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Wang J, Luo Y, Katiyar H, Liang C, Liu Q. The Antiviral Activity of Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Proteins and Virus Evasion Strategies. Viruses 2024; 16:734. [PMID: 38793616 PMCID: PMC11125860 DOI: 10.3390/v16050734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are antiviral cytokines that defend against viral infections by inducing the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) 1, 2, and 3 are crucial ISG products and members of the CD225 protein family. Compelling evidence shows that IFITMs restrict the infection of many unrelated viruses by inhibiting the virus-cell membrane fusion at the virus entry step via the modulation of lipid composition and membrane properties. Meanwhile, viruses can evade IFITMs' restrictions by either directly interacting with IFITMs via viral glycoproteins or by altering the native entry pathway. At the same time, cumulative evidence suggests context-dependent and multifaceted roles of IFITMs in modulating virus infections and cell signaling. Here, we review the diverse antiviral mechanisms of IFITMs, the viral antagonizing strategies, and the regulation of IFITM activity in host cells. The mechanisms behind the antiviral activity of IFITMs could aid the development of broad-spectrum antivirals and enhance preparedness for future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuhang Luo
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Harshita Katiyar
- McGill Center for Viral Diseases, Lady Davis Institute, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; (H.K.); (C.L.)
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Chen Liang
- McGill Center for Viral Diseases, Lady Davis Institute, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; (H.K.); (C.L.)
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; (J.W.); (Y.L.)
- McGill Center for Viral Diseases, Lady Davis Institute, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; (H.K.); (C.L.)
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2
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Neves VCM, Satie Okajima L, Elbahtety E, Joseph S, Daly J, Menon A, Fan D, Volkyte A, Mainas G, Fung K, Dhami P, Pelegrine AA, Sharpe P, Nibali L, Ide M. Repurposing Metformin for periodontal disease management as a form of oral-systemic preventive medicine. J Transl Med 2023; 21:655. [PMID: 37814261 PMCID: PMC10563330 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04456-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the improvements in treatment over the last decades, periodontal disease (PD) affects millions of people around the world and the only treatment available is based on controlling microbial load. Diabetes is known to increase the risk of PD establishment and progression, and recently, glucose metabolism modulation by pharmaceutical or dietarian means has been emphasised as a significant modulator of non-communicable disease development. METHODS The impact of pharmaceutically controlling glucose metabolism in non-diabetic animals and humans (REBEC, UTN code: U1111-1276-1942) was investigated by repurposing Metformin, as a mean to manage periodontal disease and its associated systemic risk factors. RESULTS We found that glucose metabolism control via use of Metformin aimed at PD management resulted in significant prevention of bone loss during induced periodontal disease and age-related bone loss in vivo. Metformin also influenced the bacterial species present in the oral environment and impacted the metabolic epithelial and stromal responses to bacterial dysbiosis at a single cell level. Systemically, Metformin controlled blood glucose levels and age-related weight gain when used long-term. Translationally, our pilot randomized control trial indicated that systemic Metformin was safe to use in non-diabetic patients and affected the periodontal tissues. During the medication window, patients showed stable levels of systemic blood glucose, lower circulating hsCRP and lower insulin levels after periodontal treatment when compared to placebo. Finally, patients treated with Metformin had improved periodontal parameters when compared to placebo treated patients. CONCLUSION This is the first study to demonstrate that systemic interventions using Metformin in non-diabetic individuals aimed at PD prevention have oral-systemic effects constituting a possible novel form of preventive medicine for oral-systemic disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor C M Neves
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, FoDOCS, King's College London, London, UK.
- Periodontology Unit, Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, FoDOCS, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Luciana Satie Okajima
- Department of Periodontology and Implantology, School of Dentistry, São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Eyad Elbahtety
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, FoDOCS, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Susan Joseph
- Periodontology Unit, Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, FoDOCS, King's College London, London, UK
| | - James Daly
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, FoDOCS, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Athul Menon
- NIHR BRC Genomics Research Platform, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London School of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Di Fan
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, FoDOCS, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ayste Volkyte
- Periodontology Unit, Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, FoDOCS, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Giuseppe Mainas
- Periodontology Unit, Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, FoDOCS, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kathy Fung
- NIHR BRC Genomics Research Platform, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London School of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Pawan Dhami
- NIHR BRC Genomics Research Platform, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London School of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Andre A Pelegrine
- Department of Periodontology and Implantology, School of Dentistry, São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Paul Sharpe
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, FoDOCS, King's College London, London, UK
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Luigi Nibali
- Periodontology Unit, Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, FoDOCS, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Ide
- Periodontology Unit, Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, FoDOCS, King's College London, London, UK
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3
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Prikryl D, Marin M, Desai TM, Du Y, Fu H, Melikyan GB. Cyclosporines Antagonize the Antiviral Activity of IFITMProteins by Redistributing Them toward the Golgi Apparatus. Biomolecules 2023; 13:937. [PMID: 37371517 PMCID: PMC10296495 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) block the fusion of diverse enveloped viruses, likely through increasing the cell membrane's rigidity. Previous studies have reported that the antiviral activity of the IFITM family member, IFITM3, is antagonized by cell pretreatment with rapamycin derivatives and cyclosporines A and H (CsA and CsH) that promote the degradation of IFITM3. Here, we show that CsA and CsH potently enhance virus fusion with IFITM1- and IFITM3-expressing cells by inducing their rapid relocalization from the plasma membrane and endosomes, respectively, towards the Golgi. This relocalization is not associated with a significant degradation of IFITMs. Although prolonged exposure to CsA induces IFITM3 degradation in cells expressing low endogenous levels of this protein, its levels remain largely unchanged in interferon-treated cells or cells ectopically expressing IFITM3. Importantly, the CsA-mediated redistribution of IFITMs to the Golgi occurs on a much shorter time scale than degradation and thus likely represents the primary mechanism of enhancement of virus entry. We further show that rapamycin also induces IFITM relocalization toward the Golgi, albeit less efficiently than cyclosporines. Our findings highlight the importance of regulation of IFITM trafficking for its antiviral activity and reveal a novel mechanism of the cyclosporine-mediated modulation of cell susceptibility to enveloped virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Prikryl
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mariana Marin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tanay M. Desai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Carl Zeiss Microscopy, White Plains, NY 10601, USA
| | - Yuhong Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Gregory B. Melikyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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4
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Suzuki Y. Interferon-induced restriction of Chikungunya virus infection. Antiviral Res 2023; 210:105487. [PMID: 36657882 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an enveloped RNA virus that causes Chikungunya fever (CHIKF), which is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitos. Although CHIKVF had been regarded as an endemic disease in limited regions of Africa and Asia, the recent global reemergence of CHIKV heightened awareness of this infectious disease, and CHIKV infection is currently considered an increasing threat to public health. However, no specific drug or licensed vaccine is available for CHIKV infection. As seen in other RNA virus infections, CHIKV triggers the interferon (IFN) response that plays a central role in host defense against pathogens. Experimental evidence has demonstrated that control of CHIVK replication by the IFN response is achieved by antiviral effector molecules called interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), whose expressions are upregulated by IFN stimulation. This review details the molecular basis of the IFN-mediated suppression of CHIKV, particularly the ISGs restricting CHIKV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youichi Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan.
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5
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IFITM proteins: Understanding their diverse roles in viral infection, cancer, and immunity. J Biol Chem 2022; 299:102741. [PMID: 36435199 PMCID: PMC9800550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are broad spectrum antiviral factors that inhibit the entry of a wide range of clinically important pathogens including influenza A virus, HIV-1, and Dengue virus. IFITMs are thought to act primarily by antagonizing virus-cell membrane fusion in this regard. However, recent work on these proteins has uncovered novel post-entry viral restriction mechanisms. IFITMs are also increasingly thought to have a role regulating immune responses, including innate antiviral and inflammatory responses as well as adaptive T-cell and B-cell responses. Further, IFITMs may have pathological activities in cancer, wherein IFITM expression can be a marker of therapeutically resistant and aggressive disease courses. In this review, we summarize the respective literatures concerning these apparently diverse functions with a view to identifying common themes and potentially yielding a more unified understanding of IFITM biology.
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6
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Clement M, Forbester JL, Marsden M, Sabberwal P, Sommerville MS, Wellington D, Dimonte S, Clare S, Harcourt K, Yin Z, Nobre L, Antrobus R, Jin B, Chen M, Makvandi-Nejad S, Lindborg JA, Strittmatter SM, Weekes MP, Stanton RJ, Dong T, Humphreys IR. IFITM3 restricts virus-induced inflammatory cytokine production by limiting Nogo-B mediated TLR responses. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5294. [PMID: 36075894 PMCID: PMC9454482 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is a restriction factor that limits viral pathogenesis and exerts poorly understood immunoregulatory functions. Here, using human and mouse models, we demonstrate that IFITM3 promotes MyD88-dependent, TLR-mediated IL-6 production following exposure to cytomegalovirus (CMV). IFITM3 also restricts IL-6 production in response to influenza and SARS-CoV-2. In dendritic cells, IFITM3 binds to the reticulon 4 isoform Nogo-B and promotes its proteasomal degradation. We reveal that Nogo-B mediates TLR-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokine production and promotes viral pathogenesis in vivo, and in the case of TLR2 responses, this process involves alteration of TLR2 cellular localization. Nogo-B deletion abrogates inflammatory cytokine responses and associated disease in virus-infected IFITM3-deficient mice. Thus, we uncover Nogo-B as a driver of viral pathogenesis and highlight an immunoregulatory pathway in which IFITM3 fine-tunes the responsiveness of myeloid cells to viral stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Clement
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - J L Forbester
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - M Marsden
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - P Sabberwal
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - M S Sommerville
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - D Wellington
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S Dimonte
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - S Clare
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - K Harcourt
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Z Yin
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - L Nobre
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - R Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - B Jin
- Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - M Chen
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06536, USA
| | - S Makvandi-Nejad
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - J A Lindborg
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - S M Strittmatter
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - M P Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - R J Stanton
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - T Dong
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - I R Humphreys
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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7
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Cheng Y, Medina A, Yao Z, Basu M, Natekar JP, Lang J, Sanchez E, Nkembo MB, Xu C, Qian X, Nguyen PTT, Wen Z, Song H, Ming GL, Kumar M, Brinton MA, Li MMH, Tang H. Intrinsic antiviral immunity of barrier cells revealed by an iPSC-derived blood-brain barrier cellular model. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110885. [PMID: 35649379 PMCID: PMC9230077 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological blood-tissue barriers play a critical role in separating the circulation from immune-privileged sites and denying access to blood-borne viruses. The mechanism of virus restriction by these barriers is poorly understood. We utilize induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived human brain microvascular endothelial cells (iBMECs) to study virus-blood-brain barrier (BBB) interactions. These iPSC-derived cells faithfully recapitulate a striking difference in in vivo neuroinvasion by two alphavirus isolates and are selectively permissive to neurotropic flaviviruses. A model of cocultured iBMECs and astrocytes exhibits high transendothelial electrical resistance and blocks non-neurotropic flaviviruses from getting across the barrier. We find that iBMECs constitutively express an interferon-induced gene, IFITM1, which preferentially restricts the replication of non-neurotropic flaviviruses. Barrier cells from blood-testis and blood-retinal barriers also constitutively express IFITMs that contribute to the viral resistance. Our application of a renewable human iPSC-based model for studying virus-BBB interactions reveals that intrinsic immunity at the barriers contributes to virus exclusion. Using a stem cell-derived cellular model and a panel of human pathogenic viruses, Cheng et al. show a mechanism by which some viruses can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and cause diseases in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Cheng
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Angelica Medina
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Zhenlan Yao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mausumi Basu
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jianshe Lang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Egan Sanchez
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Mezindia B Nkembo
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Chongchong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xuyu Qian
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Phuong T T Nguyen
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Margo A Brinton
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Melody M H Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hengli Tang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
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8
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Feng Z, Xu L, Xie Z. Receptors for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection and Host Factors Regulating the Life Cycle of Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:858629. [PMID: 35281439 PMCID: PMC8913501 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.858629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of lower respiratory tract infections and responsible for a large proportion of mortality in children and the elderly. There are no licensed vaccines available to date. Prophylaxis and therapeutic RSV-specific antibodies are limited to populations at high risk owing to high cost and uncertain clinical value. Receptors and host factors are two determinants important for virus entry and establishment of infection in vivo. The identification and understanding of viral receptors and host factors can help us to gain insight into the pathogenesis of RSV infection. Herein, we reviewed receptors and host factors that have been reported thus far. RSV could bind to CX3C chemokine receptor 1 and heparan sulfate proteoglycans via the G protein, and to nucleolin, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, epidermal growth factor, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 via the F protein. Seven host restriction factors and 13 host factors essential for RSV infection were reviewed. We characterized the functions and their roles in the life cycle of RSV, trying to provide an update on the information of RSV-related receptors and host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziheng Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Lili Xu,
| | - Zhengde Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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9
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Stott-Marshall RJ, Foster TL. Inhibition of Arenavirus Entry and Replication by the Cell-Intrinsic Restriction Factor ZMPSTE24 Is Enhanced by IFITM Antiviral Activity. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:840885. [PMID: 35283811 PMCID: PMC8915953 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.840885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of effective vaccines and treatments, annual outbreaks of severe human haemorrhagic fever caused by arenaviruses, such as Lassa virus, continue to pose a significant human health threat. Understanding the balance of cellular factors that inhibit or promote arenavirus infection may have important implications for the development of effective antiviral strategies. Here, we identified the cell-intrinsic zinc transmembrane metalloprotease, ZMPSTE24, as a restriction factor against arenaviruses. Notably, CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of ZMPSTE24 in human alveolar epithelial A549 cells increased arenavirus glycoprotein-mediated viral entry in pseudoparticle assays and live virus infection models. As a barrier to viral entry and replication, ZMPSTE24 may act as a downstream effector of interferon-induced transmembrane protein (IFITM) antiviral function; though through a yet poorly understood mechanism. Overexpression of IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 proteins did not restrict the entry of pseudoparticles carrying arenavirus envelope glycoproteins and live virus infection. Furthermore, gain-of-function studies revealed that IFITMs augment the antiviral activity of ZMPSTE24 against arenaviruses, suggesting a cooperative effect of viral restriction. We show that ZMPSTE24 and IFITMs affect the kinetics of cellular endocytosis, suggesting that perturbation of membrane structure and stability is likely the mechanism of ZMPSTE24-mediated restriction and cooperative ZMPSTE24-IFITM antiviral activity. Collectively, our findings define the role of ZMPSTE24 host restriction activity in the early stages of arenavirus infection. Moreover, we provide insight into the importance of cellular membrane integrity for productive fusion of arenaviruses and highlight a novel avenue for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toshana L. Foster
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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10
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Abstract
Virus entry, consisting of attachment to and penetration into the host target cell, is the first step of the virus life cycle and is a critical 'do or die' event that governs virus emergence in host populations. Most antiviral vaccines induce neutralizing antibodies that prevent virus entry into cells. However, while the prevention of virus invasion by humoral immunity is well appreciated, considerably less is known about the immune defences present within cells (known as intrinsic immunity) that interfere with virus entry. The interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins, known for inhibiting fusion between viral and cellular membranes, were once the only factors known to restrict virus entry. However, the progressive development of genetic and pharmacological screening platforms and the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic have galvanized interest in how viruses infiltrate cells and how cells defend against it. Several host factors with antiviral potential are now implicated in the regulation of virus entry, including cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H), lymphocyte antigen 6E (LY6E), nuclear receptor co-activator protein 7 (NCOA7), interferon-γ-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT), CD74 and ARFGAP with dual pleckstrin homology domain-containing protein 2 (ADAP2). This Review summarizes what is known and what remains to be understood about the intrinsic factors that form the first line of defence against virus infection.
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Abstract
Several genes in innate immunity have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the effect of innate immunity on amyloid β (Aβ) production, which makes amyloid plaques in AD brains, was previously not known. Recently, the antiviral protein interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) has been identified as a novel γ-secretase modulatory protein for Aβ production. In this review, the mechanisms of how innate immunity modulates Aβ production via IFITM3-γ-secretase complexes and contributes to AD pathogenesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeun Hur
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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12
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Listeria exploits IFITM3 to suppress antibacterial activity in phagocytes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4999. [PMID: 34404769 PMCID: PMC8371165 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24982-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The type I interferon (IFN) signaling pathway has important functions in resistance to viral infection, with the downstream induction of interferon stimulated genes (ISG) protecting the host from virus entry, replication and spread. Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), a facultative intracellular foodborne pathogen, can exploit the type I IFN response as part of their pathogenic strategy, but the molecular mechanisms involved remain unclear. Here we show that type I IFN suppresses the antibacterial activity of phagocytes to promote systemic Lm infection. Mechanistically, type I IFN suppresses phagosome maturation and proteolysis of Lm virulence factors ActA and LLO, thereby promoting phagosome escape and cell-to-cell spread; the antiviral protein, IFN-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), is required for this type I IFN-mediated alteration. Ifitm3-/- mice are resistant to systemic infection by Lm, displaying decreased bacterial spread in tissues, and increased immune cell recruitment and pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling. Together, our findings show how an antiviral mechanism in phagocytes can be exploited by bacterial pathogens, and implicate IFITM3 as a potential antimicrobial therapeutic target.
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13
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Guo X, Steinkühler J, Marin M, Li X, Lu W, Dimova R, Melikyan GB. Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein 3 Blocks Fusion of Diverse Enveloped Viruses by Altering Mechanical Properties of Cell Membranes. ACS NANO 2021; 15:8155-8170. [PMID: 33656312 PMCID: PMC8159881 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) potently inhibits entry of diverse enveloped viruses by trapping the viral fusion at a hemifusion stage, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show that recombinant IFITM3 reconstituted into lipid vesicles induces negative membrane curvature and that this effect maps to its small amphipathic helix (AH). We demonstrate that AH (i) partitions into lipid-disordered domains where IAV fusion occurs, (ii) induces negative membrane curvature, and (iii) increases lipid order and membrane stiffness. These effects on membrane properties correlate with the fusion-inhibitory activity, as targeting the ectopically expressed AH peptide to the cytoplasmic leaflet of the cell plasma membrane diminishes IAV-cell surface fusion induced by exposure to acidic pH. Our results thus imply that IFITM3 inhibits the transition from hemifusion to full fusion by imposing an unfavorable membrane curvature and increasing the order and stiffness of the cytoplasmic leaflet of endosomal membranes. Our findings reveal a universal mechanism by which cells block entry of diverse enveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Jan Steinkühler
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mariana Marin
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Rumiana Dimova
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Gregory B. Melikyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Corresponding author: Gregory B. Melikyan,
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14
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Identification of pathogenic genes and transcription factors in respiratory syncytial virus. BMC Pediatr 2021; 21:27. [PMID: 33419394 PMCID: PMC7796524 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02480-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of acute lower respiratory infections in children, especially bronchiolitis. Our study aimed to identify the key genes and upstream transcription factors in RSV. METHODS To screen for RSV pathogenic genes, an integrated analysis was performed using the RSV microarray dataset in GEO. Functional annotation and potential pathways for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were further explored by GO and KEGG enrichment analysis. We constructed the RSV-specific transcriptional regulatory network to identify key transcription factors for DEGs in RSV. RESULTS From three GEO datasets, we identified 1059 DEGs (493 up-regulated and 566 down-regulated genes, FDR < 0.05 and |Combined.ES| > 0.8) between RSV patients and normal controls. GO and KEGG analysis revealed that 'response to virus' (FDR = 7.13E-15), 'mitochondrion' (FDR = 1.39E-14) and 'Asthma' (FDR = 1.28E-06) were significantly enriched pathways for DEGs. The expression of IFI27, IFI44, IFITM3, FCER1A, and ISG15 were shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of RSV. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that IFI27, IFI44, IFITM3, FCER1A, and ISG15 may play a role in RSV. Our finding may contribute to the development of new potential biomarkers, reveal the underlying pathogenesis and also identify novel therapeutic targets for RSV.
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15
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Host Cell Restriction Factors of Paramyxoviruses and Pneumoviruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121381. [PMID: 33276587 PMCID: PMC7761617 DOI: 10.3390/v12121381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The paramyxo- and pneumovirus family includes a wide range of viruses that can cause respiratory and/or systemic infections in humans and animals. The significant disease burden of these viruses is further exacerbated by the limited therapeutics that are currently available. Host cellular proteins that can antagonize or limit virus replication are therefore a promising area of research to identify candidate molecules with the potential for host-targeted therapies. Host proteins known as host cell restriction factors are constitutively expressed and/or induced in response to virus infection and include proteins from interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Many ISG proteins have been identified but relatively few have been characterized in detail and most studies have focused on studying their antiviral activities against particular viruses, such as influenza A viruses and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1. This review summarizes current literature regarding host cell restriction factors against paramyxo- and pneumoviruses, on which there is more limited data. Alongside discussion of known restriction factors, this review also considers viral countermeasures in overcoming host restriction, the strengths and limitations in different experimental approaches in studies reported to date, and the challenges in reconciling differences between in vitro and in vivo data. Furthermore, this review provides an outlook regarding the landscape of emerging technologies and tools available to study host cell restriction factors, as well as the suitability of these proteins as targets for broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics.
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16
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Ren L, Du S, Xu W, Li T, Wu S, Jin N, Li C. Current Progress on Host Antiviral Factor IFITMs. Front Immunol 2020; 11:543444. [PMID: 33329509 PMCID: PMC7734444 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.543444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Host antiviral factor interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are a kind of small-molecule transmembrane proteins induced by interferon. Their broad-spectrum antiviral activity and unique ability to inhibit viral invasion have made them a hot molecule in antiviral research in recent years. Since the first demonstration of their natural ability to resist viral infection in 1996, IFITMs have been reported to limit a variety of viral infections, including some major pathogens that seriously endanger human health and social stability, such as influenza A, Ebol, severe acute respiratory syndrome, AIDS, and Zika viruses, etc. Studies show that IFITMs mainly exert antiviral activity during virus entry, specifically interfering with the fusion of the envelope and the endosome membrane or forming fusion micropores to block the virus from entering the cytoplasm. However, their specific mechanism is still unclear. This article mainly reviews the research progress in the structure, evolution, function, and mechanism of IFITMs, which may provide a theoretical basis for clarifying the molecular mechanism of interaction between the molecules and viruses and the research and development of new antiviral drugs based on IFITMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linzhu Ren
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shouwen Du
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Hospital of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wang Xu
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Tiyuan Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Hospital of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shipin Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Hospital of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Chang Li
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
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17
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Interferon-Induced Protein 44 and Interferon-Induced Protein 44-Like Restrict Replication of Respiratory Syncytial Virus. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00297-20. [PMID: 32611756 PMCID: PMC7459546 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00297-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RSV infects all children under 2 years of age, but only a subset of children get severe disease. We hypothesize that susceptibility to severe RSV necessitating hospitalization in children without predefined risk factors is, in part, mediated at the antiviral gene level. However, there is a large array of antiviral genes, particularly in the ISG family, the mechanism of which is poorly understood. Having previously identified IFI44 and IFI44L as possible genes of interest in a bioinformatic screen, we dissected the function of these two genes in the control of RSV. Through a range of overexpression and knockout studies, we show that the genes are antiviral and antiproliferative. This study is important because IFI44 and IFI44L are upregulated after a wide range of viral infections, and IFI44L can serve as a diagnostic biomarker of viral infection. Cellular intrinsic immunity, mediated by the expression of an array of interferon-stimulated antiviral genes, is a vital part of host defense. We have previously used a bioinformatic screen to identify two interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) with poorly characterized function, interferon-induced protein 44 (IFI44) and interferon-induced protein 44-like (IFI44L), as potentially being important in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Using overexpression systems, CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout, and a knockout mouse model, we investigated the antiviral capability of these genes in the control of RSV replication. Overexpression of IFI44 or IFI44L was sufficient to restrict RSV infection at an early time postinfection. Knocking out these genes in mammalian airway epithelial cells increased levels of infection. Both genes express antiproliferative factors that have no effect on RSV attachment but reduce RSV replication in a minigenome assay. The loss of Ifi44 was associated with a more severe infection phenotype in a mouse model of infection. These studies demonstrate a function for IFI44 and IFI44L in controlling RSV infection. IMPORTANCE RSV infects all children under 2 years of age, but only a subset of children get severe disease. We hypothesize that susceptibility to severe RSV necessitating hospitalization in children without predefined risk factors is, in part, mediated at the antiviral gene level. However, there is a large array of antiviral genes, particularly in the ISG family, the mechanism of which is poorly understood. Having previously identified IFI44 and IFI44L as possible genes of interest in a bioinformatic screen, we dissected the function of these two genes in the control of RSV. Through a range of overexpression and knockout studies, we show that the genes are antiviral and antiproliferative. This study is important because IFI44 and IFI44L are upregulated after a wide range of viral infections, and IFI44L can serve as a diagnostic biomarker of viral infection.
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18
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The Characterization of chIFITMs in Avian Coronavirus Infection In Vivo, Ex Vivo and In Vitro. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11080918. [PMID: 32785186 PMCID: PMC7464837 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronaviruses are a large family of enveloped RNA viruses that commonly cause gastrointestinal or respiratory illnesses in the infected host. Avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly contagious respiratory pathogen of chickens that can affect the kidneys and reproductive systems resulting in bird mortality and decreased reproductivity. The interferon-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) proteins are activated in response to viral infections and represent a class of cellular restriction factors that restrict the replication of many viral pathogens. Here, we characterize the relative mRNA expression of the chicken IFITM genes in response to IBV infection, in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro using the pathogenic M41-CK strain, the nephropathogenic QX strain and the nonpathogenic Beaudette strain. In vivo we demonstrate a significant upregulation of chIFITM1, 2, 3 and 5 in M41-CK- and QX-infected trachea two days post-infection. In vitro infection with Beaudette, M41-CK and QX results in a significant upregulation of chIFITM1, 2 and 3 at 24 h post-infection. We confirmed a differential innate response following infection with distinct IBV strains and believe that our data provide new insights into the possible role of chIFITMs in early IBV infection.
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19
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Stephens LM, Varga SM. Function and Modulation of Type I Interferons during Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020177. [PMID: 32290326 PMCID: PMC7349809 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory infections in infants and young children, accounting for an estimated 3 million hospitalizations annually worldwide. Despite the major health burden, there is currently no licensed RSV vaccine. RSV is recognized by a range of cellular receptors including both toll-like receptors (TLR) and retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors (RIG-I). This interaction initiates signaling through mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) and interferon regulatory factor (IRF) proteins, resulting in the induction of type I interferons (IFN). Early viral control is mediated by either IFN-α or IFN-β signaling through the IFN receptor (IFNAR), inducing the production of antiviral interferon-stimulating genes (ISGs). Type I IFNs also initiate the early production of proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and IFN-γ. Type I IFN levels correlate with age, and inadequate production may be a critical factor in facilitating the increased RSV disease severity observed in infants. Here, we review the current literature on the function of type I IFNs in RSV pathogenesis, as well as their involvement in the differential immune responses observed in infants and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Stephens
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Steven M. Varga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-319-335-7784
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20
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Topology, Antiviral Functional Residues and Mechanism of IFITM1. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030295. [PMID: 32182730 PMCID: PMC7150853 DOI: 10.3390/v12030295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITM1/2/3) have been reported to suppress the entry of a wide range of viruses. However, their antiviral functional residues and specific mechanisms are still unclear. Here, we firstly resolved the topology of IFITM1 on the plasma membrane where N-terminus points into the cytoplasm and C-terminus resides extracellularly. Further, KRRK basic residues of IFITM1 locating at 62–67 of the conserved intracellular loop (CIL) were found to play a key role in the restriction on the Zika virus (ZIKV) and dengue virus (DENV). Similarly, KRRK basic residues of IFITM2/3 also contributed to suppressing ZIKV replication. Finally, IFITM1 was revealed to be capable of restricting the release of ZIKV particles from endosome to cytosol so as to impede the entry of ZIKV into host cells, which was tightly related with the inhibition of IFITM1 on the acidification of organelles. Overall, our study provided topology, antiviral functional residues and the mechanism of interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins.
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21
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Benfield CT, MacKenzie F, Ritzefeld M, Mazzon M, Weston S, Tate EW, Teo BH, Smith SE, Kellam P, Holmes EC, Marsh M. Bat IFITM3 restriction depends on S-palmitoylation and a polymorphic site within the CD225 domain. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:e201900542. [PMID: 31826928 PMCID: PMC6907390 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Host interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are broad-spectrum antiviral restriction factors. Of these, IFITM3 potently inhibits viruses that enter cells through acidic endosomes, many of which are zoonotic and emerging viruses with bats (order Chiroptera) as their natural hosts. We previously demonstrated that microbat IFITM3 is antiviral. Here, we show that bat IFITMs are characterized by strong adaptive evolution and identify a highly variable and functionally important site-codon 70-within the conserved CD225 domain of IFITMs. Mutation of this residue in microbat IFITM3 impairs restriction of representatives of four different virus families that enter cells via endosomes. This mutant shows altered subcellular localization and reduced S-palmitoylation, a phenotype copied by mutation of conserved cysteine residues in microbat IFITM3. Furthermore, we show that microbat IFITM3 is S-palmitoylated on cysteine residues C71, C72, and C105, mutation of each cysteine individually impairs virus restriction, and a triple C71A-C72A-C105A mutant loses all restriction activity, concomitant with subcellular re-localization of microbat IFITM3 to Golgi-associated sites. Thus, we propose that S-palmitoylation is critical for Chiropteran IFITM3 function and identify a key molecular determinant of IFITM3 S-palmitoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla To Benfield
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Farrell MacKenzie
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Michela Mazzon
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stuart Weston
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Boon Han Teo
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Sarah E Smith
- Kymab Ltd, The Bennet Building (B930), Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Kellam
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Wright Fleming Institute, St Mary's Campus, London, UK
- Kymab Ltd, The Bennet Building (B930), Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Marsh
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
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22
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Olejnik J, Hume AJ, Leung DW, Amarasinghe GK, Basler CF, Mühlberger E. Filovirus Strategies to Escape Antiviral Responses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 411:293-322. [PMID: 28685291 PMCID: PMC5973841 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This chapter describes the various strategies filoviruses use to escape host immune responses with a focus on innate immune and cell death pathways. Since filovirus replication can be efficiently blocked by interferon (IFN), filoviruses have evolved mechanisms to counteract both type I IFN induction and IFN response signaling pathways. Intriguingly, marburg- and ebolaviruses use different strategies to inhibit IFN signaling. This chapter also summarizes what is known about the role of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in filovirus infection. These fall into three categories: those that restrict filovirus replication, those whose activation is inhibited by filoviruses, and those that have no measurable effect on viral replication. In addition to innate immunity, mammalian cells have evolved strategies to counter viral infections, including the induction of cell death and stress response pathways, and we summarize our current knowledge of how filoviruses interact with these pathways. Finally, this chapter delves into the interaction of EBOV with myeloid dendritic cells and macrophages and the associated inflammatory response, which differs dramatically between these cell types when they are infected with EBOV. In summary, we highlight the multifaceted nature of the host-viral interactions during filoviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Olejnik
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, 620 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Adam J Hume
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, 620 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Daisy W Leung
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Microbial Pathogenesis, Georgia State University, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, 620 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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23
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Gómez-Herranz M, Nekulova M, Faktor J, Hernychova L, Kote S, Sinclair EH, Nenutil R, Vojtesek B, Ball KL, Hupp TR. The effects of IFITM1 and IFITM3 gene deletion on IFNγ stimulated protein synthesis. Cell Signal 2019; 60:39-56. [PMID: 30951861 PMCID: PMC7111284 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins IFITM1 and IFITM3 (IFITM1/3) play a role in both RNA viral restriction and in human cancer progression. Using immunohistochemical staining of FFPE tissue, we identified subgroups of cervical cancer patients where IFITM1/3 protein expression is inversely related to metastasis. Guide RNA-CAS9 methods were used to develop an isogenic IFITM1/IFITM3 double null cervical cancer model in order to define dominant pathways triggered by presence or absence of IFITM1/3 signalling. A pulse SILAC methodology identified IRF1, HLA-B, and ISG15 as the most dominating IFNγ inducible proteins whose synthesis was attenuated in the IFITM1/IFITM3 double-null cells. Conversely, SWATH-IP mass spectrometry of ectopically expressed SBP-tagged IFITM1 identified ISG15 and HLA-B as dominant co-associated proteins. ISG15ylation was attenuated in IFNγ treated IFITM1/IFITM3 double-null cells. Proximity ligation assays indicated that HLA-B can interact with IFITM1/3 proteins in parental SiHa cells. Cell surface expression of HLA-B was attenuated in IFNγ treated IFITM1/IFITM3 double-null cells. SWATH-MS proteomic screens in cells treated with IFITM1-targeted siRNA cells resulted in the attenuation of an interferon regulated protein subpopulation including MHC Class I molecules as well as IFITM3, STAT1, B2M, and ISG15. These data have implications for the function of IFITM1/3 in mediating IFNγ stimulated protein synthesis including ISG15ylation and MHC Class I production in cancer cells. The data together suggest that pro-metastatic growth associated with IFITM1/3 negative cervical cancers relates to attenuated expression of MHC Class I molecules that would support tumor immune escape. IFITM1/3 expression in cervical cancers inversely correlates with metastases. Isogenic IFITM1 and IFITM3 null cervical cancer cells were developed. Pulse SILAC approaches were used to define IFITM1/3 dependent signalling pathways. The major IFITM1/3-interferon-γ dependent effectors are HLA-B and ISG15. IFITM1/3 loss would be predicted to reduce HLA expression and ISG15ylation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gómez-Herranz
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Nekulova
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Faktor
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Hernychova
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sachin Kote
- University of Gdansk, International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, Department of Chemistry, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Elizabeth H Sinclair
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - Rudolf Nenutil
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Kathryn L Ball
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom; Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ted R Hupp
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom; Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic; University of Gdansk, International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, Department of Chemistry, Gdansk, Poland.
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24
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Prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection with probiotic lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4812. [PMID: 30886158 PMCID: PMC6423325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 (LG2055) is a probiotic lactic acid bacterium with multifunctional effects, including the prevention of influenza A virus infection in mice, reduction of adipocyte size in mice, and increased lifespan in C. elegans. We investigated whether LG2055 exhibits antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a global pathogen for which a preventive strategy is required. Following oral administration of LG2055 in mice, the RSV titre in the lung was significantly decreased, while body weight was not decreased after virus infection. Additionally, the elevated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lung upon RSV infection decreased after LG2055 administration. Moreover, interferon and interferon stimulated genes were upregulated by LG2055 treatment. Comparative cellular proteomic analysis revealed that SWI2/SNF2-related CREB-binding protein activator protein (SRCAP) was a candidate for the antiviral activity of LG2055 against RSV. There was a positive correlation between the inhibition of RSV replication and the suppression of SRCAP expression and RSV replication was suppressed by SRCAP silencing. Since SRCAP is a scaffold protein to which viral non-structural proteins bind, the downregulation of SRCAP induced by LG2055 could provide new insights about the inhibition of RSV replication. In summary, our study demonstrated that LG2055 has prophylactic potential against RSV infection.
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Smith SE, Busse DC, Binter S, Weston S, Diaz Soria C, Laksono BM, Clare S, Van Nieuwkoop S, Van den Hoogen BG, Clement M, Marsden M, Humphreys IR, Marsh M, de Swart RL, Wash RS, Tregoning JS, Kellam P. Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein 1 Restricts Replication of Viruses That Enter Cells via the Plasma Membrane. J Virol 2019; 93:e02003-18. [PMID: 30567988 PMCID: PMC6401438 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02003-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The acute antiviral response is mediated by a family of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), providing cell-intrinsic immunity. Mutations in genes encoding these proteins are often associated with increased susceptibility to viral infections. One family of ISGs with antiviral function is the interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITMs), of which IFITM3 has been studied extensively. In contrast, IFITM1 has not been studied in detail. Since IFITM1 can localize to the plasma membrane, we investigated its function with a range of enveloped viruses thought to infect cells by fusion with the plasma membrane. Overexpression of IFITM1 prevented infection by a number of Paramyxoviridae and Pneumoviridae, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), mumps virus, and human metapneumovirus (HMPV). IFITM1 also restricted infection with an enveloped DNA virus that can enter via the plasma membrane, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). To test the importance of plasma membrane localization for IFITM1 function, we identified blocks of amino acids in the conserved intracellular loop (CIL) domain that altered the subcellular localization of the protein and reduced antiviral activity. By screening reported data sets, 12 rare nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in human IFITM1, some of which are in the CIL domain. Using an Ifitm1-/- mouse, we show that RSV infection was more severe, thereby extending the range of viruses restricted in vivo by IFITM proteins and suggesting overall that IFITM1 is broadly antiviral and that this antiviral function is associated with cell surface localization.IMPORTANCE Host susceptibility to viral infection is multifactorial, but early control of viruses not previously encountered is predominantly mediated by the interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) family. There are upwards of 300 of these genes, the majority of which do not have a clearly defined function or mechanism of action. The cellular location of these proteins may have an important effect on their function. One ISG located at the plasma membrane is interferon-inducible transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1). Here we demonstrate that IFITM1 can inhibit infection with a range of viruses that enter via the plasma membrane. Mutant IFITM1 proteins that were unable to localize to the plasma membrane did not restrict viral infection. We also observed for the first time that IFITM1 plays a role in vivo, and Ifitm1-/- mice were more susceptible to viral lung infection. These data contribute to our understanding of how ISGs prevent viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Smith
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Kymab Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - D C Busse
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Section of Virology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - S Binter
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Kymab Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - S Weston
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - C Diaz Soria
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - B M Laksono
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - S Van Nieuwkoop
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - M Clement
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - M Marsden
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - I R Humphreys
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - M Marsh
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - R L de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R S Wash
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Kymab Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - J S Tregoning
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Section of Virology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - P Kellam
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Section of Virology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Kymab Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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26
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Bedford JG, O’Keeffe M, Reading PC, Wakim LM. Rapid interferon independent expression of IFITM3 following T cell activation protects cells from influenza virus infection. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210132. [PMID: 30650117 PMCID: PMC6334895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is a potent antiviral protein that enhances cellular resistance to a variety of pathogens, including influenza virus. Classically defined as an interferon-stimulated gene, expression of IFITM3 on cells is rapidly up-regulated in response to type I and II interferon. Here we found that IFITM3 is rapidly up-regulated by T cells following their activation and this occurred independently of type I and II interferon and the interferon regulatory factors 3 and 7. Up-regulation of IFITM3 on effector T cells protected these cells from virus infection and imparted a survival advantage at sites of virus infection. Our results show that IFITM3 expression on effector T cells is crucial for these cells to mediate their effector function and highlights an interferon independent pathway for the induction of IFITM3 which, if targeted, could be an effective approach to harness the activity of IFITM3 for infection prevention.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer/methods
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dogs
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-3/genetics
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-7/genetics
- Interferons/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Primary Cell Culture
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- James G. Bedford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meredith O’Keeffe
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick C. Reading
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Linda M. Wakim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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27
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Zhao X, Li J, Winkler CA, An P, Guo JT. IFITM Genes, Variants, and Their Roles in the Control and Pathogenesis of Viral Infections. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3228. [PMID: 30687247 PMCID: PMC6338058 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are a family of small proteins that localize in the plasma and endolysosomal membranes. IFITMs not only inhibit viral entry into host cells by interrupting the membrane fusion between viral envelope and cellular membranes, but also reduce the production of infectious virions or infectivity of progeny virions. Not surprisingly, some viruses can evade the restriction of IFITMs and even hijack the antiviral proteins to facilitate their infectious entry into host cells or promote the assembly of virions, presumably by modulating membrane fusion. Similar to many other host defense genes that evolve under the selective pressure of microorganism infection, IFITM genes evolved in an accelerated speed in vertebrates and many single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified in the human population, some of which have been associated with severity and prognosis of viral infection (e.g., influenza A virus). Here, we review the function and potential impact of genetic variation for IFITM restriction of viral infections. Continuing research efforts are required to decipher the molecular mechanism underlying the complicated interaction among IFITMs and viruses in an effort to determine their pathobiological roles in the context of viral infections in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesen Zhao
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Jiarui Li
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Cheryl A Winkler
- Basic Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Ping An
- Basic Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Ju-Tao Guo
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation, Doylestown, PA, United States
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28
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Functional Mapping of Regions Involved in the Negative Imprinting of Virion Particle Infectivity and in Target Cell Protection by Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein 3 against HIV-1. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01716-18. [PMID: 30355696 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01716-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are a family of highly related antiviral factors that affect numerous viruses at two steps: in target cells by sequestering incoming viruses in endosomes and in producing cells by leading to the production of virions that package IFITMs and exhibit decreased infectivity. While most studies have focused on the former, little is known about the regulation of the negative imprinting of virion particle infectivity by IFITMs and about its relationship with target cell protection. Using a panel of IFITM3 mutants against HIV-1, we have explored these issues as well as others related to the biology of IFITM3, in particular virion packaging, stability, the relation to CD63/multivesicular bodies (MVBs), the modulation of cholesterol levels, and the relationship between negative imprinting of virions and target cell protection. The results that we have obtained exclude a role for cholesterol and indicate that CD63 accumulation does not directly relate to an antiviral behavior. We have defined regions that modulate the two antiviral properties of IFITM3 as well as novel domains that modulate protein stability and that, in so doing, influence the extent of its packaging into virions. The results that we have obtained, however, indicate that, even in the context of an IFITM-susceptible virus, IFITM3 packaging is not sufficient for negative imprinting. Finally, while most mutations concomitantly affect target cell protection and negative imprinting, a region in the C-terminal domain (CTD) exhibits a differential behavior, potentially highlighting the regulatory role that this domain may play in the two antiviral activities of IFITM3.IMPORTANCE IFITM proteins have been associated with the sequestration of incoming virions in endosomes (target cell protection) and with the production of virion particles that incorporate IFITMs and exhibit decreased infectivity (negative imprinting of virion infectivity). How the latter is regulated and whether these two antiviral properties are related remain unknown. By examining the behavior of a large panel of IFITM3 mutants against HIV-1, we determined that IFITM3 mutants are essentially packaged into virions proportionally to their intracellular levels of expression. However, even in the context of an IFITM-susceptible virus, IFITM3 packaging is not sufficient for the antiviral effects. Most mutations were found to concomitantly affect both antiviral properties of IFITM3, but one CTD mutant exhibited a divergent behavior, possibly highlighting a novel regulatory role for this domain. These findings thus advance our comprehension of how this class of broad antiviral restriction factors acts.
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29
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Suddala KC, Lee CC, Meraner P, Marin M, Markosyan RM, Desai TM, Cohen FS, Brass AL, Melikyan GB. Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 blocks fusion of sensitive but not resistant viruses by partitioning into virus-carrying endosomes. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007532. [PMID: 30640957 PMCID: PMC6347298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Late endosome-resident interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) inhibits fusion of diverse viruses, including Influenza A virus (IAV), by a poorly understood mechanism. Despite the broad antiviral activity of IFITM3, viruses like Lassa virus (LASV), are fully resistant to its inhibitory effects. It is currently unclear whether resistance arises from a highly efficient fusion machinery that is capable of overcoming IFITM3 restriction or the ability to enter from cellular sites devoid of this factor. Here, we constructed and validated a functional IFITM3 tagged with EGFP or other fluorescent proteins. This breakthrough allowed live cell imaging of virus co-trafficking and fusion with endosomal compartments in cells expressing fluorescent IFITM3. Three-color single virus and endosome tracking revealed that sensitive (IAV), but not resistant (LASV), viruses become trapped within IFITM3-positive endosomes where they underwent hemifusion but failed to release their content into the cytoplasm. IAV fusion with IFITM3-containing compartments could be rescued by amphotericin B treatment, which has been previously shown to antagonize the antiviral activity of this protein. By comparison, virtually all LASV particles trafficked and fused with endosomes lacking detectable levels of fluorescent IFITM3, implying that this virus escapes restriction by utilizing endocytic pathways that are distinct from the IAV entry pathways. The importance of virus uptake and transport pathways is further reinforced by the observation that LASV glycoprotein-mediated cell-cell fusion is inhibited by IFITM3 and other members of the IFITM family expressed in target cells. Together, our results strongly support a model according to which IFITM3 accumulation at the sites of virus fusion is a prerequisite for its antiviral activity and that this protein traps viral fusion at a hemifusion stage by preventing the formation of fusion pores. We conclude that the ability to utilize alternative endocytic pathways for entry confers IFITM3-resistance to otherwise sensitive viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna C Suddala
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Christine C Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Paul Meraner
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Mariana Marin
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Ruben M Markosyan
- Rush University Medical Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Tanay M Desai
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Fredric S Cohen
- Rush University Medical Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Abraham L Brass
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Gregory B Melikyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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30
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is a cellular restriction factor that blocks fusion between virus and host membranes. Here, we provide an introduction to IFITM3 and the biochemical regulation underlying its antiviral activity. Further, we analyze and summarize the published literature examining phenotypes of IFITM3 knockout mice upon infections with viral pathogens and discuss the controversial association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human IFITM3 gene and severe virus infections. RECENT FINDINGS Recent publications show that IFITM3 knockout mice experience more severe pathologies than wild-type mice in diverse virus infections, including infections with influenza A virus, West Nile virus, Chikungunya virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and cytomegalovirus. Likewise, numerous studies of humans of Chinese ancestry have associated the IFITM3 SNP rs12252-C with severe influenza virus infections, though examinations of other populations, such as Europeans, in which this SNP is rare, have largely failed to identify an association with severe infections. A second SNP, rs34481144-A, found in the human IFITM3 promoter has also recently been reported to be a risk allele for severe influenza virus infections. SUMMARY There is significant evidence for a protective role of IFITM3 against virus infections in both mice and humans, though additional work is required to identify the range of pathogens restricted by IFITM3 and the mechanisms by which human SNPs affect IFITM3 levels or functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Zani
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious, Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, 460 W 12th Ave, Biomedical Research Tower 790, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious, Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, 460 W 12th Ave, Biomedical Research Tower 790, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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31
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Uche IK, Guerrero-Plata A. Interferon-Mediated Response to Human Metapneumovirus Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090505. [PMID: 30231515 PMCID: PMC6163993 DOI: 10.3390/v10090505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is one of the leading causes of respiratory diseases in infants and children worldwide. Although this pathogen infects mainly young children, elderly and immunocompromised people can be also seriously affected. To date, there is no commercial vaccine available against it. Upon HMPV infection, the host innate arm of defense produces interferons (IFNs), which are critical for limiting HMPV replication. In this review, we offer an updated landscape of the HMPV mediated-IFN response in different models as well as some of the defense tactics employed by the virus to circumvent IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeanyi K Uche
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Antonieta Guerrero-Plata
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
- Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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32
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Genetic analysis of cerebral malaria in the mouse model infected with Plasmodium berghei. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:488-506. [DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9752-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Stankovic ND, Hoppmann N, Teodorczyk M, Kim EL, Bros M, Giese A, Zipp F, Schmidt MHH. No role of IFITM3 in brain tumor formation in vivo. Oncotarget 2018; 7:86388-86405. [PMID: 27835870 PMCID: PMC5349921 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most lethal solid tumors in adults. Despite aggressive treatment approaches for patients, GBM recurrence is inevitable, in part due to the existence of stem-like brain tumor-propagating cells (BTPCs), which produce factors rendering them resistant to radio- and chemotherapy. Comparative transcriptome analysis of irradiated, patient-derived BTPCs revealed a significant upregulation of the interferon-inducible transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), suggesting the protein as a factor mediating radio resistance. Previously, IFITM3 has been described to affect glioma cells; therefore, the role of IFITM3 in the formation and progression of brain tumors has been investigated in vivo. Intracranial implantation studies using radio-selected BTPCs alongside non-irradiated parental BTPCs in immunodeficient mice displayed no influence of irradiation on animal survival. Furthermore, gain and loss of function studies using BTPCs ectopically expressing IFITM3 or having IFITM3 down-modulated by a shRNA approach, did affect neither tumor growth nor animal survival. Additionally, a syngeneic model based on the mouse glioma cell line GL261 was applied in order to consider the possibility that IFITM3 relies on an intact immune system to unfold its tumorigenic potential. GL261 cells ectopically expressing IFITM3 were implanted into the striatum of immunocompetent mice without influencing the survival of glioma-bearing animals. Lastly, the vasculature and the extent of microglia/macrophage invasion into the tumor were studied in BTPC and GL261 tumors but neither parameter was altered by IFITM3. This report presents for the first time that IFITM3 is upregulated in patient-derived BTPCs upon irradiation but does not affect brain tumor formation or progression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevenka Dudvarski Stankovic
- Molecular Signal Transduction Laboratories, Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), Johannes Gutenberg University, School of Medicine, Mainz, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicola Hoppmann
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), Johannes Gutenberg University, School of Medicine, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marcin Teodorczyk
- Molecular Signal Transduction Laboratories, Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), Johannes Gutenberg University, School of Medicine, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ella L Kim
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Department of Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University, School of Medicine, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, Johannes Gutenberg University, School of Medicine, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alf Giese
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Department of Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University, School of Medicine, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frauke Zipp
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), Johannes Gutenberg University, School of Medicine, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mirko H H Schmidt
- Molecular Signal Transduction Laboratories, Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), Johannes Gutenberg University, School of Medicine, Mainz, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Ingle H, Peterson ST, Baldridge MT. Distinct Effects of Type I and III Interferons on Enteric Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:E46. [PMID: 29361691 PMCID: PMC5795459 DOI: 10.3390/v10010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are key host cytokines in the innate immune response to viral infection, and recent work has identified unique roles for IFN subtypes in regulating different aspects of infection. Currently emerging is a common theme that type III IFNs are critical in localized control of infection at mucosal barrier sites, while type I IFNs are important for broad systemic control of infections. The intestine is a particular site of interest for exploring these effects, as in addition to being the port of entry for a multitude of pathogens, it is a complex tissue with a variety of cell types as well as the presence of the intestinal microbiota. Here we focus on the roles of type I and III IFNs in control of enteric viruses, discussing what is known about signaling downstream from these cytokines, including induction of specific IFN-stimulated genes. We review viral strategies to evade IFN responses, effects of IFNs on the intestine, interactions between IFNs and the microbiota, and briefly discuss the role of IFNs in controlling viral infections at other barrier sites. Enhanced understanding of the coordinate roles of IFNs in control of viral infections may facilitate development of antiviral therapeutic strategies; here we highlight potential avenues for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshad Ingle
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Stefan T Peterson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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35
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Tartour K, Nguyen XN, Appourchaux R, Assil S, Barateau V, Bloyet LM, Burlaud Gaillard J, Confort MP, Escudero-Perez B, Gruffat H, Hong SS, Moroso M, Reynard O, Reynard S, Decembre E, Ftaich N, Rossi A, Wu N, Arnaud F, Baize S, Dreux M, Gerlier D, Paranhos-Baccala G, Volchkov V, Roingeard P, Cimarelli A. Interference with the production of infectious viral particles and bimodal inhibition of replication are broadly conserved antiviral properties of IFITMs. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006610. [PMID: 28957419 PMCID: PMC5619827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
IFITMs are broad antiviral factors that block incoming virions in endosomal vesicles, protecting target cells from infection. In the case of HIV-1, we and others reported the existence of an additional antiviral mechanism through which IFITMs lead to the production of virions of reduced infectivity. However, whether this second mechanism of inhibition is unique to HIV or extends to other viruses is currently unknown. To address this question, we have analyzed the susceptibility of a broad spectrum of viruses to the negative imprinting of the virion particles infectivity by IFITMs. The results we have gathered indicate that this second antiviral property of IFITMs extends well beyond HIV and we were able to identify viruses susceptible to the three IFITMs altogether (HIV-1, SIV, MLV, MPMV, VSV, MeV, EBOV, WNV), as well as viruses that displayed a member-specific susceptibility (EBV, DUGV), or were resistant to all IFITMs (HCV, RVFV, MOPV, AAV). The swapping of genetic elements between resistant and susceptible viruses allowed us to point to specificities in the viral mode of assembly, rather than glycoproteins as dominant factors of susceptibility. However, we also show that, contrarily to X4-, R5-tropic HIV-1 envelopes confer resistance against IFITM3, suggesting that viral receptors add an additional layer of complexity in the IFITMs-HIV interplay. Lastly, we show that the overall antiviral effects ascribed to IFITMs during spreading infections, are the result of a bimodal inhibition in which IFITMs act both by protecting target cells from incoming viruses and in driving the production of virions of reduced infectivity. Overall, our study reports for the first time that the negative imprinting of the virion particles infectivity is a conserved antiviral property of IFITMs and establishes IFITMs as a paradigm of restriction factor capable of interfering with two distinct phases of a virus life cycle. IFITMs are interferon-regulated proteins that inhibit a broad range of viruses. Until recently, IFITMs had been described to arrest incoming viral particles in target cells, by inducing their retention in endosomal vesicles. More recently in the case of HIV-1, ours and other laboratories have highlighted the existence of an additional antiviral mechanism with which IFITMs could act in virus-producing cells, leading to the production of virion particles of reduced infectivity. In the present study, we assessed whether the negative imprinting of the virion particles infectivity was a conserved antiviral property of IFITMs by examining a panel of fourteen different DNA or RNA viruses. Our results indicate that a wide spectrum of viruses is susceptible to this antiviral mechanism of inhibition, although some are able to resist it. Swapping of elements between susceptible and resistant viruses strongly suggests that specificities in the mode of virion assembly and not the viral glycoprotein are the dominant factor in the susceptibility of a given virus to this inhibition. However, we also show that HIV-1 strains that engage the CCR5 co-receptor display a notable resistance towards IFITM3, indicating that at least in the case of HIV-1, co-receptor usage is likely to add an additional layer of complexity in the relationship established between IFITMs and the virus, that may or may not extend to other viral families as well. In the context of spreading infections, the results of this study highlight that the overall antiviral effect of IFITMs is mechanistically caused by a previously unappreciated dual mode of action in which they act both in target cells and in virus-producing cells, by respectively forcing endosome trapping of incoming viruses and by commandeering the formation of new virion particles of reduced infectivity. Overall, the results presented here indicate that the negative imprinting of viral particles is a largely conserved antiviral feature of IFITMs and point to IFITMs as a novel paradigm of innate defense proteins capable of interfering with viral replication at two distinct steps of a virus life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tartour
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Univ Lyon, Lyon, France, Lyon, France
| | - Xuan-Nhi Nguyen
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Univ Lyon, Lyon, France, Lyon, France
| | - Romain Appourchaux
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Univ Lyon, Lyon, France, Lyon, France
| | - Sonia Assil
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Univ Lyon, Lyon, France, Lyon, France
| | - Véronique Barateau
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Univ Lyon, Lyon, France, Lyon, France
| | - Louis-Marie Bloyet
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Univ Lyon, Lyon, France, Lyon, France
| | - Julien Burlaud Gaillard
- Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université F. Rabelais et CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
- INSERM U966, Université F. Rabelais et CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Confort
- IVPC UMR754, INRA, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, EPHE, Lyon, France
| | - Beatriz Escudero-Perez
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Univ Lyon, Lyon, France, Lyon, France
| | - Henri Gruffat
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Univ Lyon, Lyon, France, Lyon, France
| | - Saw See Hong
- IVPC UMR754, INRA, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, EPHE, Lyon, France
| | - Marie Moroso
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Univ Lyon, Lyon, France, Lyon, France
- Fondation Mérieux, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Reynard
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Univ Lyon, Lyon, France, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphanie Reynard
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Univ Lyon, Lyon, France, Lyon, France
- Institut Pasteur, Lyon, France
| | - Elodie Decembre
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Univ Lyon, Lyon, France, Lyon, France
| | - Najate Ftaich
- IVPC UMR754, INRA, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, EPHE, Lyon, France
| | - Axel Rossi
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Univ Lyon, Lyon, France, Lyon, France
| | - Nannan Wu
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Univ Lyon, Lyon, France, Lyon, France
- Institute of BioMedical Science (IBMS), East China Normal University (ECNU), Shanghai, China
| | - Frédérick Arnaud
- IVPC UMR754, INRA, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, EPHE, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvain Baize
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Univ Lyon, Lyon, France, Lyon, France
- Institut Pasteur, Lyon, France
| | - Marlène Dreux
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Univ Lyon, Lyon, France, Lyon, France
| | - Denis Gerlier
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Univ Lyon, Lyon, France, Lyon, France
| | - Glaucia Paranhos-Baccala
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Univ Lyon, Lyon, France, Lyon, France
- Fondation Mérieux, Lyon, France
| | - Viktor Volchkov
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Univ Lyon, Lyon, France, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université F. Rabelais et CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
- INSERM U966, Université F. Rabelais et CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Andrea Cimarelli
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Univ Lyon, Lyon, France, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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Gould VMW, Francis JN, Anderson KJ, Georges B, Cope AV, Tregoning JS. Nasal IgA Provides Protection against Human Influenza Challenge in Volunteers with Low Serum Influenza Antibody Titre. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:900. [PMID: 28567036 PMCID: PMC5434144 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of there being a number of vaccines, influenza remains a significant global cause of morbidity and mortality. Understanding more about natural and vaccine induced immune protection against influenza infection would help to develop better vaccines. Virus specific IgG is a known correlate of protection, but other factors may help to reduce viral load or disease severity, for example IgA. In the current study we measured influenza specific responses in a controlled human infection model using influenza A/California/2009 (H1N1) as the challenge agent. Volunteers were pre-selected with low haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titres in order to ensure a higher proportion of infection; this allowed us to explore the role of other immune correlates. In spite of HAI being uniformly low, there were variable levels of H1N1 specific IgG and IgA prior to infection. There was also a range of disease severity in volunteers allowing us to compare whether differences in systemic and local H1N1 specific IgG and IgA prior to infection affected disease outcome. H1N1 specific IgG level before challenge did not correlate with protection, probably due to the pre-screening for individuals with low HAI. However, the length of time infectious virus was recovered from the nose was reduced in patients with higher pre-existing H1N1 influenza specific nasal IgA or serum IgA. Therefore, IgA contributes to protection against influenza and should be targeted in vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M W Gould
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Section of Virology, Imperial College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
| | - James N Francis
- Altimmune, London BioScience Innovation CentreLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Katie J Anderson
- Altimmune, London BioScience Innovation CentreLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Bertrand Georges
- Altimmune, London BioScience Innovation CentreLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Alethea V Cope
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Section of Virology, Imperial College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
| | - John S Tregoning
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Section of Virology, Imperial College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
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37
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Stacey MA, Clare S, Clement M, Marsden M, Abdul-Karim J, Kane L, Harcourt K, Brandt C, Fielding CA, Smith SE, Wash RS, Brias SG, Stack G, Notley G, Cambridge EL, Isherwood C, Speak AO, Johnson Z, Ferlin W, Jones SA, Kellam P, Humphreys IR. The antiviral restriction factor IFN-induced transmembrane protein 3 prevents cytokine-driven CMV pathogenesis. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1463-1474. [PMID: 28240600 PMCID: PMC5373880 DOI: 10.1172/jci84889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiviral restriction factor IFN-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) inhibits cell entry of a number of viruses, and genetic diversity within IFITM3 determines susceptibility to viral disease in humans. Here, we used the murine CMV (MCMV) model of infection to determine that IFITM3 limits herpesvirus-associated pathogenesis without directly preventing virus replication. Instead, IFITM3 promoted antiviral cellular immunity through the restriction of virus-induced lymphopenia, apoptosis-independent NK cell death, and loss of T cells. Viral disease in Ifitm3-/- mice was accompanied by elevated production of cytokines, most notably IL-6. IFITM3 inhibited IL-6 production by myeloid cells in response to replicating and nonreplicating virus as well as following stimulation with the TLR ligands Poly(I:C) and CpG. Although IL-6 promoted virus-specific T cell responses, uncontrolled IL-6 expression in Ifitm3-/- mice triggered the loss of NK cells and subsequently impaired control of MCMV replication. Thus, IFITM3 represents a checkpoint regulator of antiviral immunity that controls cytokine production to restrict viral pathogenesis. These data suggest the utility of cytokine-targeting strategies in the treatment of virus-infected individuals with impaired IFITM3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Stacey
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Clement
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Morgan Marsden
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Juneid Abdul-Karim
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Kane
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Harcourt
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Cordelia Brandt
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ceri A. Fielding
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E. Smith
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael S. Wash
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Gimeno Brias
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Gabrielle Stack
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - George Notley
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L. Cambridge
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anneliese O. Speak
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Simon A. Jones
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Kellam
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R. Humphreys
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
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38
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Virion Background and Efficiency of Virion Incorporation Determine Susceptibility of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Env-Driven Viral Entry to Inhibition by IFITM Proteins. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01488-16. [PMID: 27807233 PMCID: PMC5215347 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01488-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) can inhibit the cellular entry of several enveloped viruses, including simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). The blockade of SIV by IFITMs is isolate specific, raising the question of which parameters impact sensitivity to IFITM. We show that the virion context in which SIV-Env is presented and the efficiency of virion incorporation determine Env susceptibility to inhibition by IFITMs. Thus, determinants other than the nature of the envelope protein can impact the IFITM sensitivity of viral entry. IMPORTANCE The host cell-encoded IFITM proteins can block viral entry and are an important component of the innate defenses against viral infection. However, the determinants controlling whether a virus is susceptible to blockade by IFITM proteins are incompletely understood. Our study shows that the amount of envelope proteins incorporated into virions as well as the nature of the virion particle itself can impact the sensitivity of viral entry to IFITMs. These results show for the first time that determinants other than the viral envelope protein can impact sensitivity to IFITM and have implications for the interpretation of previously published data on inhibition of viruses by IFITM proteins. Moreover, our findings might help to define the mechanism underlying the antiviral activity of IFITM proteins.
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39
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The Interferon-Stimulated Gene IFITM3 Restricts Infection and Pathogenesis of Arthritogenic and Encephalitic Alphaviruses. J Virol 2016; 90:8780-94. [PMID: 27440901 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00655-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Host cells respond to viral infections by producing type I interferon (IFN), which induces the expression of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Although ISGs mediate a protective state against many pathogens, the antiviral functions of the majority of these genes have not been identified. IFITM3 is a small transmembrane ISG that restricts a broad range of viruses, including orthomyxoviruses, flaviviruses, filoviruses, and coronaviruses. Here, we show that alphavirus infection is increased in Ifitm3(-/-) and Ifitm locus deletion (Ifitm-del) fibroblasts and, reciprocally, reduced in fibroblasts transcomplemented with Ifitm3. Mechanistic studies showed that Ifitm3 did not affect viral binding or entry but inhibited pH-dependent fusion. In a murine model of chikungunya virus arthritis, Ifitm3(-/-) mice sustained greater joint swelling in the ipsilateral ankle at days 3 and 7 postinfection, and this correlated with higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines and viral burden. Flow cytometric analysis suggested that Ifitm3(-/-) macrophages from the spleen were infected at greater levels than observed in wild-type (WT) mice, results that were supported by experiments with Ifitm3(-/-) bone marrow-derived macrophages. Ifitm3(-/-) mice also were more susceptible than WT mice to lethal alphavirus infection with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, and this was associated with greater viral burden in multiple organs. Collectively, our data define an antiviral role for Ifitm3 in restricting infection of multiple alphaviruses. IMPORTANCE The interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) inhibits infection of multiple families of viruses in cell culture. Compared to other viruses, much less is known about the antiviral effect of IFITM3 on alphaviruses. In this study, we characterized the antiviral activity of mouse Ifitm3 against arthritogenic and encephalitic alphaviruses using cells and animals with a targeted gene deletion of Ifitm3 as well as deficient cells transcomplemented with Ifitm3. Based on extensive virological analysis, we demonstrate greater levels of alphavirus infection and disease pathogenesis when Ifitm3 expression is absent. Our data establish an inhibitory role for Ifitm3 in controlling infection of alphaviruses.
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40
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The Interferon-Stimulated Gene Ifitm3 Restricts West Nile Virus Infection and Pathogenesis. J Virol 2016; 90:8212-25. [PMID: 27384652 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00581-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The interferon-induced transmembrane protein (IFITM) family of proteins inhibit infection of several different enveloped viruses in cell culture by virtue of their ability to restrict entry and fusion from late endosomes. As few studies have evaluated the importance of Ifitm3 in vivo in restricting viral pathogenesis, we investigated its significance as an antiviral gene against West Nile virus (WNV), an encephalitic flavivirus, in cells and mice. Ifitm3(-/-) mice were more vulnerable to lethal WNV infection, and this was associated with greater virus accumulation in peripheral organs and central nervous system tissues. As no difference in viral burden in the brain or spinal cord was observed after direct intracranial inoculation, Ifitm3 likely functions as an antiviral protein in nonneuronal cells. Consistent with this, Ifitm3(-/-) fibroblasts but not dendritic cells resulted in higher yields of WNV in multistep growth analyses. Moreover, transcomplementation experiments showed that Ifitm3 inhibited WNV infection independently of Ifitm1, Ifitm2, Ifitm5, and Ifitm6. Beyond a direct effect on viral infection in cells, analysis of the immune response in WNV-infected Ifitm3(-/-) mice showed decreases in the total number of B cells, CD4(+) T cells, and antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells. Finally, bone marrow chimera experiments demonstrated that Ifitm3 functioned in both radioresistant and radiosensitive cells, as higher levels of WNV were observed in the brain only when Ifitm3 was absent from both compartments. Our analyses suggest that Ifitm3 restricts WNV pathogenesis likely through multiple mechanisms, including the direct control of infection in subsets of cells. IMPORTANCE As part of the mammalian host response to viral infections, hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) are induced. The inhibitory activity of individual ISGs varies depending on the specific cell type and viral pathogen. Among ISGs, the genes encoding interferon-induced transmembrane protein (IFITM) have been reported to inhibit multiple families of viruses in cell culture. However, few reports have evaluated the impact of IFITM genes on viral pathogenesis in vivo In this study, we characterized the antiviral activity of Ifitm3 against West Nile virus (WNV), an encephalitic flavivirus, using mice with a targeted gene deletion of Ifitm3 Based on extensive virological and immunological analyses, we determined that Ifitm3 protects mice from WNV-induced mortality by restricting virus accumulation in peripheral organs and, subsequently, in central nervous system tissues. Our data suggest that Ifitm3 restricts WNV pathogenesis by multiple mechanisms and functions in part by controlling infection in different cell types.
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41
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Zhang H, Zheng H, Qian P, Xu J, Yang X, Zhou R, Chen H, Li X. Induction of systemic IFITM3 expression does not effectively control foot-and-mouth disease viral infection in transgenic pigs. Vet Microbiol 2016; 191:20-6. [PMID: 27374903 PMCID: PMC7126902 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The sIFITM3 transgenic pigs were successfully generated by the handmade cloning. The sIFITM3 transgenic pigs as an animal model were evaluated the protection effect against FMDV. Induction of systemic sIFITM3 expression does not protect against FMDV infection in pigs.
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, and can cause severe economic loss. Interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins constitute a family of viral restriction factors that can inhibit the replication of several types of viruses. Our previous study showed that overexpression of swine IFITM3 (sIFITM3) impeded replication of the FMD virus (FMDV) in BHK-21 cells and mice. In this study, sIFITM3-transgenic (TG) pigs were produced by handmade cloning. Results showed that sIFITM3 was highly overexpressed in many organs of sIFITM3-TG pigs compared to wild-type pigs. After a virulent FMDV strain (O/ES/2001) was intramuscularly inoculated, the sIFITM3-TG pigs showed slightly higher susceptibility to FMDV infection than wild-type pigs. Both groups displayed comparable degrees of clinical symptoms throughout the 14-day observation period. Therefore, the induction of systemic sIFITM3 expression does not protect pigs against FMDV infection. Based on these observations, we propose that a combination of interferons and vaccines be used to control FMDV infections and subsequent FMD outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jinfang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
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McDonald JU, Kaforou M, Clare S, Hale C, Ivanova M, Huntley D, Dorner M, Wright VJ, Levin M, Martinon-Torres F, Herberg JA, Tregoning JS. A Simple Screening Approach To Prioritize Genes for Functional Analysis Identifies a Role for Interferon Regulatory Factor 7 in the Control of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease. mSystems 2016; 1:e00051-16. [PMID: 27822537 PMCID: PMC5069771 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00051-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Greater understanding of the functions of host gene products in response to infection is required. While many of these genes enable pathogen clearance, some enhance pathogen growth or contribute to disease symptoms. Many studies have profiled transcriptomic and proteomic responses to infection, generating large data sets, but selecting targets for further study is challenging. Here we propose a novel data-mining approach combining multiple heterogeneous data sets to prioritize genes for further study by using respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection as a model pathogen with a significant health care impact. The assumption was that the more frequently a gene is detected across multiple studies, the more important its role is. A literature search was performed to find data sets of genes and proteins that change after RSV infection. The data sets were standardized, collated into a single database, and then panned to determine which genes occurred in multiple data sets, generating a candidate gene list. This candidate gene list was validated by using both a clinical cohort and in vitro screening. We identified several genes that were frequently expressed following RSV infection with no assigned function in RSV control, including IFI27, IFIT3, IFI44L, GBP1, OAS3, IFI44, and IRF7. Drilling down into the function of these genes, we demonstrate a role in disease for the gene for interferon regulatory factor 7, which was highly ranked on the list, but not for IRF1, which was not. Thus, we have developed and validated an approach for collating published data sets into a manageable list of candidates, identifying novel targets for future analysis. IMPORTANCE Making the most of "big data" is one of the core challenges of current biology. There is a large array of heterogeneous data sets of host gene responses to infection, but these data sets do not inform us about gene function and require specialized skill sets and training for their utilization. Here we describe an approach that combines and simplifies these data sets, distilling this information into a single list of genes commonly upregulated in response to infection with RSV as a model pathogen. Many of the genes on the list have unknown functions in RSV disease. We validated the gene list with new clinical, in vitro, and in vivo data. This approach allows the rapid selection of genes of interest for further, more-detailed studies, thus reducing time and costs. Furthermore, the approach is simple to use and widely applicable to a range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline U. McDonald
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Section of Virology, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Myrsini Kaforou
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Hale
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Ivanova
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Section of Virology, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Huntley
- Imperial College Centre for Integrative Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Dorner
- Molecular Virology, Section of Virology, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria J. Wright
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Levin
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Martinon-Torres
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jethro A. Herberg
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - John S. Tregoning
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Section of Virology, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
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Ranjbar S, Haridas V, Jasenosky LD, Falvo JV, Goldfeld AE. A Role for IFITM Proteins in Restriction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Cell Rep 2015; 13:874-83. [PMID: 26565900 PMCID: PMC4916766 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon (IFN)-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins are critical mediators of the host antiviral response. Here, we expand the role of IFITM proteins to host defense against intracellular bacterial infection by demonstrating that they restrict Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb) intracellular growth. Simultaneous knockdown of IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 by RNAi significantly enhances MTb growth in human monocytic and alveolar/epithelial cells, whereas individual overexpression of each IFITM impairs MTb growth in these cell types. Furthermore, MTb infection, Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 ligands, and several proinflammatory cytokines induce IFITM1–3 gene expression in human myeloid cells. We find that IFITM3 co-localizes with early and, in particular, late MTb phagosomes, and overexpression of IFITM3 enhances endosomal acidification in MTb-infected monocytic cells. These findings provide evidence that the antiviral IFITMs participate in the restriction of mycobacterial growth, and they implicate IFITM-mediated endosomal maturation in its antimycobacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Ranjbar
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Viraga Haridas
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Luke D Jasenosky
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James V Falvo
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anne E Goldfeld
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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44
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Chesarino NM, McMichael TM, Yount JS. Regulation of the trafficking and antiviral activity of IFITM3 by post-translational modifications. Future Microbiol 2015; 9:1151-63. [PMID: 25405885 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
IFITM3 restricts cellular infection by multiple important viral pathogens, and is particularly critical for the innate immune response against influenza virus. Expression of IFITM3 expands acidic endolysosomal compartments and prevents fusion of endocytosed viruses, leading to their degradation. This small, 133 amino acid, antiviral protein is controlled by at least four distinct post-translational modifications. Positive regulation of IFITM3 antiviral activity is provided by S-palmitoylation, while negative regulatory mechanisms include lysine ubiquitination, lysine methylation and tyrosine phosphorylation. Herein, we describe specific insights into IFITM3 trafficking and activity that were provided by studies of IFITM3 post-translational modifications, and discuss evidence suggesting that IFITM3 adopts multiple membrane topologies involving at least one intramembrane domain in its antivirally active conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Chesarino
- Department of Microbial Infection & Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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45
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Goritzka M, Makris S, Kausar F, Durant LR, Pereira C, Kumagai Y, Culley FJ, Mack M, Akira S, Johansson C. Alveolar macrophage-derived type I interferons orchestrate innate immunity to RSV through recruitment of antiviral monocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:699-714. [PMID: 25897172 PMCID: PMC4419339 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Goritzka et al. describe a role for recruited inflammatory monocytes in antiviral immunity and protection from RSV infection in mice. The authors demonstrate that this is critically dependent on the production of type I IFNs by alveolar macrophages triggered via RIG-I–like receptors, thus highlighting an important cell-extrinsic mechanism of type I IFN–mediated antiviral activity. Type I interferons (IFNs) are important for host defense from viral infections, acting to restrict viral production in infected cells and to promote antiviral immune responses. However, the type I IFN system has also been associated with severe lung inflammatory disease in response to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Which cells produce type I IFNs upon RSV infection and how this directs immune responses to the virus, and potentially results in pathological inflammation, is unclear. Here, we show that alveolar macrophages (AMs) are the major source of type I IFNs upon RSV infection in mice. AMs detect RSV via mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS)–coupled retinoic acid–inducible gene 1 (RIG-I)–like receptors (RLRs), and loss of MAVS greatly compromises innate immune restriction of RSV. This is largely attributable to loss of type I IFN–dependent induction of monocyte chemoattractants and subsequent reduced recruitment of inflammatory monocytes (infMo) to the lungs. Notably, the latter have potent antiviral activity and are essential to control infection and lessen disease severity. Thus, infMo recruitment constitutes an important and hitherto underappreciated, cell-extrinsic mechanism of type I IFN–mediated antiviral activity. Dysregulation of this system of host antiviral defense may underlie the development of RSV-induced severe lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Goritzka
- Centre for Respiratory Infection, Respiratory Infections Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, England, UK
| | - Spyridon Makris
- Centre for Respiratory Infection, Respiratory Infections Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, England, UK
| | - Fahima Kausar
- Centre for Respiratory Infection, Respiratory Infections Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, England, UK
| | - Lydia R Durant
- Centre for Respiratory Infection, Respiratory Infections Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, England, UK
| | - Catherine Pereira
- Centre for Respiratory Infection, Respiratory Infections Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, England, UK
| | - Yutaro Kumagai
- Laboratory of Host Defense, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fiona J Culley
- Centre for Respiratory Infection, Respiratory Infections Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, England, UK
| | - Matthias Mack
- University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Cecilia Johansson
- Centre for Respiratory Infection, Respiratory Infections Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, England, UK
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46
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Benfield CTO, Smith SE, Wright E, Wash RS, Ferrara F, Temperton NJ, Kellam P. Bat and pig IFN-induced transmembrane protein 3 restrict cell entry by influenza virus and lyssaviruses. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:991-1005. [PMID: 25614588 PMCID: PMC4631062 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is a restriction factor that blocks cytosolic entry of numerous viruses that utilize acidic endosomal entry pathways. In humans and mice, IFITM3 limits influenza-induced morbidity and mortality. Although many IFITM3-sensitive viruses are zoonotic, whether IFITMs function as antiviral restriction factors in mammalian species other than humans and mice is unknown. Here, IFITM3 orthologues in the microbat (Myotis myotis) and pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) were identified using rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Amino acid residues known to be important for IFITM3 function were conserved in the pig and microbat orthologues. Ectopically expressed pig and microbat IFITM3 co-localized with transferrin (early endosomes) and CD63 (late endosomes/multivesicular bodies). Pig and microbat IFITM3 restricted cell entry mediated by multiple influenza haemagglutinin subtypes and lyssavirus glycoproteins. Expression of pig or microbat IFITM3 in A549 cells reduced influenza virus yields and nucleoprotein expression. Conversely, small interfering RNA knockdown of IFITM3 in pig NPTr cells and primary microbat cells enhanced virus replication, demonstrating that these genes are functional in their species of origin at endogenous levels. In summary, we showed that IFITMs function as potent broad-spectrum antiviral effectors in two mammals - pigs and bats - identified as major reservoirs for emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla T O Benfield
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Sarah E Smith
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edward Wright
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (Fitzrovia), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Rachael S Wash
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Francesca Ferrara
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (Medway), School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Nigel J Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (Medway), School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Paul Kellam
- MRC/UCL Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
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47
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Tartour K, Appourchaux R, Gaillard J, Nguyen XN, Durand S, Turpin J, Beaumont E, Roch E, Berger G, Mahieux R, Brand D, Roingeard P, Cimarelli A. IFITM proteins are incorporated onto HIV-1 virion particles and negatively imprint their infectivity. Retrovirology 2014; 11:103. [PMID: 25422070 PMCID: PMC4251951 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-014-0103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interferon induced transmembrane proteins 1, 2 and 3 (IFITMs) belong to a family of highly related antiviral factors that have been shown to interfere with a large spectrum of viruses including Filoviruses, Coronaviruses, Influenza virus, Dengue virus and HIV-1. In all these cases, the reported mechanism of antiviral inhibition indicates that the pool of IFITM proteins present in target cells blocks incoming viral particles in endosomal vesicles where they are subsequently degraded. Results In this study, we describe an additional mechanism through which IFITMs block HIV-1. In virus-producing cells, IFITMs coalesce with forming virions and are incorporated into viral particles. Expression of IFITMs during virion assembly leads to the production of virion particles of decreased infectivity that are mostly affected during entry in target cells. This mechanism of inhibition is exerted against different retroviruses and does not seem to be dependent on the type of Envelope present on retroviral particles. Conclusions The results described here identify a novel mechanism through which IFITMs affect HIV-1 infectivity during the late phases of the viral life cycle. Put in the context of data obtained by other laboratories, these results indicate that IFITMs can target HIV at two distinct moments of its life cycle, in target cells as well as in virus-producing cells. These results raise the possibility that IFITMs could similarly affect distinct steps of the life cycle of a number of other viruses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-014-0103-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tartour
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,INSERM, U1111, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,CNRS, UMR5308, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,University of Lyon, Lyon I, UMS3444/US8 BioSciences Gerland, Lyon, F69364, France.
| | - Romain Appourchaux
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,INSERM, U1111, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,CNRS, UMR5308, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,University of Lyon, Lyon I, UMS3444/US8 BioSciences Gerland, Lyon, F69364, France.
| | - Julien Gaillard
- Plateforme des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université F. Rabelais et CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.
| | - Xuan-Nhi Nguyen
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,INSERM, U1111, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,CNRS, UMR5308, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,University of Lyon, Lyon I, UMS3444/US8 BioSciences Gerland, Lyon, F69364, France.
| | - Stéphanie Durand
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,INSERM, U1111, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,CNRS, UMR5308, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,University of Lyon, Lyon I, UMS3444/US8 BioSciences Gerland, Lyon, F69364, France.
| | - Jocelyn Turpin
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,INSERM, U1111, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,CNRS, UMR5308, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,University of Lyon, Lyon I, UMS3444/US8 BioSciences Gerland, Lyon, F69364, France.
| | - Elodie Beaumont
- INSERM U966, Université F. Rabelais et CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.
| | - Emmanuelle Roch
- INSERM U966, Université F. Rabelais et CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.
| | - Gregory Berger
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,INSERM, U1111, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,CNRS, UMR5308, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,University of Lyon, Lyon I, UMS3444/US8 BioSciences Gerland, Lyon, F69364, France. .,Present address: Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London School of Medicine, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,INSERM, U1111, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,CNRS, UMR5308, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,University of Lyon, Lyon I, UMS3444/US8 BioSciences Gerland, Lyon, F69364, France.
| | - Denys Brand
- INSERM U966, Université F. Rabelais et CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- Plateforme des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université F. Rabelais et CHRU de Tours, Tours, France. .,INSERM U966, Université F. Rabelais et CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.
| | - Andrea Cimarelli
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,INSERM, U1111, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,CNRS, UMR5308, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon, F69364, France. .,University of Lyon, Lyon I, UMS3444/US8 BioSciences Gerland, Lyon, F69364, France.
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48
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Bailey CC, Zhong G, Huang IC, Farzan M. IFITM-Family Proteins: The Cell's First Line of Antiviral Defense. Annu Rev Virol 2014; 1:261-283. [PMID: 25599080 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-031413-085537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Animal cells use a wide variety of mechanisms to slow or prevent replication of viruses. These mechanisms are usually mediated by antiviral proteins whose expression and activities can be constitutive but are frequently amplified by interferon induction. Among these interferon-stimulated proteins, members of the IFITM (interferon-induced transmembrane) family are unique because they prevent infection before a virus can traverse the lipid bilayer of the cell. At least three human IFITM proteins-IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3-have antiviral activities. These activities limit infection in cultured cells by many viruses, including dengue virus, Ebola virus, influenza A virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and West Nile virus. Murine Ifitm3 controls influenza A virus infection in vivo, and polymorphisms in human IFITM3 correlate with the severity of both seasonal and highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Here we review the discovery and characterization of the IFITM proteins, describe the spectrum of their antiviral activities, and discuss potential mechanisms underlying these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Bailey
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Guocai Zhong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - I-Chueh Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
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49
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Yu M, Qi W, Huang Z, Zhang K, Ye J, Liu R, Wang H, Ma Y, Liao M, Ning Z. Expression profile and histological distribution of IFITM1 and IFITM3 during H9N2 avian influenza virus infection in BALB/c mice. Med Microbiol Immunol 2014; 204:505-14. [PMID: 25265877 PMCID: PMC7087031 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-014-0361-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The H9N2 avian influenza virus is a pandemic threat which has repeatedly caused infection in humans and shows enhanced replication and transmission in mice. Previous reports showed that host factors, the interferon-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) protein, can block the replication of pathogens and affect their pathogenesis. BALB/c mice are routine laboratory animals used in influenza virus research, but the effects of H9N2 influenza virus on tissue distribution and expression pattern of IFITM in these mice are unknown. Here, we investigated the expression patterns and tissue distribution of IFITM1 and IFITM3 in BALB/c mice by infection with H9N2 AIV strains with only a PB2 residue 627 difference. The results showed that the expression patterns of ITITM1 and IFITM3 differ in various tissues of BALB/c mice at different time points after infection. IFITM1 and IFITM3 showed cell- and tissue-specific distribution in the lung, heart, liver, spleen, kidney and brain. Notably, the epithelial and neuronal cells all expressed the proteins of IFITM1 and IFITM3. Our results provide the first look at differences in IFITM1 and IFITM3 expression patterns in BALB/c mice infected by H9N2 influenza viruses. This will enhance research on the interaction between AIV and host and further will elucidate the pathogenesis of influenza virus infection based on the interferon-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
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50
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Wrensch F, Winkler M, Pöhlmann S. IFITM proteins inhibit entry driven by the MERS-coronavirus spike protein: evidence for cholesterol-independent mechanisms. Viruses 2014; 6:3683-98. [PMID: 25256397 PMCID: PMC4189045 DOI: 10.3390/v6093683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) proteins 1, 2 and 3 inhibit the host cell entry of several enveloped viruses, potentially by promoting the accumulation of cholesterol in endosomal compartments. IFITM3 is essential for control of influenza virus infection in mice and humans. In contrast, the role of IFITM proteins in coronavirus infection is less well defined. Employing a retroviral vector system for analysis of coronavirus entry, we investigated the susceptibility of human-adapted and emerging coronaviruses to inhibition by IFITM proteins. We found that entry of the recently emerged Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is sensitive to inhibition by IFITM proteins. In 293T cells, IFITM-mediated inhibition of cellular entry of the emerging MERS- and SARS-CoV was less efficient than blockade of entry of the globally circulating human coronaviruses 229E and NL63. Similar differences were not observed in A549 cells, suggesting that cellular context and/or IFITM expression levels can impact inhibition efficiency. The differential IFITM-sensitivity of coronaviruses observed in 293T cells afforded the opportunity to investigate whether efficiency of entry inhibition by IFITMs and endosomal cholesterol accumulation correlate. No such correlation was observed. Furthermore, entry mediated by the influenza virus hemagglutinin was robustly inhibited by IFITM3 but was insensitive to accumulation of endosomal cholesterol, indicating that modulation of cholesterol synthesis/transport did not account for the antiviral activity of IFITM3. Collectively, these results show that the emerging MERS-CoV is a target of the antiviral activity of IFITM proteins and demonstrate that mechanisms other than accumulation of endosomal cholesterol can contribute to viral entry inhibition by IFITMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wrensch
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Michael Winkler
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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