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Jangid AK, Noh KM, Kim S, Kim K. Engineered inulin-based hybrid biomaterials for augmented immunomodulatory responses. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 340:122311. [PMID: 38858027 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Modified biopolymers that are based on prebiotics have been found to significantly contribute to immunomodulatory events. In recent years, there has been a growing use of modified biomaterials and polymer-functionalized nanomaterials in the treatment of various tumors by activating immune cells. However, the effectiveness of immune cells against tumors is hindered by several biological barriers, which highlights the importance of harnessing prebiotic-based biopolymers to enhance host defenses against cancer, thus advancing cancer prevention strategies. Inulin, in particular, plays a crucial role in activating immune cells and promoting the secretion of cytokines. Therefore, this mini-review aims to emphasize the importance of inulin in immunomodulatory responses, the development of inulin-based hybrid biopolymers, and the role of inulin in enhancing immunity and modifying cell surfaces. Furthermore, we discuss the various approaches of chemical modification for inulin and their potential use in cancer treatment, particularly in the field of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Jangid
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Mu Noh
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjun Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyobum Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Israelson H, Vedsted-Jakobsen A, Zhu L, Gagnaire A, von Münchow A, Polakovicova N, Valente AH, Raza A, Andersen-Civil AIS, Olsen JE, Myhill LJ, Geldhof P, Williams AR. Diet composition drives tissue-specific intensity of murine enteric infections. mBio 2024; 15:e0260323. [PMID: 38179939 PMCID: PMC10865784 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02603-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Diet composition plays a large role in regulating gut health and enteric infection. In particular, synthetic "Western-style" diets may predispose to disease, while whole-grain diets containing high levels of crude fiber are thought to promote gut health. Here, we show that, in contrast to this paradigm, mice fed with unrefined chow are significantly more susceptible to infection with Trichuris muris, a caecum-dwelling nematode, than mice fed with refined, semi-synthetic diets (SSDs). Moreover, mice fed with SSD supplemented with inulin, a fermentable fiber, developed chronic T. muris burdens, whereas mice fed with SSD efficiently cleared the infection. Diet composition significantly impacted infection-induced changes in the host gut microbiome. Mice infected with the bacterium Citrobacter rodentium were also more susceptible to pathogen colonization when fed with either chow or inulin-enriched SSD. However, transcriptomic analysis of tissues from mice fed with either SSD or inulin-enriched SSD revealed that, in contrast to T. muris, increased C. rodentium infection appeared to be independent of the host immune response. Accordingly, exogenous treatment with interleukin (IL)-25 reduced T. muris burdens in inulin-fed mice, whereas IL-22 treatment was unable to restore resistance to C. rodentium colonization. Diet-mediated effects on pathogen burden were more pronounced for large intestine-dwelling pathogens, as effects on small the intestinal helminth (Heligmosomoides polygyrus) were less evident, and protozoan (Giardia muris) infection burdens were equivalent in mice fed with chow, inulin-enriched SSD, or SSD, despite higher cyst excretion in chow-fed mice. Collectively, our results point to a tissue- and pathogen-restricted effect of dietary fiber levels on enteric infection intensity.IMPORTANCEEnteric infections induce dysbiosis and inflammation and are a major public health burden. As the gut environment is strongly shaped by diet, the role of different dietary components in promoting resistance to infection is of interest. While diets rich in fiber or whole grain are normally associated with improved gut health, we show here that these components predispose the host to higher levels of pathogen infection. Thus, our results have significance for interpreting how different dietary interventions may impact on gastrointestinal infections. Moreover, our results may shed light on our understanding of how gut flora and mucosal immune function is influenced by the food that we eat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Israelson
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Amalie Vedsted-Jakobsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ling Zhu
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Aurelie Gagnaire
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Alexandra von Münchow
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nina Polakovicova
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Angela H. Valente
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ali Raza
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Audrey I. S. Andersen-Civil
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - John E. Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Laura J. Myhill
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Andrew R. Williams
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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3
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Ghali ENHK, Pranav, Chauhan SC, Yallapu MM. Inulin-based formulations as an emerging therapeutic strategy for cancer: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129216. [PMID: 38185294 PMCID: PMC10922702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Cancer stands as the second leading cause of death in the United States (US). Most chemotherapeutic agents exhibit severe adverse effects that are attributed to exposure of drugs to off-target tissues, posing a significant challenge in cancer therapy management. In recent years, inulin, a naturally occurring prebiotic fiber has gained substantial attention for its potential in cancer treatment owing to its multitudinous health values. Its distinctive structure, stability, and nutritional properties position it as an effective adjuvant and carrier for drug delivery in cancer therapy. To address some of the above unmet clinical issues, this review summarizes the recent efforts towards the development of inulin-based nanomaterials and nanocomposites for healthcare applications with special emphasis on the multifunctional role of inulin in cancer therapy as a synergist, signaling molecule, immunomodulatory and anticarcinogenic molecule. Furthermore, the review provides a concise overview of ongoing clinical trials and observational studies associated with inulin-based therapy. In conclusion, the current review offers insights on the significant role of inulin interventions in exploring its potential as a therapeutic agent to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eswara Naga Hanuma Kumar Ghali
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Pranav
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Subhash C Chauhan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA.
| | - Murali M Yallapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA.
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4
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Akkerman R, Oerlemans MMP, Ferrari M, Fernández-Lainez C, de Haan BJ, Faas MM, Walvoort MTC, de Vos P. Exopolysaccharide β-(2,6)-levan-type fructans have a molecular-weight-dependent modulatory effect on Toll-like receptor signalling. Food Funct 2024; 15:676-688. [PMID: 38108152 PMCID: PMC10802977 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03066k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Fructans are a group of dietary fibers which are known to have many beneficial effects including immune-modulating effects. A family of fructans are β-(2,6)-linked levan-type fructans that are known to serve as exopolysaccharides in the cell wall of many species of bacteria including commensal bacteria and probiotics. It is still largely unknown whether and how they can serve as immunomodulating molecules. RESULTS Microbial β-(2,6)-fructans were found to induce TLR-dependent activation of THP-1 cells, in a dose-dependent fashion. Low molecular weight (Mw), medium Mw and high Mw β-(2,6)-fructans activated both TLR2 and 4 in a dose- and molecular weight-dependent fashion. In addition, it was found that β-(2,6)-fructans were able to inhibit signalling of various TLRs with the strongest effect on TLR5 and 8, which were inhibited by all the β-(2,6)-fructans in a dose- and molecular weight-dependent fashion. The final effect of this activation and inhibition of TLRs on cytokine responses in human dendritic cells (DCs) was minor which may be explained by the counter-activating effects of the different β-(2,6)-linked levan-type fructans on inhibition of TLR signalling in the DCs. CONCLUSION A mechanism by which exopolysaccharide levan β-(2,6)-fructans can be immune-modulating is by impacting TLR signalling. This knowledge could lead to food in which exopolysaccharide levan β-(2,6)-fructans are added for preventing disorders where TLR-signalling is modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Akkerman
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marjolein M P Oerlemans
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Michela Ferrari
- Department of Chemical Biology, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cynthia Fernández-Lainez
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Laboratorio de Errores Innatos del Metabolismo y Tamiz, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Bart J de Haan
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marijke M Faas
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marthe T C Walvoort
- Department of Chemical Biology, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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5
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Skoufou M, Tsigalou C, Vradelis S, Bezirtzoglou E. The Networked Interaction between Probiotics and Intestine in Health and Disease: A Promising Success Story. Microorganisms 2024; 12:194. [PMID: 38258020 PMCID: PMC10818559 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are known to promote human health either precautionary in healthy individuals or therapeutically in patients suffering from certain ailments. Although this knowledge was empirical in past tomes, modern science has already verified it and expanded it to new limits. These microorganisms can be found in nature in various foods such as dairy products or in supplements formulated for clinical or preventive use. The current review examines the different mechanisms of action of the probiotic strains and how they interact with the organism of the host. Emphasis is put on the clinical therapeutic use of these beneficial microorganisms in various clinical conditions of the human gastrointestinal tract. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and particularly any malfunction and inflammation of the intestines seriously compromise the health of the whole organism. The interaction between the probiotic strains and the host's microbiota can alleviate the clinical signs and symptoms while in some cases, in due course, it can intervene in the underlying pathology. Various safety issues of the use of probiotics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Skoufou
- Master Program in “Food, Nutrition and Microbiome”, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (C.T.); (S.V.)
- Proctology Department, Paris Saint Joseph Hospital Paris, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Christina Tsigalou
- Master Program in “Food, Nutrition and Microbiome”, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (C.T.); (S.V.)
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Stergios Vradelis
- Master Program in “Food, Nutrition and Microbiome”, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (C.T.); (S.V.)
- Department of Gastrenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Eugenia Bezirtzoglou
- Master Program in “Food, Nutrition and Microbiome”, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (C.T.); (S.V.)
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
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6
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Yue Y, Wang B, Xi W, Liu X, Tang S, Tan X, Li G, Huang L, Liu Y, Bai J. Modification methods, biological activities and applications of pectin: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127523. [PMID: 37866576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is a complex and functionally rich natural plant polysaccharide that is widely used in food, medical, and cosmetic industries. It can be modified to improve its properties and expand its applications. Modification methods for natural pectin can be divided into physical, chemical, enzymatic, and compound methods. Different modification methods can result in modified pectins (MPs) exhibiting different physicochemical properties and biological activities. The objectives of this paper were to review the various pectin modification methods explored over the last decade, compare their differences, summarize the impact of different modification methods on the biological activity and physicochemical properties of pectin, and describe the applications of MPs in food and pharmaceutical fields. Finally, suggestions and perspectives for the development of MPs are discussed. This review offers a theoretical reference for the rational and efficient processing of pectin and the expansion of its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yue
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China; College of Food, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Botao Wang
- Bloomage Biotechnology CO, LTD, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Wenxia Xi
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China; College of Food, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Sheng Tang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Xiang Tan
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Guijie Li
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Linhua Huang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Ya Liu
- College of Food, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
| | - Junying Bai
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400700, China.
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7
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Xie Q, Cui D, Zhu Q, Qin X, Ren D, Xu X. Supplementing maternal diet with milk oligosaccharides and probiotics helps develop the immune system and intestinal flora of offsprings. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:6868-6877. [PMID: 37970377 PMCID: PMC10630837 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal flora is very important for improving the development of the immune system in newborns. Maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation is one of the key factors affecting the growth and development of offspring. The objective of the present study was to examine whether supplementation of maternal diet with milk oligosaccharides and Bifidobacterium could influence the development of the intestinal flora and immune system of neonatal mice. In total, 30 pregnant Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were randomly divided into six groups: a control group (basal diet) and five intervention groups (basal diet supplemented with different doses of 2'-fucosyllactose [2'-FL] and Bifidobacterium Bb12) during the pregnancy period. All female mice were monitored for physical health during gavage. After delivery, the number of mice in each litter, any deformity, and the development of the offspring were recorded. The spleen, blood, and fecal samples of six groups of 10-12 day-old offspring were collected. The results demonstrated that maternal milk oligosaccharides and probiotics conferred protective effects against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced immunosuppression in mice offspring by significantly enhancing the immune organ indexes, splenocyte proliferation, immunoglobulin (immunoglobulin G, A, M) production as well as improving the macrophage phagocytosis (p < .05). The abundance of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria in the feces of offspring mice in the intervention groups was significantly higher than that of the offspring mice in the control group (p < .05). These findings suggest that the combination of 2'-FL and Bifidobacterium Bb12 displayed synergistic interactions between the two components that could promote the development of the immune system of the offsprings and improve their microbiota through maternal ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggang Xie
- College of Food ScienceNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
| | | | - Qinchao Zhu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xuewen Qin
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Daxi Ren
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xiaoxi Xu
- College of Food ScienceNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
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8
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Yin Z, Liu X, Guo L, Ren M, Kang W, Ma C, Waterhouse GIN, Sun-Waterhouse D. The potential of dietary fiber in building immunity against gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37837407 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2266462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
The numerous health benefits of dietary fibers (DFs) justify their inclusion in human diets and biomedical products. Given the short- and long-term human impacts of the COVID-19 virus on human health, the potential of DFs in building immunity against gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders is currently receiving high attention. This paper reviews the physicochemical properties of DFs, together with their immune functions and effects on the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory system mainly based on research in the last ten years. Possible modes of action of DFs in promoting health, especially building immunity, are explored. We seek to highlight the importance of understanding the exact physical and chemical characteristics and molecular behaviors of DFs in providing specific immune function. This review provides a perspective beyond the existing recognition of DFs' positive effects on human health, and offers a theoretical framework for the development of special DFs components and their application in functional foods and other therapeutic products against gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders. DFs enhance immunity from gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases to promote host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Yin
- National R &D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou, China
- Function Food Engineering Technology Research Center, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiaopeng Liu
- National R &D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Function Food Engineering Technology Research Center, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lin Guo
- National R &D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Function Food Engineering Technology Research Center, Kaifeng, China
| | - Mengjie Ren
- National R &D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Function Food Engineering Technology Research Center, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wenyi Kang
- National R &D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Function Food Engineering Technology Research Center, Kaifeng, China
| | - Changyang Ma
- National R &D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Function Food Engineering Technology Research Center, Kaifeng, China
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9
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Mougin J, Lobanov V, Danion M, Roquigny R, Goardon L, Grard T, Morin T, Labbé L, Joyce A. Effects of dietary co-exposure to fungal and herbal functional feed additives on immune parameters and microbial intestinal diversity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 137:108773. [PMID: 37105422 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Misuse and overuse of antibiotics in aquaculture has proven to be an unsustainable practice leading to increased bacterial resistance. An alternative strategy involves the inclusion of immunostimulants in fish diets, especially fungal and herbal compounds already authorized for human consumption, hence without environmental or public health concerns. In this study, we used a holistic and cross-disciplinary pipeline to assess the immunostimulatory properties of two fungi: Trametes versicolor and Ganoderma lucidum; one herbal supplement, capsaicin in the form of Espelette pepper (Capsicum annuum), and a combination of these fungal and herbal additives on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We investigated the impact of diet supplementation for 7 weeks on survival, growth performance, cellular, humoral, and molecular immune parameters, as well as the intestinal microbial composition of the fish. Uptake of herbal and fungal compounds influenced the expression of immune related genes, without generating an inflammatory response. Significant differences were detected in the spleen-tlr2 gene expression. Supplementation with herbal additives correlated with structural changes in the fish intestinal microbiota and enhanced overall intestinal microbial diversity. Results demonstrated that the different treatments had no adverse effect on growth performance and survival, suggesting the safety of the different feed additives at the tested concentrations. While the mechanisms and multifactorial interactions remain unclear, this study provides insights not only in regard to nutrition and safety of these compounds, but also how a combined immune and gut microbiota approach can shed light on efficacy of immunostimulant compounds for potential commercial inclusion as feed supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Mougin
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Victor Lobanov
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Morgane Danion
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Unit Virology, Immunology and Ecotoxicology of Fish, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Roxane Roquigny
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMRt 1158 BioEcoAgro, USC ANSES, INRAe, Univ. Artois, Univ. Lille, Univ. Picardie Jules Verne, Univ. Liège, Junia, F-62200, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Lionel Goardon
- PEIMA-INRAe, UE0937, Fish Farming Systems Experimental Facility, Sizun, France
| | - Thierry Grard
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMRt 1158 BioEcoAgro, USC ANSES, INRAe, Univ. Artois, Univ. Lille, Univ. Picardie Jules Verne, Univ. Liège, Junia, F-62200, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Thierry Morin
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Unit Virology, Immunology and Ecotoxicology of Fish, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Laurent Labbé
- PEIMA-INRAe, UE0937, Fish Farming Systems Experimental Facility, Sizun, France
| | - Alyssa Joyce
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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10
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Chen X, de Vos P. Structure-function relationship and impact on the gut-immune barrier function of non-digestible carbohydrates and human milk oligosaccharides applicable for infant formula. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-21. [PMID: 37035930 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2199072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (hMOs) in mothers' milk play a crucial role in guiding the colonization of microbiota and gut-immune barrier development in infants. Non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs) such as synthetic single hMOs, galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), inulin-type fructans and pectin oligomers have been added to infant formula to substitute some hMOs' functions. HMOs and NDCs can modulate the gut-immune barrier, which is a multiple-layered functional unit consisting of microbiota, a mucus layer, gut epithelium, and the immune system. There is increasing evidence that the structures of the complex polysaccharides may influence their efficacy in modulating the gut-immune barrier. This review focuses on the role of different structures of individual hMOs and commonly applied NDCs in infant formulas in (i) direct regulation of the gut-immune barrier in a microbiota-independent manner and in (ii) modulation of microbiota composition and microbial metabolites of these polysaccharides in a microbiota-dependent manner. Both have been shown to be essential for guiding the development of an adequate immune barrier, but the effects are very dependent on the structural features of hMO or NDC. This knowledge might lead to tailored infant formulas for specific target groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Chen
- Immunoendocrinology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Myhill LJ, Williams AR. Diet-microbiota crosstalk and immunity to helminth infection. Parasite Immunol 2023; 45:e12965. [PMID: 36571323 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Helminths are large multicellular parasites responsible for widespread chronic disease in humans and animals. Intestinal helminths live in close proximity with the host gut microbiota and mucosal immune network, resulting in reciprocal interactions that closely influence the course of infections. Diet composition may strongly regulate gut microbiota composition and intestinal immune function and therefore may play a key role in modulating anti-helminth immune responses. Characterizing the multitude of interactions that exist between different dietary components (e.g., dietary fibres), immune cells, and the microbiota, may shed new light on regulation of helminth-specific immunity. This review focuses on the current knowledge of how metabolism of dietary components shapes immune response during helminth infection, and how this information may be potentially harnessed to design new therapeutics to manage parasitic infections and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Myhill
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew R Williams
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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12
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Jermendi É, Fernández-Lainez C, Beukema M, López-Velázquez G, van den Berg MA, de Vos P, Schols HA. TLR 2/1 interaction of pectin depends on its chemical structure and conformation. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 303:120444. [PMID: 36657837 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Citrus pectins have demonstrated health benefits through direct interaction with Toll-like receptor 2. Methyl-ester distribution patterns over the homogalacturonan were found to contribute to such immunomodulatory activity, therefore molecular interactions with TLR2 were studied. Molecular-docking analysis was performed using four GalA-heptamers, GalA7Me0, GalA7Me1,6, GalA7Me1,7 and GalA7Me2,5. The molecular relations were measured in various possible conformations. Furthermore, commercial citrus pectins were characterized by enzymatic fingerprinting using polygalacturonase and pectin-lyase to determine their methyl-ester distribution patterns. The response of 12 structurally different pectic polymers on TLR2 binding and the molecular docking with four pectic oligomers clearly demonstrated interactions with human-TLR2 in a structure-dependent way, where blocks of (non)methyl-esterified GalA were shown to inhibit TLR2/1 dimerization. Our results may be used to understand the immunomodulatory effects of certain pectins via TLR2. Knowledge of how pectins with certain methyl-ester distribution patterns bind to TLRs may lead to tailored pectins to prevent inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Jermendi
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Cynthia Fernández-Lainez
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands; Laboratorio de Errores Innatos del Metabolismo y Tamiz, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Av. Imán 1, piso 9, col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco 04530, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Martin Beukema
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Gabriel López-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Av. Imán 1, piso 5, col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco 04530, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Marco A van den Berg
- DSM Food & Beverages, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613, AX, Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Henk A Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Fernández-Lainez C, Aan de Stegge M, Silva-Lagos LA, López-Velázquez G, de Vos P. β(2 → 1)-β(2 → 6) branched graminan-type fructans and β(2 → 1) linear fructans impact mucus-related and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related genes in goblet cells and attenuate inflammatory responses in a fructan dependent fashion. Food Funct 2023; 14:1338-1348. [PMID: 36656019 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02710k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fibers such as fructans have beneficial effects on intestinal health but it is unknown whether they impact goblet cells (GCs). Here we studied the effects of inulin-type fructans (ITFs) and graminan-type fructans (GTFs) with different molecular weights on mucus- and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related genes in intestinal GCs. To that end, GCs were incubated in the presence of ITFs or GTFs, or ITFs and GTFs + TNFα or the N-glycosylation inhibitor tunicamycin (Tm). IL-8 production by GCs was studied as a marker of inflammation. Effects between ITFs and GTFs were compared. We found a beneficial impact of GTFs especially on the expression of RETNLB. GTF II protects from the TNFα-induced gene expression dysregulation of MUC2, TFF3, GAL3ST2, and CHST5. Also, all the studied fructans prevented Tm-induced dysregulation of GAL3ST2. Interestingly, only the short chain fructans ITF I and GTF I have anti-inflammatory properties on GCs. All the studied fructans except ITF I decreased the expression of the ER stress-related HSPA5 and XBP1. All these benefits were fructan-structure and chain length dependent. Our study contributes to a better understanding of chemical structure-dependent beneficial effects of ITFs and GTFs on gut barrier function, which could contribute to prevention of gut inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Fernández-Lainez
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Laboratorio de Errores innatos del Metabolismo y Tamiz, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Av. Iman 1, 04530, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Edificio D, 1° Piso. Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Myrthe Aan de Stegge
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Luis Alfredo Silva-Lagos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Gabriel López-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Av. Iman 1, 04530, Cuidad de México, Mexico.
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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14
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Lo Conte M, Antonini Cencicchio M, Ulaszewska M, Nobili A, Cosorich I, Ferrarese R, Massimino L, Andolfo A, Ungaro F, Mancini N, Falcone M. A diet enriched in omega-3 PUFA and inulin prevents type 1 diabetes by restoring gut barrier integrity and immune homeostasis in NOD mice. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1089987. [PMID: 36713378 PMCID: PMC9880528 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1089987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The integrity of the gut barrier (GB) is fundamental to regulate the crosstalk between the microbiota and the immune system and to prevent inflammation and autoimmunity at the intestinal level but also in organs distal from the gut such as the pancreatic islets. In support to this idea, we recently demonstrated that breakage of GB integrity leads to activation of islet-reactive T cells and triggers autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes (T1D). In T1D patients as in the NOD mice, the spontaneous model of autoimmune diabetes, there are alterations of the GB that specifically affect structure and composition of the mucus layer; however, it is yet to be determined whether a causal link between breakage of the GB integrity and occurrence of autoimmune T1D exists. Methods Here we restored GB integrity in the NOD mice through administration of an anti-inflammatory diet (AID- enriched in soluble fiber inulin and omega 3-PUFA) and tested the effect on T1D pathogenesis. Results We found that the AID prevented T1D in NOD mice by restoring GB integrity with increased mucus layer thickness and higher mRNA transcripts of structural (Muc2) and immunoregulatory mucins (Muc1 and Muc3) as well as of tight junction proteins (claudin1). Restoration of GB integrity was linked to reduction of intestinal inflammation (i.e., reduced expression of IL-1β, IL-23 and IL-17 transcripts) and expansion of regulatory T cells (FoxP3+ Treg cells and IL-10+ Tr1 cells) at the expenses of effector Th1/Th17 cells in the intestine, pancreatic lymph nodes (PLN) and intra-islet lymphocytes (IIL) of AID-fed NOD mice. Importantly, the restoration of GB integrity and immune homeostasis were associated with enhanced concentrations of anti-inflammatory metabolites of the ω3/ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and arachidonic pathways and modifications of the microbiome profile with increased relative abundance of mucus-modulating bacterial species such as Akkermansia muciniphila and Akkermansia glycaniphila. Discussion Our data provide evidence that the restoration of GB integrity and intestinal immune homeostasis through administration of a tolerogenic AID that changed the gut microbial and metabolic profiles prevents autoimmune T1D in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Lo Conte
- Autoimmune Pathogenesis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Antonini Cencicchio
- Autoimmune Pathogenesis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Marynka Ulaszewska
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility (ProMeFa), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelica Nobili
- Autoimmune Pathogenesis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cosorich
- Autoimmune Pathogenesis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Ferrarese
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Massimino
- Experimental Gastroenterology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Annapaola Andolfo
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility (ProMeFa), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Ungaro
- Experimental Gastroenterology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicasio Mancini
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy,Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Università “Vita-Salute” San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Marika Falcone
- Autoimmune Pathogenesis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy,*Correspondence: Marika Falcone,
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Yuan C, Wang S, Gebeyew K, Yang X, Tang S, Zhou C, Khan NA, Tan Z, Liu Y. A low-carbon high inulin diet improves intestinal mucosal barrier function and immunity against infectious diseases in goats. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1098651. [PMID: 36713857 PMCID: PMC9874328 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1098651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Abrupt weaning is a major stressful event, contributing to intestinal abnormalities and immune system dysfunction in weaned kids. Inulin is a prebiotic fiber with many positive functions, including promoting intestinal fermentation and enhancing host immunity in monogastric animals. However, the effects of a high-inulin, energy-rich diet on ruminal fermentation characteristics, methane emission, growth performance, and immune systems of weaned kids have not been investigated. Methods A fully automated in vitro fermentation system was used to investigate ruminal fermentation characteristics and methane emission of a mixed substrate of inulin and fat powder (1.31: 1) in comparison with maize grain-based starter concentrate. During a 1-week adaptation and 4-week trial phase, 18 weaned kids (8.97 ± 0.19 kg) were randomly assigned to two groups, one with a conventional diet (83% maize grain; CON) and the other with a low-carbon, high-inulin diet (41.5% maize grain, 14.4% fat powder, 18.9% inulin; INU). Results In the in vitro rumen fermentation experiment, the total gas production was not different (p > 0.05); however, a lower (p < 0.05) methane production was observed for INU as compared to CON. The average daily gain and the ratio of feed intake and growth performance of kids fed with INU were higher (p < 0.05) than those fed with CON. Serum concentrations of alanine transaminase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were lower (p < 0.05), whereas the concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and cholesterol (CHOL) were higher (p < 0.05) in kids fed with the INU diet as compared CON. Dietary inulin significantly increased (p < 0.05) the secretion of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) and inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-10) in ileum tissue. Although no differences (p > 0.05) were observed in mRNA expression of tight junction markers, the INU diet tended to increase (p = 0.09) gene expression of ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 (P70S6K) in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway of longissimus dorsi muscle. Conclusion Our findings highlighted that a low-carbon high-inulin energy-rich diet could be used as a promising strategy to improve gut immunity and growth performance of weaned kids under abrupt weaning stress and reduce methane production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuiping Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Shuiping Wang ✉
| | - Kefyalew Gebeyew
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shaoxun Tang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chuanshe Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nazir Ahmad Khan
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China,Department of Animal Nutrition, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan
| | - Zhiliang Tan
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China,*Correspondence: Yong Liu ✉
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Differential Effects of Oligosaccharides, Antioxidants, Amino Acids and PUFAs on Heat/Hypoxia-Induced Epithelial Injury in a Caco-2/HT-29 Co-Culture Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021111. [PMID: 36674626 PMCID: PMC9861987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Exposure of intestinal epithelial cells to heat and hypoxia causes a (heat) stress response, resulting in the breakdown of epithelial integrity. There are indications that several categories of nutritional components have beneficial effects on maintaining the intestinal epithelial integrity under stress conditions. This study evaluated the effect of nine nutritional components, including non-digestible oligosaccharides (galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), chitosan oligosaccharides (COS)), antioxidants (α-lipoic acid (ALA), resveratrol (RES)), amino acids (l-glutamine (Glu), l-arginine (Arg)) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)), on heat/hypoxia-induced epithelial injury. (2) Two human colonic cell lines, Caco-2 and HT-29, were co-cultured and pre-treated with the nutritional components for 48 h. After pre-treatment, the cells were exposed to heat/hypoxia (42 °C, 5% O2) for 2 h. Epithelial integrity was evaluated by measuring trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER), paracellular Lucifer Yellow (LY) permeability, and tight junction (TJ) protein expression. Heat stress and oxidative stress levels were evaluated by determining heat-shock protein-70 (HSP-70) expression and the concentration of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA). (3) GOS, FOS, COS, ALA, RES, Arg, and EPA presented protective effects on epithelial damage in heat/hypoxia-exposed Caco-2/HT-29 cells by preventing the decrease in TEER, the increase in LY permeability, and/or decrease in TJ proteins zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and claudin-3 expression. COS, RES, and EPA demonstrated anti-oxidative stress effects by suppressing the heat/hypoxia-induced MDA production, while Arg further elevated the heat/hypoxia-induced increase in HSP-70 expression. (4) This study indicates that various nutritional components have the potential to counteract heat/hypoxia-induced intestinal injury and might be interesting candidates for future in vivo studies and clinical trials in gastrointestinal disorders related to heat stress and hypoxia.
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Tanghe S, De Vos M, Degroote J, Lannoo K, Vande Ginste J, D'Inca R, Michiels J. Araceae root and citrus fibers tend to decrease Escherichia coli adhesion and myeloperoxidase levels in weaned piglets. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1111639. [PMID: 37187931 PMCID: PMC10175662 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1111639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Weaning is a stressful experience in the piglet's life, and it often coincides with impaired gut health. Post-weaning diarrhea in piglets is frequently caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (E. coli). The first step of an E. coli infection is the adhesion to host-specific receptors present on enterocytes, leading to pro-inflammatory immune responses. The aim of this study was to examine if specific fiber fractions in the piglet diet can prevent E. coli adhesion and subsequent immune responses. Methods The trial included 200 piglets (Danbred × Piétrain): 10 piglets/pen × 10 pens/dietary treatment × 2 dietary treatments. From weaning until 14 days (d14) post-weaning, piglets were fed a control diet or test diet with 2 kg/ton of a mixture of specific fiber fractions derived from Araceae root and citrus. Afterwards, 1 piglet per pen was euthanized, a section was taken at 75% of small intestinal length and E. coli colonization on the mucosal epithelium was quantified by scraping and conventional plating. From the same small intestinal section, histo-morphological indices were assessed, and mucosal scrapings were analyzed for gene expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and NF-kB. Analyses of specific intestinal bacteria and SCFA were performed on samples of intestinal content (small intestine, caecum, colon). Fecal samples were taken to measure myeloperoxidase (MPO), calprotectin and PAP/RAG3A as biomarkers for intestinal inflammation. Results and discussion Piglets fed the fiber mixture tended to have decreased E. coli colonization to the mucosal epithelium (5.65 vs. 4.84 log10 CFU/g; P = 0.07), less E. coli in the caecum (8.91 vs. 7.72 log10 CFU/g; P = 0.03) and more Lachnospiraceae in the colon (11.3 vs. 11.6 log10 CFU/g; P = 0.03). Additionally, the fiber mixture tended to increase cecal butyric acid (10.4 vs. 19.1 mmol/kg; P = 0.07). No significant effect on histo-morphological indices and on gene expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and NF-kB was observed. The fecal MPO concentration tended to decrease (20.2 vs. 10.4 ng/g; P = 0.07), indicating less intestinal inflammation. In conclusion, this study showed that specific fiber fractions from Araceae root and citrus in piglet weaner diets may decrease the risk of pathogen overgrowth by reducing E. coli adhesion and intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Tanghe
- Nutrition Sciences N.V., Drongen, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Sofie Tanghe
| | | | - Jeroen Degroote
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Joris Michiels
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Khorasaniha R, Olof H, Voisin A, Armstrong K, Wine E, Vasanthan T, Armstrong H. Diversity of fibers in common foods: Key to advancing dietary research. Food Hydrocoll 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.108495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Recent Research and Application Prospect of Functional Oligosaccharides on Intestinal Disease Treatment. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217622. [PMID: 36364447 PMCID: PMC9656564 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal tract is an essential digestive organ of the human body, and damage to the intestinal barrier will lead to various diseases. Functional oligosaccharides are carbohydrates with a low degree of polymerization and exhibit beneficial effects on human intestinal health. Laboratory experiments and clinical studies indicate that functional oligosaccharides repair the damaged intestinal tract and maintain intestinal homeostasis by regulating intestinal barrier function, immune response, and intestinal microbial composition. Functional oligosaccharides treat intestinal disease such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) and have excellent prospects for therapeutic application. Here, we present an overview of the recent research into the effects of functional oligosaccharides on intestinal health.
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Mavrogeni ME, Asadpoor M, Henricks PAJ, Keshavarzian A, Folkerts G, Braber S. Direct Action of Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides against a Leaky Gut. Nutrients 2022; 14:4699. [PMID: 36364961 PMCID: PMC9655944 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial monolayer is the primary determinant of mucosal barrier function, and tight junction (TJ) complexes seal the paracellular space between the adjacent epithelial cells and represent the main "gate-keepers" of the paracellular route. Impaired TJ functionality results in increased permeation of the "pro-inflammatory" luminal contents to the circulation that induces local and systemic inflammatory and immune responses, ultimately triggering and/or perpetuating (chronic) systemic inflammatory disorders. Increased gut leakiness is associated with intestinal and systemic disease states such as inflammatory bowel disease and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Modulation of TJ dynamics is an appealing strategy aiming at inflammatory conditions associated with compromised intestinal epithelial function. Recently there has been a growing interest in nutraceuticals, particularly in non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs). NDOs confer innumerable health benefits via microbiome-shaping and gut microbiota-related immune responses, including enhancement of epithelial barrier integrity. Emerging evidence supports that NDOs also exert health-beneficial effects on microbiota independently via direct interactions with intestinal epithelial and immune cells. Among these valuable features, NDOs promote barrier function by directly regulating TJs via AMPK-, PKC-, MAPK-, and TLR-associated pathways. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the epithelial barrier-protective effects of different NDOs with a special focus on their microbiota-independent modulation of TJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eleni Mavrogeni
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mostafa Asadpoor
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A. J. Henricks
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Braber
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Fernández-Lainez C, de la Mora-de la Mora I, Enríquez-Flores S, García-Torres I, Flores-López LA, Gutiérrez-Castrellón P, de Vos P, López-Velázquez G. The Giardial Arginine Deiminase Participates in Giardia-Host Immunomodulation in a Structure-Dependent Fashion via Toll-like Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911552. [PMID: 36232855 PMCID: PMC9569872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond the problem in public health that protist-generated diseases represent, understanding the variety of mechanisms used by these parasites to interact with the human immune system is of biological and medical relevance. Giardia lamblia is an early divergent eukaryotic microorganism showing remarkable pathogenic strategies for evading the immune system of vertebrates. Among various multifunctional proteins in Giardia, arginine deiminase is considered an enzyme that plays multiple regulatory roles during the life cycle of this parasite. One of its most important roles is the crosstalk between the parasite and host. Such a molecular "chat" is mediated in human cells by membrane receptors called Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Here, we studied the importance of the 3D structure of giardial arginine deiminase (GlADI) to immunomodulate the human immune response through TLRs. We demonstrated the direct effect of GlADI on human TLR signaling. We predicted its mode of interaction with TLRs two and four by using the AlphaFold-predicted structure of GlADI and molecular docking. Furthermore, we showed that the immunomodulatory capacity of this virulent factor of Giardia depends on the maintenance of its 3D structure. Finally, we also showed the influence of this enzyme to exert specific responses on infant-like dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Fernández-Lainez
- Laboratorio de Errores Innatos del Metabolismo y Tamiz, Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 Groningen, The Netherlands
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Sergio Enríquez-Flores
- Laboratorio de Biomoleculas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico
| | - Itzhel García-Torres
- Laboratorio de Biomoleculas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico
| | - Luis A. Flores-López
- Laboratorio de Biomoleculas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico
- CONACYT-Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Secretaria de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico
| | | | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel López-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Biomoleculas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-5510840900 (ext. 1726)
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22
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Porter D, Peggs D, McGurk C, Martin SAM. Immune responses to prebiotics in farmed salmonid fish: How transcriptomic approaches help interpret responses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:35-47. [PMID: 35667538 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Within aquaculture, prebiotics are composed of complex carbohydrate molecules that cannot be digested by the fish directly but are metabolised by the microbial communities within the host gut, with the desire that "healthy" bacterial species are promoted with subsequently improved performance of the fish, there are likely some direct responses of intestinal cells to these dietary components. The sources and processing of prebiotics, which fall under the overarching theme of "functional feeds" are highly varied between species and types of prebiotics administered. How these feeds exert their effect, and the host responses are hard to determine, but new technologies and the development of high-throughput technologies (omics) are enabling the mechanisms and methods of action to be further understood. The recent advances in the availability of 'omics' technologies with the transition from single gene assays to microarray and RNA-seq in fish health have enabled novel functional ingredients to be analysed. This review will focus on recent studies on targeted gene expression and 'omics' technologies to characterize immune responses. Comparisons between the immunomodulatory effect of different prebiotics have been made and specific examples of how transcriptomics techniques have been used to identify immune responses to prebiotics are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Porter
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24, 2TZ, UK
| | - D Peggs
- Skretting ARC, Sjøhagen 15, 4016 Stavanger, Norway
| | - C McGurk
- Skretting ARC, Sjøhagen 15, 4016 Stavanger, Norway
| | - S A M Martin
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24, 2TZ, UK.
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23
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Qiu Z, Qiao Y, Zhang B, Sun-Waterhouse D, Zheng Z. Bioactive polysaccharides and oligosaccharides from garlic (Allium sativum L.): Production, physicochemical and biological properties, and structure-function relationships. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:3033-3095. [PMID: 35765769 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Garlic is a common food, and many of its biological functions are attributed to its components including functional carbohydrates. Garlic polysaccharides and oligosaccharides as main components are understudied but have future value due to the growing demand for bioactive polysaccharides/oligosaccharides from natural sources. Garlic polysaccharides have molecular weights of 1 × 103 to 2 × 106 Da, containing small amounts of pectins and fructooligosaccharides and large amounts of inulin-type fructans ((2→1)-linked β-d-Fruf backbones alone or with attached (2→6)-linked β-d-Fruf branched chains). This article provides a detailed review of research progress and identifies knowledge gaps in extraction, production, composition, molecular characteristics, structural features, physicochemical properties, bioactivities, and structure-function relationships of garlic polysaccharides/oligosaccharides. Whether the extraction processes, synthesis approaches, and modification methods established for other non-garlic polysaccharides are also effective for garlic polysaccharides/oligosaccharides (to preserve their desired molecular structures and bioactivities) requires verification. The metabolic processes of ingested garlic polysaccharides/oligosaccharides (as food ingredients/dietary supplements), their modes of action in healthy humans or populations with chronic conditions, and molecular/chain organization-bioactivity relationships remain unclear. Future research directions related to garlic polysaccharides/oligosaccharides are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yiteng Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Dongxiao Sun-Waterhouse
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zhenjia Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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24
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Versluys M, Toksoy Öner E, Van den Ende W. Fructan oligosaccharide priming alters apoplastic sugar dynamics and improves resistance against Botrytis cinerea in chicory. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4214-4235. [PMID: 35383363 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates such as fructans can be involved in priming or defence stimulation, and hence potentially provide new strategies for crop protection against biotic stress. Chicory (Cichorium intybus) is a model plant for fructan research and is a crop with many known health benefits. Using the chicory-Botrytis cinerea pathosystem, we tested the effectiveness of fructan-induced immunity, focussing on different plant and microbial fructans. Sugar dynamics were followed after priming and subsequent pathogen infection. Our results indicated that many higher plants might detect extracellular levan oligosaccharides (LOS) of microbial origin, while chicory also detects extracellular small inulin-type fructooligosaccharides (FOS) of endogenous origin, thus differing from the findings of previous fructan priming studies. No clear positive effects were observed for inulin or mixed-type fructans. An elicitor-specific burst of reactive oxygen species was observed for sulfated LOS, while FOS and LOS both behaved as genuine priming agents. In addition, a direct antifungal effect was observed for sulfated LOS. Intriguingly, LOS priming led to a temporary increase in apoplastic sugar concentrations, mainly glucose, which could trigger downstream responses. Total sugar and starch contents in total extracts of LOS-primed leaves were higher after leaf detachment, indicating they could maintain their metabolic activity. Our results indicate the importance of balancing intra- and extracellular sugar levels (osmotic balance) in the context of 'sweet immunity' pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Versluys
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology and KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ebru Toksoy Öner
- IBSB-Industrial Biotechnology and Systems Biology Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology and KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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25
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Fernández-Lainez C, Logtenberg MJ, Tang X, Schols HA, López-Velázquez G, de Vos P. β(2→1) chicory and β(2→1)-β(2→6) agave fructans protect the human intestinal barrier function in vitro in a stressor-dependent fashion. Food Funct 2022; 13:6737-6748. [PMID: 35665791 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00534d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fibers such as fructans can protect the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity, but the mechanisms underlying this protection are not completely understood. We aimed to study the protective effect of β(2→1)-β(2→6) branched graminan-type fructans (GTFs) on gut epithelial barrier function that was disrupted by three different agents which impact the barrier function via different cellular mechanisms. The effects of GTFs were compared with those of linear β(2→1) inulin-type fructans (ITFs). T84 intestinal epithelial monolayers were incubated with GTFs and ITFs. Afterwards, the monolayers were challenged with the barrier disruptors calcium ionophore A23187, 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and deoxynivalenol (DON). Transepithelial resistance was measured with an electric cell-substrate impedance sensing system. All fructans studied prevented the barrier disruption induced by A23187. ITF II protected from the disruptive effects of PMA. However, none of the studied fructans influenced the disruption induced by DON. As a measure of disruption-induced inflammation, interleukin-8 (IL-8) production by the intestinal epithelium was determined by ELISA. The production of IL-8 induced by A23187 was decreased by all fructans, whereas IL-8 production induced by DON decreased only upon pre-treatment with ITF II. None of the studied fructans prevented PMA induced IL-8 production. GTFs just like ITFs can influence the barrier function and inflammatory processes in gut epithelial cells in a structure-dependent fashion. These distinct protective effects are dependent on the different signaling pathways that lead to gut barrier disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Fernández-Lainez
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Laboratorio de Errores innatos del Metabolismo y Tamiz, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Av. Iman 1, 04530, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Edificio D, 1° Piso. Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Madelon J Logtenberg
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Xin Tang
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Henk A Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Gabriel López-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Av. Iman 1, 04530, Cuidad de México, Mexico.
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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26
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Rastall RA, Diez-Municio M, Forssten SD, Hamaker B, Meynier A, Moreno FJ, Respondek F, Stah B, Venema K, Wiese M. Structure and function of non-digestible carbohydrates in the gut microbiome. Benef Microbes 2022; 13:95-168. [PMID: 35729770 DOI: 10.3920/bm2021.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Together with proteins and fats, carbohydrates are one of the macronutrients in the human diet. Digestible carbohydrates, such as starch, starch-based products, sucrose, lactose, glucose and some sugar alcohols and unusual (and fairly rare) α-linked glucans, directly provide us with energy while other carbohydrates including high molecular weight polysaccharides, mainly from plant cell walls, provide us with dietary fibre. Carbohydrates which are efficiently digested in the small intestine are not available in appreciable quantities to act as substrates for gut bacteria. Some oligo- and polysaccharides, many of which are also dietary fibres, are resistant to digestion in the small intestines and enter the colon where they provide substrates for the complex bacterial ecosystem that resides there. This review will focus on these non-digestible carbohydrates (NDC) and examine their impact on the gut microbiota and their physiological impact. Of particular focus will be the potential of non-digestible carbohydrates to act as prebiotics, but the review will also evaluate direct effects of NDC on human cells and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Rastall
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, P.O. Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - M Diez-Municio
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - S D Forssten
- IFF Health & Biosciences, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - B Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2009, USA
| | - A Meynier
- Nutrition Research, Mondelez France R&D SAS, 6 rue René Razel, 91400 Saclay, France
| | - F Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - F Respondek
- Tereos, Zoning Industriel Portuaire, 67390 Marckolsheim, France
| | - B Stah
- Human Milk Research & Analytical Science, Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - K Venema
- Centre for Healthy Eating & Food Innovation (HEFI), Maastricht University - campus Venlo, St. Jansweg 20, 5928 RC Venlo, the Netherlands
| | - M Wiese
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE, Zeist, the Netherlands
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27
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Structural Characterization and In-Vitro Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Activities of Polysaccharide Fractions Isolated from Artemisia annua L. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113643. [PMID: 35684579 PMCID: PMC9182033 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Arimisia annua L. is an important anticancer herb used in traditional Chinese medicine. The molecular basis underpinning the anticancer activity is complex and not fully understood, but the herbal polysaccharides, broadly recognised as having immunomodulatory, antioxidant and anticancer activities, are potential key active agents. To examine the functions of polysaccharides from A. annua, their immunomodulatory and antioxidant potentials were evaluated, as well as their structural characterization. The water-soluble polysaccharides (AAPs) were fractionated using size-exclusion chromatography to obtain three dominant fractions, AAP-1, AAP-2 and AAP-3, having molecular masses centered around 1684, 455 and 5.8kDa, respectively. The antioxidant potentials of the isolated polysaccharides were evaluated by measuring radical scavenging activities against DPPH● (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical), ABTS●+ (2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid radical ion), and the OH● (hydroxyl radical). AAP-1 displayed high antioxidant activities against these radicals, which were 68%, 73% and 78%, respectively. AAP-2 displayed lower scavenging activities than the other two fractions. Immunostimulatory activities of AAPs were measured using mouse macrophages. The three polysaccharide fractions displayed significant antioxidant activities and stimulated the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). AAP-1 showed significant immunostimulatory activity (16-fold increase in the production of IL-6 compared to the control and 13-fold increase in the production of TNF-α) with low toxicity (>60% cell viability at 125 μg/mL concentration). Preliminary structural characterization of the AAPs was carried out using gas chromatography (GC) and FTIR techniques. The results indicate that AAP-1 and AAP-2 are pyranose-containing polysaccharides with β-linkages, and AAP-3 is a β-fructofuranoside. The results suggest that these polysaccharides are potential candidates for immunotherapy and cancer treatment.
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28
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Chen X, Chen X, Zhu L, Liu W, Jiang L. Efficient production of inulo-oligosaccharides from inulin by exo- and endo-inulinase co-immobilized onto a self-assembling protein scaffold. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 210:588-599. [PMID: 35513090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inulin can be hydrolyzed by inulinases to yield inulo-oligosaccharides (IOSs), which have great application potential in the food and nutraceutical industries. However, conventional enzymatic production of IOSs is limited by long hydrolysis times and poor thermo-stability of inulinases. Here, the self-assembling protein scaffold EutM was engineered to co-immobilize exo-inulinase (EXINU) and endo-inulinase (ENINU) for synergistic hydrolysis of inulin to produce IOSs with 3 to 5 monosaccharide units (DP3-5 IOSs). The immobilization of EXINU/ENINU onto the EutM scaffold resulted in an increase of catalytic efficiency, a 65% increase of the Vmax of ENINU, as well as an increase of thermo-stability, with 4.26-fold higher residual activity of EXINU after 22 h-incubation at 50 °C. After optimization, two efficient production protocols were obtained, in which the yield and productivity of DP3-5 IOSs reached 80.38% and 70.86 g·(L·h)-1, respectively, which were at a high level in similar studies. Overall, this study provides an attractive self-assembling protein platform for the co-immobilization of inulinases, as well as optimized bioprocesses with great promise for the industrial production of DP3-5 IOSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China
| | - Xianhan Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China
| | - Liying Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China..
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China..
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29
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Dectin-1b activation by arabinoxylans induces trained immunity in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:942-950. [PMID: 35447262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Arabinoxylans of various structures and sources have shown to possess the ability to induce a range of immune responses in different cell types in vitro and in vivo. Although the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully established, several studies point towards the involvement of activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Activation of specific PRRs (i.e., Dectin-1 and CR3) has also been shown to play a key role in the induction of a non-specific memory response in innate immune cells, termed 'trained innate immunity'. In the current study, we assessed whether arabinoxylans are also able to induce trained innate immunity. To this end, a range of arabinoxylan preparations from different sources were tested for their physicochemical properties and their capacity to induce innate immune training and resilience. In human macrophages, rice and wheat-derived arabinoxylan preparations induced training and/or resilience effects, the extent depending on fiber particle size and solubility. Using a Dectin-1 antagonist or a CR3 antibody, it was demonstrated that arabinoxylan-induced trained immunity in macrophages is mainly dependent on Dectin-1b. These findings build on previous observations showing the immunomodulatory potential of arabinoxylans as biological response modifiers and open up promising avenues for their use as health promoting ingredients.
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30
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El-Sherbeny EME, Khoris EA, Kassem S. Assessment the efficacy of some various treatment methods, in vitro and in vivo, against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in fish with regard to side effects and residues. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 253:109246. [PMID: 34801729 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is an opportunistic bacteria with an overwhelming impact on fish farming industry especially with upraising of drug resistant mutants. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the therapeutic and side effects of levofloxacin (LEV), chitosan-nanoparticles (CNPs), and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) in control of this infection in tilapia. A total of 160 Nile-tilapia divided into 8-groups; G1: negative-control, G2: infected-control, G3: non-infected-(levofloxacin (LEV) 10 mg/kg bwt), G4: non-infected-(chitosan-nanoparticles (CNPs) 1 g/kg ration), G5: non-infected-(fructooligosaccharides (FOS) 20 g/kg ration), G6: infected-LEV, G7: infected-CNPs and G8: infected-FOS for 7 days. MICs were (0.125 μg/ml and 1.25 mg/ml) for LEV and CNPs respectively. No mortalities or significant adverse effects were recorded in non-infected treated-groups while infected were (20%) LEV, (30%) CNPs, (40%) FOS and (70%) G2. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) decreased by LEV and CNPs than FOS while all increased total protein (TP) and albumin than G2. Malondialdehyde (MDA) significantly decreased and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) increased in all infected-treated groups than G2 in various degrees. Urea and creatinine descending order were FOS, LEV then CNPs decreased significantly than G2. LEV musculature residues, using HPLC, decreased gradually till the 5th day; 621.00 ± 0.66, 270.00 ± 0.48 then 64.00 ± 0.40, and 471.00 ± 0.79, 175.00 ± 0.52 ppb then not detected at 1st, 3rd, and 5th days of withdrawal in non-infected and infected groups respectively. Finally, LEV and CNPs were superior as bactericidal, decreasing mortalities and enzyme activities while CNPs and FOS increased performance, non-specific immunity, and antioxidant biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M El El-Sherbeny
- Pharmacology unit, Tanta lab, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Enas A Khoris
- Fish disease unit, Tanta lab, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Samr Kassem
- Nanomaterials Research and Synthesis Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
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31
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Versluys M, Van den Ende W. Sweet Immunity Aspects during Levan Oligosaccharide-Mediated Priming in Rocket against Botrytis cinerea. Biomolecules 2022; 12:370. [PMID: 35327562 PMCID: PMC8945012 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
New strategies are required for crop protection against biotic stress. Naturally derived molecules, including carbohydrates such as fructans, can be used in priming or defense stimulation. Rocket (Eruca sativa) is an important leafy vegetable and a good source of antioxidants. Here, we tested the efficacy of fructan-induced immunity in the Botrytis cinerea pathosystem. Different fructan types of plant and microbial origin were considered and changes in sugar dynamics were analyzed. Immune resistance increased significantly after priming with natural and sulfated levan oligosaccharides (LOS). No clear positive effects were observed for fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), inulin or branched-type fructans. Only sulfated LOS induced a direct ROS burst, typical for elicitors, while LOS behaved as a genuine priming compound. Total leaf sugar levels increased significantly both after LOS priming and subsequent infection. Intriguingly, apoplastic sugar levels temporarily increased after LOS priming but not after infection. We followed LOS and small soluble sugar dynamics in the apoplast as a function of time and found a temporal peak in small soluble sugar levels. Although similar dynamics were also found with inulin-type FOS, increased Glc and FOS levels may benefit B. cinerea. During LOS priming, LOS- and/or Glc-dependent signaling may induce downstream sweet immunity responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology and KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
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Fernández-Lainez C, Akkerman R, Oerlemans MMP, Logtenberg MJ, Schols HA, Silva-Lagos LA, López-Velázquez G, de Vos P. β(2→6)-Type fructans attenuate proinflammatory responses in a structure dependent fashion via Toll-like receptors. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 277:118893. [PMID: 34893295 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Graminan-type fructans (GTFs) have demonstrated immune benefits. However, mechanisms underlying these benefits are unknown. We studied GTFs interaction with Toll-like receptors (TLRs), performed molecular docking and determined their impact on dendritic cells (DCs). Effects of GTFs were compared with those of inulin-type fructans (ITFs). Whereas ITFs only contained β(2→1)-linked fructans, GTFs showed higher complexity as it contains additional β(2→6)-linkages. GTFs activated NF-κB/AP-1 through MyD88 and TRIF pathways. GTFs stimulated TLR3, 7 and 9 while ITFs activated TLR2 and TLR4. GTFs strongly inhibited TLR2 and TLR4, while ITFs did not inhibit any TLR. Molecular docking demonstrated interactions of fructans with TLR2, 3, and 4 in a structure dependent fashion. Moreover, ITFs and GTFs attenuated pro-inflammatory cytokine production of stimulated DCs. These findings demonstrate immunomodulatory effects of GTFs via TLRs and attenuation of cytokine production in dendritic cells by GTFs and long-chain ITF.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fernández-Lainez
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands; Laboratorio de Errores Innatos del Metabolismo y Tamiz, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - R Akkerman
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - M M P Oerlemans
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - M J Logtenberg
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H A Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - L A Silva-Lagos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - G López-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - P de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
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Young ID, Nepogodiev SA, Black IM, Le Gall G, Wittmann A, Latousakis D, Visnapuu T, Azadi P, Field RA, Juge N, Kawasaki N. Lipopolysaccharide associated with β-2,6 fructan mediates TLR4-dependent immunomodulatory activity in vitro. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 277:118606. [PMID: 34893207 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Levan, a β-2,6 fructofuranose polymer produced by microbial species, has been reported for its immunomodulatory properties via interaction with toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) which recognises lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these interactions remain elusive. Here, we investigated the immunomodulatory properties of levan using thoroughly-purified and characterised samples from Erwinia herbicola and other sources. E. herbicola levan was purified by gel-permeation chromatography and LPS was removed from the levan following a novel alkali treatment developed in this study. E. herbicola levan was then characterised by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and NMR. We found that levan containing LPS, but not LPS-depleted levan, induced TLR4-mediated cytokine production by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and/or activated TLR4 reporter cells. These data indicated that the immunomodulatory properties of the levan toward TLR4-expressing immune cells were mediated by the LPS. This work also demonstrates the importance of LPS removal when assessing the immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Young
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Sergey A Nepogodiev
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ian M Black
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Gwenaelle Le Gall
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Alexandra Wittmann
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
| | | | - Triinu Visnapuu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Nathalie Juge
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Norihito Kawasaki
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK.
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34
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van Daal MT, Folkerts G, Garssen J, Braber S. Pharmacological Modulation of Immune Responses by Nutritional Components. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:198-232. [PMID: 34663688 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) has increased over the last few decades, and one of the major contributors to this is lifestyle, especially diet. High intake of saturated fatty acids and low intake of dietary fiber is linked to an increase in NCDs. Conversely, a low intake of saturated fatty acids and a high intake of dietary fiber seem to have a protective effect on general health. Several mechanisms have been identified that underlie this phenomenon. In this review, we focus on pharmacological receptors, including the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, binding partners of the retinoid X receptor, G-coupled protein receptors, and toll-like receptors, which can be activated by nutritional components and their metabolites. Depending on the nutritional component and the receptors involved, both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects occur, leading to an altered immune response. These insights may provide opportunities for the prevention and treatment of NCDs and their inherent (sub)chronic inflammation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review summarizes the reported effects of nutritional components and their metabolites on the immune system through manipulation of specific (pharmacological) receptors, including the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, binding partners of the retinoid X receptor, G-coupled protein receptors, and toll-like receptors. Nutritional components, such as vitamins, fibers, and unsaturated fatty acids are able to resolve inflammation, whereas saturated fatty acids tend to exhibit proinflammatory effects. This may aid decision makers and scientists in developing strategies to decrease the incidence of noncommunicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe T van Daal
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.T.v.D., G.F., J.G., S.B.); and Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.G.)
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.T.v.D., G.F., J.G., S.B.); and Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.G.)
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.T.v.D., G.F., J.G., S.B.); and Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.G.)
| | - Saskia Braber
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.T.v.D., G.F., J.G., S.B.); and Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.G.)
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35
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Fan S, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Chen X. Achyranthes bidentata Polysaccharide Activates Nuclear Factor-Kappa B and Promotes Cytokine Production in J774A.1 Cells Through TLR4/MyD88 Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:753599. [PMID: 34658894 PMCID: PMC8517515 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.753599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Achyranthes bidentata Blume, a traditional Chinese medicine, is widely acknowledged for its function of invigorating the liver and kidneys and as a stranguria-relieving diuretic and used in the treatment of edema, gonorrhea, and other diseases. Polysaccharide (ABPS), isolated from Achyranthes bidentata Blume, has been demonstrated to have multiple biological activities including immunomodulatory effects. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of ABPS have not been fully investigated. The present study is conducted to explore the underlying mechanism of immunomodulatory activities of ABPS. Results showed that ABPS significantly increased the secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α in J744 A.1 cells. Nitric oxide (NO) also significantly increased after ABPS treatment. The special antibodies (Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antibody and CD14/TLR4 antibody) significantly decreased the activation, while the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) antibody could not abolish this activation. Meanwhile, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), a specific inhibitor of NF-κB, remarkably inhibited the secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α induced by ABPS in J744 A.1 cells. Western blotting (WB) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) showed that ABPS promoted NF-κB translocation into the nucleus. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein expression of TLR4 and MyD88 were significantly increased after ABPS treatment. Taken together, these findings suggested that the immunomodulatory mechanism of ABPS was associated with the secretion of cytokines by stimulating the NF-κB pathway through TLR4/MyD88 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sairong Fan
- Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanxing Wang
- Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yamin Wu
- Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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36
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Wilson B, Eyice Ö, Koumoutsos I, Lomer MC, Irving PM, Lindsay JO, Whelan K. Prebiotic Galactooligosaccharide Supplementation in Adults with Ulcerative Colitis: Exploring the Impact on Peripheral Blood Gene Expression, Gut Microbiota, and Clinical Symptoms. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103598. [PMID: 34684597 PMCID: PMC8537576 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prebiotics may promote immune homeostasis and reduce sub-clinical inflammation in humans. This study investigated the effect of prebiotic galactooligosaccharide (GOS) supplementation in colonic inflammation. Seventeen patients with active ulcerative colitis (UC) consumed 2.8 g/d GOS for 6 weeks. At baseline and 6 weeks, gene expression (microarray), fecal calprotectin (ELISA), microbiota (16S rRNA), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs; gas-liquid chromatography), and clinical outcomes (simple clinical colitis activity index (SCCAI), gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (GSRS), and Bristol stool form scale (BSFS)) were measured. Following prebiotics, clinical scores (SCCAI), fecal calprotectin, SCFAs, and pH were unchanged. Five genes were upregulated and two downregulated. Normal stool proportion (BSFS) increased (49% vs. 70%, p = 0.024), and the incidence (46% vs. 23%, p = 0.016) and severity (0.7 vs. 0.5, p = 0.048) of loose stool (GSRS), along with urgency (SCCAI) scores (1.0 vs. 0.5, p = 0.011), were reduced. In patients with a baseline SCCAI ≤2, prebiotics increased the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium from 1.65% (1.97) to 3.99% (5.37) (p = 0.046) and Christensenellaceae from 0.13% (0.33) to 0.31% (0.76) (p = 0.043). Prebiotics did not lower clinical scores or inflammation but normalized stools. Bifidobacterium and Christensenellaceae proportions only increased in patients with less active diseases, indicating that the prebiotic effect may depend on disease activity. A controlled study is required to validate these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette Wilson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK; (B.W.); (M.C.L.) (P.M.I.)
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Guys and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Özge Eyice
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK;
| | - Ioannis Koumoutsos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guys and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK;
| | - Miranda C. Lomer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK; (B.W.); (M.C.L.) (P.M.I.)
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Guys and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guys and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK;
| | - Peter M. Irving
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK; (B.W.); (M.C.L.) (P.M.I.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guys and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK;
| | - James O. Lindsay
- Department of Gastroenterology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London E1 1FR, UK;
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Kevin Whelan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK; (B.W.); (M.C.L.) (P.M.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)207-848-3858
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37
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Akkerman R, Logtenberg MJ, Beukema M, de Haan BJ, Faas MM, Zoetendal EG, Schols HA, de Vos P. Chicory inulin enhances fermentation of 2'-fucosyllactose by infant fecal microbiota and differentially influences immature dendritic cell and T-cell cytokine responses under normal and Th2-polarizing conditions. Food Funct 2021; 12:9018-9029. [PMID: 34382992 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00893e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Scope: Non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs) such as native chicory inulin and 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) are added to infant formula to mimic some of the human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) functions. It is unknown whether combining inulin and 2'-FL influences their fermentation kinetics and whether the immune-modulatory effects of these NDCs are different under normal and inflammatory-prone Th2-polarizing conditions. Methods and results: We investigated the in vitro fermentation of 2'-FL and native chicory inulin, fermented individually and combined, using fecal inocula of 8-week-old infants. Native inulin was fermented in a size-dependent fashion and expedited the fermentation of 2'-FL. Fermentation of both native inulin and 2'FL increased the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium, which coincided with the production of acetate and lactate. The fermentation digesta of all fermentations differentially influenced both dendritic cell and T-cell cytokine responses under normal culture conditions or in presence of the Th2-polarizing cytokines IL-33 and TSLP, with the most pronounced effect for IL-1β in the presence of TSLP. Conclusions: Our findings show that native inulin can expedite the fermentation of 2'-FL by infant fecal microbiota and that these NDC fermentation digesta have different effects under normal and Th2-polarizing conditions, indicating that infants with different immune backgrounds might benefit from tailored NDC formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Akkerman
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Madelon J Logtenberg
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Martin Beukema
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Bart J de Haan
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marijke M Faas
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Erwin G Zoetendal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk A Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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38
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Blanco-Pérez F, Steigerwald H, Schülke S, Vieths S, Toda M, Scheurer S. The Dietary Fiber Pectin: Health Benefits and Potential for the Treatment of Allergies by Modulation of Gut Microbiota. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2021; 21:43. [PMID: 34505973 PMCID: PMC8433104 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-021-01020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review The incidence of allergies is increasing and has been associated with several environmental factors including westernized diets. Changes in environment and nutrition can result in dysbiosis of the skin, gut, and lung microbiota altering the production of microbial metabolites, which may in turn generate epigenetic modifications. The present review addresses studies on pectin-mediated effects on allergies, including the immune modulating mechanisms by bacterial metabolites. Recent Findings Recently, microbiota have gained attention as target for allergy intervention, especially with prebiotics, that are able to stimulate the growth and activity of certain microorganisms. Dietary fibers, which cannot be digested in the gastrointestinal tract, can alter the gut microbiota and lead to increased local and systemic concentrations of gut microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These can promote the generation of peripheral regulatory T cells (Treg) by epigenetic modulation and suppress the inflammatory function of dendritic cells (DCs) by transcriptional modulation. The dietary fiber pectin (a plant-derived polysaccharide commonly used as gelling agent and dietary supplement) can alter the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes in gut and lung microbiota, increasing the concentrations of SCFAs in feces and sera, and reducing the development of airway inflammation by suppressing DC function. Summary Pectin has shown immunomodulatory effects on allergies, although the underlying mechanisms still need to be elucidated. It has been suggested that the different types of pectin may exert direct and/or indirect immunomodulatory effects through different mechanisms. However, little is known about the relation of certain pectin structures to allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Blanco-Pérez
- Molecular Allergology, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany.
| | - Hanna Steigerwald
- Molecular Allergology, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schülke
- Molecular Allergology, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Stefan Vieths
- Molecular Allergology, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Masako Toda
- Laboratory of Food and Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Stephan Scheurer
- Molecular Allergology, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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39
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Asadpoor M, Varasteh S, Pieters RJ, Folkerts G, Braber S. Differential effects of oligosaccharides on the effectiveness of ampicillin against Escherichia coli in vitro. PHARMANUTRITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2021.100264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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40
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Verma DK, Patel AR, Thakur M, Singh S, Tripathy S, Srivastav PP, Chávez-González ML, Gupta AK, Aguilar CN. A review of the composition and toxicology of fructans, and their applications in foods and health. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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41
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Gasaly N, de Vos P, Hermoso MA. Impact of Bacterial Metabolites on Gut Barrier Function and Host Immunity: A Focus on Bacterial Metabolism and Its Relevance for Intestinal Inflammation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:658354. [PMID: 34122415 PMCID: PMC8187770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.658354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The diverse and dynamic microbial community of the human gastrointestinal tract plays a vital role in health, with gut microbiota supporting the development and function of the gut immune barrier. Crosstalk between microbiota-gut epithelium and the gut immune system determine the individual health status, and any crosstalk disturbance may lead to chronic intestinal conditions, such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and celiac disease. Microbiota-derived metabolites are crucial mediators of host-microbial interactions. Some beneficially affect host physiology such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and secondary bile acids. Also, tryptophan catabolites determine immune responses, such as through binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). AhR is abundantly present at mucosal surfaces and when activated enhances intestinal epithelial barrier function as well as regulatory immune responses. Exogenous diet-derived indoles (tryptophan) are a major source of endogenous AhR ligand precursors and together with SCFAs and secondary bile acids regulate inflammation by lowering stress in epithelium and gut immunity, and in IBD, AhR expression is downregulated together with tryptophan metabolites. Here, we present an overview of host microbiota-epithelium- gut immunity crosstalk and review how microbial-derived metabolites contribute to host immune homeostasis. Also, we discuss the therapeutic potential of bacterial catabolites for IBD and celiac disease and how essential dietary components such as dietary fibers and bacterial tryptophan catabolites may contribute to intestinal and systemic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naschla Gasaly
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marcela A Hermoso
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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42
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Kong C, Faas MM, de Vos P, Akkerman R. Impact of dietary fibers in infant formulas on gut microbiota and the intestinal immune barrier. Food Funct 2021; 11:9445-9467. [PMID: 33150902 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01700k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human milk (HM) is the gold standard for the nutrition of infants. An important component of HM is human milk oligosaccharides (hMOs), which play an important role in gut microbiota colonization and gut immune barrier establishment, and thereby contribute to the maturation of the immune system in early life. Guiding these processes is important as disturbances have life-long health effects and can lead to the development of allergic diseases. Unfortunately, not all infants can be exclusively fed with HM. These infants are routinely fed with infant formulas that contain hMO analogs and other non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs) to mimic the effects of hMOs. Currently, the hMO analogs 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), and pectins are added to infant formulas; however, these NDCs cannot mimic all hMO functions and therefore new NDCs and NDC mixtures need to become available for specific groups of neonates like preterm and disease-prone neonates. In this review, we discuss human data on the beneficial effects of infant formula supplements such as the specific hMO analog 2'-FL and NDCs as well as their mechanism of effects like stimulation of microbiota development, maturation of different parts of the gut immune barrier and anti-pathogenic effects. Insights into the structure-specific mechanisms by which hMOs and NDCs exert their beneficial functions might contribute to the development of new tailored NDCs and NDC mixtures. We also describe the needs for new in vitro systems that can be used for research on hMOs and NDCs. The current data suggest that "tailored infant formulas" for infants of different ages and healthy statuses are needed to ensure a healthy development of the microbiota and the gut immune system of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Kong
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
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43
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Beukema M, Jermendi É, Schols HA, de Vos P. The influence of calcium on pectin's impact on TLR2 signalling. Food Funct 2021; 11:7427-7432. [PMID: 32902547 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01703e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
High intake of dietary fibres and calcium has been correlated to a lower frequency of Western disease such as allergy, asthma and obesity. How the combined higher intake of dietary fibres and calcium reduces the incidence of these diseases is unknown. Dietary fibre pectin can interact with Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and calcium in a degree of methyl-esterification (DM)-dependent manner. Low DM pectins interact stronger with TLR2 than high DM pectins. Since low DM pectin are known to bind calcium strongly, we investigated how calcium influences the DM-dependent impact of pectins on TLR2 signalling. We tested TLR2 activating, inhibiting and binding properties of pectins with DM18, DM52 and DM69 under 0 mM, 1 mM and 10 mM calcium conditions. None of the pectins activated TLR2, but pectins inhibited TLR2. Under 0 mM calcium conditions, especially DM18 and DM52 strongly inhibited TLR2 and bound strongly to TLR2. Addition of 1 and 10 mM calcium to these pectins reduced TLR2 inhibition and TLR2 binding. Our study shows that calcium reduces inhibition of TLR2 by low and intermediate DM pectins, but calcium has lower impact on TLR2 inhibition by high DM pectins. Calcium may therefore beneficially influence the impact of pectin on TLR2 signalling and contribute to an improved intestinal barrier function. A combined higher intake of pectin and calcium may therefore contribute to a lower incidence of Western diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Beukema
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Éva Jermendi
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Henk A Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Paulus de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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The Immunomodulatory Properties of β-2,6 Fructans: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041309. [PMID: 33921025 PMCID: PMC8071392 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides such as β-2,1-linked fructans including inulin or fructose oligosaccharides are well-known prebiotics with recognised immunomodulatory properties. In recent years, other fructan types covering β-2,6-linked fructans, particularly microbial levans, have gained increasing interest in the field. β-2,6-linked fructans of different degrees of polymerisation can be synthesised by plants or microbes including those that reside in the gastrointestinal tract. Accumulating evidence suggests a role for these β-2,6 fructans in modulating immune function. Here, we provide an overview of the sources and structures of β-2,6 fructans from plants and microbes and describe their ability to modulate immune function in vitro and in vivo along with the suggested mechanisms underpinning their immunomodulatory properties. Further, we discuss the limitations and perspectives pertinent to current studies and the potential applications of β-2,6 fructans including in gut health.
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Thirumdas R, Kothakota A, Pandiselvam R, Bahrami A, Barba FJ. Role of food nutrients and supplementation in fighting against viral infections and boosting immunity: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021; 110:66-77. [PMID: 33558789 PMCID: PMC7857987 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The viral infections can be highly contagious and easily transmissible, which even can lead to a pandemic, like the recent COVID-19 outbreak, causing massive deaths worldwide. While, still the best practical way to prevent the transmission of viruses is to practice self-sanitation and follow social distancing principles, enhancing the individual's immunity through the consumption of proper foods containing balanced nutrients can have significant result against viral infections. Foods containing nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, few polysaccharides, and some non-nutrients (i.e. polyphenols) have shown therapeutic potential against the function of viruses and can increase the immunity of people. SCOPE AND APPROACH The results of conducted works aiming for studying the potential antiviral characteristics of diverse groups of foods and food's nutrients (in terms of polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals) are critically discussed. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION Nutrients, besides playing an important role in maintaining normal physiology of human's body and healthiness, are also required for enhancing the immunity of the body and can be effective against viral infections. They can present antiviral capacity either by entering into the defensive mechanism directly through interfering with the target viruses, or indirectly through activating the cells associated with the adaptive immune system. During the current situation of COVID-19 pandemic (the lack of proper curative viral drug), enhancing the immunity of individual's body through proposing the appropriate diet (rich in both macro and micro-nutrients) is one of few practical preventive measures available in fighting against Coronaviruses, this significant health-threatening virus, as well as other viruses in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Thirumdas
- Department of Food Process Technology, College of Food Science & Technology, PJTSAU, Telangana, India
| | - Anjinelyulu Kothakota
- Agro-Processing & Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Trivandrum, 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - R Pandiselvam
- Physiology, Biochemistry and Post-Harvest Technology Division, ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), Kasaragod, 671 124, Kerala, India
| | - Akbar Bahrami
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Francisco J Barba
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, València, Spain
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Castro-Alves VC, Nascimento JROD. Size matters: TLR4-mediated effects of α-(1,5)-linear arabino-oligosaccharides in macrophage-like cells depend on their degree of polymerization. Food Res Int 2021; 141:110093. [PMID: 33641969 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Linear arabino-oligosaccharides (LAOS) produced from controlled enzymatic hydrolysis of arabinans from sugar beet are well-known because of their chain-length dependent prebiotic effects. However, it is not clear if these α-(1,5)-linked arabinose oligosaccharides can interact directly with immune system cells, as well as if its degree of polymerization (DP) influences possible biological effects. Four high purity LAOS with distinct DP were tested in macrophage-like cells exposed or not to LPS. Results shown that LAOS interact with Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 in a chain length-dependent manner. LAOS with higher DP induce stimulatory effects mainly through the TLR4/MyD88 pathway, thereby enhancing the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL-) 1β, 6, 12, and chemokines including MCP-1, RANTES, IL-8, and IP-10. Notably, LAOS with lower DP appears to have an opposite effect to those counterparts with higher DP, as they does not induce the secretion of cytokines and chemokines in macrophages-like cells, while also inhibit TLR4-mediated effects induced by both lipopolysaccharide and LAOS with higher DP. These findings provide not only insights into potential biological effects of LAOS, but also reveal that controlled enzymatic hydrolysis of sugar beet arabinans may lead to dietary oligosaccharides with desired biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Costa Castro-Alves
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Food Research Center (FoRC), Research, Innovation and Dissemination Centers, São Paulo Research Foundation (CEPID-FAPESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - João Roberto Oliveira do Nascimento
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Food Research Center (FoRC), Research, Innovation and Dissemination Centers, São Paulo Research Foundation (CEPID-FAPESP), São Paulo, Brazil; Food and Nutrition Research Center (NAPAN), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Simanca-Sotelo M, De Paula C, Domínguez-Anaya Y, Pastrana-Puche Y, Álvarez-Badel B. Physico-chemical and sensory characterization of sweet biscuits made with Yacon flour (Smallanthus sonchifolius). NFS JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kiewiet MBG, Elderman ME, El Aidy S, Burgerhof JGM, Visser H, Vaughan EE, Faas MM, de Vos P. Flexibility of Gut Microbiota in Ageing Individuals during Dietary Fiber Long-Chain Inulin Intake. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2000390. [PMID: 33369019 PMCID: PMC8138623 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE During ageing, dysbiosis in the intestinal microbiota may occur and impact health. There is a paucity of studies on the effect of fiber on the elderly microbiota and the flexibility of the aged microbiota upon prebiotic intake. It is hypothesized that chicory long-chain inulin consumption can change microbiota composition, microbial fermentation products, and immunity in the elderly. METHODS AND RESULTS A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial is performed in healthy individuals (55-80 years), in which microbiota composition is studied before, during, and after two months of chicory long-chain inulin consumption. Fecal short chain fatty acid concentrations, T cell subsets, and antibody responses against a Hepatitis B (HB) vaccine are measured as well. Inulin consumption modified the microbiota composition, as measured by 16S rRNA sequencing. Participants consuming inulin have higher microbial diversity and a relatively higher abundance of the Bifidobacterium genus, as well as Alistipes shahii, Anaerostipes hadrus, and Parabacteroides distasonis. While the immune responses remain unchanged, the isobutyric acid levels, an undesired fermentation product, tend to be lower in the inulin group. CONCLUSIONS Overall, it is shown that the gut microbiota composition is still sensitive to chicory long-chain inulin induced changes in an ageing population, although this did not translate into an improved immune response to an HB vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mensiena B. G. Kiewiet
- ImmunoendocrinologyDivision of Medical BiologyDepartment of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenHanzeplein 1Groningen9700 RBThe Netherlands
| | - Marlies E. Elderman
- ImmunoendocrinologyDivision of Medical BiologyDepartment of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenHanzeplein 1Groningen9700 RBThe Netherlands
| | - Sahar El Aidy
- Host‐microbe metabolic interactionsGroningen Biomolecular and Biotechnology Institute (GBB)University of GroningenNijenborgh 7Groningen9747 AGThe Netherlands
| | - Johannes G. M. Burgerhof
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningen9713 GZThe Netherlands
| | - Hester Visser
- ImmunoendocrinologyDivision of Medical BiologyDepartment of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenHanzeplein 1Groningen9700 RBThe Netherlands
| | - Elaine E. Vaughan
- Sensus (Royal Cosun)Oosterlijke Havendijk 15Roosendaal4704 RAThe Netherlands
| | - Marijke M. Faas
- ImmunoendocrinologyDivision of Medical BiologyDepartment of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenHanzeplein 1Groningen9700 RBThe Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- ImmunoendocrinologyDivision of Medical BiologyDepartment of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenHanzeplein 1Groningen9700 RBThe Netherlands
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Cao RA, Ji R, Tabarsa M, Zhang J, Meng L, Zhang C, Zhang J, Wang L, Wu R, Wang C, Jin C, You S. Purification, characterization and immunostimulatory effects of polysaccharides from Anemarrhena asphodeloides rhizomes. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 172:550-559. [PMID: 33465362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The crude polysaccharide was extracted from A. asphodeloides rhizomes and further purified to produce two fractions F1 (50.0%) and F2 (19.6%). The chemical constitutions of the polysaccharides were neutral sugars (51.4%-89.7%), uronic acids (1.0%-30.2%) and sulfate esters (3.4%-8.1%), with various ratios of monosaccharides including rhamnose (1.4%-6.1%), arabinose (7.1%-21.2%), xylose (0.2%-4.8%), mannose (39.9%-79.0%), glucose (6.0%-11.1%) and galactose (2.6%-22.0%). The molecular properties of the polysaccharides were investigated by the HPSEC-UV-MALLS-RI system, revealing the Mw 130.0 × 103-576.5 × 103 g/moL, Rg 87.6-382.6 nm and SVg 0.3-54.3 cm3/g. The polysaccharides stimulated RAW264.7 cells to produce considerable amounts of NO and up-regulate the expression of TNF-α, IL-1 and COX-2 genes. Polysaccharides exhibited the growth inhibitory effects on cancer cells lines of AGS, MKN-28 and MKN-45, in which F2 fraction exhibited prominent bioactivities. The AGS cells treated with F2 experienced condensed cytoplasm, shrinkage of nucleus and chromatin marginalization with the highest number of cells at early-stage apoptosis reaching 54.6%. The inhibitory effect of F2 polysaccharide on AGS cells was through MAPKs and STAT3 signaling pathways. The backbone of the F2 was mainly linked by (1 → 4)-linked mannopyranosyl and (1 → 3)-linked galactopyranosyl. Taken together, the polysaccharide from A. asphodeloides rhizomes could be utilized as medicinal, pharmacological and functional food ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-An Cao
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Agri-Food Processing and Engineering Technology Research Center of Heilongjiang Province, Daqing 163319, China
| | - RuiXue Ji
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Mehdi Tabarsa
- Department of Seafood Processing, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor 46414-356, Iran
| | - JianQiang Zhang
- Heilongjiang Heyi Dairy Technology Co. Ltd., Daqing 163000, China
| | - LingQi Meng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - ChengTai Zhang
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - JiaMiao Zhang
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - LiDong Wang
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Rui Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - ChangYuan Wang
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China.
| | - ChengHao Jin
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China.
| | - SangGuan You
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneung Daehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon 210-702, South Korea.
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Nattha P, Santad W, Pritsana R, Chutha TY. Inflammatory response of raw 264.7 macrophage cells teated with dragonfruit oligosaccharide on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.27.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pansai Nattha
- Functional Food and Nutrition Program, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University
| | - Wichienchot Santad
- Functional Food and Nutrition Program, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University
| | - Raungrut Pritsana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University
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