs can be involved in SLE, and in addition to the typical major organ manifestations (e.g. from kidneys and the central nervous system), early cardiovascular disease is a major determinant of prognosis. Several important findings during the last decade have increased the understanding of the mechanisms behind the disease characteristics and the underlying autoimmune process. Amongst, these are defects in the handling of apoptotic cells, increased expression of type I interferon-regulated genes and activation of autoreactive B cells, with both the type I interferon system and the B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) having key roles. In addition, a large number of genes have been identified that contribute to these abnormalities. It has also become clear that certain SLE risk genes are associated with some organ manifestations, such as STAT4 with nephritis and IRF8 with myocardial infarction. Furthermore, environmental factors that can induce SLE or trigger a disease flare have been identified. As a consequence of this increased knowledge, new treatments for SLE have been developed. The most recently approved drug for SLE is belimumab, which blocks BLyS, and several new therapies and therapeutic strategies are in the pipeline for clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Bengtsson
- Rheumatology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - L Rönnblom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Section of Rheumatology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Stamenković GG, Ćirković VS, Šiljić MM, Blagojević JV, Knežević AM, Joksić ID, Stanojević MP. Substitution rate and natural selection in parvovirus B19. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35759. [PMID: 27775080 PMCID: PMC5075947 DOI: 10.1038/srep35759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate substitution rate and imprints of natural selection on parvovirus B19 genotype 1. Studied datasets included 137 near complete coding B19 genomes (positions 665 to 4851) for phylogenetic and substitution rate analysis and 146 and 214 partial genomes for selection analyses in open reading frames ORF1 and ORF2, respectively, collected 1973–2012 and including 9 newly sequenced isolates from Serbia. Phylogenetic clustering assigned majority of studied isolates to G1A. Nucleotide substitution rate for total coding DNA was 1.03 (0.6–1.27) x 10−4 substitutions/site/year, with higher values for analyzed genome partitions. In spite of the highest evolutionary rate, VP2 codons were found to be under purifying selection with rare episodic positive selection, whereas codons under diversifying selection were found in the unique part of VP1, known to contain B19 immune epitopes important in persistent infection. Analyses of overlapping gene regions identified nucleotide positions under opposite selective pressure in different ORFs, suggesting complex evolutionary mechanisms of nucleotide changes in B19 viral genomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gorana G Stamenković
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for biological research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, 142 Despot Stephan Blvd, 11060 Belgrade, R Serbia
| | - Valentina S Ćirković
- Institute for Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 1/1 Dr Subotića St, 11000 Belgrade, R Serbia
| | - Marina M Šiljić
- Institute for Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 1/1 Dr Subotića St, 11000 Belgrade, R Serbia
| | - Jelena V Blagojević
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for biological research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, 142 Despot Stephan Blvd, 11060 Belgrade, R Serbia
| | - Aleksandra M Knežević
- Institute for Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 1/1 Dr Subotića St, 11000 Belgrade, R Serbia
| | - Ivana D Joksić
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology "Narodni front", 62 Kraljice Natalije St, 11000 Belgrade, R Serbia
| | - Maja P Stanojević
- Institute for Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 1/1 Dr Subotića St, 11000 Belgrade, R Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Verdonschot J, Hazebroek M, Merken J, Debing Y, Dennert R, Brunner-La Rocca HP, Heymans S. Relevance of cardiac parvovirus B19 in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: review of the literature. Eur J Heart Fail 2016; 18:1430-1441. [PMID: 27748022 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, parvovirus B19 (B19V) has frequently been linked to the pathogenesis of myocarditis (MC) and its progression towards dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The exact role of the presence of B19V and its load remains controversial, as this virus is also found in the heart of healthy subjects. Moreover, the prognostic relevance of B19V prevalence in endomyocardial biopsies still remains unclear. As a result, it is unclear whether the presence of B19V should be treated. This review provides an overview of recent literature investigating the presence of B19V and its pathophysiological relevance in MC and DCM, as well as in normal hearts. In brief, no difference in B19V prevalence is observed between MC/DCM and healthy control hearts. Therefore, the question remains open whether and how cardiac B19V may be of pathogenetic importance. Findings suggest that B19V is aetiologically relevant either in the presence of other cardiotropic viruses, or when B19V load is high and/or actively replicating, which both may maintain myocardial (low-grade) inflammation. Therefore, future studies should focus on the prognostic relevance of the viral load, replicative status and virus co-infections. In addition, the immunogenetic background of MC/DCM patients that makes them susceptible to develop heart failure upon presence of B19V should be more thoroughly investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Job Verdonschot
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Hazebroek
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Jort Merken
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Yannick Debing
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Dennert
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | | | - Stephane Heymans
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Meriläinen L, Brander H, Herranen A, Schwarzbach A, Gilbert L. Pleomorphic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi induce distinct immune responses. Microbes Infect 2016; 18:484-95. [PMID: 27139815 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent of tick-borne Lyme disease. As a response to environmental stress B. burgdorferi can change its morphology to a round body form. The role of B. burgdorferi pleomorphic forms in Lyme disease pathogenesis has long been debated and unclear. Here, we demonstrated that round bodies were processed differently in differentiated macrophages, consequently inducing distinct immune responses compared to spirochetes in vitro. Colocalization analysis indicated that the F-actin participates in internalization of both forms. However, round bodies end up less in macrophage lysosomes than spirochetes suggesting that there are differences in processing of these forms in phagocytic cells. Furthermore, round bodies stimulated distinct cytokine and chemokine production in these cells. We confirmed that spirochetes and round bodies present different protein profiles and antigenicity. In a Western blot analysis Lyme disease patients had more intense responses to round bodies when compared to spirochetes. These results suggest that round bodies have a role in Lyme disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leena Meriläinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland.
| | - Heini Brander
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Anni Herranen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | | | - Leona Gilbert
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kerr JR. The role of parvovirus B19 in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity and autoimmune disease. J Clin Pathol 2015; 69:279-91. [PMID: 26644521 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2015-203455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Human parvovirus B19 is a single-stranded DNA virus which preferentially targets the erythroblasts in the bone marrow. B19 infection commonly causes erythema infectiosum, arthralgia, fetal death, transient aplastic crisis in patients with shortened red cell survival, and persistent infection in people who are immunocompromised. Less common clinical manifestations include atypical skin rashes, neurological syndromes, cardiac syndromes, and various cytopenias. B19 infection has also been associated with development of a variety of different autoimmune diseases, including rheumatological, neurological, neuromuscular, cardiovascular, haematological, nephrological and metabolic. Production of a variety of autoantibodies has been demonstrated to occur during B19 infection and these have been shown to be key to the pathogenesis of the particular disease process in a significant number of cases, for example, production of rheumatoid factor in cases of B19-associated rheumatoid arthritis and production of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in patients with B19-associated type 1 diabetes mellitus. B19 infection has also been associated with the development of multiple autoimmune diseases in 12 individuals. Documented mechanisms in B19-associated autoimmunity include molecular mimicry (IgG antibody to B19 proteins has been shown to cross react with a variety of recognised human autoantigens, including collagen II, keratin, angiotensin II type 1 receptor, myelin basic protein, cardiolipin, and platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb/IIIa), B19-induced apoptosis with presentation of self-antigens to T lymphocytes, and the phospholipase activity of the B19 unique VP1 protein.
Collapse
|
27
|
Page C, François C, Goëb V, Duverlie G. Human parvovirus B19 and autoimmune diseases. Review of the literature and pathophysiological hypotheses. J Clin Virol 2015; 72:69-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
28
|
Granzyme B mediated function of Parvovirus B19-specific CD4(+) T cells. Clin Transl Immunology 2015; 4:e39. [PMID: 26246896 PMCID: PMC4524951 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2015.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel conception of CD4(+) T cells with cytolytic potential (CD4(+) CTL) is emerging. These cells appear to have a part in controlling malignancies and chronic infections. Human parvovirus B19 can cause a persistent infection, yet no data exist on the presence of B19-specific CD4(+) CTLs. Such cells could have a role in the pathogenesis of some autoimmune disorders reported to be associated with B19. We explored the cytolytic potential of human parvovirus B19-specific T cells by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) with recombinant B19-VP2 virus-like particles. The cytolytic potential was determined by enzyme immunoassay-based quantitation of granzyme B (GrB) and perforin from the tissue culture supernatants, by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) and by detecting direct cytotoxicity. GrB and perforin responses with the B19 antigen were readily detectable in B19-seropositive individuals. T-cell depletion, HLA blocking and ICS experiments showed GrB and perforin to be secreted by CD4(+) T cells. CD4(+) T cells with strong GrB responses were found to exhibit direct cytotoxicity. As anticipated, ICS of B19-specific CD4(+) T cells showed expected co-expression of GrB, perforin and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). Unexpectedly, also a strong co-expression of GrB and interleukin 17 (IL-17) was detected. These cells expressed natural killer (NK) cell surface marker CD56, together with the CD4 surface marker. To our knowledge, this is the first report on virus-specific CD4(+) CTLs co-expressing CD56 antigen. Our results suggest a role for CD4(+) CTL in B19 immunity. Such cells could function within both immune regulation and triggering of autoimmune phenomena such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or rheumatoid arthritis.
Collapse
|
29
|
Gupta SK, Gandham RK, Sahoo AP, Tiwari AK. Viral genes as oncolytic agents for cancer therapy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1073-94. [PMID: 25408521 PMCID: PMC11113997 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1782-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many viruses have the ability to modulate the apoptosis, and to accomplish it; viruses encode proteins which specifically interact with the cellular signaling pathways. While some viruses encode proteins, which inhibit the apoptosis or death of the infected cells, there are viruses whose encoded proteins can kill the infected cells by multiple mechanisms, including apoptosis. A particular class of these viruses has specific gene(s) in their genomes which, upon ectopic expression, can kill the tumor cells selectively without affecting the normal cells. These genes and their encoded products have demonstrated great potential to be developed as novel anticancer therapeutic agents which can specifically target and kill the cancer cells leaving the normal cells unharmed. In this review, we will discuss about the viral genes having specific cancer cell killing properties, what is known about their functioning, signaling pathways and their therapeutic applications as anticancer agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shishir Kumar Gupta
- Molecular Biology Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 UP India
| | - Ravi Kumar Gandham
- Molecular Biology Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 UP India
| | - A. P. Sahoo
- Molecular Biology Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 UP India
| | - A. K. Tiwari
- Molecular Biology Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 UP India
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Meriläinen L, Herranen A, Schwarzbach A, Gilbert L. Morphological and biochemical features of Borrelia burgdorferi pleomorphic forms. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2015; 161:516-27. [PMID: 25564498 PMCID: PMC4339653 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The spirochaete bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato is the causative agent of Lyme disease, the most common tick-borne infection in the northern hemisphere. There is a long-standing debate regarding the role of pleomorphic forms in Lyme disease pathogenesis, while very little is known about the characteristics of these morphological variants. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of B. burgdorferi pleomorphic formation in different culturing conditions at physiological temperature. Interestingly, human serum induced the bacterium to change its morphology to round bodies (RBs). In addition, biofilm-like colonies in suspension were found to be part of B. burgdorferi’s normal in vitro growth. Further studies provided evidence that spherical RBs had an intact and flexible cell envelope, demonstrating that they are not cell wall deficient, or degenerative as previously implied. However, the RBs displayed lower metabolic activity compared with spirochaetes. Furthermore, our results indicated that the different pleomorphic variants were distinguishable by having unique biochemical signatures. Consequently, pleomorphic B. burgdorferi should be taken into consideration as being clinically relevant and influence the development of novel diagnostics and treatment protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leena Meriläinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and NanoScience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anni Herranen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and NanoScience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Leona Gilbert
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and NanoScience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Slavov SN, Kashima S, Rocha-Junior MC, Oliveira LC, Silva-Pinto AC, Yamamoto AY, Covas DT. Frequenthuman parvovirus B19DNA occurrence and high seroprevalence in haemophilic patients from a non-metropolitan blood centre, Brazil. Transfus Med 2014; 24:130-2. [DOI: 10.1111/tme.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - D. T. Covas
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| |
Collapse
|